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Schiffrin EL, Pollock DM. Endothelin System in Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease. Hypertension 2024; 81:691-701. [PMID: 38059359 PMCID: PMC10954415 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
ET (endothelin) is a powerful vasoconstrictor 21-amino acid peptide present in many tissues, which exerts many physiological functions across the body and participates as a mediator in many pathological conditions. ETs exert their effects through ETA and ETB receptors, which can be blocked by selective receptor antagonists. ETs were shown to play important roles among others, in systemic hypertension, particularly when resistant or difficult to control, and in pulmonary hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, subarachnoid hemorrhage, chronic kidney disease, diabetic cardiovascular disease, scleroderma, some cancers, etc. To date, ET antagonists are only approved for the treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension and recently for IgA nephropathy and used in the treatment of digital ulcers in scleroderma. However, they may soon be approved for the treatment of patients with resistant hypertension and different types of nephropathy. Here, the role of ETs is reviewed with a special emphasis on participation in and treatment of hypertension and chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto L. Schiffrin
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, and Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University
| | - David M. Pollock
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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2
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Hauser C, Lichtenstein E, Nebiker L, Streese L, Köchli S, Infanger D, Faude O, Hanssen H. Cardiorespiratory fitness and development of childhood cardiovascular risk: The EXAMIN YOUTH follow-up study. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1243434. [PMID: 37680774 PMCID: PMC10482095 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1243434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity- and hypertension-related cardiovascular (CV) risk has been shown to originate in childhood. Higher body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) have been associated with increased large artery stiffness and a lower microvascular arteriolar-to-venular diameter ratio (AVR) in children. This study aimed to investigate the association of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with development of BMI, BP and vascular health during childhood. Methods: In our prospective cohort study, 1,171 children aged 6-8 years were screened for CRF, BMI, BP, retinal vessel diameters and pulse wave velocity using standardized protocols. Endurance capacity was assessed by 20 m shuttle run test. After 4 years, all parameters were assessed in 664 children using the same protocols. Results: Children with a higher CRF at baseline developed a significantly lower BMI (β [95% CI] -0.09 [-0.11 to -0.06] kg/m2, p < 0.001), a lower systolic BP (β [95% CI] -0.09 [-0.15 to -0.03] mmHg, p = 0.004) and a higher AVR (β [95% CI] 0.0004 [0.00004 to 0.0007] units, p = 0.027) after 4 years. The indirect association of CRF with development of retinal arteriolar diameters was mediated by changes in BMI. Conclusion: Our results identify CRF as a key modulator for the risk trajectories of BMI, BP and microvascular health in children. Obesity-related CV risk has been shown to track into adulthood, and achieving higher CRF levels in children may help counteract the development of CV risk and disease not only in pediatric populations, but may also help reduce the burden of CVD in adulthood. Registration: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ (NCT02853747).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Henner Hanssen
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Medical Faculty, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Grande T, Vornoli A, Lubrano V, Vizzarri F, Raffaelli A, Gabriele M, Novoa J, Sandoval C, Longo V, Echeverria MC, Pozzo L. Chlamydomonas agloeformis from the Ecuadorian Highlands: Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds Profiling and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity. Foods 2023; 12:3147. [PMID: 37685081 PMCID: PMC10487033 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Green microalgae are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that, in recent years, are becoming increasingly important in the nutraceutical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical fields because of their high content of bioactive compounds. In this study, a particular green microalga was isolated from freshwater highland lakes of Ecuador and morphologically and molecularly identified as Chlamydomonas agloeformis (ChA), and it was studied for nutritional and nutraceutical properties. The phenolic composition and the fatty acids profile of lyophilized cells were determined. The methanolic extract was analyzed for the phenolic compounds profile and the antioxidant capacity by means of in vitro tests. Finally, Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HMEC-1) were exploited to explore the capacity of ChA to reduce the endothelial damage induced by oxidized LDL-mediated oxidative stress. The extract showed a good antioxidant ability thanks to the high content in polyphenolic compounds. The observed decrease in HMEC-1 cells endothelial damage also was probably due to the antioxidant compounds present in the extract. Based on the outcomes of our in vitro assays, ChA demonstrated to be a promising source of bioactive compounds possessing exceptional antioxidant capacities which make it a prospective functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Grande
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology-National Research Council (IBBA-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (T.G.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (M.G.); (V.L.)
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Vornoli
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology-National Research Council (IBBA-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (T.G.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (M.G.); (V.L.)
| | - Valter Lubrano
- Fondazione G. Monasterio, CNR/Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Francesco Vizzarri
- National Agricultural and Food Centre Nitra, Hlohovecká 2, 95141 Lužianky, Slovakia;
| | - Andrea Raffaelli
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology-National Research Council (IBBA-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (T.G.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (M.G.); (V.L.)
- Crop Science Research Center, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Morena Gabriele
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology-National Research Council (IBBA-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (T.G.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (M.G.); (V.L.)
| | - Jeniffer Novoa
- eCIER Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Av. 17 de Julio 5–21 y Gral. José María Córdova, Ibarra 100150, Ecuador; (J.N.); (C.S.); (M.C.E.)
| | - Carla Sandoval
- eCIER Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Av. 17 de Julio 5–21 y Gral. José María Córdova, Ibarra 100150, Ecuador; (J.N.); (C.S.); (M.C.E.)
| | - Vincenzo Longo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology-National Research Council (IBBA-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (T.G.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (M.G.); (V.L.)
| | - Maria Cristina Echeverria
- eCIER Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Av. 17 de Julio 5–21 y Gral. José María Córdova, Ibarra 100150, Ecuador; (J.N.); (C.S.); (M.C.E.)
| | - Luisa Pozzo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology-National Research Council (IBBA-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (T.G.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (M.G.); (V.L.)
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4
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Vornoli A, Grande T, Lubrano V, Vizzarri F, Gorelli C, Raffaelli A, Della Croce CM, Baca SZ, Sandoval C, Longo V, Pozzo L, Echeverria C. In Vitro Characterization of Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Antimutagenic Activities of the Green Microalga Ettlia pseudoalveolaris. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1308. [PMID: 37372038 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, green microalgae have gained importance due to their nutritional and bioactive compounds, which makes them some of the most promising and innovative functional foods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical profile and the in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and antimutagenic activity of an aqueous extract of the green microalga Ettlia pseudoalveolaris, obtained from the freshwater lakes of the Ecuadorian Highlands. Human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) were used to determine the ability of the microalga to reduce the endothelial damage caused by hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, the eukaryotic system Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to evaluate the possible cytotoxic, mutagenic and antimutagenic effect of E. pseudoalveolaris. The extract showed a notable antioxidant capacity and a moderate antibacterial activity mostly due to the high content in polyphenolic compounds. It is likely that the antioxidant compounds present in the extract were also responsible for the observed reduction in endothelial damage of HMEC-1 cells. An antimutagenic effect through a direct antioxidant mechanism was also found. Based on the results of in vitro assays, E. pseudoalveolaris proved to be a good source of bioactive compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial and antimutagenic capacities making it a potential functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vornoli
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Teresa Grande
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Valter Lubrano
- Fondazione G. Monasterio, CNR/Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Vizzarri
- National Agricultural and Food Centre Nitra, Hlohoveck'a 2, 95141 Lužianky, Slovakia
| | - Chiara Gorelli
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Raffaelli
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Crop Science Research Center, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Clara Maria Della Croce
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Santiago Zarate Baca
- eCIER Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Av. 17 de Julio 5-21 y Gral. José María Córdova, Ibarra 100150, Ecuador
| | - Carla Sandoval
- eCIER Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Av. 17 de Julio 5-21 y Gral. José María Córdova, Ibarra 100150, Ecuador
| | - Vincenzo Longo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luisa Pozzo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Echeverria
- eCIER Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Av. 17 de Julio 5-21 y Gral. José María Córdova, Ibarra 100150, Ecuador
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Inggriani MP, Musthafa A, Puspitawati I, Fachiroh J, Dewi FST, Hartopo AB. Increased endothelin-1 levels in coronary artery disease with diabetes mellitus in an Indonesian population. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 100:1097-1105. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2022-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potential biomarker of endothelial dysfunction. This study aimed to evaluate ET-1 level in CAD patients and its relationship with DM. The cross-sectional design included subjects with angiographically proven CAD and controls among Indonesian. DM was defined by medical history and anti-diabetics use. Serum ET-1 level was measured in both subject groups. We recruited 305 subjects, 183 CAD patients and 122 controls. CAD subjects had higher percentage of males, DM, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, family history of cardiovascular disease, and obesity. ET-1 level was significantly higher in CAD than in controls (2.44 ± 1.49 pg/mL vs. 1.76 ± 0.83 pg/mL; p < 0.001). Increased ET-1 level was significantly associated with DM and dyslipidemia. The highest ET-1 level was observed in CAD with DM, followed by CAD non-DM (2.79 ± 1.63 pg/mL vs. 2.29 ± 1.40 pg/mL; p = 0.023). Among controls, ET-1 level was the lowest in non-DM subjects. Female CAD had higher proportion of DM; however, ET-1 level was similar to male CAD with DM. In conclusion, an increased ET-1 level was significantly associated with DM in patients with CAD. Further research should investigate the potential role of ET-1 receptor antagonists in the secondary prevention of CAD with DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Patricia Inggriani
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada–Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta55281, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Musthafa
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada–Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta55281, Indonesia
| | - Ira Puspitawati
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada–Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta55281, Indonesia
| | - Jajah Fachiroh
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing—Biobank Unit, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta55281, Indonesia
| | - Fatwa Sari Tetra Dewi
- Department of Health Behaviour, Environment and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta55281, Indonesia
| | - Anggoro Budi Hartopo
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada–Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta55281, Indonesia
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6
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Dawood AF, Maarouf A, Alzamil NM, Momenah MA, Shati AA, Bayoumy NM, Kamar SS, Haidara MA, ShamsEldeen AM, Yassin HZ, Hewett PW, Al-Ani B. Metformin Is Associated with the Inhibition of Renal Artery AT1R/ET-1/iNOS Axis in a Rat Model of Diabetic Nephropathy with Suppression of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress and Kidney Injury. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071644. [PMID: 35884947 PMCID: PMC9313150 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease, also called kidney failure. The link between the renal artery receptor angiotensin II type I (AT1R) and endothelin-1 (ET-1), involved in vasoconstriction, oxidative stress, inflammation and kidney fibrosis (collagen) in diabetes-induced nephropathy with and without metformin incorporation has not been previously studied. Diabetes (type 2) was induced in rats and another group started metformin (200 mg/kg) treatment 2 weeks prior to the induction of diabetes and continued on metformin until being culled at week 12. Diabetes significantly (p < 0.0001) modulated renal artery tissue levels of AT1R, ET-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS), and the advanced glycation end products that were protected by metformin. In addition, diabetes-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, hypertension, ketonuria, mesangial matrix expansion, and kidney collagen were significantly reduced by metformin. A significant correlation between the AT1R/ET-1/iNOS axis, inflammation, fibrosis and glycemia was observed. Thus, diabetes is associated with the augmentation of the renal artery AT1R/ET-1/iNOS axis as well as renal injury and hypertension while being protected by metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal F. Dawood
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Physiology, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt; (M.A.H.); (A.M.S.); (H.Z.Y.)
| | - Amro Maarouf
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK;
| | - Norah M. Alzamil
- Department of Clinical Science, Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Maha A. Momenah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ayed A. Shati
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nervana M. Bayoumy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Samaa S. Kamar
- Department of Histology, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed A. Haidara
- Department of Physiology, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt; (M.A.H.); (A.M.S.); (H.Z.Y.)
| | - Asmaa M. ShamsEldeen
- Department of Physiology, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt; (M.A.H.); (A.M.S.); (H.Z.Y.)
| | - Hanaa Z. Yassin
- Department of Physiology, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt; (M.A.H.); (A.M.S.); (H.Z.Y.)
| | - Peter W. Hewett
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Bahjat Al-Ani
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
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Luk C, Haywood NJ, Bridge KI, Kearney MT. Paracrine Role of the Endothelium in Metabolic Homeostasis in Health and Nutrient Excess. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:882923. [PMID: 35557517 PMCID: PMC9086712 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.882923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium traditionally viewed as a simple physical barrier between the circulation and tissue is now well-established as a key organ mediating whole organism homeostasis by release of a portfolio of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory vasoactive molecules. Healthy endothelium releases anti-inflammatory signaling molecules such as nitric oxide and prostacyclin; in contrast, diseased endothelium secretes pro-inflammatory signals such as reactive oxygen species, endothelin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). Endothelial dysfunction, which has now been identified as a hallmark of different components of the cardiometabolic syndrome including obesity, type 2 diabetes and hypertension, initiates and drives the progression of tissue damage in these disorders. Recently it has become apparent that, in addition to vasoactive molecules, the vascular endothelium has the potential to secrete a diverse range of small molecules and proteins mediating metabolic processes in adipose tissue (AT), liver, skeletal muscle and the pancreas. AT plays a pivotal role in orchestrating whole-body energy homeostasis and AT dysfunction, characterized by local and systemic inflammation, is central to the metabolic complications of obesity. Thus, understanding and targeting the crosstalk between the endothelium and AT may generate novel therapeutic opportunities for the cardiometabolic syndrome. Here, we provide an overview of the role of the endothelial secretome in controlling the function of AT. The endothelial-derived metabolic regulatory factors are grouped and discussed based on their physical properties and their downstream signaling effects. In addition, we focus on the therapeutic potential of these regulatory factors in treating cardiometabolic syndrome, and discuss areas of future study of potential translatable and clinical significance. The vascular endothelium is emerging as an important paracrine/endocrine organ that secretes regulatory factors in response to nutritional and environmental cues. Endothelial dysfunction may result in imbalanced secretion of these regulatory factors and contribute to the progression of AT and whole body metabolic dysfunction. As the vascular endothelium is the first responder to local nutritional changes and adipocyte-derived signals, future work elucidating the changes in the endothelial secretome is crucial to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiometabolic disease, and in aiding our development of new therapeutic strategies to treat and prevent cardiometabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheukyau Luk
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie J Haywood
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine I Bridge
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark T Kearney
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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8
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Bielska A, Niemira M, Bauer W, Sidorkiewicz I, Szałkowska A, Skwarska A, Raczkowska J, Ostrowski D, Gugała K, Dobrzycki S, Krętowski A. Serum miRNA Profile in Diabetic Patients With Ischemic Heart Disease as a Promising Non-Invasive Biomarker. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:888948. [PMID: 35663309 PMCID: PMC9157821 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.888948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing morbidity and mortality of type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) highlight an urgent need to identify early biomarkers, which would help to predict individual risk of development of IHD. Here, we postulate that circulating serum-derived micro RNAs (miRNAs) may serve as potential biomarkers for early IHD diagnosis and support the identification of diabetic individuals with a predisposition to undergo IHD. We obtained serum samples from T2DM patients either with IHD or IHD-free and analysed the expression levels of 798 miRNAs using the NanoString nCounter technology platform. The prediction of the putative miRNAs targets was performed using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was used to identify the biological function and signalling pathways associated with miRNA target genes. Hub genes of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were identified by STRING database and Cytotoscape tool. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess the diagnostic value of identified miRNAs. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used for nCounter platform data validation. Our data showed that six miRNAs (miR-615-3p, miR-3147, miR-1224-5p, miR-5196-3p, miR-6732-3p, and miR-548b-3p) were significantly upregulated in T2DM IHD patients compared to T2DM patients without IHD. Further analysis indicated that 489 putative target genes mainly affected the endothelin-1 signalling pathway, glucocorticoid biosynthesis, and apelin cardiomyocyte signalling pathway. All tested miRNAs showed high diagnostic value (AUC = 0.779 - 0.877). Taken together, our research suggests that circulating miRNAs might have a crucial role in the development of IHD in diabetic patients and may be used as a potential biomarker for early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bielska
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
- *Correspondence: Agnieszka Bielska,
| | - Magdalena Niemira
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Witold Bauer
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Iwona Sidorkiewicz
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Szałkowska
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Skwarska
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Justyna Raczkowska
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Damian Ostrowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Kamil Gugała
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Dobrzycki
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Adam Krętowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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9
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Saraiva JFK, Franco D. Oral GLP-1 analogue: perspectives and impact on atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20:235. [PMID: 34911560 PMCID: PMC8675489 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular events related to atherosclerosis are responsible for high morbidity and mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes. Improvement in care, especially in early stages, is crucial. Oral semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue, controls blood glucose and results in significant body weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes. Beyond these well-known effects, an interesting aspect of this drug is its antiatherogenic activity, which should be further explored in clinical practice. This paper reviews the evidence related to oral semaglutide decreasing cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes, focusing on the drug's antiatherosclerotic properties. The glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue restores endothelial dysfunction, induces vasodilatation, and reduces plasma lipids. Oral semaglutide showed cardiovascular safety profile, with significant reduced risk of death from cardiovascular events. Based on current data, clinicians should consider oral semaglutide for type 2 diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Kerr Saraiva
- Faculdade de Medicina do Centro de Ciências da Vida - Pontifícia, Universidade Católica de Campinas, Av John Boyd Dunlop, s/n - Jd. Ipaussurama, Campinas, SP, CEP: 13060-904, Brazil
| | - Denise Franco
- CPCLIN/DASA Centro de Pesquisas Clínicas, Av Angelica, 2162 - Consolação, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 01228-200, Brazil.
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10
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Jakubiak GK, Pawlas N, Cieślar G, Stanek A. Pathogenesis and Clinical Significance of In-Stent Restenosis in Patients with Diabetes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211970. [PMID: 34831726 PMCID: PMC8617716 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a strong risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). In the population of people living with DM, PAD is characterised by multi-level atherosclerotic lesions as well as greater involvement of the arteries below the knee. DM is also a factor that significantly increases the risk of lower limb amputation. Percutaneous balloon angioplasty with or without stent implantation is an important method of the treatment for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, but restenosis is a factor limiting its long-term effectiveness. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in the course of DM differs slightly from that in the general population. In the population of people living with DM, more attention is drawn to such factors as inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, platelet dysfunction, blood rheological properties, hypercoagulability, and additional factors stimulating vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. DM is a risk factor for restenosis. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the literature and to present the most important information on the current state of knowledge on mechanisms and the clinical significance of restenosis and in-stent restenosis in patients with DM, especially in association with the endovascular treatment of PAD. The role of such processes as inflammation, neointimal hyperplasia and neoatherosclerosis, allergy, resistance to antimitotic drugs used for coating stents and balloons, genetic factors, and technical and mechanical factors are discussed. The information on restenosis collected in this publication may be helpful in planning further research in this field, which may contribute to the formulation of more and more precise recommendations for the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz K. Jakubiak
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, Angiology, and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15 St., 41-902 Bytom, Poland; (G.K.J.); (G.C.)
| | - Natalia Pawlas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 38 St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Cieślar
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, Angiology, and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15 St., 41-902 Bytom, Poland; (G.K.J.); (G.C.)
| | - Agata Stanek
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, Angiology, and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15 St., 41-902 Bytom, Poland; (G.K.J.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Yang Y, Wang H, Zhao H, Miao X, Guo Y, Zhuo L, Xu Y. A GSK3-SRF Axis Mediates Angiotensin II Induced Endothelin Transcription in Vascular Endothelial Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:698254. [PMID: 34381779 PMCID: PMC8350349 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.698254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin, encoded by ET1, is a vasoactive substance primarily synthesized in vascular endothelial cells (VECs). Elevation of endothelin levels, due to transcriptional hyperactivation, has been observed in a host of cardiovascular diseases. We have previously shown that serum response factor (SRF) is a regulator of ET1 transcription in VECs. Here we report that angiotensin II (Ang II) induced ET1 transcription paralleled activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) in cultured VECs. GSK3 knockdown or pharmaceutical inhibition attenuated Ang II induced endothelin expression. Of interest, the effect of GSK3 on endothelin transcription relied on the conserved SRF motif within the ET1 promoter. Further analysis revealed that GSK3 interacted with and phosphorylated SRF at serine 224. Phosphorylation of SRF by GSK3 did not influence its recruitment to the ET1 promoter. Instead, GSK3-mediated SRF phosphorylation potentiated its interaction with MRTF-A, a key co-factor for SRF, which helped recruit the chromatin remodeling protein BRG1 to the ET1 promoter resulting in augmented histone H3 acetylation/H3K4 trimethylation. Consistently, over-expression of a constitutively active GSK enhanced Ang II-induced ET1 transcription and knockdown of either MRTF-A or BRG1 abrogated the enhancement of ET1 transcription. In conclusion, our data highlight a previously unrecognized mechanism that contributes to the transcriptional regulation of endothelin. Targeting this GSK3-SRF axis may yield novel approaches in the intervention of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Huidi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiulian Miao
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.,College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.,College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Lili Zhuo
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.,Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Moraes RDA, Webb RC, Silva DF. Vascular Dysfunction in Diabetes and Obesity: Focus on TRP Channels. Front Physiol 2021; 12:645109. [PMID: 33716794 PMCID: PMC7952965 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.645109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily consists of a diverse group of non-selective cation channels that has a wide tissue distribution and is involved in many physiological processes including sensory perception, secretion of hormones, vasoconstriction/vasorelaxation, and cell cycle modulation. In the blood vessels, TRP channels are present in endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and perivascular sensory nerves, and these channels have been implicated in the regulation of vascular tone, vascular cell proliferation, vascular wall permeability and angiogenesis. Additionally, dysfunction of TRP channels is associated with cardiometabolic diseases, such as diabetes and obesity. Unfortunately, the prevalence of diabetes and obesity is rising worldwide, becoming an important public health problems. These conditions have been associated, highlighting that obesity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. As well, both cardiometabolic diseases have been linked to a common disorder, vascular dysfunction. In this review, we briefly consider general aspects of TRP channels, and we focus the attention on TRPC (canonical or classical), TRPV (vanilloid), TRPM (melastatin), and TRPML (mucolipin), which were shown to be involved in vascular alterations of diabetes and obesity or are potentially linked to vascular dysfunction. Therefore, elucidation of the functional and molecular mechanisms underlying the role of TRP channels in vascular dysfunction in diabetes and obesity is important for the prevention of vascular complications and end-organ damage, providing a further therapeutic target in the treatment of these metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiana Dos Anjos Moraes
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Postgraduate Course in Biotechnology in Health and Investigative Medicine, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Darízy Flávia Silva
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Postgraduate Course in Biotechnology in Health and Investigative Medicine, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
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13
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Alzahrani S, Said E, Ajwah SM, Alsharif SY, El-Bayoumi KS, Zaitone SA, Qushawy M, Elsherbiny NM. Isoliquiritigenin attenuates inflammation and modulates Nrf2/caspase-3 signalling in STZ-induced aortic injury. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:193-205. [PMID: 33793806 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study provides evidence on the ameliorative impact of Isoliquiritigenin (ISL), a natural bioflavonoid isolated from licorice roots against diabetes mellitus (DM)-induced aortic injury in rats. METHODS DM was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by single I.P. injection of STZ (50 mg/kg). ISL was administrated daily (20 mg/kg, orally) for 8 wks. KEY FINDINGS Diabetic group showed a significant aortic injury with evidence of atherosclerotic lesions development. Daily ISL (20 mg/kg, orally) administration for 8 wks significantly restored aortic oxidative/antioxidative stress homeostasis via modulating NrF-2/Keap-1/HO-1. Moreover, ISL treatment restored aortic levels of IL-10 and dampened aortic levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. Caspase-3 expression significantly declined as well. Further, ISL treatment successfully suppressed aortic endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression and restored NO contents, eNOS immunostaining paralleled with retraction in atherosclerotic lesions development, and lipid deposition with histopathological architectural preservation and restoration of almost normal aortic thickness. CONCLUSION ISL can be proposed to be an effective protective therapy to prevent progression of DM-induced vascular injury and to preserve aortic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifa Alzahrani
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Said
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sadeem M Ajwah
- PharmD program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumayyah Y Alsharif
- PharmD program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled S El-Bayoumi
- Department of Anatomy, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sawsan A Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mona Qushawy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Alarish, North Sinai, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehal M Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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14
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Association of Gut Hormones and Microbiota with Vascular Dysfunction in Obesity. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020613. [PMID: 33668627 PMCID: PMC7918888 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, obesity has reached pandemic proportions. Obesity is among the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, since chronic fat accumulation leads to dysfunction in vascular endothelium and to a precocious arterial stiffness. So far, not all the mechanisms linking adipose tissue and vascular reactivity have been explained. Recently, novel findings reported interesting pathological link between endothelial dysfunction with gut hormones and gut microbiota and energy homeostasis. These findings suggest an active role of gut secretome in regulating the mediators of vascular function, such as nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) that need to be further investigated. Moreover, a central role of brain has been suggested as a main player in the regulation of the different factors and hormones beyond these complex mechanisms. The aim of the present review is to discuss the state of the art in this field, by focusing on the processes leading to endothelial dysfunction mediated by obesity and metabolic diseases, such as insulin resistance. The role of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), gut hormones, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and the CNS function in controlling satiety have been considered. Further understanding the crosstalk between these complex mechanisms will allow us to better design novel strategies for the prevention of obesity and its complications.
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15
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Venkat P, Ning R, Zacharek A, Culmone L, Liang L, Landschoot-Ward J, Chopp M. Treatment with an Angiopoietin-1 mimetic peptide promotes neurological recovery after stroke in diabetic rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 27:48-59. [PMID: 33346402 PMCID: PMC7804913 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Vasculotide (VT), an angiopoietin‐1 mimetic peptide, exerts neuroprotective effects in type one diabetic (T1DM) rats subjected to ischemic stroke. In this study, we investigated whether delayed VT treatment improves long‐term neurological outcome after stroke in T1DM rats. Methods Male Wistar rats were induced with T1DM, subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model of stroke, and treated with PBS (control), 2 µg/kg VT, 3 µg/kg VT, or 5.5 µg/kg VT. VT treatment was initiated at 24 h after stroke and administered daily (i.p) for 14 days. We evaluated neurological function, lesion volume, vascular and white matter remodeling, and inflammation in the ischemic brain. In vitro, we evaluated the effects of VT on endothelial cell capillary tube formation and inflammatory responses of primary cortical neurons (PCN) and macrophages. Results Treatment of T1DM‐stroke with 3 µg/kg VT but not 2 µg/kg or 5.5 µg/kg significantly improves neurological function and decreases infarct volume and cell death compared to control T1DM‐stroke rats. Thus, 3 µg/kg VT dose was employed in all subsequent in vivo analysis. VT treatment significantly increases axon and myelin density, decreases demyelination, decreases white matter injury, increases number of oligodendrocytes, and increases vascular density in the ischemic border zone of T1DM stroke rats. VT treatment significantly decreases MMP9 expression and decreases the number of M1 macrophages in the ischemic brain of T1DM‐stroke rats. In vitro, VT treatment significantly decreases endothelial cell death and decreases MCP‐1, endothelin‐1, and VEGF expression under high glucose (HG) and ischemic conditions and significantly increases capillary tube formation under HG conditions when compared to non‐treated control group. VT treatment significantly decreases inflammatory factor expression such as MMP9 and MCP‐1 in macrophages subjected to LPS activation and significantly decreases IL‐1β and MMP9 expression in PCN subjected to ischemia under HG conditions. Conclusion Delayed VT treatment (24 h after stroke) significantly improves neurological function, promotes vascular and white matter remodeling, and decreases inflammation in the ischemic brain after stroke in T1DM rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Venkat
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ruizhuo Ning
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Alex Zacharek
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Lauren Culmone
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Linlin Liang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
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16
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Su T, Yang Y, Lai S, Jeong J, Jung Y, McConnell M, Utsumi T, Iwakiri Y. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Zone-Specific Alterations of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells in Cirrhosis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:1139-1161. [PMID: 33340713 PMCID: PMC7903131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) is permissive for the progression of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis and responsible for its clinical complications. Here, we have mapped the spatial distribution of heterogeneous liver ECs in normal vs cirrhotic mouse livers and identified zone-specific transcriptomic changes of LSECs associated with liver cirrhosis using scRNA-seq technology. APPROACH & RESULTS Cirrhosis was generated in endothelial specific green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter mice through carbon tetrachloride inhalation for 12 weeks. GFP-positive liver EC populations were isolated from control and cirrhotic mice by FACS. We identified 6 clusters of liver EC populations including 3 clusters of LSECs, 2 clusters of vascular ECs and 1 cluster of lymphatic ECs. Based on previously reported LSEC-landmarks, we mapped the 3 clusters of LSECs in zones 1, 2, and 3, and determined phenotypic changes in each zone between control and cirrhotic mice. We found genes representing capillarization of LSECs (eg, CD34) as well as extracellular matrix genes were most upregulated in LSECs of zone 3 in cirrhotic mice, which may contribute to the development of basement membranes. LSECs in cirrhotic mice also demonstrated decreased expression of endocytic receptors, most remarkably in zone 3. Transcription factors (Klf2 [Kruppel-like factor-2], Klf4 [Kruppel-like factor-4], and AP-1) that induce nitric oxide production in response to shear stress were downregulated in LSECs of all zones in cirrhotic mice, implying increased intrahepatic vascular resistance. CONCLUSION This study deepens our knowledge of the pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis at a spatial, cell-specific level, which is indispensable for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to target the most dysfunctional liver ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yilin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sanchuan Lai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jain Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yirang Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Matthew McConnell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Teruo Utsumi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yasuko Iwakiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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17
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Demarchi A, Somaschini A, Cornara S, Androulakis E. Peripheral Artery Disease in Diabetes Mellitus: Focus on Novel Treatment Options. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:5953-5968. [PMID: 33243109 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666201126143217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and peripheral artery disease (PAD) are two clinical entities closely associated. They share many pathophysiological pathways such as inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and pro-coagulative unbalance. Emerging data focusing on agents targeting these pathways may be promising. Moreover, due to the increased cardiovascular risk, there is a growing interest in cardiovascular and "pleiotropic" effects of novel glucose lowering drugs. This review summarizes the main clinical features of PAD in patients, the diagnostic process and current medical/interventional approaches, ranging from "classical treatment" to novel agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Somaschini
- Adult Intensive Care Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emmanuel Androulakis
- Adult Intensive Care Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Headid RJ, Pekas EJ, Wooden TK, Son WM, Layec G, Shin J, Park SY. Impacts of prolonged sitting with mild hypercapnia on vascular and autonomic function in healthy recreationally active adults. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H468-H480. [PMID: 32648821 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00354.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged sitting, which is known to impair peripheral vascular function, often occurs in spaces (e.g., offices) with mild hypercapnic atmospheres. However, the effects of prolonged sitting in hypercapnic conditions on vascular function are unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of prolonged sitting in mild hypercapnic conditions on vascular and autonomic function in humans. Twelve healthy young adults participated in two experimental visits that consisted of sitting for 2.5 h in a control condition [normal atmospheric conditions sitting (PSIT)] or a mild hypercapnic condition (HCAP; CO2 = 1,500 ppm). During each visit, heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure (BP), pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AIx), brachial and popliteal artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) were assessed before and after prolonged sitting. Sitting significantly decreased AIx in both groups (P < 0.05). Brachial and popliteal FMD were reduced with sitting (P < 0.05), and the reduction in popliteal FMD was amplified by HCAP (P < 0.05). Baseline microvascular oxygenation was decreased following sitting in both groups (P < 0.05). However, microvascular reoxygenation upon cuff release was slower only in HCAP (P < 0.05). HRV, HR, BP, and PWV did not significantly change with sitting in either group (P > 0.05). We conclude that prolonged sitting attenuated both brachial and popliteal endothelial function and was associated with perturbed microcirculation. Additionally, mild hypercapnic conditions further impaired peripheral endothelial and microvascular function. Together, these findings suggest that prolonged sitting is accompanied by a host of deleterious effects on the vasculature, which are exacerbated by mild hypercapnia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The results of this study reveal that prolonged sitting attenuates endothelial function and microvascular function. Additionally, prolonged sitting with mild hypercapnia, which is similar to everyday environments, further exacerbates peripheral endothelial function and microvascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Headid
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Elizabeth J Pekas
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - TeSean K Wooden
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Won-Mok Son
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Gwenael Layec
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts.,Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - John Shin
- Wiess School of Natural Sciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Song-Young Park
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
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19
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Roberts-Thomson KM, Betik AC, Premilovac D, Rattigan S, Richards SM, Ross RM, Russell RD, Kaur G, Parker L, Keske MA. Postprandial microvascular blood flow in skeletal muscle: Similarities and disparities to the hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 47:725-737. [PMID: 31868941 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle contributes to ~40% of total body mass and has numerous important mechanical and metabolic roles in the body. Skeletal muscle is a major site for glucose disposal following a meal. Consequently, skeletal muscle plays an important role in postprandial blood glucose homeostasis. Over the past number of decades, research has demonstrated that insulin has an important role in vasodilating the vasculature in skeletal muscle in response to an insulin infusion (hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp) or following the ingestion of a meal. This vascular action of insulin is pivotal for glucose disposal in skeletal muscle, as insulin-stimulated vasodilation increases the delivery of both glucose and insulin to the myocyte. Notably, in insulin-resistant states such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, this vascular response of insulin in skeletal muscle is significantly impaired. Whereas the majority of work in this field has focussed on the action of insulin alone on skeletal muscle microvascular blood flow and myocyte glucose metabolism, there is less understanding of how the consumption of a meal may affect skeletal muscle blood flow. This is in part due to complex variations in glucose and insulin dynamics that occurs postprandially-with changes in humoral concentrations of glucose, insulin, amino acids, gut and pancreatic peptides-compared to the hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp. This review will address the emerging body of evidence to suggest that postprandial blood flow responses in skeletal muscle may be a function of the nutritional composition of a meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Roberts-Thomson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew C Betik
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Dino Premilovac
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Stephen Rattigan
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Renee M Ross
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Ryan D Russell
- Department of Health and Human Performance, College of Health Professions, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Gunveen Kaur
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle A Keske
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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20
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Milutinovic M, Velickovic Radovanovic R, Savikin K, Radenkovic S, Arvandi M, Pesic M, Kostic M, Miladinovic B, Brankovic S, Kitic D. Chokeberry juice supplementation in type 2 diabetic patients - impact on health status. J Appl Biomed 2019; 17:218-224. [PMID: 34907720 DOI: 10.32725/jab.2019.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent literature evidence indicates the potential use of chokeberry preparations in the prevention and treatment of some chronic noncommunicable diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the three months oral chokeberry juice supplementation in type 2 diabetic patients, as well as its influence on hematological parameters and certain parameters of the renal dysfunction. The study was designed as an open-label trial, which included 35 patients who have received the herbal supplement, polyphenol-rich chokeberry juice (150 ml/day, three times a day for 50 ml), in addition to their standard therapy. Chokeberry juice as a rich source of polyphenol compounds could be an effective preventive and therapeutic agent in diabetes mellitus type 2. Hematological and biochemical parameters were measured at baseline, after 3 months with the chokeberry juice supplementation and after the next 3 months without the chokeberry juice supplementation (follow-up period). Significant difference was noticed in the levels of LDL-cholesterol, glycated hemoglobin and serum creatinine (p < 0.05), as well as in the levels of some hematological parameters, such as white blood cell and lymphocyte count (p < 0.01), hematocrit, blood hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, hemoglobin and hemoglobin concentration and red blood cell count (p < 0.05). The daily consumption of the chokeberry juice could improve the health status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, in combination with their standard therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Milutinovic
- University of Nis, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Nis, Serbia
| | - Radmila Velickovic Radovanovic
- University of Nis, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Nis, Serbia.,Clinical Center Nis, Clinic of Nephrology, Nis, Serbia
| | - Katarina Savikin
- Institute for Medicinal Plants Research "Dr. Josif Pancic", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sasa Radenkovic
- University of Nis, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nis, Serbia.,Clinical Center Nis, Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Nis, Serbia
| | - Marjan Arvandi
- Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making, and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Milica Pesic
- University of Nis, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nis, Serbia.,Clinical Center Nis, Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Nis, Serbia
| | - Milica Kostic
- University of Nis, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Nis, Serbia
| | - Bojana Miladinovic
- University of Nis, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Nis, Serbia
| | - Suzana Brankovic
- University of Nis, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Nis, Serbia
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21
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Attrill E, Ramsay C, Ross R, Richards S, Sutherland BA, Keske MA, Eringa E, Premilovac D. Metabolic-vascular coupling in skeletal muscle: A potential role for capillary pericytes? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 47:520-528. [PMID: 31702069 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The matching of capillary blood flow to metabolic rate of the cells within organs and tissues is a critical microvascular function which ensures appropriate delivery of hormones and nutrients, and the removal of waste products. This relationship is particularly important in tissues where local metabolism, and hence capillary blood flow, must be regulated to avoid a mismatch between nutrient demand and supply that would compromise normal function. The consequences of a mismatch in microvascular blood flow and metabolism are acutely apparent in the brain and heart, where a sudden cessation of blood flow, for example following an embolism, acutely manifests as stroke or myocardial infarction. Even in more resilient tissues such as skeletal muscle, a short-term mismatch reduces muscle performance and exercise tolerance, and can cause intermittent claudication. In the longer-term, a microvascular-metabolic mismatch in skeletal muscle reduces insulin-mediated muscle glucose uptake, leading to disturbances in whole-body metabolic homeostasis. While the notion that capillary blood flow is fine-tuned to meet cellular metabolism is well accepted, the mechanisms that control this function and where and how different parts of the vascular tree contribute to capillary blood flow regulation remain poorly understood. Here, we discuss the emerging evidence implicating pericytes, mural cells that surround capillaries, as key mediators that match tissue metabolic demand with adequate capillary blood flow in a number of organs, including skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Attrill
- School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia
| | - Ciaran Ramsay
- School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia
| | - Renee Ross
- School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia
| | - Stephen Richards
- School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia
| | - Brad A Sutherland
- School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia
| | - Michelle A Keske
- The Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Etto Eringa
- Laboratory for Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dino Premilovac
- School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia
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22
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Grunewald ZI, Jurrissen TJ, Woodford ML, Ramirez-Perez FI, Park LK, Pettit-Mee R, Ghiarone T, Brown SM, Morales-Quinones M, Ball JR, Staveley-O'Carroll KF, Aroor AR, Fadel PJ, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL, Bender SB, Martinez-Lemus LA, Padilla J. Chronic Elevation of Endothelin-1 Alone May Not Be Sufficient to Impair Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation. Hypertension 2019; 74:1409-1419. [PMID: 31630572 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a powerful vasoconstrictor peptide considered to be causally implicated in hypertension and the development of cardiovascular disease. Increased ET-1 is commonly associated with reduced NO bioavailability and impaired vascular function; however, whether chronic elevation of ET-1 directly impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) remains elusive. Herein, we report that (1) prolonged ET-1 exposure (ie, 48 hours) of naive mouse aortas or cultured endothelial cells did not impair EDR or reduce eNOS (endothelial NO synthase) activity, respectively (P>0.05); (2) mice with endothelial cell-specific ET-1 overexpression did not exhibit impaired EDR or reduced eNOS activity (P>0.05); (3) chronic (8 weeks) pharmacological blockade of ET-1 receptors in obese/hyperlipidemic mice did not improve aortic EDR or increase eNOS activity (P>0.05); and (4) vascular and plasma ET-1 did not inversely correlate with EDR in resistance arteries isolated from human subjects with a wide range of ET-1 levels (r=0.0037 and r=-0.1258, respectively). Furthermore, we report that prolonged ET-1 exposure downregulated vascular UCP-1 (uncoupling protein-1; P<0.05), which may contribute to the preservation of EDR in conditions characterized by hyperendothelinemia. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that chronic elevation of ET-1 alone may not be sufficient to impair EDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary I Grunewald
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (Z.I.G., T.J.J., M.L.W., L.K.P., R.P.-M., J.R.B., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.I.G., T.J.J., M.L.W., F.I.R.-P., L.K.P., R.P.-M., T.G., M.M.-Q., S.B.B., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Thomas J Jurrissen
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (Z.I.G., T.J.J., M.L.W., L.K.P., R.P.-M., J.R.B., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.I.G., T.J.J., M.L.W., F.I.R.-P., L.K.P., R.P.-M., T.G., M.M.-Q., S.B.B., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Makenzie L Woodford
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (Z.I.G., T.J.J., M.L.W., L.K.P., R.P.-M., J.R.B., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.I.G., T.J.J., M.L.W., F.I.R.-P., L.K.P., R.P.-M., T.G., M.M.-Q., S.B.B., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Francisco I Ramirez-Perez
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.I.G., T.J.J., M.L.W., F.I.R.-P., L.K.P., R.P.-M., T.G., M.M.-Q., S.B.B., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Lauren K Park
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (Z.I.G., T.J.J., M.L.W., L.K.P., R.P.-M., J.R.B., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.I.G., T.J.J., M.L.W., F.I.R.-P., L.K.P., R.P.-M., T.G., M.M.-Q., S.B.B., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Ryan Pettit-Mee
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (Z.I.G., T.J.J., M.L.W., L.K.P., R.P.-M., J.R.B., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.I.G., T.J.J., M.L.W., F.I.R.-P., L.K.P., R.P.-M., T.G., M.M.-Q., S.B.B., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Thaysa Ghiarone
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (Z.I.G., T.J.J., M.L.W., L.K.P., R.P.-M., J.R.B., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.I.G., T.J.J., M.L.W., F.I.R.-P., L.K.P., R.P.-M., T.G., M.M.-Q., S.B.B., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Scott M Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (S.M.B., S.B.B.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital (S.M.B., A.R.A., S.B.B.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Mariana Morales-Quinones
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (Z.I.G., T.J.J., M.L.W., L.K.P., R.P.-M., J.R.B., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.I.G., T.J.J., M.L.W., F.I.R.-P., L.K.P., R.P.-M., T.G., M.M.-Q., S.B.B., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - James R Ball
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (Z.I.G., T.J.J., M.L.W., L.K.P., R.P.-M., J.R.B., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | | | - Annayya R Aroor
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital (S.M.B., A.R.A., S.B.B.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Paul J Fadel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington (P.J.F.)
| | - Pierre Paradis
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (P.P., E.L.S.), McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ernesto L Schiffrin
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (P.P., E.L.S.), McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital (E.L.S.), McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Shawn B Bender
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (Z.I.G., T.J.J., M.L.W., L.K.P., R.P.-M., J.R.B., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.I.G., T.J.J., M.L.W., F.I.R.-P., L.K.P., R.P.-M., T.G., M.M.-Q., S.B.B., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences (S.M.B., S.B.B.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital (S.M.B., A.R.A., S.B.B.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (Z.I.G., T.J.J., M.L.W., L.K.P., R.P.-M., J.R.B., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.I.G., T.J.J., M.L.W., F.I.R.-P., L.K.P., R.P.-M., T.G., M.M.-Q., S.B.B., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Jaume Padilla
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (Z.I.G., T.J.J., M.L.W., L.K.P., R.P.-M., J.R.B., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (Z.I.G., T.J.J., M.L.W., F.I.R.-P., L.K.P., R.P.-M., T.G., M.M.-Q., S.B.B., L.A.M.-L., J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia
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23
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Jurrissen TJ, Grunewald ZI, Woodford ML, Winn NC, Ball JR, Smith TN, Wheeler AA, Rawlings AL, Staveley-O'Carroll KF, Ji Y, Fay WP, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL, Vieira-Potter VJ, Fadel PJ, Martinez-Lemus LA, Padilla J. Overproduction of endothelin-1 impairs glucose tolerance but does not promote visceral adipose tissue inflammation or limit metabolic adaptations to exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E548-E558. [PMID: 31310581 PMCID: PMC6766607 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00178.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor and proinflammatory peptide that is upregulated in obesity. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that ET-1 signaling promotes visceral adipose tissue (AT) inflammation and disrupts glucose homeostasis. We also tested if reduced ET-1 is a required mechanism by which exercise ameliorates AT inflammation and improves glycemic control in obesity. We found that 1) diet-induced obesity, AT inflammation, and glycemic dysregulation were not accompanied by significantly increased levels of ET-1 in AT or circulation in wild-type mice and that endothelial overexpression of ET-1 and consequently increased ET-1 levels did not cause AT inflammation yet impaired glucose tolerance; 2) reduced AT inflammation and improved glucose tolerance with voluntary wheel running was not associated with decreased levels of ET-1 in AT or circulation in obese mice nor did endothelial overexpression of ET-1 impede such exercise-induced metabolic adaptations; 3) chronic pharmacological blockade of ET-1 receptors did not suppress AT inflammation in obese mice but improved glucose tolerance; and 4) in a cohort of human subjects with a wide range of body mass indexes, ET-1 levels in AT, or circulation were not correlated with markers of inflammation in AT. In aggregate, we conclude that ET-1 signaling is not implicated in the development of visceral AT inflammation but promotes glucose intolerance, thus representing an important therapeutic target for glycemic dysregulation in conditions characterized by hyperendothelinemia. Furthermore, we show that the salutary effects of exercise on AT and systemic metabolic function are not contingent on the suppression of ET-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Jurrissen
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Zachary I Grunewald
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Makenzie L Woodford
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Nathan C Winn
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James R Ball
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Thomas N Smith
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Andrew A Wheeler
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | | | - Yan Ji
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - William P Fay
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Pierre Paradis
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ernesto L Schiffrin
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Paul J Fadel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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24
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Dempsey PC, Larsen RN, Dunstan DW, Owen N, Kingwell BA. Sitting Less and Moving More: Implications for Hypertension. Hypertension 2019; 72:1037-1046. [PMID: 30354827 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paddy C Dempsey
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (P.C.D., R.N.L., D.W.D., N.O., B.A.K.).,MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom (P.C.D.).,Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (P.C.D., N.O.)
| | - Robyn N Larsen
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (P.C.D., R.N.L., D.W.D., N.O., B.A.K.)
| | - David W Dunstan
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (P.C.D., R.N.L., D.W.D., N.O., B.A.K.).,Mary MacKillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria (D.W.D.)
| | - Neville Owen
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (P.C.D., R.N.L., D.W.D., N.O., B.A.K.).,Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (P.C.D., N.O.)
| | - Bronwyn A Kingwell
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (P.C.D., R.N.L., D.W.D., N.O., B.A.K.)
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25
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Treat-Jacobson D, McDermott MM, Bronas UG, Campia U, Collins TC, Criqui MH, Gardner AW, Hiatt WR, Regensteiner JG, Rich K. Optimal Exercise Programs for Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2019; 139:e10-e33. [DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Heiston EM, Malin SK. Impact of Exercise on Inflammatory Mediators of Metabolic and Vascular Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1134:271-294. [PMID: 30919343 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12668-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of obesity is cornerstone in the etiology of metabolic and vascular insulin resistance and consequently exacerbates glycemic control. Exercise is an efficacious first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes that improves insulin action through, in part, reducing hormone mediated inflammation. Together, improving the coordination of skeletal muscle metabolism with vascular delivery of glucose will be required for optimizing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Heiston
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Steven K Malin
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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27
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Climie RE, Wheeler MJ, Grace M, Lambert EA, Cohen N, Owen N, Kingwell BA, Dunstan DW, Green DJ. Simple intermittent resistance activity mitigates the detrimental effect of prolonged unbroken sitting on arterial function in overweight and obese adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1787-1794. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00544.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged sitting contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The underlying mechanisms are unknown but may include changes in arterial function and vasoactive mediators. We examined the effects of prolonged unbroken sitting, relative to regular active interruptions to sitting time, on arterial function in adults at increased CVD risk. In a randomized crossover trial, 19 sedentary overweight/obese adults (mean ± SD age 57 ± 12 yr) completed 2 laboratory-based conditions: 5 h uninterrupted sitting (SIT) and 5 h sitting interrupted every 30 min by 3 min of simple resistance activities (SRA). Femoral artery function [flow-mediated dilation (FMD)], blood flow, and shear rate were measured at 0 h, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, and 5 h. Brachial FMD was assessed at 0 and 5 h. Plasma was collected hourly for measurement of endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitrates/nitrites, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). There was a significant decline in femoral artery FMD, averaged over 5 h in the SIT condition, relative to SRA ( P < 0.001). Plasma ET-1 total area under the curve over 5 h increased in the SIT condition compared with SRA ( P = 0.006). There was no significant difference between conditions in femoral or brachial shear rate, brachial FMD, nitrates/nitrites, VCAM-1, or ICAM-1 ( P > 0.05 for all). Five hours of prolonged sitting, relative to regular interruptions to sitting time, impaired femoral artery vasodilator function and increased circulating ET-1 in overweight/obese adults. There is the need to build on this evidence beyond acute observations to better understand the potential longer-term vascular-related consequences of prolonged sitting. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to examine the effect of prolonged sitting on arterial function in adults at increased cardiovascular disease risk. We have shown that 5 h of prolonged sitting, relative to regular interruptions to sitting time, impaired femoral artery vasodilator function and increased circulating endothelin-1 in overweight/obese adults. There is now the need to build on this evidence beyond acute observations to better understand the potential longer-term vascular-related consequences of prolonged sitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Climie
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Michael J. Wheeler
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Megan Grace
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elisabeth A. Lambert
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neale Cohen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neville Owen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A. Kingwell
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Central Clinical School and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nursing and Health Services, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David W. Dunstan
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Green
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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28
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Schinzari F, Tesauro M, Cardillo C. Increased endothelin-1-mediated vasoconstrictor tone in human obesity: effects of gut hormones. Physiol Res 2018; 67:S69-S81. [PMID: 29947529 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The heavy impact of obesity on the development and progression of cardiovascular disease has sparked sustained efforts to uncover the mechanisms linking excess adiposity to vascular dysfunction. Impaired vasodilator reactivity has been recognized as an early hemodynamic abnormality in obese patients, but also increased vasoconstrictor tone importantly contributes to their vascular damage. In particular, upregulation of the endothelin (ET)-1 system, consistently reported in these patients, might accelerate atherosclerosis and its complication, given the pro-inflammatory and mitogenic properties of ET-1. In recent years, a number of gut hormones, in addition to their role as modulators of food intake, energy balance, glucose and lipid metabolism, and insulin secretion and action, have demonstrated favorable vascular actions. They increase the bioavailability of vasodilator mediators like nitric oxide, but they have also been shown to inhibit the ET-1 system. These features make gut hormones promising tools for targeting both the metabolic and cardiovascular complications of obesity, a view supported by recent large-scale clinical trials indicating that novel drugs for type 2 diabetes with cardiovascular potential may translate into clinically significant advantages. Therefore, there is real hope that better understanding of the properties of gut-derived substances might provide more effective therapies for the obesity-related cardiometabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schinzari
- Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy, Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica e Semeiotica Medica, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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29
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Braun G, Hafner B, Königstein K, Infanger D, Klenk C, Rossmeissl A, Schmidt-Trucksäss A, Hanssen H. Association of cardiorespiratory fitness with retinal vessel diameters as a biomarker of cardiovascular risk. Microvasc Res 2018; 120:36-40. [PMID: 29883621 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the association of retinal microvascular health with cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak) and cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS In a population of 260 obesity-enriched participants we investigated the association of retinal vessel diameters with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP). Retinal vessel imaging was performed by use of a fundus camera and a semi-automated processing software, calculating the central retinal arteriolar (CRAE) and venular equivalent (CRVE) as well as the arteriolar-to-venular diameter ratio (AVR). RESULTS Participants had a mean age of 45.8 ± 12.5 years and a BMI of 35.8 ± 6.8 kg/m2. 45% of patients were diagnosed with hypertension, 26% with diabetes and 30% with dyslipidemia. Increasing VO2peak was independently associated with lower CRVE (β = -0.600; CI -1.141, -0.060; p = 0.030). Higher BMI and mean arterial pressure were independently associated with narrower CRAE (β = -0.492; CI -0.909, -0.076; p = 0.021 and β = -0.268; CI -0.471, -0.066; p = 0.009, respectively) and lower AVR (β = -0.002; CI -0.003, -0.000; p = 0.026 and β = -0.001; CI -0.002, -0.000; p = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Higher cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with beneficial retinal microvascular health. Higher BMI and BP were associated with an impairment of retinal microvascular health. Exercise is known for its potential to improve body composition and reduce BP but may also prove to be an efficient therapy to counteract small vessel disease in cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioia Braun
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320B, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Hafner
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320B, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karsten Königstein
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320B, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denis Infanger
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320B, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Klenk
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320B, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anja Rossmeissl
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320B, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320B, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henner Hanssen
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320B, 4052 Basel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Diabetes is a major risk factor for the development of heart failure. One of the hallmarks of diabetes is insulin resistance associated with hyperinsulinemia. The literature shows that insulin and adrenergic signaling is intimately linked to each other; however, whether and how insulin may modulate cardiac adrenergic signaling and cardiac function remains unknown. Notably, recent studies have revealed that insulin receptor and β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) forms a membrane complex in animal hearts, bringing together the direct contact between 2 receptor signaling systems, and forming an integrated and dynamic network. Moreover, insulin can drive cardiac adrenergic desensitization via protein kinase A and G protein-receptor kinases phosphorylation of the β2AR, which compromises adrenergic regulation of cardiac contractile function. In this review, we will explore the current state of knowledge linking insulin and G protein-coupled receptor signaling, especially β-adrenergic receptor signaling in the heart, with emphasis on molecular insights regarding its role in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Padilla J, Carpenter AJ, Das NA, Kandikattu HK, López-Ongil S, Martinez-Lemus LA, Siebenlist U, DeMarco VG, Chandrasekar B. TRAF3IP2 mediates high glucose-induced endothelin-1 production as well as endothelin-1-induced inflammation in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H52-H64. [PMID: 28971844 PMCID: PMC5866390 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00478.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia-induced production of endothelin (ET)-1 is a hallmark of endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Although the detrimental vascular effects of increased ET-1 are well known, the molecular mechanisms regulating endothelial synthesis of ET-1 in the setting of diabetes remain largely unidentified. Here, we show that adapter molecule TRAF3 interacting protein 2 (TRAF3IP2) mediates high glucose-induced ET-1 production in endothelial cells and ET-1-mediated endothelial cell inflammation. Specifically, we found that high glucose upregulated TRAF3IP2 in human aortic endothelial cells, which subsequently led to activation of JNK and IKKβ. shRNA-mediated silencing of TRAF3IP2, JNK1, or IKKβ abrogated high-glucose-induced ET-converting enzyme 1 expression and ET-1 production. Likewise, overexpression of TRAF3IP2, in the absence of high glucose, led to activation of JNK and IKKβ as well as increased ET-1 production. Furthermore, ET-1 transcriptionally upregulated TRAF3IP2, and this upregulation was prevented by pharmacological inhibition of ET-1 receptor B using BQ-788, or inhibition of NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species using gp91ds-tat and GKT137831. Notably, we found that knockdown of TRAF3IP2 abolished ET-1-induced proinflammatory and adhesion molecule (IL-1β, TNF-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin) expression and monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. Finally, we report that TRAF3IP2 is upregulated and colocalized with CD31, an endothelial marker, in the aorta of diabetic mice. Collectively, findings from the present study identify endothelial TRAF3IP2 as a potential new therapeutic target to suppress ET-1 production and associated vascular complications in diabetes. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides the first evidence that the adapter molecule TRAF3 interacting protein 2 mediates high glucose-induced production of endothelin-1 by endothelial cells as well as endothelin-1-mediated endothelial cell inflammation. The findings presented herein suggest that TRAF3 interacting protein 2 may be an important therapeutic target in diabetic vasculopathy characterized by excess endothelin-1 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Andrea J Carpenter
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Nitin A Das
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Hemanth Kumar Kandikattu
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital , Columbia, Missouri
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Susana López-Ongil
- Research Unit, Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Universitario Prıncipe de Asturias, Alcala de Henares, Madrid , Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofıa de Investigación Nefrológica, IRSIN, Madrid , Spain
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ulrich Siebenlist
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital , Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Bysani Chandrasekar
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital , Columbia, Missouri
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
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Abstract
Over the past 30 years there have been many complementary therapies developed to achieve glycemic control and have an impact on cardiovascular outcomes, as well as reduce the risk of microvascular disease. The 2 most notable new entries have been the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists. Both these classes of agents have demonstrated reductions in cardiovascular event rates as well as reductions in blood pressure and weight. Moreover, while both have demonstrated a benefit in slowing nephropathy progression, the SGLT2 inhibitors appear to have a significantly greater effect compared with the GLP-1 agents. There is an ongoing trial specifically powered for renal disease progression, CREDENCE (Evaluation of the Effects of Canagliflozin on Renal and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Participants With Diabetic Nephropathy). Additionally, there are 2 other classes of agents being tested to slow nephropathy progression, a selective endothelin-1 receptor antagonist, atrasantan, in the SONAR (Study of Diabetic Nephropathy With Atrasentan) trial and a nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, finerenone, in the FIDELIO (Efficacy and Safety of Finerenone in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus) trial. These and other studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Z I Cherney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - George L Bakris
- Department of Medicine, American Society of Hypertension Comprehensive Hypertension Center, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Rapoport RM, Merkus D. Endothelin-1 Regulation of Exercise-Induced Changes in Flow: Dynamic Regulation of Vascular Tone. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:517. [PMID: 29114220 PMCID: PMC5660699 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although endothelin (ET)-1 is a highly potent vasoconstrictor with considerable efficacy in numerous vascular beds, the role of endogenous ET-1 in the regulation of vascular tone remains unclear. The perspective that ET-1 plays little role in the on-going regulation of vascular tone at least under physiologic conditions is supported by findings that potential ET-1 constriction is minimized by the release of the vasodilator and ET-1 synthesis inhibitor, nitric oxide (NO). Indeed, ET-1 release and constriction is self-limited by ET-1-induced, endothelial ETB receptor-mediated release of NO. Moreover, even if the balance between ET-1 and NO were reversed as the result of lowered NO activity, as occurs in a number of pathophysiologies associated with endothelial dysfunction, the well-known resistance of ET-1 constriction to reversal (as determined with exogenous ET-1) precludes ET-1 in the dynamic, i.e., moment-to-moment, regulation of vascular tone. On the other hand, and as presently reviewed, findings of ET-1-dependent modulation of organ blood flow with exercise under physiologic conditions demonstrate the dynamic regulation of vascular tone by ET-1. We speculate that this regulation is mediated at least in part through changes in ET-1 synthesis/release caused by pulsatile flow-induced shear stress and NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Rapoport
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical School Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Sartori M, Conti FF, Dias DDS, Dos Santos F, Machi JF, Palomino Z, Casarini DE, Rodrigues B, De Angelis K, Irigoyen MC. Association between Diastolic Dysfunction with Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Females ob/ob Mice. Front Physiol 2017; 8:572. [PMID: 28878683 PMCID: PMC5572327 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate autonomic and cardiovascular function, as well as inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in ob/ob female mice. Methods: Metabolic parameters, cardiac function, arterial pressure (AP), autonomic, hormonal, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers were evaluated in 12-weeks female wild-type (WT group) and ob/ob mice (OB group). Results: OB animals showed increased body weight, blood glucose, and triglyceride levels, along with glucose intolerance, when compared to WT animals. Ejection fraction (EF) and AP were similar between groups; however, the OB group presented diastolic dysfunction, as well as an impairment on myocardial performance index. Moreover, the OB group exhibited important autonomic dysfunction and baroreflex sensitivity impairment, when compared to WT group. OB group showed increased Angiotensin II levels in heart and renal tissues; decreased adiponectin and increased inflammatory markers in adipose tissue and spleen. Additionally, OB mice presented a higher damage to proteins and lipoperoxidation and lower activity of antioxidant enzymes in kidney and heart. Correlations were found between autonomic dysfunction with angiotensin II and inflammatory mediators, as well as between inflammation and oxidative stress. Conclusions: Our results showed that female adult ob/ob mice presented discrete diastolic dysfunction accompanied by autonomic disorder, which is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Sartori
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Filipe F Conti
- Translational Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Nove de JulhoSão Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Dos Santos
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline F Machi
- Department of Integrative Immunological Cardiovascular Research, Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern UniversityFort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Zaira Palomino
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dulce E Casarini
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Rodrigues
- Department of Adapted Physical Activity, Faculty of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual de CampinasCampinas, Brazil
| | - Kátia De Angelis
- Translational Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Nove de JulhoSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria-Claudia Irigoyen
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
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Padilla J, Fadel PJ. Prolonged sitting leg vasculopathy: contributing factors and clinical implications. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H722-H728. [PMID: 28733451 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00326.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease primarily manifests in the medium- to large-sized conduit arteries of the lower extremities. However, the factors underlying this increased vulnerability of leg macrovasculature to disease are largely unidentified. On the basis of recent studies, we propose that excessive time spent in the sitting position and the ensuing reduction in leg blood flow-induced shear stress cause endothelial cell dysfunction, a key predisposing factor to peripheral artery disease. In particular, this review summarizes the findings from laboratory-based sitting studies revealing acute leg vascular dysfunction with prolonged sitting in young healthy subjects, discusses the primary physiological mechanisms and the potential long-term implications of such leg vasculopathy with repeated exposure to prolonged sitting, as well as identifies strategies that may be effective at evading it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Padilla
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; .,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
| | - Paul J Fadel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas-Arlington, Arlington, Texas
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Dow CA, Stauffer BL, Brunjes DL, Greiner JJ, DeSouza CA. Regular aerobic exercise reduces endothelin-1-mediated vasoconstrictor tone in overweight and obese adults. Exp Physiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1113/ep086454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A. Dow
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory; Department of Integrative Physiology; University of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Brian L. Stauffer
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory; Department of Integrative Physiology; University of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309 USA
- Department of Medicine; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center; Aurora CO 80045 USA
- Denver Health Medical Center; Denver CO 80204 USA
| | - Danielle L. Brunjes
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory; Department of Integrative Physiology; University of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Jared J. Greiner
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory; Department of Integrative Physiology; University of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Christopher A. DeSouza
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory; Department of Integrative Physiology; University of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309 USA
- Department of Medicine; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center; Aurora CO 80045 USA
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37
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Arıkan S, Erşan İ, Eroğlu M, Yılmaz M, Tufan HA, Gencer B, Kara S, Aşık M. Does Retinal Neurodegeneration Seen in Diabetic Patients Begin in the Insulin Resistance Stage? Turk J Ophthalmol 2017; 46:264-269. [PMID: 28050322 PMCID: PMC5177782 DOI: 10.4274/tjo.68888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether retinal neurodegeneration and impairment in contrast sensitivity (CS), which have been demonstrated to begin in diabetic patients before the presence of signs of diabetic retinal vasculopathy, also occur in the stage of insulin resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS The average, minimum and sectoral (inferior, superior, inferonasal, superonasal, inferotemporal and superotemporal) thicknesses of the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) measured using optical coherence tomography were compared between an insulin-resistant group and control group in order to evaluate the presence of retinal neurodegeneration. The CS of the two groups was also compared according to the logarithmic values measured at spatial frequencies of 1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 18 cycles per degree in photopic light using functional acuity contrast test (FACT). RESULTS Twenty-five eyes of 25 patients with insulin resistance (insulin resistant group) and 25 eyes of 25 healthy subjects (control group) were included in this study. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in any of the spatial frequencies in the FACT. The mean average GCIPL thickness and mean GCIPL thickness in the inferotemporal sector were significantly less in the insulin-resistant group when compared with the control group (mean average GCIPL thicknesses in the insulin-resistant and control groups were 83.6±4.7 µm and 86.7±3.7 µm respectively, p=0.01; mean inferotemporal GCIPL thicknesses in the insulin-resistant and control groups were 83±6.0 µm and 86.7±4.6 µm respectively, p=0.02). CONCLUSION Although it may not lead to functional visual impairment such as CS loss, the retinal neurodegeneration seen in diabetic patients may begin in the insulin resistance stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Arıkan
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - İsmail Erşan
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Eroğlu
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yılmaz
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Hasan Ali Tufan
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Baran Gencer
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Selçuk Kara
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Aşık
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Çanakkale, Turkey
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Vanhoutte PM, Shimokawa H, Feletou M, Tang EHC. Endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease - a 30th anniversary update. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:22-96. [PMID: 26706498 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium can evoke relaxations of the underlying vascular smooth muscle, by releasing vasodilator substances. The best-characterized endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is nitric oxide (NO) which activates soluble guanylyl cyclase in the vascular smooth muscle cells, with the production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) initiating relaxation. The endothelial cells also evoke hyperpolarization of the cell membrane of vascular smooth muscle (endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations, EDH-mediated responses). As regards the latter, hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) now appears to play a dominant role. Endothelium-dependent relaxations involve both pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi (e.g. responses to α2 -adrenergic agonists, serotonin, and thrombin) and pertussis toxin-insensitive Gq (e.g. adenosine diphosphate and bradykinin) coupling proteins. New stimulators (e.g. insulin, adiponectin) of the release of EDRFs have emerged. In recent years, evidence has also accumulated, confirming that the release of NO by the endothelial cell can chronically be upregulated (e.g. by oestrogens, exercise and dietary factors) and downregulated (e.g. oxidative stress, smoking, pollution and oxidized low-density lipoproteins) and that it is reduced with ageing and in the course of vascular disease (e.g. diabetes and hypertension). Arteries covered with regenerated endothelium (e.g. following angioplasty) selectively lose the pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway for NO release which favours vasospasm, thrombosis, penetration of macrophages, cellular growth and the inflammatory reaction leading to atherosclerosis. In addition to the release of NO (and EDH, in particular those due to H2 O2 ), endothelial cells also can evoke contraction of the underlying vascular smooth muscle cells by releasing endothelium-derived contracting factors. Recent evidence confirms that most endothelium-dependent acute increases in contractile force are due to the formation of vasoconstrictor prostanoids (endoperoxides and prostacyclin) which activate TP receptors of the vascular smooth muscle cells and that prostacyclin plays a key role in such responses. Endothelium-dependent contractions are exacerbated when the production of nitric oxide is impaired (e.g. by oxidative stress, ageing, spontaneous hypertension and diabetes). They contribute to the blunting of endothelium-dependent vasodilatations in aged subjects and essential hypertensive and diabetic patients. In addition, recent data confirm that the release of endothelin-1 can contribute to endothelial dysfunction and that the peptide appears to be an important contributor to vascular dysfunction. Finally, it has become clear that nitric oxide itself, under certain conditions (e.g. hypoxia), can cause biased activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase leading to the production of cyclic inosine monophosphate (cIMP) rather than cGMP and hence causes contraction rather than relaxation of the underlying vascular smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Vanhoutte
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
| | - H. Shimokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - M. Feletou
- Department of Cardiovascular Research; Institut de Recherches Servier; Suresnes France
| | - E. H. C. Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
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Keske MA, Dwyer RM, Russell RD, Blackwood SJ, Brown AA, Hu D, Premilovac D, Richards SM, Rattigan S. Regulation of microvascular flow and metabolism: An overview. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 44:143-149. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Keske
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - Renee M Dwyer
- School of Medicine University of Tasmania Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - Ryan D Russell
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - Sarah J Blackwood
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - Aascha A Brown
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - Donghua Hu
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - Dino Premilovac
- School of Medicine University of Tasmania Hobart Tas. Australia
| | | | - Stephen Rattigan
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania Hobart Tas. Australia
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40
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Fujii N, Singh MS, Halili L, Louie JC, Kenny GP. The effect of endothelin A and B receptor blockade on cutaneous vascular and sweating responses in young men during and following exercise in the heat. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:1263-1271. [PMID: 27763878 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00679.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During exercise, cutaneous vasodilation and sweating responses occur, whereas these responses rapidly decrease during postexercise recovery. We hypothesized that the activation of endothelin A (ETA) receptors, but not endothelin B (ETB) receptors, attenuate cutaneous vasodilation during high-intensity exercise and contribute to the subsequent postexercise suppression of cutaneous vasodilation. We also hypothesized that both receptors increase sweating during and following high-intensity exercise. Eleven men (24 ± 4 yr) performed an intermittent cycling protocol consisting of two 30-min bouts of moderate- (40% V̇o2peak) and high-intensity (75% V̇o2peak) exercise in the heat (35°C), each separated by a 20- and 40-min recovery period, respectively. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and sweat rate were evaluated at four intradermal microdialysis skin sites: 1) lactated Ringer (control), 2) 500 nM BQ123 (a selective ETA receptor blocker), 3) 300 nM BQ788 (a selective ETB receptor blocker), or 4) a combination of BQ123 + BQ788. There were no between-site differences in CVC during each exercise bout (all P > 0.05); however, CVC following high-intensity exercise was greater at BQ123 (56 ± 9%max) and BQ123 + BQ788 (55 ± 14%max) sites relative to the control site (43 ± 12%max) (all P ≤ 0.05). Sweat rate did not differ between sites throughout the protocol (all P > 0.05). We show that neither ETA nor ETB receptors modulate cutaneous vasodilation and sweating responses during and following moderate- and high-intensity exercise in the heat, with the exception that ETA receptors may partly contribute to the suppression of cutaneous vasodilation following high-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Fujii
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Maya S Singh
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Lyra Halili
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jeffrey C Louie
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Vendrame S, Del Bo' C, Ciappellano S, Riso P, Klimis-Zacas D. Berry Fruit Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome. Antioxidants (Basel) 2016; 5:antiox5040034. [PMID: 27706020 PMCID: PMC5187532 DOI: 10.3390/antiox5040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic Syndrome is a cluster of risk factors which often includes central obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, as well as a pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant, and pro-thrombotic environment. This leads to a dramatically increased risk of developing type II diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of death both in the United States and worldwide. Increasing evidence suggests that berry fruit consumption has a significant potential in the prevention and treatment of most risk factors associated with Metabolic Syndrome and its cardiovascular complications in the human population. This is likely due to the presence of polyphenols with known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, such as anthocyanins and/or phenolic acids. The present review summarizes the findings of recent dietary interventions with berry fruits on human subjects with or at risk of Metabolic Syndrome. It also discusses the potential role of berries as part of a dietary strategy which could greatly reduce the need for pharmacotherapy, associated with potentially deleterious side effects and constituting a considerable financial burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Vendrame
- School of Food and Agriculture, Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
| | - Cristian Del Bo'
- DeFENS-Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Ciappellano
- DeFENS-Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Riso
- DeFENS-Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Dorothy Klimis-Zacas
- School of Food and Agriculture, Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
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42
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Sorop O, van den Heuvel M, van Ditzhuijzen NS, de Beer VJ, Heinonen I, van Duin RWB, Zhou Z, Koopmans SJ, Merkus D, van der Giessen WJ, Danser AHJ, Duncker DJ. Coronary microvascular dysfunction after long-term diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H1339-H1351. [PMID: 27591223 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00458.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) has been proposed as an important component of diabetes mellitus (DM)- and hypercholesterolemia-associated coronary artery disease (CAD). Previously we observed that 2.5 mo of DM and high-fat diet (HFD) in swine blunted bradykinin (BK)-induced vasodilation and attenuated endothelin (ET)-1-mediated vasoconstriction. Here we studied the progression of CMD after 15 mo in the same animal model of CAD. Ten male swine were fed a HFD in the absence (HFD, n = 5) or presence of streptozotocin-induced DM (DM + HFD, n = 5). Responses of small (∼300-μm-diameter) coronary arteries to BK, ET-1, and the nitric oxide (NO) donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine were examined in vitro and compared with those of healthy (Normal) swine (n = 12). Blood glucose was elevated in DM + HFD (17.6 ± 4.5 mmol/l) compared with HFD (5.1 ± 0.4 mmol/l) and Normal (5.8 ± 0.6 mmol/l) swine, while cholesterol was markedly elevated in DM + HFD (16.8 ± 1.7 mmol/l) and HFD (18.1 ± 2.6 mmol/l) compared with Normal (2.1 ± 0.2 mmol/l) swine (all P < 0.05). Small coronary arteries showed early atherosclerotic plaques in HFD and DM + HFD swine. Surprisingly, DM + HFD and HFD swine maintained BK responsiveness compared with Normal swine due to an increase in NO availability relative to endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors. However, ET-1 responsiveness was greater in HFD and DM + HFD than Normal swine (both P < 0.05), resulting mainly from ETB receptor-mediated vasoconstriction. Moreover, the calculated vascular stiffness coefficient was higher in DM + HFD and HFD than Normal swine (both P < 0.05). In conclusion, 15 mo of DM + HFD, as well as HFD alone, resulted in CMD. Although the overall vasodilation to BK was unperturbed, the relative contributions of NO and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor pathways were altered. Moreover, the vasoconstrictor response to ET-1 was enhanced, involving the ETB receptors. In conjunction with our previous study, these findings highlight the time dependence of the phenotype of CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Sorop
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Mieke van den Heuvel
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke S van Ditzhuijzen
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent J de Beer
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilkka Heinonen
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard W B van Duin
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhichao Zhou
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sietse J Koopmans
- Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J van der Giessen
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Jan Duncker
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
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Vascular Effects of Endothelin Receptor Antagonists Depends on Their Selectivity for ETA Versus ETB Receptors and on the Functionality of Endothelial ETB Receptors. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2016; 66:332-7. [PMID: 25992919 PMCID: PMC4598072 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to characterize the role of Endothelin (ET) type B receptors (ETB) on vascular function in healthy and diseased conditions and demonstrate how it affects the pharmacological activity of ET receptor antagonists (ERAs).
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Kostov K, Blazhev A, Atanasova M, Dimitrova A. Serum Concentrations of Endothelin-1 and Matrix Metalloproteinases-2, -9 in Pre-Hypertensive and Hypertensive Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081182. [PMID: 27490532 PMCID: PMC5000590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is one of the most potent vasoconstrictors known to date. While its plasma or serum concentrations are elevated in some forms of experimental and human hypertension, this is not a consistent finding in all forms of hypertension. Matrix metalloproteinases -2 and -9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9), which degrade collagen type IV of the vascular basement membrane, are responsible for vascular remodeling, inflammation, and atherosclerotic complications, including in type 2 diabetes (T2D). In our study, we compared concentrations of ET-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in pre-hypertensive (PHTN) and hypertensive (HTN) T2D patients with those of healthy normotensive controls (N). ET-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were measured by ELISA. Concentrations of ET-1 in PHTN and N were very similar, while those in HTN were significantly higher. Concentrations of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in PHTN and HTN were also significantly higher compared to N. An interesting result in our study is that concentrations of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in HTN were lower compared to PHTN. In conclusion, we showed that increased production of ET-1 in patients with T2D can lead to long-lasting increases in blood pressure (BP) and clinical manifestation of hypertension. We also demonstrated that increased levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in pre-hypertensive and hypertensive patients with T2D mainly reflect the early vascular changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krasimir Kostov
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University-Pleven, 1 Kliment Ohridski Str., 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria.
| | - Alexander Blazhev
- Division of Biology, Medical University-Pleven, 1 Kliment Ohridski Str., 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria.
| | - Milena Atanasova
- Division of Biology, Medical University-Pleven, 1 Kliment Ohridski Str., 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria.
| | - Anelia Dimitrova
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University-Pleven, 1 Kliment Ohridski Str., 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria.
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Schindler C. Review: The metabolic syndrome as an endocrine disease: is there an effective pharmacotherapeutic strategy optimally targeting the pathogenesis? Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 1:7-26. [DOI: 10.1177/1753944707082662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a combination of cardiovascular risk determinants such as obesity, insulin resistance and lipid abnormalities such as hypertriglyceridemia, increased free fatty acids, low high-density-cholesterol and hypertension. As a multiple component condition it imparts a doubling of relative risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). It is currently controversial which component of the syndrome carries what weight. There is even a considerable debate whether the risk for ASCVD is greater in patients diagnosed with MetS than that by the individual risk factors. At present, no unifying pathogenetic mechanism can explain the metabolic syndrome and there is no unique treatment for it. This review summarizes and critically reviews the currently available clinical and scientific evidence for the concept that the MetS is causally an endocrine disease and discusses pharmacotherapeutic strategies targeting the pathogenesis rather than single symptoms of the cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schindler
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Technical University of Dresden, Fiedlerstrasse 27, 01307 Dresden, Germany christoph.schindler@ tu-dresden.de
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Kautzky-Willer A, Harreiter J, Pacini G. Sex and Gender Differences in Risk, Pathophysiology and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Endocr Rev 2016; 37:278-316. [PMID: 27159875 PMCID: PMC4890267 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1036] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The steep rise of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated complications go along with mounting evidence of clinically important sex and gender differences. T2DM is more frequently diagnosed at lower age and body mass index in men; however, the most prominent risk factor, which is obesity, is more common in women. Generally, large sex-ratio differences across countries are observed. Diversities in biology, culture, lifestyle, environment, and socioeconomic status impact differences between males and females in predisposition, development, and clinical presentation. Genetic effects and epigenetic mechanisms, nutritional factors and sedentary lifestyle affect risk and complications differently in both sexes. Furthermore, sex hormones have a great impact on energy metabolism, body composition, vascular function, and inflammatory responses. Thus, endocrine imbalances relate to unfavorable cardiometabolic traits, observable in women with androgen excess or men with hypogonadism. Both biological and psychosocial factors are responsible for sex and gender differences in diabetes risk and outcome. Overall, psychosocial stress appears to have greater impact on women rather than on men. In addition, women have greater increases of cardiovascular risk, myocardial infarction, and stroke mortality than men, compared with nondiabetic subjects. However, when dialysis therapy is initiated, mortality is comparable in both males and females. Diabetes appears to attenuate the protective effect of the female sex in the development of cardiac diseases and nephropathy. Endocrine and behavioral factors are involved in gender inequalities and affect the outcome. More research regarding sex-dimorphic pathophysiological mechanisms of T2DM and its complications could contribute to more personalized diabetes care in the future and would thus promote more awareness in terms of sex- and gender-specific risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kautzky-Willer
- Gender Medicine Unit (A.K.-W., J.H.), Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; and Metabolic Unit (G.P.), Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, 35127 Padua, Italy
| | - Jürgen Harreiter
- Gender Medicine Unit (A.K.-W., J.H.), Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; and Metabolic Unit (G.P.), Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, 35127 Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pacini
- Gender Medicine Unit (A.K.-W., J.H.), Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; and Metabolic Unit (G.P.), Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, 35127 Padua, Italy
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Campia U, Barac A. Exercise and Aerobic Fitness to Reduce Cancer-Related Cardiovascular Toxicity. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2016; 18:44. [DOI: 10.1007/s11936-016-0465-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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48
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Kartamihardja AHS. Correlation between Transient Ischemic Dilation Index and Endothelin-1 Level in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. World J Nucl Med 2016; 15:109-13. [PMID: 27134561 PMCID: PMC4809151 DOI: 10.4103/1450-1147.167576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient ischemic dilation (TID) is a sensitive and specific marker for detecting the severity and extent of coronary artery disease (CAD), which is closely associated with endothelial dysfunction. TID can be observed on stress-rest myocardial perfusion scan (MPS) due to subendocardial hypoperfusion. Hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) could lead to micro- and macrovascular complications and begins with endothelial dysfunction. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasocontrictor, increases in endothelial dysfunction. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between TID index and ET-1 levels in T2DM patients without any sign or symptom of cardiovascular complication. An analytic-correlational cross-sectional study was done on T2DM patients who met the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate by signing an informed consent form. The TID index was calculated automatically using standard software provided by the gamma camera GE-Infinia. Stress-rest MPS was done using technetium-99m ((99m)Tc)-tetrofosmin and a pharmacological stress test using adenosine. The ET-1 level was determined by radioimmunoassay. Data distribution was analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the average difference of the variables and Spearman's rank for correlation analysis. A total of 47 subjects consisting of 24 (51%) males and 23 (49%) females were included in this study. The age range was 37-74 years (54.3 ± 8.4). The TID index range was 0.86-1.26 (median = 1.12) and abnormal TID index was found in 23/47 (49%) subjects. ET-1 levels range 8.02-17.91 pg/mL (median = 11.08). The results showed no significant differences in age, ET-1 levels, and TID index based on age and sex (P > 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between TID index and ET-1 level with r = 0.7 and P < 0.001. There was a positive correlation between TID index and ET-1 plasma level in patients with T2DM.
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49
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Halili L, Singh MS, Fujii N, Alexander LM, Kenny GP. Endothelin-1 modulates methacholine-induced cutaneous vasodilatation but not sweating in young human skin. J Physiol 2016; 594:3439-52. [PMID: 26846374 DOI: 10.1113/jp271735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent endothelial-derived vasoconstrictor that may modulate cholinergic cutaneous vascular regulation. Endothelin receptors are also expressed on the human eccrine sweat gland, although it remains unclear whether ET-1 modulates cholinergic sweating. We investigated whether ET-1 attenuates cholinergic cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating through a nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent mechanism. Our findings show that ET-1 attenuates methacholine-induced cutaneous vasodilatation through a NOS-independent mechanism. We also demonstrate that ET-1 attenuates cutaneous vasodilatation in response to sodium nitroprusside, suggesting that ET-1 diminishes the dilatation capacity of vascular smooth muscle cells. We show that ET-1 does not modulate methacholine-induced sweating at any of the administered concentrations. Our findings advance our knowledge pertaining to the peripheral control underpinning the regulation of cutaneous blood flow and sweating and infer that ET-1 may attenuate the heat loss responses of cutaneous blood flow, but not sweating. ABSTRACT The present study investigated the effect of endothelin-1 (ET-1) on cholinergic mechanisms of end-organs (i.e. skin blood vessels and sweat glands) for heat dissipation. We evaluated the hypothesis that ET-1 attenuates cholinergic cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating through a nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent mechanism. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and sweat rate were assessed in three protocols: in Protocol 1 (n = 8), microdialysis sites were perfused with lactated Ringer solution (Control), 40 pm, 4 nm or 400 nm ET-1; in Protocol 2 (n = 11) sites were perfused with lactated Ringer solution (Control), 400 nm ET-1, 10 mm N(G) -nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA; a NOS inhibitor) or a combination of 400 nm ET-1 and 10 mm l-NNA; in Protocol 3 (n = 8), only two sites (Control and 400 nm ET-1) were utilized to assess the influence of ET-1 on the dilatation capacity of vascular smooth muscle cells (sodium nitroprusside; SNP). Methacholine (MCh) was co-administered in a dose-dependent manner (0.0125, 0.25, 5, 100, 2000 mm, each for 25 min) at all skin sites. ET-1 at 400 nm (P < 0.05) compared to lower doses (40 pm and 4 nm) (all P > 0.05) significantly attenuated increases in CVC in response to 0.25 and 5 mm MCh. A high dose of ET-1 (400 nm) co-infused with l-NNA further attenuated CVC during 0.25, 5 and 100 mm MCh administration relative to the ET-1 site (all P < 0.05). Cutaneous vasodilatation in response to SNP was significantly blunted after administration of 400 nm ET-1 (P < 0.05). We show that ET-1 attenuates cutaneous vasodilatation through a NOS-independent mechanism, possibly through a vascular smooth muscle cell-dependent mechanism, and methacholine-induced sweating is not altered by ET-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyra Halili
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Maya Sarah Singh
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Naoto Fujii
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Lacy M Alexander
- Department of Kinesiology, Noll Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Alexandru N, Badila E, Weiss E, Cochior D, Stępień E, Georgescu A. Vascular complications in diabetes: Microparticles and microparticle associated microRNAs as active players. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 472:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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