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Sylvers-Davie KL, Bierstedt KC, Schnieders MJ, Davies BSJ. Endothelial lipase variant T111I does not alter inhibition by angiopoietin-like proteins. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4246. [PMID: 38379026 PMCID: PMC10879187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54705-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
High levels of HDL-C are correlated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. HDL-C levels are modulated in part by the secreted phospholipase, endothelial lipase (EL), which hydrolyzes the phospholipids of HDL and decreases circulating HDL-C concentrations. A 584C/T polymorphism in LIPG, the gene which encodes EL, was first identified in individuals with increased HDL levels. This polymorphism results in a T111I point mutation the EL protein. The association between this variant, HDL levels, and the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in humans has been extensively studied, but the findings have been inconsistent. In this study, we took a biochemical approach, investigating how the T111I variant affected EL activity, structure, and stability. Moreover, we tested whether the T111I variant altered the inhibition of phospholipase activity by angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) and angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4), two known EL inhibitors. We found that neither the stability nor enzymatic activity of EL was altered by the T111I variant. Moreover, we found no difference between wild-type and T111I EL in their ability to be inhibited by ANGPTL proteins. These data suggest that any effect this variant may have on HDL-C levels or cardiovascular disease are not mediated through alterations in these functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L Sylvers-Davie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Rd., PBDB 3326, Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kaleb C Bierstedt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Rd., PBDB 3326, Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Michael J Schnieders
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Rd., PBDB 3326, Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Brandon S J Davies
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Rd., PBDB 3326, Iowa, IA, 52242, USA.
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, 52242, USA.
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Sylvers-Davie KL, Bierstedt KC, Schnieders MJ, Davies BSJ. Endothelial Lipase Variant, T111I, Does Not Alter Inhibition by Angiopoietin-like Proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.18.553740. [PMID: 37693454 PMCID: PMC10491130 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.18.553740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
High levels of HDL-C are correlated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. HDL-C levels are modulated in part by the secreted phospholipase, endothelial lipase (EL), which hydrolyzes the phospholipids of HDL and decreases circulating HDL-C concentrations. A 584C/T polymorphism in LIPG, the gene which encodes EL, was first identified in individuals with increased HDL levels. This polymorphism results in a T111I point mutation the EL protein. The association between this variant, HDL levels, and the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in humans has been extensively studied, but the findings have been inconsistent. In this study, we took a biochemical approach, investigating how the T111I variant affected EL activity, structure, and stability. Moreover, we tested whether the T111I variant altered the inhibition of phospholipase activity by angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) and angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4), two known EL inhibitors. We found that neither the stability nor enzymatic activity of EL was altered by the T111I variant. Moreover, we found no difference between wild-type and T111I EL in their ability to be inhibited by ANGPTL proteins. These data suggest that any effect this variant may have on HDL-C levels or cardiovascular disease are not mediated through alterations in these functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L. Sylvers-Davie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Kaleb C. Bierstedt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Michael J. Schnieders
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Brandon S. J. Davies
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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Klobučar I, Klobučar L, Lechleitner M, Trbušić M, Pregartner G, Berghold A, Habisch H, Madl T, Frank S, Degoricija V. Associations between Endothelial Lipase and Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoproteins Differ in Healthy Volunteers and Metabolic Syndrome Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10681. [PMID: 37445857 PMCID: PMC10341652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between serum levels of endothelial lipase (EL) and the serum levels and composition of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins in healthy subjects and patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) remained unexplored. Therefore, in the present study, we determined the serum levels and lipid content of apoB-containing lipoproteins using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and examined their association with EL serum levels in healthy volunteers (HVs) and MS patients. EL was significantly negatively correlated with the serum levels of cholesterol in large very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, as well as with total-cholesterol-, free-cholesterol-, triglyceride-, and phospholipid-contents of VLDL and intermediate-density lipoprotein particles in MS patients but not in HVs. In contrast, EL serum levels were significantly positively correlated with the serum levels of apoB, triglycerides, and phospholipids in large low-density lipoprotein particles in HVs but not in MS patients. EL serum levels as well as the serum levels and lipid content of the majority of apoB-containing lipoprotein subclasses were markedly different in MS patients compared with HVs. We conclude that EL serum levels are associated with the serum levels and lipid content of apoB-containing lipoproteins and that these associations are markedly affected by MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Klobučar
- Department of Cardiology, Sisters of Charity University Hospital Centre, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Lucija Klobučar
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Margarete Lechleitner
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.L.); (H.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Matias Trbušić
- Department of Cardiology, Sisters of Charity University Hospital Centre, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.K.); (M.T.)
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Gudrun Pregartner
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (G.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrea Berghold
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (G.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Hansjörg Habisch
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.L.); (H.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Tobias Madl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.L.); (H.H.); (T.M.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Saša Frank
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.L.); (H.H.); (T.M.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Vesna Degoricija
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Medicine, Sisters of Charity University Hospital Centre, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Klobučar I, Stadler JT, Klobučar L, Lechleitner M, Trbušić M, Pregartner G, Berghold A, Habisch H, Madl T, Marsche G, Frank S, Degoricija V. Associations between Endothelial Lipase, High-Density Lipoprotein, and Endothelial Function Differ in Healthy Volunteers and Metabolic Syndrome Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2073. [PMID: 36768410 PMCID: PMC9916974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized by endothelial- and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) dysfunction and increased endothelial lipase (EL) serum levels. We examined the associations between EL serum levels, HDL (serum levels, lipid content, and function), and endothelial function in healthy volunteers (HV) and MS patients. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD), nitroglycerin-mediated dilation (NMD), serum levels of HDL subclasses (measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy), and EL serum levels differed significantly between HV and MS patients. The serum levels of triglycerides in large HDL particles were significantly positively correlated with FMD and NMD in HV, but not in MS patients. Cholesterol (C) and phospholipid (PL) contents of large HDL particles, calculated as HDL1-C/HDL1-apoA-I and HDL1-PL/HDL1-apoA-I, respectively, were significantly negatively correlated with FMD in HV, but not in MS patients. Cholesterol efflux capacity and arylesterase activity of HDL, as well as EL, were correlated with neither FMD nor NMD. EL was significantly negatively correlated with HDL-PL/HDL-apoA-I in HV, but not in MS patients, and with serum levels of small dense HDL containing apolipoprotein A-II in MS patients, but not in HV. We conclude that MS modulates the association between HDL and endothelial function, as well as between EL and HDL. HDL cholesterol efflux capacity and arylesterase activity, as well as EL serum levels, are not associated with endothelial function in HV or MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Klobučar
- Department of Cardiology, Sisters of Charity University Hospital Centre, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Julia T. Stadler
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lucija Klobučar
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Margarete Lechleitner
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Matias Trbušić
- Department of Cardiology, Sisters of Charity University Hospital Centre, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gudrun Pregartner
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics und Documentation, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Berghold
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics und Documentation, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Hansjörg Habisch
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Madl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Saša Frank
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Vesna Degoricija
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Medicine, Sisters of Charity University Hospital Centre, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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5
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Interplay of physical activity and genetic variants of the endothelial lipase on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:929-936. [PMID: 33859368 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the association of endothelial lipase gene (LIPG) polymorphisms with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in adolescents and their interaction with physical activity. METHODS Six polymorphisms of LIPG were genotyped in 1057 European adolescents (12-18 years old) enrolled in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) Study. CVD risk factors related to lipid profile, blood pressure, adiposity and glucose regulation were recorded. Physical activity was objectively measured by accelerometry. RESULTS The major C allele of rs2000813, the minor T allele of rs2276269 and the minor G allele of rs9951026 were associated with lower levels of several CVD risk factors related to lipid profile. We also found a significant association of the TTACA LIPG haplotype (rs2000812, rs2000813, rs8093249, rs2276269 and rs9951026) with higher concentrations of low-density cholesterol and apolipoprotein B. Finally, the interaction between physical activity and the polymorphisms rs2000813, rs2276269 and rs9951026 had a significant influence on several CVD risk factors. CONCLUSIONS LIPG polymorphisms were significantly associated with CVD risk factors in European adolescents. Interestingly, alleles of these polymorphisms were associated with a better cardiovascular profile in physically active adolescents only. High physical activity may reduce the development of CVD, modulating its genetic risk. IMPACT Using gene-phenotype and gene × environment analyses, we detected associations between the endothelial lipase gene and cardiovascular risk factors, along with interactions with physical activity. This study shows that physical activity may modulate the influence of LIPG gene on cardiovascular risk in adolescents. These results bring insights into the mechanisms by which physical activity positively influences CVD in adolescents.
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Khetarpal SA, Vitali C, Levin MG, Klarin D, Park J, Pampana A, Millar JS, Kuwano T, Sugasini D, Subbaiah PV, Billheimer JT, Natarajan P, Rader DJ. Endothelial lipase mediates efficient lipolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009802. [PMID: 34543263 PMCID: PMC8483387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) are circulating reservoirs of fatty acids used as vital energy sources for peripheral tissues. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a predominant enzyme mediating triglyceride (TG) lipolysis and TRL clearance to provide fatty acids to tissues in animals. Physiological and human genetic evidence support a primary role for LPL in hydrolyzing TRL TGs. We hypothesized that endothelial lipase (EL), another extracellular lipase that primarily hydrolyzes lipoprotein phospholipids may also contribute to TRL metabolism. To explore this, we studied the impact of genetic EL loss-of-function on TRL metabolism in humans and mice. Humans carrying a loss-of-function missense variant in LIPG, p.Asn396Ser (rs77960347), demonstrated elevated plasma TGs and elevated phospholipids in TRLs, among other lipoprotein classes. Mice with germline EL deficiency challenged with excess dietary TG through refeeding or a high-fat diet exhibited elevated TGs, delayed dietary TRL clearance, and impaired TRL TG lipolysis in vivo that was rescued by EL reconstitution in the liver. Lipidomic analyses of postprandial plasma from high-fat fed Lipg-/- mice demonstrated accumulation of phospholipids and TGs harboring long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), known substrates for EL lipolysis. In vitro and in vivo, EL and LPL together promoted greater TG lipolysis than either extracellular lipase alone. Our data positions EL as a key collaborator of LPL to mediate efficient lipolysis of TRLs in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet A. Khetarpal
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America,Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cecilia Vitali
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Levin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America,Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Derek Klarin
- Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joseph Park
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Akhil Pampana
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John S. Millar
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Takashi Kuwano
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dhavamani Sugasini
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Papasani V. Subbaiah
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey T. Billheimer
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Pradeep Natarajan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America,* E-mail:
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Le Lay JE, Du Q, Mehta MB, Bhagroo N, Hummer BT, Falloon J, Carlson G, Rosenbaum AI, Jin C, Kimko H, Tsai LF, Novick S, Cook B, Han D, Han CY, Vaisar T, Chait A, Karathanasis SK, Rhodes CJ, Hirshberg B, Damschroder MM, Hsia J, Grimsby JS. Blocking endothelial lipase with monoclonal antibody MEDI5884 durably increases high density lipoprotein in nonhuman primates and in a phase 1 trial. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/590/eabb0602. [PMID: 33883272 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading global cause of death, and treatments that further reduce CV risk remain an unmet medical need. Epidemiological studies have consistently identified low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) as an independent risk factor for CVD, making HDL elevation a potential clinical target for improved CVD resolution. Endothelial lipase (EL) is a circulating enzyme that regulates HDL turnover by hydrolyzing HDL phospholipids and driving HDL particle clearance. Using MEDI5884, a first-in-class, EL-neutralizing, monoclonal antibody, we tested the hypothesis that pharmacological inhibition of EL would increase HDL-C by enhancing HDL stability. In nonhuman primates, MEDI5884 treatment resulted in lasting, dose-dependent elevations in HDL-C and circulating phospholipids, confirming the mechanism of EL action. We then showed that a favorable lipoprotein profile of elevated HDL-C and reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) could be achieved by combining MEDI5884 with a PCSK9 inhibitor. Last, when tested in healthy human volunteers, MEDI5884 not only raised HDL-C but also increased HDL particle numbers and average HDL size while enhancing HDL functionality, reinforcing EL neutralization as a viable clinical approach aimed at reducing CV risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Le Lay
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Qun Du
- Biologic Therapeutics, Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Minal B Mehta
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Nicholas Bhagroo
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - B Timothy Hummer
- CVRM Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Judith Falloon
- Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, CVRM, BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Glenn Carlson
- Clinical CV, Late Stage Development, CVRM, BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Anton I Rosenbaum
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - ChaoYu Jin
- Clinical Immunology and Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Holly Kimko
- Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Lan-Feng Tsai
- CVRM Biometrics, Data Sciences and AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Steven Novick
- Data Sciences and Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Bill Cook
- Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, CVRM, BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - David Han
- Parexel International, Glendale, CA 91206, USA
| | - Chang Yeop Han
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98915, USA
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98915, USA
| | - Alan Chait
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98915, USA
| | - Sotirios K Karathanasis
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Christopher J Rhodes
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Boaz Hirshberg
- Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, CVRM, BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Melissa M Damschroder
- Biologic Therapeutics, Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Judith Hsia
- Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, CVRM, BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Joseph S Grimsby
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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8
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Associations between nine candidate genetic polymorphisms with coronary heart disease : A meta-analysis. Herz 2020; 45:15-28. [PMID: 31041492 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-019-4806-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to obtain a more accurate assessment of the potential association between nine genetic polymorphisms and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS A literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, OVID, Web of Science, Wanfang, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases to identify eligible studies. We analyzed the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to assess the strength of the associations. RESULTS A significant association was found between the PON1 -108C/T polymorphism and CHD risk (TT vs. CC: OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.14-2.47, p = 0.009; CT vs. CC: OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.17-1.85, p = 0.001; [TT + CT] vs. CC: OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.18-2.06, p = 0.002; T allele vs. C allele: OR = 1.28, 95%CI = 1.06-1.54, p = 0.011). There was a significant association between the hOGG1 +1245C/G polymorphism and CHD (GG vs. CC: OR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.19-4.56, p = 0.014; CG vs. CC: OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.01-1.83, p = 0.046; [GG + CG] vs. CC: OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.10-1.94, p = 0.010; GG vs. [CC+CG]: OR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.08-4.10, p = 0.028; G allele vs. C allele: OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.14-1.84, p = 0.002). The results also showed a statistically significant association of the SCARB1 +1050C/T polymorphism with CHD (TT vs. CC: OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.04-1.62, p = 0.022). Meta-analyses of the other six polymorphisms suggested a lack of any association with CHD risk. CONCLUSION Our results show that the susceptibility to CHD was associated with three polymorphisms: PON1 -108C/T, hOGG1 +1245C/G, and SCARB1 +1050C/T.
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9
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Stadler JT, Marsche G. Obesity-Related Changes in High-Density Lipoprotein Metabolism and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8985. [PMID: 33256096 PMCID: PMC7731239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In obese individuals, atherogenic dyslipidemia is a very common and important factor in the increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Adiposity-associated dyslipidemia is characterized by low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and an increase in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Several factors and mechanisms are involved in lowering HDL-C levels in the obese state and HDL quantity and quality is closely related to adiponectin levels and the bioactive lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate. Recent studies have shown that obesity profoundly alters HDL metabolism, resulting in altered HDL subclass distribution, composition, and function. Importantly, weight loss through gastric bypass surgery and Mediterranean diet, especially when enriched with virgin olive oil, is associated with increased HDL-C levels and significantly improved metrics of HDL function. A thorough understanding of the underlying mechanisms is crucial for a better understanding of the impact of obesity on lipoprotein metabolism and for the development of appropriate therapeutic approaches. The objective of this review article was to summarize the newly identified changes in the metabolism, composition, and function of HDL in obesity and to discuss possible pathophysiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia T. Stadler
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Pedrini S, Chatterjee P, Hone E, Martins RN. High‐density lipoprotein‐related cholesterol metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurochem 2020; 159:343-377. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Pedrini
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Pratishtha Chatterjee
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Eugene Hone
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
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Wu YE, Ma L, Zhang H, Chen XR, Xu XY, Hu ZP. Significant association between the endothelial lipase gene 584C/T polymorphism and coronary artery disease risk. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20200027. [PMID: 32893849 PMCID: PMC7494996 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have investigated a potential association between the endothelial lipase gene (LIPG) 584C/T polymorphism and susceptibility to coronary artery disease (CAD), but a uniform conclusion is yet to be reached. To better evaluate the true relationship between the LIPG 584C/T polymorphism and the risk of CAD, a meta-analysis of 14 case-control studies with 9731 subjects was performed. Relevant articles published through August 2020 were searched in the CNKI, PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases. Thirteen articles, including 14 eligible case-control studies with 4025 cases and 5706 controls, were enrolled in the present meta-analysis. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) scores of the case-control studies ranged from 6 to 8. The pooled results indicated that there is a significant association between the LIPG 584C/T polymorphism and CAD in the homozygote comparison model and the allelic comparison model. Subgroup analyses revealed that the LIPG 584C/T mutation significantly decreased the risk of CAD in the subgroups of African, CAD, hospital-based (HB), and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) populations in some genetic models. No publication bias was found in our meta-analysis, which certifies the robustness of the current meta-analysis. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) also confirmed the stability of our results. The results of our meta-analysis indicate that the LIPG 584C/T polymorphism plays a protective role in the incidence of CAD. More high-quality case-control studies on various ethnicities are needed to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-e Wu
- Department of Electrocardiogram Diagnosis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Ma
- Department of Electrocardiogram Diagnosis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230060, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-ran Chen
- Department of Electrocardiogram Diagnosis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-yi Xu
- Department of Electrocardiogram Diagnosis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze-ping Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
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Yun SM, Park JY, Seo SW, Song J. Association of plasma endothelial lipase levels on cognitive impairment. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:187. [PMID: 31216999 PMCID: PMC6585097 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) has been known to influx into the brain and be inversely associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, recent prospective studies of the association between HDL-C and AD have yielded inconsistent results. Here, we examined the association between the endothelial lipase (EL), which is known to be major determinant of HDL-C levels, and cognitive function. METHOD We compared plasma from 20 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 38 persons with mild cognitive impairment, and 51 cognitively normal controls. Plasma EL levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS EL levels were inversely correlated with HDL-C, as previously reported; however, there were no mean differences in plasma EL between the diagnostic groups. An analysis by classification of dementia severity according to clinical dementia rating (CDR) showed that the EL levels were significantly higher in the CDR1 group (mild dementia), as compared to CDR0 (no dementia), CDR0.5 (very mild), and CDR2 (moderate) groups. Prior to moderate dementia stage, trends analysis showed that EL levels tended to increase with increasing severity (p for trend = 0.013). Consistently, elevated EL levels were significantly correlated with the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score (r = - 0.29, p = 0.003). Logistic regression for association between plasma EL and cognitive impairment (MMSE score ≤ 25) showed that participants with EL levels in the upper range (> 31.6 ng/ml) have a higher adjusted odds ratio of cognitive impairment than those within the lower EL range. CONCLUSION Findings from the present study reflect the association of EL and cognition, suggesting that the individuals with elevated plasma EL concentration are at an increased risk of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Moon Yun
- Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jee-Yun Park
- 0000 0004 0647 4899grid.415482.eDivision of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- 0000 0001 2181 989Xgrid.264381.aDepartment of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351 Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Song
- 0000 0004 0647 4899grid.415482.eDivision of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159 Republic of Korea
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Elnaggar IZ, Hussein S, Amin MI, Abdelaziz EA. Association of 584C/T polymorphism in endothelial lipase gene with risk of coronary artery disease. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:14414-14420. [PMID: 31020688 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the cardiovascular diseases, which is caused by a reduced amount of oxygen and blood that goes to the heart. CAD includes stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. It is a common cause of death in both men and women. The environmental and genetic factors are involved in the development of CAD. Multiple gene polymorphisms are risk factors of CAD. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between EL 584C/T polymorphism, CAD risk, and lipid profile in an Egyptian population. METHODS This is a case-control study. The patients were classified into three groups: Group A: Control group, this group included 42 apparently healthy people. Group B: included 42 subjects diagnosed with previous myocardial infarction (MI). Group C: included 42 subjects diagnosed with unstable angina (UA). RESULTS The frequencies of TT and CT genotypes and T allele were higher in control healthy individuals than CAD patients. In addition, the risk of CAD was significantly lower in individuals carrying T allele (P = 0.001). Serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were significantly higher in healthy individuals and CAD patients (MI and UA patients) carrying EL 584 T allele compared with those carrying CC genotype (P ≤ 0.001). By multiple logistic regression, we found that the protective effect of T allele remained significant (P = 0.005) and it decreased the risk of CAD independent of plasma HDL levels. CONCLUSION There was a significant difference between 584C/T polymorphism in the EL gene and CAD and HDL level. T-allele carriers had a higher HDL level and were protected from CAD. T allele was significantly associated with the decreased risk of CAD independent of plasma HDL levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Zaki Elnaggar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Samia Hussein
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ibrahem Amin
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Eman Ahmed Abdelaziz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Allard-Ratick MP, Sandesara PB, Quyyumi AA, Sperling LS. Everything in Moderation: Investigating the U-Shaped Link Between HDL Cholesterol and Adverse Outcomes. US CARDIOLOGY REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.15420/usc.2019.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite historical evidence suggesting an inverse association between HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and adverse cardiovascular events, pharmacological efforts to increase HDL-C and improve outcomes have not been successful. Recently, a U-shaped association between HDL-C and adverse events has been demonstrated in several population cohorts, further complicating our understanding of the clinical significance of HDL. Potential explanations for this finding include genetic mutations linked to very high HDL-C, impaired HDL function at high HDL-C levels, and residual confounding. However, our understanding of this association remains premature and needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Allard-Ratick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Pratik B Sandesara
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Arshed A Quyyumi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Laurence S Sperling
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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Yang S, Yin RX, Miao L, Zhou YG, Wu J, Zhang QH. LIPG SNPs, their haplotypes and gene-environment interactions on serum lipid levels. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:10. [PMID: 30621702 PMCID: PMC6325827 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Maonan nationality is a relatively conservative and isolated minority in the Southwest of China. Little is known about the association of endothelial lipase gene (LIPG) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and serum lipid levels in the Chinese populations. Methods A total of 1280 subjects of Maonan nationality and 1218 participants of Han nationality were randomly selected from our previous stratified randomized samples. Genotypes of the four LIPG SNPs were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, and then confirmed by direct sequencing. Results Several SNPs were associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (rs3813082, rs2000813 and rs2097055) in the both ethnic groups; total cholesterol and apolipoprotein (Apo) A1 (rs2000813) in Han nationality; and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ApoB, triglyceride (rs2097055) and ApoA1 (rs3819166) in Maonan minority (P < 0.0125 for all after Bonferroni correction). The commonest haplotype was rs3813082T-rs2000813C-rs2097055T-rs3819166A (Han, 44.2% and Maonan, 48.7%). The frequencies of the T-C-T-A, T-C-T-G, T-T-C-G and G-T-C-G haplotypes were different between the Maonan and Han populations (P < 0.05–0.001). The associations between haplotypes and dyslipidemia were also different in the Han and/or Maonan populations (P < 0.05–0.001). Conclusions The differences in serum lipid profiles between the two ethnic groups might partly be attributed to these LIPG SNPs, their haplotypes and gene-environmental interactions. Trial registration Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Xing Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liu Miao
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Gang Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Hui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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Kim YH, Kim HB, Kim DH, Kim JY, Shin HY. Use of hypnotics and the risk of or mortality from heart disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Korean J Intern Med 2018; 33:727-736. [PMID: 28844123 PMCID: PMC6030407 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2016.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Some observational epidemiologic studies have reported conflicting results on the relationship between hypnotics use and the risk of developing and/or dying from heart disease. We investigated these associations using a meta-analysis of available literatures. METHODS We searched the databases PubMed and EMBASE, along with the bibliographies of relevant articles to find additional publications in February 2016. RESULTS Of 495 articles satisfying our initial criteria, two case-control studies and six cohort studies met our inclusion criteria and were included in the final analyses. Compared with never having used any kind of hypnotics, the odds ratio for overall use was 0.84 for risk of or mortality from heart disease (95% confidence interval, 0.79 to 0.89) in a random-effects meta-analysis of all eight studies. With respect to the geographical region, use of hypnotics was associated with a decreased risk or mortality of heart disease in Asia but not in Western countries. Among various types of sleep medications, zolpidem showed a decreased risk (-29%) of developing or dying from heart disease, but benzodiazepines were related with an increased risk (80%) of or mortality from heart disease. CONCLUSIONS The current meta-analysis of observational epidemiological studies suggested an evidence of association between hypnotics use and a decreased risk of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hyo Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hong-Bae Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Korea
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Hong-Bae Kim, M.D. Department of Family Medicine, Myongji Hospital, 55 Hwasu-ro 14beon-gil, Deokyang-gu, Goyang 10475, Korea Tel: +82-31-810-5420 Fax: +82-31-969-0500 E-mail:
| | - Do-Hyoung Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ja-Young Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyun-Young Shin
- Department of Family Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Korea
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Vitali C, Khetarpal SA, Rader DJ. HDL Cholesterol Metabolism and the Risk of CHD: New Insights from Human Genetics. Curr Cardiol Rep 2017; 19:132. [PMID: 29103089 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-017-0940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the blood (HDL-C) represent one of the strongest epidemiological surrogates for protection against coronary heart disease (CHD), but recent human genetic and pharmacological intervention studies have raised controversy about the causality of this relationship. Here, we review recent discoveries from human genome studies using new analytic tools as well as relevant animal studies that have both addressed, and in some cases, fueled this controversy. RECENT FINDINGS Methodologic developments in genotyping and sequencing, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS), exome sequencing, and exome array genotyping, have been applied to the study of HDL-C and risk of CHD in large, multi-ethnic populations. Some of these efforts focused on population-wide variation in common variants have uncovered new polymorphisms at novel loci associated with HDL-C and, in some cases, CHD risk. Other efforts have discovered loss-of-function variants for the first time in genes previously implicated in HDL metabolism through common variant studies or animal models. These studies have allowed the genetic relationship between these pathways, HDL-C and CHD to be explored in humans for the first time through analysis tools such as Mendelian randomization. We explore these discoveries for selected key HDL-C genes CETP, LCAT, LIPG, SCARB1, and novel loci implicated from GWAS including GALNT2, KLF14, and TTC39B. Recent human genetics findings have identified new nodes regulating HDL metabolism while reshaping our current understanding of known candidate genes to HDL and CHD risk through the study of critical variants across model systems. Despite their effect on HDL-C, variants in many of the reviewed genes were found to lack any association with CHD. These data collectively indicate that HDL-C concentration, which represents a static picture of a very dynamic and heterogeneous metabolic milieu, is unlikely to be itself causally protective against CHD. In this context, human genetics represent an extremely valuable tool to further explore the biological mechanisms regulating HDL metabolism and investigate what role, if any, HDL plays in the pathogenesis of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Vitali
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 11-162 TRC, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sumeet A Khetarpal
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 11-162 TRC, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 11-162 TRC, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 11-125 TRC, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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High C-reactive protein instead of metabolic syndrome is associated with lower bioimpedance phase angle in individuals clinically screened for a lifestyle modification program. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s41110-017-0043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Cai G, Zhang B, Ma C, Shi G, Weng W, Xue S. Associations of Rs3744841 and Rs3744843 Polymorphisms in Endothelial Lipase Gene with Risk of Coronary Artery Disease and Lipid Levels in a Chinese Population. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162727. [PMID: 27612170 PMCID: PMC5017691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the present study was to assess the association between the 2037T/C and 2237G/A polymorphisms in the EL gene and the risk of CAD and lipid levels in a Chinese population. Methods A case-control study including 706 patients with CAD and 315 controls was performed. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used to identify the genotypes. Results The EL 2037 T/C polymorphism was associated with CAD risk and HDL-C levels. No significant differences were found between the EL 2237 G/A genotypes and CAD risk and lipid levels in the whole population. However, carriers of the 2237 A allele had higher Apo A1 levels than those with the 2237 GG genotype and in the CAD subgroup (P = 0.044). The CAD cases have a significantly lower frequency of the C-G haplotypes than the controls, and the T-A haplotype was significantly more common in the CAD patients than in the controls. Conclusions Our study concluded that the EL 2037 T/C polymorphism was associated with CAD risk and HDL-C levels, and that the C allele might be a protective factor against CAD in the Chinese Han population. In addition, the EL 2237 A allele might be associated with an increased Apo A1 level in CAD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojun Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Wujin hospital affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Bifeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chunyan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Wujin hospital affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ganwei Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Wujin hospital affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weijin Weng
- Department of Cardiology, Wujin hospital affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sheliang Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Wujin hospital affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Association of the CETP Taq1B and LIPG Thr111Ile Polymorphisms with Glycated Hemoglobin and Blood Lipids in Newly Diagnosed Hyperlipidemic Patients. Can J Diabetes 2016; 40:515-520. [PMID: 27590083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of 2 common polymorphisms in high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-related genes, namely, cholesterol ester transfer protein CETP Taq1B (rs708272) and endothelial lipase LIPG Thr111Ile (rs2000813), with glycated hemoglobin (A1C), blood lipid levels and the risk for type 2 diabetes in a group of hyperlipidemic patients from northern Greece. METHODS We categorized 175 patients with hyperlipidemia into 2 subgroups according to the presence or absence of type 2 diabetes, defined as a recent diagnosis, A1C >6.5% and/or fasting glucose >126 mg/dL. Genotypes for the 2 polymorphisms studied were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Both polymorphisms were analyzed by multivariate and univariate analyses of baseline A1C levels and plasma lipids. The genotype and allele frequencies of the 2 subgroups were compared. RESULTS The CETP Taq1B polymorphism was associated with HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and A1C levels, but this association was affected by type 2 diabetes; the association with A1C levels was significant only in type 2 diabetes (p=0.005), whereas the association with HDL-C occurred only in the subgroup without type 2 diabetes (p<0.001). LIPG Thr111Ile did not affect plasma HDL-C or A1C levels independently but appeared to modulate their association with CETP Taq1B, and LIPG 111IleIle homozygotes tended to be present at a higher frequency in the hyperlipidemic patients with type 2 diabetes compared to the hyperlipidemic patients without type 2 diabetes (p=0.056). CONCLUSIONS In hyperlipidemic patients, apart from its known association with HDL-C, CETP Taq1B is also associated with A1C levels, and both associations are modified by type 2 diabetes and LIPG Thr111Ile.
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Toosi S, Senemar S, Ahmadi Z, Radmanesh S. Investigation of the Association Between 584C/T Polymorphism of EL Gene and Risk of Premature Coronary Artery Disease in Fars Province. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2015; 7:118-21. [PMID: 26430500 PMCID: PMC4586598 DOI: 10.15171/jcvtr.2015.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Endothelial lipase (EL) is a protein from the triglyceride lipase family which plays an important role in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism. One of the most frequently studied variants is 584C/T which causes the amino acid threonine at codon 111 to convert to isoleucine. Many studies have shown the association of this variant with HDL-C level and CAD disease.
Methods: The population of this study consists of 140 patients (all males) with angiographically confirmed coronary artery disease (CAD) and 80 controls. Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was carried out for genotyping of LIPG 584C/T. Data were analyzed using SPSS.
Results: The results of the study indicated that the frequency of T allele was significantly lower among CAD patients than among controls (0.27 vs 0.36, P = .004). However, no significant correlation was found between the 584C/T variant and serum HDL-C level. Multivariate regression analysis confirmed that the T allele is significantly associated with CAD disregarding the age, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and HDL-C (OR = 0.494, 95% CI = 0.253- 0.968, P =.040).
Conclusion: It was concluded that the T allele was associated with protection from CAD in Fars province independent of HDL-C level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samane Toosi
- Human Genetic Research Group, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR), Fars Branch, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Senemar
- Human Genetic Research Group, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR), Fars Branch, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Ahmadi
- Human Genetic Research Group, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR), Fars Branch, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Salma Radmanesh
- Department of Cardiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Tada H, Kawashiri MA, Nohara A, Saito R, Tanaka Y, Nomura A, Konno T, Sakata K, Fujino N, Takamura T, Inazu A, Mabuchi H, Yamagishi M, Hayashi K. Whole exome sequencing combined with integrated variant annotation prediction identifies asymptomatic Tangier disease with compound heterozygous mutations in ABCA1 gene. Atherosclerosis 2015; 240:324-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Brunham LR, Hayden MR. Human genetics of HDL: Insight into particle metabolism and function. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 58:14-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zannis VI, Fotakis P, Koukos G, Kardassis D, Ehnholm C, Jauhiainen M, Chroni A. HDL biogenesis, remodeling, and catabolism. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 224:53-111. [PMID: 25522986 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we review how HDL is generated, remodeled, and catabolized in plasma. We describe key features of the proteins that participate in these processes, emphasizing how mutations in apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and the other proteins affect HDL metabolism. The biogenesis of HDL initially requires functional interaction of apoA-I with the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and subsequently interactions of the lipidated apoA-I forms with lecithin/cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). Mutations in these proteins either prevent or impair the formation and possibly the functionality of HDL. Remodeling and catabolism of HDL is the result of interactions of HDL with cell receptors and other membrane and plasma proteins including hepatic lipase (HL), endothelial lipase (EL), phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), apolipoprotein M (apoM), scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1), the F1 subunit of ATPase (Ecto F1-ATPase), and the cubulin/megalin receptor. Similarly to apoA-I, apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein A-IV were shown to form discrete HDL particles containing these apolipoproteins which may have important but still unexplored functions. Furthermore, several plasma proteins were found associated with HDL and may modulate its biological functions. The effect of these proteins on the functionality of HDL is the topic of ongoing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis I Zannis
- Molecular Genetics, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA,
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Huang D, Xie X, Ma YT, Huang Y, Ma X. Endothelial lipase-384A/C polymorphism is associated with acute coronary syndrome and lipid status in elderly Uygur patients in Xinjiang. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2014; 18:781-4. [PMID: 25291260 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2014.0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between the endothelial lipase (EL) gene promoter -384A/C polymorphism and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and lipid status in elderly Uygur patients in Xinjiang. METHODS The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method was used to detect the EL gene promoter -384A/C genotype in 341 cases of elderly patients with ACS and 380 healthy subjects. RESULTS In an elderly Chinese Han population, the EL-384A/C genotype and allele frequency distribution were significantly different between the ACS group and the control group (p<0.05); the frequency of the CC genotype in the ACS group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p<0.05). After adjusting for gender, age, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, hyperlipidemia, and other cardiovascular risk factors, the difference remains statistically significant (p<0.05). In the ACS group, C allele carriers had significantly higher serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations compared to AA genotypes (all p<0.05). CONCLUSION EL-384A/C polymorphism was significantly associated with the ACS and lipids profile in an elderly Uygur population in Xinjiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
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26
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Vigna GB, Satta E, Bernini F, Boarini S, Bosi C, Giusto L, Pinotti E, Tarugi P, Vanini A, Volpato S, Zimetti F, Zuliani G, Favari E. Flow-mediated dilation, carotid wall thickness and HDL function in subjects with hyperalphalipoproteinemia. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:777-783. [PMID: 24680225 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The relationships between very high plasma HDLc and subclinical atherosclerosis are still a matter of debate. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty subjects with primary hyperalphalipoproteinemia (HAL, with HDLc in the highest 10th percentile and absence of overt secondary causes of this condition), aged 30-65 years, were compared with 20 age and sex-matched controls. Lipid determination, lipoprotein particle distribution (Lipoprint(®)), Cholesterol Efflux Capacity (CEC), plasma adhesion molecule, analyses of CETP, SRB1 and LIPG genes and of different markers of subclinical vascular disease (ankle-brachial index, ABI; carotid intima-media thickness, cIMT; brachial-artery flow mediated dilation, FMD) were performed. Fasting HDLc levels were 40 mg/dl higher in HAL subjects while LDLc concentration was comparable to control group. CETP gene analysis in HAL subjects identified one novel rare Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP, Asp131Asn), possibly damaging, while the common SNP p.Val422Ile was highly prevalent (50% vs. 27.4% in a control population). No rare mutations associated with HAL were found in SR-B1 and LIPG genes. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in HAL subjects disclosed larger and more buoyant HDL particles than in controls, while LDL profile was much more similar. ABI, cIMT and arterial plaques did not differ in cases and controls and the two groups showed comparable FMD at brachial artery examination. Similarly, ABCA1 and ABCG1 HDL-mediated CEC, the most relevant for atheroprotection, did not discriminate between the groups and only ABCG1 pathway seemed somewhat related to arterial reactivity. CONCLUSIONS HDL dimension, function and genetics seem scarcely related to subclinical atherosclerosis and vascular reactivity in middle-aged HAL subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Vigna
- Medical Department, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - E Satta
- Medical Department, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - F Bernini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - S Boarini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - C Bosi
- Medical Department, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - L Giusto
- Medical Department, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - E Pinotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - P Tarugi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - A Vanini
- Medical Department, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - S Volpato
- Medical Department, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - F Zimetti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - G Zuliani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - E Favari
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Cai G, Huang Z, Zhang B, Weng W, Shi G. The associations between endothelial lipase 584C/T polymorphism and HDL-C level and coronary heart disease susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:85. [PMID: 24886585 PMCID: PMC4041051 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies had investigated the relationships between endothelial lipase (EL) 584C/T polymorphism and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level and coronary heart disease (CHD), but the results were controversial. To investigate a more authentic associations between EL 584C/T polymorphism and HDL-C level, and the risk of CHD, we performed this meta-analysis. Methods We searched electric databases for all articles on the associations between EL 584C/T polymorphism and HDL-C level, and CHD risk. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the strength of the association between the EL 584C/T polymorphism and the CHD susceptibility. The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% CI was used for the meta-analysis of EL 584C/T polymorphism and HDL-C level. Begg’s funnel plots and Egger’s test were used to examine the publication bias. Results For CHD association, the pooled OR was 0.829 (95% CI: 0.701-0.980, P = 0.028) for the dominant model and 0.882 (95% CI: 0.779-0.999, P = 0.049) for the allelic model. By meta-regression analysis, we found that only total sample size could influence the initial heterogeneity. When the subgroup analysis was carried out, we found that the protective effect only existed in the subgroups of relatively small sample size. Sensitivity analyses indicated that Tang’s study influenced the overall results significantly. We calculated the pooled ORs again after excluding Tang’s study and found the association between EL 584C/T polymorphism and the risk of CHD was not significant for any genetic model. For HDL-C level association, the carriers of 584 T allele had a higher HDL-C level than the non-carriers. The pooled SMD was 0.399 (95% CI: 0.094-0.704, P = 0.010). When the studies were stratified by ethnicity and total sample size, the positive effects existed in the Caucasians and in subgroups of larger sample size. No significant publication bias was found in the present meta-analysis. Conclusions The results of the present meta-analysis suggest that the carriers of EL 584 T allele have a higher HDL-C level in Caucasian populations. Whereas, it might not be a protective factor for CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojun Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Abstract
Despite the critical importance of plasma lipoproteins in the development of atherosclerosis, varying degrees of evidence surround the causal associations of lipoproteins with coronary artery disease (CAD). These causal contributions can be assessed by employing genetic variants as unbiased proxies for lipid levels. A relatively large number of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) variants strongly associate with CAD, confirming the causal impact of this lipoprotein on atherosclerosis. Although not as firmly established, genetic evidence supporting a causal role of triglycerides (TG) in CAD is growing. Conversely, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) variants not associated with LDL-C or TG have not yet been shown to be convincingly associated with CAD, raising questions about the causality of HDL-C in atherosclerosis. Finally, genetic variants at the LPA locus associated with lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] are decisively linked to CAD, indicating a causal role for Lp(a). Translational investigation of CAD-associated lipid variants may identify novel regulatory pathways with therapeutic potential to alter CAD risk.
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Abstract
There is compelling evidence from human population studies that plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol correlate inversely with cardiovascular risk. Identification of this relationship has stimulated research designed to understand how HDL metabolism is regulated. The ultimate goal of these studies has been to develop HDL-raising therapies that have the potential to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, the situation has turned out to be much more complex than originally envisaged. This is partly because the HDL fraction consists of multiple subpopulations of particles that vary in terms of shape, size, composition, and surface charge, as well as in their potential cardioprotective properties. This heterogeneity is a consequence of the continual remodeling and interconversion of HDL subpopulations by multiple plasma factors. Evidence that the remodeling of HDLs may impact on their cardioprotective properties is beginning to emerge. This serves to highlight the importance of understanding not only how the remodeling and interconversion of HDL subpopulations is regulated but also how these processes are affected by agents that increase HDL levels. This review provides an overview of what is currently understood about HDL metabolism and how the subpopulation distribution of these lipoproteins is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry-Anne Rye
- From the Lipid Research Group, Centre for Vascular Research, Lowy Center, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Larach DB, Cuchel M, Rader DJ. Monogenic causes of elevated HDL cholesterol and implications for development of new therapeutics. CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY 2013; 8:635-648. [PMID: 25374625 PMCID: PMC4217288 DOI: 10.2217/clp.13.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the CETP, LIPG (encoding endothelial lipase) and APOC3 genes, and ana lysis of rare genetic variants in them, have allowed researchers to increase understanding of HDL metabolism significantly. However, development of cardiovascular risk-reducing therapeutics targeting the proteins encoded by these genes has been less straightforward. The failure of two CETP inhibitors is complex but illustrates a possible over-reliance on HDL cholesterol as a marker of therapeutic efficacy. The case of endothelial lipase exemplifies the importance of utilizing population-wide genetic studies of rare variants in potential therapeutic targets to gain information on cardiovascular disease end points. Similar population-wide studies of cardiovascular end points make apoC-III a potentially attractive target for lipid-related drug discovery. These three cases illustrate the positives and negatives of single-gene studies relating to HDL-related cardiovascular drug discovery; such studies should focus not only on HDL cholesterol and other components of the lipid profile, but also on the effect genetic variants have on cardiovascular end points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Larach
- Division of Translational Medicine & Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Marina Cuchel
- Division of Translational Medicine & Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Division of Translational Medicine & Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- 11–125 Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Building 421, PA 19104–5158, USA
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Serum lipid concentrations among persons with spinal cord injury - a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Atherosclerosis 2013; 232:305-12. [PMID: 24468143 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid optimization comprises a therapeutic cornerstone of primary and secondary cardiovascular disease prevention. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to clarify patterns of lipid profiles in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients compared to able-bodied individuals as well as among subgroups of SCI patients stratified by sex, activity level, race, and level of injury. METHODS Searches were conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and EMBASE. The initial literature search broadly identified peer-reviewed studies that examined cardiovascular risk factors in SCI. A total of 50 studies were ultimately identified that focused on lipid levels in SCI. Demographic data (including subject age, duration of injury, height, weight, and body mass index [BMI]) and lipid values were extracted for able-bodied individuals and subjects with SCI. Statistical analyses included t-testing and analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS Compared with controls, individuals with SCI had significantly lower total cholesterol (TC) (183.4 mg/dL versus 194.9 mg/dL, p = 0.019) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (41.0 mg/dL versus 49.6 mg/dL, p < 0.001) and higher TC/HDL-C ratios (4.5 versus 4.0, p = 0.002), though no significant differences were found for triglyceride (TG) and non-HDL-C values. CONCLUSIONS SCI represents an increasingly common chronic condition, now secondarily characterized by heightened CVD risk potentially in part due to unique lipid profiles characterized primarily by low HDL-C and an increased TC/HDL-C ratio. As other at-risk patient populations have received increased acknowledgment with more stringent lipid panel screening at earlier ages and increased frequency, we would propose that the same be implemented for the SCI population until more-specific CVD risk stratification guidelines are established for this population.
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Robertson J, Peters MJ, McInnes IB, Sattar N. Changes in lipid levels with inflammation and therapy in RA: a maturing paradigm. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2013; 9:513-23. [PMID: 23774906 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2013.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidaemia is commonly observed in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA), with lower total cholesterol levels as well as lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reported in these patients than in individuals without RA. This pattern is mirrored in sepsis and other inflammatory states, suggesting systemic inflammation has the general effect of lowering circulating lipid levels. In line with such observations, suppressing inflammation with DMARDs, biologic therapies and small-molecule Janus kinase inhibitors seems to elevate levels of lipid fractions in RA, albeit in a variable manner dependent presumably upon the mechanism of action of the different agents. In addition, limited epidemiological data in patients with RA suggest increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk at relatively low cholesterol levels, a pattern contrasting with that observed in the population without RA. Our understanding of the potential mechanisms behind these inflammation-associated lipid changes remains suboptimal and requires further study. In clinical terms, however, use of the total cholesterol to HDL-C ratio as the lipid component of CVD risk scoring in patients with RA would seem appropriate given that these lipid parameters generally change in parallel with inflammation and suppression of inflammation. Whether alternative lipid or lipoprotein measures (or simple markers of inflammation) could improve stratification of CVD risk in RA beyond the established risk factors requires future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Robertson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, UK
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The effects of endothelial lipase gene (LIPG) variants on inflammation marker levels and atherosclerosis development. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:5143-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Yin RX, Wu DF, Miao L, Htet Aung LH, Cao XL, Yan TT, Long XJ, Liu WY, Zhang L, Li M. Interactions of several single nucleotide polymorphisms and high body mass index on serum lipid traits. Biofactors 2013; 39:315-25. [PMID: 23355348 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and high body mass index (BMI) on serum lipid profiles are limited. This study was undertaken to detect the interactions of 10 SNPs and high BMI on serum lipid traits in an isolated population. A total of 978 normal BMI (< 24 kg/m2) and 751 high BMI (≥ 24 kg/m2) subjects of Bai Ku Yao were randomly selected from our previous stratified randomized cluster samples. Genotypes of rs2066715, rs1044925, low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) Ava||, rs2070895, rs2000813, rs1801133, rs3757354, rs505151, rs2016520, and rs5888 SNPs were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism combined with gel electrophoresis, and then confirmed by direct sequencing. The interactions were detected by factorial design covariance analysis. The genotypic and allelic frequencies of rs2070895 and rs505151 were different between normal and high BMI subjects, the genotypic frequency of rs2000813 and allelic frequency of rs3757354 were also different between normal and high BMI subjects (P < 0.01). The levels of total cholesterol (TC), apolipoprotein (Apo) A1 (rs2066715); TC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), ApoA1, ApoB, and ApoA1/ApoB (rs2070895); triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and ApoA1 (rs2000813); TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, ApoA1, and ApoB (rs1801133); HDL-C and ApoA1 (rs3757354) in normal BMI subjects were different among the genotypes (P < 0.01). The levels of LDL-C, ApoB, and ApoA1/ApoB (rs2066715); HDL-C, ApoA1, ApoB, and ApoA1/ApoB (rs2070895); TC, HDL-C, ApoA1, and ApoB (rs2000813); TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, ApoA1, and ApoB (rs1801133); TC, TG, and ApoB (rs3757354); TG (rs505151); TG and ApoA1 and ApoB (rs2016520); and TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, ApoA1, and ApoB (rs5888) in high BMI subjects were also different among the genotypes (P < 0.01). The SNPs of rs2066715 (LDL-C and ApoA1/ApoB); rs2070895 (TC, LDL-C, ApoA1, and ApoB); rs2000813 (ApoB); rs1801133 (TC, TG, and LDL-C); rs3757354 (TC and TG); rs505151 (TG, HDL-C, ApoB, and ApoA1/ApoB); rs2016520 (TG and ApoA1/ApoB); and rs5888 (TG, ApoA1, and ApoB) interacted with high BMI to influence serum lipid levels (P < 0.01). The differences in serum lipid levels between normal and high BMI subjects might partly result from different interactions of several SNPs and high BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xing Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Razzaghi H, Tempczyk-Russell A, Haubold K, Santorico SA, Shokati T, Christians U, Churchill MEA. Genetic and structure-function studies of missense mutations in human endothelial lipase. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55716. [PMID: 23536757 PMCID: PMC3607615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial lipase (EL) plays a pivotal role in HDL metabolism. We sought to characterize EL and its interaction with HDL as well as its natural variants genetically, functionally and structurally. We screened our biethnic population sample (n = 802) for selected missense mutations (n = 5) and identified T111I as the only common variant. Multiple linear regression analyses in Hispanic subjects revealed an unexpected association between T111I and elevated LDL-C (p-value = 0.012) and total cholesterol (p-value = 0.004). We examined lipase activity of selected missense mutants (n = 10) and found different impacts on EL function, ranging from normal to complete loss of activity. EL-HDL lipidomic analyses indicated that EL has a defined remodeling of HDL without exhaustion of the substrate and a distinct and preference for several fatty acids that are lipid mediators and known for their potent pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. Structural studies using homology modeling revealed a novel α/β motif in the C-domain, unique to EL. The EL dimer was found to have the flexibility to expand and to bind various sizes of HDL particles. The likely impact of the all known missense mutations (n = 18) on the structure of EL was examined using molecular modeling and the impact they may have on EL lipase activity using a novel structure-function slope based on their structural free energy differences. The results of this multidisciplinary approach delineated the impact of EL and its variants on HDL. Moreover, the results suggested EL to have the capacity to modulate vascular health through its role in fatty acid-based signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Razzaghi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America.
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Singaraja RR, Sivapalaratnam S, Hovingh K, Dubé MP, Castro-Perez J, Collins HL, Adelman SJ, Riwanto M, Manz J, Hubbard B, Tietjen I, Wong K, Mitnaul LJ, van Heek M, Lin L, Roddy TA, McEwen J, Dallinge-Thie G, van Vark-van der Zee L, Verwoert G, Winther M, van Duijn C, Hofman A, Trip MD, Marais AD, Asztalos B, Landmesser U, Sijbrands E, Kastelein JJ, Hayden MR. The impact of partial and complete loss-of-function mutations in endothelial lipase on high-density lipoprotein levels and functionality in humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 6:54-62. [PMID: 23243195 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.111.962613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial lipase is a phospholipase with activity against high-density lipoprotein. Although a small number of mutations in LIPG have been described, the role of LIPG in protection against atherosclerosis is unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified 8 loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in LIPG in individuals with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Functional analysis confirmed that most rare mutations abolish lipase activity in vitro, indicating complete LOF, whereas 2 more common mutations N396S and R476W reduce activity by ≈50%, indicating partial LOF and implying ≈50% and ≈75% remaining endothelial lipase function in heterozygous complete LOF and partial LOF mutation carriers, respectively. complete LOF mutation carriers had significantly higher plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared with partial LOF mutation carriers. Apolipoprotein B-depleted serum from complete LOF carriers showed significantly enhanced cholesterol efflux acceptor capacity, whereas only trends were observed in partial LOF carriers. Carriers of LIPG mutations exhibited trends toward reduced coronary artery disease in 4 independent cohorts (meta-analysis odds ratio, 0.7; P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the impact of LIPG mutations is directly related to their effect on endothelial lipase function and support that antagonism of endothelial lipase function improves cardioprotection.
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Yin RX, Wu DF, Miao L, Aung LHH, Cao XL, Yan TT, Long XJ, Liu WY, Zhang L, Li M. Several genetic polymorphisms interact with overweight/obesity to influence serum lipid levels. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012; 11:123. [PMID: 23039238 PMCID: PMC3508802 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Information about the interactions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and overweight/obesity on serum lipid profiles is still scarce. The present study was undertaken to detect ten SNPs and their interactions with overweight/obesity on serum lipid levels. Methods A total of 978 normal weight and 751 overweight/obese subjects of Bai Ku Yao were randomly selected from our previous stratified randomized cluster samples. Normal weight, overweight and obesity were defined as a body mass index (BMI) < 24, 24–28, and > 28 kg/m2; respectively. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein (Apo) A1 and ApoB levels were measured. Genotyping of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA-1) V825I, acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (ACAT-1) rs1044925, low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) AvaII, hepatic lipase gene (LIPC) -250G>A, endothelial lipase gene (LIPG) 584C>T, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C>T, the E3 ubiquitin ligase myosin regulatory light chain-interacting protein (MYLIP) rs3757354, proprotein convertase subtilisin-like kexin type 9 (PCSK9) E670G, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARD) +294T>C, and Scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SCARB1) rs5888 was performed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism combined with gel electrophoresis, and then confirmed by direct sequencing. The interactions were detected by factorial design covariance analysis. Results The genotypic and allelic frequencies of LIPC and PCSK9 were different between normal weight and overweight/obese subjects, the genotypic frequency of LIPG and allelic frequency of MYLIP were also different between normal weight and overweight/obese subjects (P < 0.05-0.001). The levels of TC, ApoA1 (ABCA-1); TC, LDL-C, ApoA1, ApoB and ApoA1/ApoB (LIPC); TG, HDL-C, and ApoA1 (LIPG); TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, ApoA1 and ApoB (MTHFR); HDL-C and ApoA1 (MYLIP) in normal weight subjects were different among the genotypes (P < 0.01-0.001). The levels of LDL-C, ApoB and ApoA1/ApoB (ABCA-1); HDL-C, ApoA1, ApoB and ApoA1/ApoB (LIPC); TC, HDL-C, ApoA1 and ApoB (LIPG); TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, ApoA1 and ApoB (MTHFR); TC, TG and ApoB (MYLIP); TG (PCSK9); TG, ApoA1 and ApoB (PPARD); and TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, ApoA1 and ApoB (SCARB1) in overweight/obese subjects were different among the genotypes (P < 0.01-0.001). The SNPs of ABCA-1 (LDL-C and ApoA1/ApoB); LIPC (TC, LDL-C, ApoA1 and ApoB); LIPG (ApoB); MTHFR (TC, TG and LDL-C); MYLIP (TC and TG); PCSK9 (TG, HDL-C, ApoB and ApoA1/ApoB); PPARD (TG and ApoA1/ApoB); and SCARB1 (TG, ApoA1 and ApoB) interacted with overweight/obesity to influence serum lipid levels (P < 0.05-0.001). Conclusions The differences in serum lipid levels between normal weight and overweight/obese subjects might partly result from different genetic polymorphisms and the interactions between several SNPs and overweight/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xing Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China.
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Reactive Oxygen Species, SUMOylation, and Endothelial Inflammation. Int J Inflam 2012; 2012:678190. [PMID: 22991685 PMCID: PMC3443607 DOI: 10.1155/2012/678190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the exact mechanism through which NADPH oxidases (Nox's) generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) is still not completely understood, it is widely considered that ROS accumulation is the cause of oxidative stress in endothelial cells. Increasing pieces of evidence strongly indicate the role for ROS in endothelial inflammation and dysfunction and subsequent development of atherosclerotic plaques, which are causes of various pathological cardiac events. An overview for a causative relationship between ROS and endothelial inflammation will be provided in this review. Particularly, a crucial role for specific protein SUMOylation in endothelial inflammation will be presented. Given that SUMOylation of specific proteins leads to increased endothelial inflammation, targeting specific SUMOylated proteins may be an elegant, effective strategy to control inflammation. In addition, the involvement of ROS production in increasing the risk of recurrent coronary events in a sub-group of non-diabetic, post-infarction patients with elevated levels of HDL-cholesterol will be presented with the emphasis that elevated HDL-cholesterol under certain inflammatory conditions can lead to increased incidence of cardiovascular events.
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Tietjen I, Hovingh GK, Singaraja RR, Radomski C, Barhdadi A, McEwen J, Chan E, Mattice M, Legendre A, Franchini PL, Dubé MP, Kastelein JJP, Hayden MR. Segregation of LIPG, CETP, and GALNT2 mutations in Caucasian families with extremely high HDL cholesterol. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37437. [PMID: 22952570 PMCID: PMC3428317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, few mutations are described to underlie highly-elevated HDLc levels in families. Here we sequenced the coding regions and adjacent sequence of the LIPG, CETP, and GALNT2 genes in 171 unrelated Dutch Caucasian probands with HDLc≥90th percentile and analyzed segregation of mutations with lipid phenotypes in family members. In these probands, mutations were most frequent in LIPG (12.9%) followed by GALNT2 (2.3%) and CETP (0.6%). A total of 6 of 10 mutations in these three genes were novel (60.0%), and mutations segregated with elevated HDLc in families. Interestingly, the LIPG mutations N396S and R476W, which usually result in elevated HDLc, were unexpectedly found in 6 probands with low HDLc (i.e., ≤10th percentile). However, 5 of these probands also carried mutations in ABCA1, LCAT, or LPL. Finally, no CETP and GALNT2 mutations were found in 136 unrelated probands with low HDLc. Taken together, we show that rare coding and splicing mutations in LIPG, CETP, and GALNT2 are enriched in persons with hyperalphalipoproteinemia and segregate with elevated HDLc in families. Moreover, LIPG mutations do not overcome low HDLc in individuals with ABCA1 and possibly LCAT and LPL mutations, indicating that LIPG affects HDLc levels downstream of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G. Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roshni R. Singaraja
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, Canada
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Elden Chan
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - John J. P. Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael R. Hayden
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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40
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Voight BF, Peloso GM, Orho-Melander M, Frikke-Schmidt R, Barbalic M, Jensen MK, Hindy G, Hólm H, Ding EL, Johnson T, Schunkert H, Samani NJ, Clarke R, Hopewell JC, Thompson JF, Li M, Thorleifsson G, Newton-Cheh C, Musunuru K, Pirruccello JP, Saleheen D, Chen L, Stewart AFR, Schillert A, Thorsteinsdottir U, Thorgeirsson G, Anand S, Engert JC, Morgan T, Spertus J, Stoll M, Berger K, Martinelli N, Girelli D, McKeown PP, Patterson CC, Epstein SE, Devaney J, Burnett MS, Mooser V, Ripatti S, Surakka I, Nieminen MS, Sinisalo J, Lokki ML, Perola M, Havulinna A, de Faire U, Gigante B, Ingelsson E, Zeller T, Wild P, de Bakker PIW, Klungel OH, Maitland-van der Zee AH, Peters BJM, de Boer A, Grobbee DE, Kamphuisen PW, Deneer VHM, Elbers CC, Onland-Moret NC, Hofker MH, Wijmenga C, Verschuren WMM, Boer JMA, van der Schouw YT, Rasheed A, Frossard P, Demissie S, Willer C, Do R, Ordovas JM, Abecasis GR, Boehnke M, Mohlke KL, Daly MJ, Guiducci C, Burtt NP, Surti A, Gonzalez E, Purcell S, Gabriel S, Marrugat J, Peden J, Erdmann J, Diemert P, Willenborg C, König IR, Fischer M, Hengstenberg C, Ziegler A, Buysschaert I, Lambrechts D, Van de Werf F, Fox KA, El Mokhtari NE, Rubin D, Schrezenmeir J, Schreiber S, Schäfer A, Danesh J, Blankenberg S, Roberts R, McPherson R, Watkins H, Hall AS, Overvad K, Rimm E, Boerwinkle E, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Cupples LA, Reilly MP, Melander O, Mannucci PM, Ardissino D, Siscovick D, Elosua R, Stefansson K, O'Donnell CJ, Salomaa V, Rader DJ, Peltonen L, Schwartz SM, Altshuler D, Kathiresan S. Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of myocardial infarction: a mendelian randomisation study. Lancet 2012; 380:572-80. [PMID: 22607825 PMCID: PMC3419820 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1672] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High plasma HDL cholesterol is associated with reduced risk of myocardial infarction, but whether this association is causal is unclear. Exploiting the fact that genotypes are randomly assigned at meiosis, are independent of non-genetic confounding, and are unmodified by disease processes, mendelian randomisation can be used to test the hypothesis that the association of a plasma biomarker with disease is causal. METHODS We performed two mendelian randomisation analyses. First, we used as an instrument a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the endothelial lipase gene (LIPG Asn396Ser) and tested this SNP in 20 studies (20,913 myocardial infarction cases, 95,407 controls). Second, we used as an instrument a genetic score consisting of 14 common SNPs that exclusively associate with HDL cholesterol and tested this score in up to 12,482 cases of myocardial infarction and 41,331 controls. As a positive control, we also tested a genetic score of 13 common SNPs exclusively associated with LDL cholesterol. FINDINGS Carriers of the LIPG 396Ser allele (2·6% frequency) had higher HDL cholesterol (0·14 mmol/L higher, p=8×10(-13)) but similar levels of other lipid and non-lipid risk factors for myocardial infarction compared with non-carriers. This difference in HDL cholesterol is expected to decrease risk of myocardial infarction by 13% (odds ratio [OR] 0·87, 95% CI 0·84-0·91). However, we noted that the 396Ser allele was not associated with risk of myocardial infarction (OR 0·99, 95% CI 0·88-1·11, p=0·85). From observational epidemiology, an increase of 1 SD in HDL cholesterol was associated with reduced risk of myocardial infarction (OR 0·62, 95% CI 0·58-0·66). However, a 1 SD increase in HDL cholesterol due to genetic score was not associated with risk of myocardial infarction (OR 0·93, 95% CI 0·68-1·26, p=0·63). For LDL cholesterol, the estimate from observational epidemiology (a 1 SD increase in LDL cholesterol associated with OR 1·54, 95% CI 1·45-1·63) was concordant with that from genetic score (OR 2·13, 95% CI 1·69-2·69, p=2×10(-10)). INTERPRETATION Some genetic mechanisms that raise plasma HDL cholesterol do not seem to lower risk of myocardial infarction. These data challenge the concept that raising of plasma HDL cholesterol will uniformly translate into reductions in risk of myocardial infarction. FUNDING US National Institutes of Health, The Wellcome Trust, European Union, British Heart Foundation, and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Voight
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gina M Peloso
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study of the National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Genetic Epidemiology, Skania University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Section for Molecular Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja Barbalic
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Majken K Jensen
- Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George Hindy
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Genetic Epidemiology, Skania University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Eric L Ding
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Toby Johnson
- Clinical Pharmacology and The Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Leicester National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Robert Clarke
- The Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jemma C Hopewell
- The Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John F Thompson
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Mingyao Li
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Christopher Newton-Cheh
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kiran Musunuru
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James P Pirruccello
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Li Chen
- The John & Jennifer Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandre FR Stewart
- The John & Jennifer Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Arne Schillert
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- University of Iceland Faculty of Medicine, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gudmundur Thorgeirsson
- University of Iceland Faculty of Medicine, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sonia Anand
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and Department of Medicine and Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - James C Engert
- Department of Medicine and Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas Morgan
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John Spertus
- Mid-America Heart Institute and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Monika Stoll
- Leibniz-Institute for Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Pascal P McKeown
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Science, Belfast, UK
| | - Christopher C Patterson
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Science, Belfast, UK
| | - Stephen E Epstein
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, MedStar Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Joseph Devaney
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, MedStar Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mary-Susan Burnett
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, MedStar Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Vincent Mooser
- Genetics Division and Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ida Surakka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku S Nieminen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Lokki
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aki Havulinna
- Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruna Gigante
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tanja Zeller
- der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz II, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp Wild
- der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz II, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul I W de Bakker
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Olaf H Klungel
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Netherlands
| | - Anke-Hilse Maitland-van der Zee
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Netherlands
| | - Bas J M Peters
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Netherlands
| | - Anthonius de Boer
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Netherlands
| | - Diederick E Grobbee
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Pieter W Kamphuisen
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Vera H M Deneer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Clara C Elbers
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - N Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marten H Hofker
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - WM Monique Verschuren
- Center for Prevention and Health Services Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Jolanda MA Boer
- Center for Nutrition and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Asif Rasheed
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Serkalem Demissie
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study of the National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Cristen Willer
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ron Do
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose M Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonçalo R Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mark J Daly
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Candace Guiducci
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Noël P Burtt
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aarti Surti
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elena Gonzalez
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shaun Purcell
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stacey Gabriel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jaume Marrugat
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics, IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Peden
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Patrick Diemert
- Medizinische Klinik II, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christina Willenborg
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Inke R König
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Fischer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ian Buysschaert
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frans Van de Werf
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Keith A Fox
- Cardiovascular Research, Division of Medical and Radiological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Diana Rubin
- Medizinische Klinik I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schrezenmeir
- Max-Rubner-Institut, Institut für Physiologie und Biochemie der Ernährung, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie, Christian-Albrechts Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Arne Schäfer
- Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie, Christian-Albrechts Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - John Danesh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz II, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Roberts
- The John & Jennifer Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ruth McPherson
- The John & Jennifer Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alistair S Hall
- LIGHT and LIMM Research Institutes, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eric Rimm
- Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Section for Molecular Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Copenhagen City Heart Study Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study of the National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Muredach P Reilly
- The Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics and The Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Diseases, Skania University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pier M Mannucci
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, IRCCS Fondazione Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Ardissino
- Division of Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - David Siscovick
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roberto Elosua
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics, IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- University of Iceland Faculty of Medicine, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study of the National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel J Rader
- The Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics and The Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen M Schwartz
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Altshuler
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Correspondence to: Dr Sekar Kathiresan, Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Corsetti JP, Gansevoort RT, Bakker SJL, Navis G, Sparks CE, Dullaart RPF. Apolipoprotein E predicts incident cardiovascular disease risk in women but not in men with concurrently high levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and C-reactive protein. Metabolism 2012; 61:996-1002. [PMID: 22225956 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although there is great interest in the notion that dysfunctional transformation of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) facilitates development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD), few studies in human populations directly address this issue. As apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a constituent of HDL thought to be important for HDL antiatherogenic function, we sought to assess the role of apoE in CVD risk in subjects likely to display dysfunctional transformation of HDL. Association of apoE levels with incident CVD risk was investigated using Cox multivariable proportional hazards modeling. Analyses were performed in subgroups of women and men likely to display dysfunctional transformation of HDL deriving from previous subgroup identification based upon defining characteristics of concurrently high levels of HDL cholesterol and systemic inflammation as reflected by high C-reactive protein levels. Results revealed apoE levels (dichotomized as highest quartile vs combined 3 lowest quartiles) as predicting subgroup risk in women (hazard ratio, 4.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-19.12; P = .040) but not in men. Further sex differences were manifested in terms of the relationship of apoE levels with age. Analysis revealed positive correlation of apoE levels with age in women (r = 0.47, P < .0001) but not in men (r = 0.04, P = .43). Apolipoprotein E levels predict incident CVD risk in women with high levels of HDL cholesterol and C-reactive protein but not in men. Future studies should be oriented toward investigations of apoE as related to multiplicity of HDL functionality and toward assessment of potential roles for apoE in dysfunctional transformation of HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Corsetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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42
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Khovidhunkit W, Chartyingcharoen P, Siriwong S, Limumpornpetch P, Plengpanich W. Resequencing CETP, LIPC and LIPG genes in Thai subjects with hyperalphalipoproteinemia. Am J Cardiol 2012; 110:62-6. [PMID: 22464213 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors associated with hyperalphalipoproteinemia (HALP; or high levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) are incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to resequence 3 candidate genes, CETP, LIPC, and LIPG, which encode cholesteryl ester transfer protein, hepatic lipase, and endothelial lipase, respectively, in Thai subjects with HALP and compare them to normolipidemic controls. Sequence variants of CETP, LIPC, and LIPG were identified by sequencing exons and exon-intron junctions in 64 subjects with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels ≥2.59 mmol/L (100 mg/dl) and compared to those of 113 normolipidemic subjects. Two heterozygous frameshift mutations in CETP (p.Leu262ProfsX31 and p.Val411ArgfsX6) and two heterozygous missense mutations in LIPC (p.Gly141Ser and p.Val173Met) were found. One deletion mutation and 3 point mutations in the CETP promoter were also identified. Collectively, these rare mutations were found only in the HALP group but not in the control group (8% vs 0%, p = 0.0056). One common variant of CETP (p.Asp459Gly) was found at a higher frequency in the HALP group (23% vs 4%, p = 0.000074). Altogether, rare variants of CETP or LIPC and/or the common CETP p.Asp459Gly variant were found in 30% of the HALP group and 4% of the controls (p = 0.0000014). No rare variant of LIPG was identified. In conclusion, common and rare genetic variants in CETP and LIPC, but not LIPG, were more commonly found in the Thai HALP group, which could potentially contribute to high high-density lipoprotein cholesterol phenotypes in this population.
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43
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Cai G, He G, Qi C. The association between endothelial lipase -384A/C gene polymorphism and acute coronary syndrome in a Chinese population. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:9879-84. [PMID: 22723003 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1854-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial lipase (EL) is a novel member of the triglyceride (TG) lipase family. A growing body of evidence has indicated that EL gene polymorphism might contribute to the process of cardiovascular diseases. This study was aimed to reveal the potential relationship between EL -384A/C gene polymorphism and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in a Chinese Han population. The subjects were composed of 320 ACS patients and 315 age- and gender- matched controls. We detected the EL -384A/C genotypes and allele frequencies by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. There was significant difference in AA genotype and AC+CC genotype between ACS and control groups (P = 0.014). The A allele frequency was significantly higher in ACS group than in control group (87.8 vs 83.8 %, P = 0.041). The relationship between the variant and ACS remained significant after adjusting for current smoker, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, total cholesterol and TG (OR = 0.682, 95 % CI = 0.472-0.986). The levels of HDL and ApoA-I were significantly higher in AC+CC genotype than in AA genotype (HDL: 1.20 ± 0.35 vs 1.11 ± 0.29 mmol/L, P = 0.001; ApoA-I: 1.14 ± 0.25 vs 1.08 ± 0.21 g/L, P = 0.009). We found that the EL -384A/C gene polymorphism might be associated with ACS in Chinese Han population, suggesting that the variant might be involved in the pathogenesis of ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojun Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Wujin Hospital, Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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44
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Corsetti JP, Bakker SJL, Sparks CE, Dullaart RPF. Apolipoprotein A-II influences apolipoprotein E-linked cardiovascular disease risk in women with high levels of HDL cholesterol and C-reactive protein. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39110. [PMID: 22723940 PMCID: PMC3377620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a previous report by our group, high levels of apolipoprotein E (apoE) were demonstrated to be associated with risk of incident cardiovascular disease in women with high levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the setting of both low (designated as HR1 subjects) and high (designated as HR2 subjects) levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). To assess whether apolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II) plays a role in apoE-associated risk in the two female groups. Methodology/Principal Outcome event mapping, a graphical data exploratory tool; Cox proportional hazards multivariable regression; and curve-fitting modeling were used to examine apoA-II influence on apoE-associated risk focusing on HDL particles with apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) without apoA-II (LpA-I) and HDL particles with both apoA-I and apoA-II (LpA-I:A-II). Results of outcome mappings as a function of apoE levels and the ratio of apoA-II to apoA-I revealed within each of the two populations, a high-risk subgroup characterized in each situation by high levels of apoE and additionally: in HR1, by a low value of the apoA-II/apoA-I ratio; and in HR2, by a moderate value of the apoA-II/apoA-I ratio. Furthermore, derived estimates of LpA-I and LpA-I:A-II levels revealed for high-risk versus remaining subjects: in HR1, higher levels of LpA-I and lower levels of LpA-I:A-II; and in HR2 the reverse, lower levels of LpA-I and higher levels of LpA-I:A-II. Results of multivariable risk modeling as a function of LpA-I and LpA-I:A-II (dichotomized as highest quartile versus combined three lower quartiles) revealed association of risk only for high levels of LpA-I:A-II in the HR2 subgroup (hazard ratio 5.31, 95% CI 1.12–25.17, p = 0.036). Furthermore, high LpA-I:A-II levels interacted with high apoE levels in establishing subgroup risk. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that apoA-II plays a significant role in apoE-associated risk of incident CVD in women with high levels of HDL-C and CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Corsetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA.
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Razzaghi H, Santorico SA, Kamboh MI. Population-Based Resequencing of LIPG and ZNF202 Genes in Subjects with Extreme HDL Levels. Front Genet 2012; 3:89. [PMID: 22723803 PMCID: PMC3375090 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial lipase (LIPG) and zinc finger protein 202 (ZNF202) are two pivotal genes in high density lipoprotein (HDL metabolism). We sought to determine their genetic contribution to variation in HDL-cholesterol levels by comprehensive resequencing of both genes in 235 individuals with high or low HDL-C levels. The selected subjects were 141 Whites (High HDL Group: n = 68, [Formula: see text] Low HDL Group: n = 73, [Formula: see text]) and 94 Hispanics (High HDL Group: n = 46, [Formula: see text] Low HDL Group: n = 48, [Formula: see text]). We identified a total of 185 and 122 sequence variants in LIPG and ZNF202, respectively. We found only two missense variants in LIPG (T111I and N396S) and two in ZNF202 (A154V and K259E). In both genes, there were several variants unique to either the low or high HDL group. For LIPG, the proportion of unique variants differed between the high and low HDL groups in both Whites (p = 0.022) and Hispanics (p = 0.017), but for ZNF202 this difference was observed only in Hispanics (p = 0.021). We also identified a common haplotype in ZNF202 among Whites that was significantly associated with the high HDL group (p = 0.013). These findings provide insights into the genetics of LIPG and ZNF202, and suggest that sequence variants occurring with high frequency in non-exonic regions may play a prominent role in modulating HDL-C levels in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Razzaghi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine,
University of Colorado DenverAurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Santorico
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences,
University of Colorado DenverDenver, CO, USA
| | - M. Ilyas Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics, University of
PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
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46
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Liu WY, Yin RX, Zhang L, Wu DF, Htet Aung LH, Hu XJ, Cao XL, Miao L. Interactions of the LIPG 584C>T polymorphism and alcohol consumption on serum lipid levels. Alcohol 2011; 45:681-7. [PMID: 21816559 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Both endothelial lipase gene (LIPG) 584C>T (rs2000813) polymorphism and alcohol consumption modulate serum lipid levels. But their interactions on serum lipid profiles are not well known. The present study was undertaken to detect the interactions of LIPG 584C>T polymorphism and alcohol consumption on serum lipid levels. Genotyping of the LIPG 584C>T was performed in 763 unrelated nondrinkers and 520 drinkers aged 15-85 years. The levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein (Apo) AI, and the ratio of ApoAI to ApoB were higher in drinkers than in nondrinkers (P<.01 for all). There were no significant differences in the genotypic and allelic frequencies between nondrinkers and drinkers. The levels of TC, HDL-C, and ApoAI in nondrinkers were different among the three genotypes (P<.05-.01), the subjects with CT genotype had higher TC, HDL-C, and ApoAI levels than the subjects with CC genotype. The levels of HDL-C and ApoAI in drinkers were different among the three genotypes (P<.001 and P<.05; respectively), the individuals with TT genotype had higher HDL-C and ApoAI levels than the individuals with CT and CC genotypes. The interactions between LIPG 584C>T genotypes and alcohol consumption on serum HDL-C (P<.01) and ApoAI levels (P<.05) were also detected by using a factorial regression analysis after controlling for potential confounders. The levels of TC in nondrinkers were correlated with LIPG 584C>T alleles (P<.05), whereas the levels of TG and HDL-C were associated with LIPG 584C>T alleles (P<.05) and genotypes (P<.05), respectively. These results suggest that the subjects with TT genotype benefit more from alcohol consumption than the subjects with CT and CC genotypes in increasing serum HDL-C and ApoAI levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ying Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
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47
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Wroblewski JM, Jahangiri A, Ji A, de Beer FC, van der Westhuyzen DR, Webb NR. Nascent HDL formation by hepatocytes is reduced by the concerted action of serum amyloid A and endothelial lipase. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:2255-2261. [PMID: 21957202 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m017681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is associated with significant decreases in plasma HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and apoA-I levels. Endothelial lipase (EL) is known to be an important determinant of HDL-C in mice and in humans and is upregulated during inflammation. In this study, we investigated whether serum amyloid A (SAA), an HDL apolipoprotein highly induced during inflammation, alters the ability of EL to metabolize HDL. We determined that EL hydrolyzes SAA-enriched HDL in vitro without liberating lipid-free apoA-I. Coexpression of SAA and EL in mice by adenoviral vector produced a significantly greater reduction in HDL-C and apoA-I than a corresponding level of expression of either SAA or EL alone. The loss of HDL occurred without any evidence of HDL remodeling to smaller particles that would be expected to have more rapid turnover. Studies with primary hepatocytes demonstrated that coexpression of SAA and EL markedly impeded ABCA1-mediated lipidation of apoA-I to form nascent HDL. Our findings suggest that a reduction in nascent HDL formation may be partly responsible for reduced HDL-C during inflammation when both EL and SAA are known to be upregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Wroblewski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Division and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536; and
| | - Anisa Jahangiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Division and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536; and
| | - Ailing Ji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Division and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536; and
| | - Frederick C de Beer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Division and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536; and; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40511
| | - Deneys R van der Westhuyzen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Division and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536; and; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40511
| | - Nancy R Webb
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Division and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536; and.
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48
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Darrow AL, Olson MW, Xin H, Burke SL, Smith C, Schalk-Hihi C, Williams R, Bayoumy SS, Deckman IC, Todd MJ, Damiano BP, Connelly MA. A novel fluorogenic substrate for the measurement of endothelial lipase activity. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:374-82. [PMID: 21062953 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d007971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial lipase (EL) is a phospholipase A1 (PLA1) enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids at the sn-1 position to produce lysophospholipids and free fatty acids. Measurement of the PLA1 activity of EL is usually accomplished by the use of substrates that are also hydrolyzed by lipases in other subfamilies such as PLA2 enzymes. In order to distinguish PLA1 activity of EL from PLA2 enzymatic activity in cell-based assays, cell supernatants, and other nonhomogeneous systems, a novel fluorogenic substrate with selectivity toward PLA1 hydrolysis was conceived and characterized. This substrate was preferred by PLA1 enzymes, such as EL and hepatic lipase, and was cleaved with much lower efficiency by lipases that exhibit primarily triglyceride lipase activity, such as LPL or a lipase with PLA2 activity. The phospholipase activity detected by the PLA1 substrate could be inhibited with the small molecule esterase inhibitor ebelactone B. Furthermore, the PLA1 substrate was able to detect EL activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a cell-based assay. This substrate is a useful reagent for identifying modulators of PLA1 enzymes, such as EL, and aiding in characterizing their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Darrow
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson LLC , Spring House, PA 19477-0776, USA
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49
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Bauer RC, Stylianou IM, Rader DJ. Functional validation of new pathways in lipoprotein metabolism identified by human genetics. Curr Opin Lipidol 2011; 22:123-8. [PMID: 21311327 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32834469b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified approximately 100 genomic loci that are associated with plasma lipid traits, two-thirds of which had never been previously associated with lipoprotein metabolism. Identification of the causal genes and variants, functional validation of these genes and biological pathways, and elucidation of molecular mechanisms is required and poses a daunting task. RECENT FINDINGS Human genetics have been used to recently 'validate' genes, such as LIPG, SCARB1 and ANGPTL3, which were previously implicated in lipoprotein metabolism through classical wet bench approaches. Additionally, many novel genes have been identified as associated with plasma lipid traits by GWAS, though only relatively few have been functionally validated through targeted sequencing and genetic manipulation in cells and animals. These types of studies have defined new roles in lipid metabolism for the novel lipid genes SORT1 and TRIB1. These examples demonstrate the ways in which human genetics can validate candidate genes, as well as provide a novel discovery that requires functional validation at the bench, and point towards a more complete understanding of the molecular physiology of lipoprotein metabolism. SUMMARY This review summarizes recent developments in the use of human genetics to validate candidate genes in lipoprotein metabolism as well as in the functional validation of novel GWAS loci associated with plasma lipid traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Bauer
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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50
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Durlach V, Durlach A, Movesayan I, Socquard E, Zellner C, Clavel C, Nazeyrollas P, Malloy M, Pullinger C, Kane J, Ducasse A, Aouizerat B. Association of endothelial lipase Thr111Ile polymorphism with lipid metabolism and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetic patients. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2011; 37:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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