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Zhang T, Yi Q, Huang W, Feng J, Liu H. New insights into the roles of Irisin in diabetic cardiomyopathy and vascular diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116631. [PMID: 38663105 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent chronic disease in the 21st century due to increased lifespan and unhealthy lifestyle choices. Extensive research indicates that exercise can play a significant role in regulating systemic metabolism by improving energy metabolism and mitigating various metabolic disorders, including DM. Irisin, a well-known exerkine, was initially reported to enhance energy expenditure by indicating the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) signaling. In this review, we summarize the potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of Irisin on glucose dysmetabolism, including reducing gluconeogenesis, enhancing insulin energy expenditure, and promoting glycogenesis. Additionally, we highlight Irisin's potential to improve diabetic vascular diseases by stimulating nitric oxide (NO) production, reducing oxidative and nitrosative stress, curbing inflammation, and attenuating endothelial cell aging. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of Irisin to improve diabetic cardiomyopathy by preventing cardiomyocyte loss and reducing myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. Given Irisin's promising functions in managing diabetic cardiomyopathy and vascular diseases, targeting Irisin for therapeutic purposes could be a fruitful avenue for future research and clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiandong Zhang
- Collage of Integration of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Qian Yi
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- Collage of Integration of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Biomechanics, National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China.
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; The Third People's Hospital of Longmatan District, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
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Staels B, Butruille L, Francque S. Treating NASH by targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. J Hepatol 2023; 79:1302-1316. [PMID: 37459921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) encompasses a complex set of intra- and extrahepatic driving mechanisms, involving numerous metabolic, inflammatory, vascular and fibrogenic pathways. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) α, β/δ and γ belong to the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors. Activated PPARs modulate target tissue transcriptomic profiles, enabling the body's adaptation to changing nutritional, metabolic and inflammatory environments. PPARs hence regulate several pathways involved in NASH pathogenesis. Whereas single PPAR agonists exert robust anti-NASH activity in several preclinical models, their clinical effects on histological endpoints of NASH resolution and fibrosis regression appear more modest. Simultaneous activation of several PPAR isotypes across different organs and within-organ cell types, resulting in pleiotropic actions, enhances the therapeutic potential of PPAR agonists as pharmacological agents for NASH and NASH-related hepatic and extrahepatic morbidity, with some compounds having already shown clinical efficacy on histological endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Staels
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France.
| | - Laura Butruille
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Sven Francque
- Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Drie Eikenstraat 655, B-2650, Edegem, Belgium; InflaMed Centre of Excellence, Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Translational Sciences in Inflammation and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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3
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Luan J, Ji X, Liu L. PPARγ in Atherosclerotic Endothelial Dysfunction: Regulatory Compounds and PTMs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14494. [PMID: 37833942 PMCID: PMC10572723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of atherosclerotic plaques is one of the main sources of cardiovascular disease. In addition to known risk factors such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension, endothelial dysfunction has been shown to play a key role in the formation and progression of atherosclerosis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), a transcription factor belonging to the steroid superfamily, is expressed in the aorta and plays a critical role in protecting endothelial function. It thereby serves as a target for treating both diabetes and atherosclerosis. Although many studies have examined endothelial cell disorders in atherosclerosis, the role of PPARγ in endothelial dysfunction is still not well understood. In this review, we summarize the possible mechanisms of action behind PPARγ regulatory compounds and post-translational modifications (PTMs) of PPARγ in the control of endothelial function. We also explore the potential use of endothelial PPARγ-targeted agents in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Longhua Liu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200082, China
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Yu Q, Wei P, Xu L, Xia C, Li Y, Liu H, Song X, Tian K, Fu W, Wang R, Wang W, Bai L, Fan J, Liu E, Zhao S. Urotensin II Enhances Advanced Aortic Atherosclerosis Formation and Delays Plaque Regression in Hyperlipidemic Rabbits. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043819. [PMID: 36835230 PMCID: PMC9963243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence shows that elevated urotensin II (UII) levels are associated with cardiovascular diseases. However, the role of UII in the initiation, progression, and regression of atherosclerosis remains to be verified. Different stages of atherosclerosis were induced in rabbits by a 0.3% high cholesterol diet (HCD) feeding, and either UII (5.4 μg/kg/h) or saline was chronically infused via osmotic mini-pumps. UII promoted atherosclerotic fatty streak formation in ovariectomized female rabbits (34% increase in gross lesion and 93% increase in microscopic lesion), and in male rabbits (39% increase in gross lesion). UII infusion significantly increased the plaque size of the carotid and subclavian arteries (69% increase over the control). In addition, UII infusion significantly enhanced the development of coronary lesions by increasing plaque size and lumen stenosis. Histopathological analysis revealed that aortic lesions in the UII group were characterized by increasing lesional macrophages, lipid deposition, and intra-plaque neovessel formation. UII infusion also significantly delayed the regression of atherosclerosis in rabbits by increasing the intra-plaque macrophage ratio. Furthermore, UII treatment led to a significant increase in NOX2 and HIF-1α/VEGF-A expression accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species levels in cultured macrophages. Tubule formation assays showed that UII exerted a pro-angiogenic effect in cultured endothelial cell lines and this effect was partly inhibited by urantide, a UII receptor antagonist. These findings suggest that UII can accelerate aortic and coronary plaque formation and enhance aortic plaque vulnerability, but delay the regression of atherosclerosis. The role of UII on angiogenesis in the lesion may be involved in complex plaque development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Panpan Wei
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Liran Xu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Congcong Xia
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Yafeng Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Haole Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Xiaojie Song
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Kangli Tian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Weilai Fu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Weirong Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Liang Bai
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Tokyo 409-3898, Japan
| | - Enqi Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Sihai Zhao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-29-82655361
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Ma X, Zhang J, Wu Z, Wang X. Chicoric acid attenuates hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction through AMPK-dependent inhibition of oxidative/nitrative stresses. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 41:378-392. [PMID: 32900249 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1817076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction is a driving force during the development and progression of cardiovascular complications in diabetes. Targeting endothelial injury may be an attractive avenue for the management of diabetic vascular disorders. Chicoric acid is reported to confer antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in various diseases including diabetes. However, the role and mechanism of chicoric acid in hyperglycemia-induced endothelial damage are not well understood. METHODS In the present study, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated with high glucose/high fat (HG + HF) to induce endothelial cell injury. RESULTS We found that exposure of HUVECs to HG + HF medium promoted the release of cytochrome c (cytc) from mitochondrion into the cytoplasm, stimulated the cleavage of caspase-3 and poly ADP-ribose-polymerase (PARP), then inducing cell apoptosis, the effects that were prevented by administration of chicoric acid. Besides, we found that chicoric acid diminished HG + HF-induced phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, and subsequent p65 NFκB nuclear translocation, thereby contributing to its anti-inflammatory effects in HUVECs. We also confirmed that chicoric acid mitigated oxidative/nitrative stresses under HG + HF conditions. Studies aimed at exploring the underlying mechanisms found that chicoric acid activated the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway to attenuate HG + HF-triggered injury in HUVECs as AMPK inhibitor Compound C or silencing of AMPKα1 abolished the beneficial effects of chicoric acid in HUVECs. CONCLUSION Collectively, chicoric acid is likely protected against diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction by activation of the AMPK signaling pathway. Chicoric acid could be a novel candidate for the treatment of the diabetes-associated vascular endothelial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Ma
- School of Medical Laboratory, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Junli Zhang
- School of Medical Laboratory, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zejie Wu
- School of Medical Laboratory, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xia Wang
- School of Medical Laboratory, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Agonist Pioglitazone Protects Vascular Endothelial Function in Hypercholesterolemic Rats by Inhibiting Myeloperoxidase. Cardiol Res Pract 2020; 2020:1845969. [PMID: 32190383 PMCID: PMC7063881 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1845969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Hypercholesterolemia- (HC-) induced endothelial dysfunction is the first step of atherogenesis, and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ (PPARγ (PPARγ) has been reported to attenuate atherosclerosis formation; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The present study was designed to determine whether myeloperoxidase (MPO) mediates HC-induced endothelial dysfunction and the role of the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone (PIO) in attenuating endothelial dysfunction. Methods Male Wistar rats were fed with normal or high cholesterol diets for 8 weeks. HC rats were randomized to receive dapsone (DDS, the MPO inhibitor) during the last 6 days or PIO for the remaining 4 weeks. Vascular endothelial function was determined by comparing vasorelaxation to ACh, an endothelium-dependent vasodilator, and SNP, an endothelium-independent vasodilator in vascular rings in vitro. The vascular MPO activity, NOx content, and cGMP level were measured by the MPO activity assay kit, NO assay kit, and cGMP RIA kit. Results Compared with rats fed with normal diet, endothelium-dependent vasodilation, NOx content, and cGMP level were decreased, and MPO activity was increased in thoracic aortas of rats fed with HC diet. There was a negative correlation between vascular endothelial function, NOx content or cGMP level, and MPO activity. PIO obviously reduced the MPO activity, increased NOx content and cGMP level, and improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation function in HC rats, which was essentially the same as that seen with DDS. And, there was a negative correlation between vascular endothelial function, NOx content or cGMP level, and MPO activity in the HC group and the PIO intervention group. Conclusion MPO might provoke vascular endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rats by reducing the NO biological activity and impairing the NO/cGMP/cGK signaling pathway. PIO might inhibit vascular MPO activity and increase NO bioavailability with the net result of reversing endothelial dysfunction.
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Wang Z, Wu Y, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Yin X, Wang W, Ma X, Liu H. The role of NO-cGMP pathway inhibition in vascular endothelial-dependent smooth muscle relaxation disorder of AT1-AA positive rats: protective effects of adiponectin. Nitric Oxide 2019; 87:10-22. [PMID: 30831264 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor autoantibodies (AT1-AA) cause endothelial-dependent smooth muscle relaxation disorder. It is well understood that impairment of the NO-cGMP signaling pathway is one of the mechanisms of endothelial-dependent smooth muscle relaxation disorder. However, it is still unclear whether AT1-AA induces endothelial-dependent smooth muscle relaxation disorder via the impairment of the NO-cGMP signaling pathway. In addition, adiponectin exerts vascular endothelial protection through the NO-cGMP signaling pathway. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to assess the mechanism of vascular endothelial-dependent smooth muscle relaxation disorder induced by AT1-AA and the role of adiponectin in attenuating this dysregulation. Serum endothelin-1 (ET-1), adiponectin and AT1-AA were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In preeclamptic patients, there was an increased level of AT1-AA, which was positively correlated with ET-1 and negatively correlated with adiponectin, as elevated levels of ET-1 suggested endothelial injury. AT1-AA-positive animal models were actively immunized with the second extracellular loop of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R-ECII) for eight weeks. In thoracic aortas of AT1-AA positive rats, ET-1 was elevated, endothelium-dependent vasodilation was decreased. Paradoxically, as the upstream element of the NO-cGMP signaling pathway, NO production was not decreased but increased, and the ratio of p-VASP/VASP, an established biochemical endpoint of NO-cGMP signaling pathway, was reduced. Moreover, the levels of nitrotyrosine and gp91phox which indicate the presence of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and superoxide anion (O2·-) were increased. Pretreatment with the ONOO- scavenger FeTMPyP or O2·-scavenger Tempol normalized vasorelaxation. Key enzymes responsible for NO synthesis were also assessed. iNOS protein expression was increased, but p-eNOS(Ser1177)/eNOS was reduced. Preincubation with the iNOS inhibitor 1400 W or eNOS agonist nebivolol restored vasorelaxation. Further experiments showed levels of p-AMPKα (Thr172)/AMPKα, which controls iNOS expression and eNOS activity, to have been reduced. Furthermore, levels of the upstream component of AMPK, adiponectin, was reduced in sera of AT1-AA positive rats and supplementation of adiponectin significantly decreased ET-1 contents, improved endothelial-dependent vasodilation, reduced NO production, elevated p-VASP/VASP, inhibited protein expression of nitrotyrosine and gp91phox, reduced iNOS overexpression, and increased eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1177 in the thoracic aorta of AT1-AA positive rats. These results established that impairment NO-cGMP pathway may aggravate the endothelial-dependent smooth muscle relaxation disorder in AT1-AA positive rats and adiponectin improved endothelial-dependent smooth muscle relaxation disorder by enhancing NO-cGMP pathway. This discovery may shed a novel light on clinical treatment of vascular diseases associated with AT1-AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Suli Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yuhui Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiaochen Yin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xinliang Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadephia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Huirong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Kang ES, Hwang JS, Lee WJ, Lee GH, Choi MJ, Paek KS, Lim DS, Seo HG. Ligand-activated PPARδ inhibits angiotensin II-stimulated hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells by targeting ROS. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210482. [PMID: 30620754 PMCID: PMC6324793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) on angiotensin II (Ang II)-triggered hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Activation of PPARδ by GW501516, a specific ligand of PPARδ, significantly inhibited Ang II-stimulated protein synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner, as determined by [3H]-leucine incorporation. GW501516-activated PPARδ also suppressed Ang II-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in VSMCs. Transfection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) against PPARδ significantly reversed the effects of GW501516 on [3H]-leucine incorporation and ROS generation, indicating that PPARδ is involved in these effects. By contrast, these GW501516-mediated actions were potentiated in VSMCs transfected with siRNA against NADPH oxidase (NOX) 1 or 4, suggesting that ligand-activated PPARδ elicits these effects by modulating NOX-mediated ROS generation. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 also inhibited Ang II-stimulated [3H]-leucine incorporation and ROS generation by preventing membrane translocation of Rac1. These observations suggest that PPARδ is an endogenous modulator of Ang II-triggered hypertrophy of VSMCs, and is thus a potential target to treat vascular diseases associated with hypertrophic changes of VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sil Kang
- College of Sang-Huh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Seok Hwang
- College of Sang-Huh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Jin Lee
- College of Sang-Huh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyeong Hee Lee
- College of Sang-Huh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Jung Choi
- College of Sang-Huh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Dae-Seog Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Han Geuk Seo
- College of Sang-Huh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Hwang ES, Ok JS, Song S. Chemical and Physical Approaches to Extend the Replicative and Differentiation Potential of Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 12:315-26. [PMID: 27085715 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapies using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are increasing in regenerative medicine, with applications to a growing number of aging-associated dysfunctions and degenerations. For successful therapies, a certain mass of cells is needed, requiring extensive ex vivo expansion of the cells. However, the proliferation of both MSCs and EPCs is limited as a result of telomere shortening-induced senescence. As cells approach senescence, their proliferation slows down and differentiation potential decreases. Therefore, ways to delay senescence and extend the replicative lifespan these cells are needed. Certain proteins and pathways play key roles in determining the replicative lifespan by regulating ROS generation, damage accumulation, or telomere shortening. And, their agonists and gene activators exert positive effects on lifespan. In many of the treatments, importantly, the lifespan is extended with the retention of differentiation potential. Furthermore, certain culture conditions, including the use of specific atmospheric conditions and culture substrates, exert positive effects on not only the proliferation rate, but also the extent of proliferation and differentiation potential as well as lineage determination. These strategies and known underlying mechanisms are introduced in this review, with an evaluation of their pros and cons in order to facilitate safe and effective MSC expansion ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seong Hwang
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoulsiripdaero 163, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Soo Ok
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoulsiripdaero 163, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - SeonBeom Song
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoulsiripdaero 163, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
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Han L, Shen WJ, Bittner S, Kraemer FB, Azhar S. PPARs: regulators of metabolism and as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease. Part II: PPAR-β/δ and PPAR-γ. Future Cardiol 2017; 13:279-296. [PMID: 28581362 PMCID: PMC5941699 DOI: 10.2217/fca-2017-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The PPARs are a subfamily of three ligand-inducible transcription factors, which belong to the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors. In mammals, the PPAR subfamily consists of three members: PPAR-α, PPAR-β/δ and PPAR-γ. PPARs control the expression of a large number of genes involved in metabolic homeostasis, lipid, glucose and energy metabolism, adipogenesis and inflammation. PPARs regulate a large number of metabolic pathways that are implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases such as metabolic syndrome, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this review is to provide up-to-date information about the biochemical and metabolic actions of PPAR-β/δ and PPAR-γ, the therapeutic potential of their agonists currently under clinical development and the cardiovascular disease outcome of clinical trials of PPAR-γ agonists, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Geriatrics Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wen-Jun Shen
- Geriatrics Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stefanie Bittner
- Geriatrics Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Geriatrics Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Salman Azhar
- Geriatrics Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Gabrielson M, Vorkapic E, Folkesson M, Welander M, Matussek A, Dimberg J, Länne T, Skogberg J, Wågsäter D. Altered PPARγ Coactivator-1 Alpha Expression in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Possible Effects on Mitochondrial Biogenesis. J Vasc Res 2016; 53:17-26. [DOI: 10.1159/000446653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Shao J, Wang P, Liu A, Du X, Bai J, Chen M. Punicalagin Prevents Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension via Anti-Oxidant Effects in Rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2016; 44:785-801. [PMID: 27222062 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x16500439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Punicalagin (PG), a major bioactive ingredient in pomegranate juice, has been proven to have anti-oxidative stress properties and to exert protective effects on acute lung injuries induced by lipopolysaccharides. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PG treatment on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) and the underlying mechanisms responsible for the effects. Rats were exposed to 10% oxygen for 2 wk (8 h/day) to induce the HPH model. PG (5, 15, 45[Formula: see text]mg/kg) was orally administered 10[Formula: see text]min before hypoxia each day. PG treatments at the doses of 15 and 45[Formula: see text]mg/kg/d decreased the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and alleviated right ventricular hypertrophy and vascular remodeling in HPH rats. Meanwhile, PG treatment attenuated the hypoxia-induced endothelial dysfunction of pulmonary artery rings. The beneficial effects of PG treatment were associated with improved nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP signaling and reduced oxidative stress, as evidenced by decreased superoxide generation, gp91[Formula: see text] expression and nitrotyrosine content in the pulmonary arteries. Furthermore, tempol’s scavenging of oxidative stress also increased NO production and attenuated endothelial dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension in HPH rats. Combining tempol and PG did not exert additional beneficial effects compared to tempol alone. Our study indicated for the first time that PG treatment can protect against hypoxia-induced endothelial dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension in rats, which may be induced via its anti-oxidant actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Shao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xi’an Central Hospital Xi’an 710003, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xi’an Central Hospital Xi’an 710003, China
| | - An Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xi’an Central Hospital Xi’an 710003, China
| | - Xusheng Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xi’an Central Hospital Xi’an 710003, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xi’an Central Hospital Xi’an 710003, China
| | - Mingwei Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
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Acute effect of rosiglitazone on relaxation responses in hypercholesterolemic corpus cavernosum. Int J Impot Res 2016; 28:110-3. [PMID: 27030054 DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2016.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improve vascular endothelial dysfunction through non-genomic effects of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor γ. This study investigated the acute effect of one of the TZD, rosiglitazone, on endothelium-dependent relaxation response of corpus cavernosum (CC) in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. New Zealand rabbits were divided into two groups randomly as control and cholesterol groups. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by feeding rabbits with 2% cholesterol diet (w/w) for 6 weeks. Endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation response of CC were evaluated in the presence of rosiglitazone by organ bath studies with cumulative doses of acetylcholine (Ach) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Maximal relaxation (Emax) response to Ach significantly decreased owing to hypercholesterolemia in CC tissues. However, in vitro incubation of rosiglitazone with different concentrations (0.1, 1 and 10 μm) did not improve the Ach-dependent Emax responses in hypercholesterolemic rabbit CC. Surprisingly, rosiglitazone caused a significant decrease in Ach-dependent relaxation in healthy CC. Emax responses to SNP did not differ in the presence of rosiglitazone in both the control and hypercholesterolemic groups. Rosiglitazone does not improve hypercholesterolemia-induced endothelial dysfunction in CC tissues while it dose-dependently impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation in healthy CC tissue.
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Rai S, Bhatnagar S. Hyperlipidemia, Disease Associations, and Top 10 Potential Drug Targets: A Network View. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 20:152-68. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Rai
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonika Bhatnagar
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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Zhu D, Wang H, Zhang J, Zhang X, Xin C, Zhang F, Lee Y, Zhang L, Lian K, Yan W, Ma X, Liu Y, Tao L. Irisin improves endothelial function in type 2 diabetes through reducing oxidative/nitrative stresses. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Masseau I, Bowles DK. Carotid Endothelial VCAM-1 Is an Early Marker of Carotid Atherosclerosis and Predicts Coronary Artery Disease in Swine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:789-796. [PMID: 26702331 PMCID: PMC4685706 DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2015.811075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective The aim was to determine if endothelial VCAM-1 (eVCAM-1) expression in the common carotid artery (CCA) would correlate with predictive markers of atherosclerotic disease, would precede reduction of markers of endothelial cell function and would predict coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods and results Carotid arterial segments (bifurcation, proximal and distal CCA) were harvested from 14 and 24 month-old male castrated familial hypercholesterolemic (FH) swine, a model of spontaneous atherosclerosis. Quantification of local expression of eVCAM-1, intimal macrophage accumulation, oxidative stress, intima-media (I/M) ratio, intima-media thickness (IMT), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and phosphorylated eNOS (p-eNOS) in selected regions of the carotids revealed a relationship between local inflammation and atheroscle-rotic plaque progression. Importantly, inflammation was not uniform throughout the CCA. Endo-thelial VCAM-1 expression was the greatest at the bifurcation and increased with age. Finally, eV-CAM-1 best estimated the severity of CAD compared to blood levels of glucose, hypercholestero-lemia, carotid IMT, and p-eNOS. Conclusion Our data suggested that eVCAM-1 was closely associated with atherosclerotic plaque progression and preceded impairment of EDD. Thus, this study supported the use of carotid VCAM-1 targeting agents to estimate the severity of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Masseau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA ; Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - D K Bowles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA ; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Masseau I, Bowles DK. Carotid Endothelial VCAM-1 Is an Early Marker of Carotid Atherosclerosis and Predicts Coronary Artery Disease in Swine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2015.811073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Cai X, Li X, Li L, Huang XZ, Liu YS, Chen L, Zhang K, Wang L, Li X, Song J, Li S, Zhang Y, Zhang M. Adiponectin reduces carotid atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoE-/- mice: roles of oxidative and nitrosative stress and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1715-21. [PMID: 25395016 PMCID: PMC4270320 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin (APN) is an important anti-atherogenic adipocytokine. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of adiponectin in atherosclerotic plaque formation and clarify its mechanisms. An atherosclerosis model was induced by in vivo perivascular constrictive silica collar placement on the left common carotid arteries in male apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice. All of the mice were fed a high-fat diet, and divided into phosphate-buffered saline, adenovirus (Ad)-β-galactosidase and Ad-APN treatment groups. Compared with treatment of Ad-β-gal or PBS, Ad-APN treatment markedly reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression, decreased in nitric oxide/superoxide production, blocked peroxynitrite formation and reversed the progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Adiponectin may be a natural molecule that reduces atherosclerosis by inhibiting iNOS and consequently diminishing oxidative/nitrative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Zhen Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Sheng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Ke Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiaonan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jiantao Song
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Shuzhen Li
- Department of Cardiology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Mei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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Hwang ES. Senescence suppressors: their practical importance in replicative lifespan extension in stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4207-19. [PMID: 25052377 PMCID: PMC11113678 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1685-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent animal and clinical studies report promising results for the therapeutic utilization of stem cells in regenerative medicine. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), with their pluripotent nature, have advantages over embryonic stem cells in terms of their availability and feasibility. However, their proliferative activity is destined to slow by replicative senescence, and the limited proliferative potential of MSCs not only hinders the preparation of sufficient cells for in vivo application, but also draws a limitation on their potential for differentiation. This calls for the development of safe and efficient means to increase the proliferative as well as differentiation potential of MSCs. Recent advances have led to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and significance of cellular senescence, facilitating ways to manipulate the replicative lifespan of a variety of primary cells, including MSCs. This paper introduces a class of proteins that function as senescence suppressors. Like tumor suppressors, these proteins are lost in senescence, while their forced expression delays the onset of senescence. Moreover, treatments that increase the expression or the activity of senescence suppressors, therefore, cause expansion of the replicative and differentiation potential of MSCs. The nature of the activities and putative underlying mechanisms of the senescence suppressors will be discussed to facilitate their evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seong Hwang
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemungu, Jeonnongdong 90, Seoul, 130-743, Republic of Korea,
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Ma L, Wang K, Shang J, Cao C, Zhen P, Liu X, Wang W, Zhang H, Du Y, Liu H. Anti-peroxynitrite treatment ameliorated vasorelaxation of resistance arteries in aging rats: involvement with NO-sGC-cGKs pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104788. [PMID: 25117910 PMCID: PMC4130589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Declined vasorelaxation function in aging resistance arteries is responsible for aging-related multiple organ dysfunctions. The aim of the present study is to explore the role of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) in aging resistance arterial vasorelaxation dysfunction and the possible mechanism. In the present study, young (3-4 months olds) and aging (20 months olds) male SD rats were randomized to receive vehicle (Saline) or FeTMPyP (ONOO- scavenger) for 2 weeks. The vasorelaxation of resistance arteries was determined in vitro; NOx level was tested by a colorimetric assay; the expression of nitrotyrosine (NT), soluble Guanylate Cyclase (sGC), vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), phosphorylated VASP (P-VASP) and cGMP in resistance arteries were detected by immunohistochemical staining. In the present study, endothelium-dependent dilation in aging resistance arteries was lower than in those from young rats (young vs. aging: 68.0% ± 4.5% vs. 50.4% ± 2.9%, P<0.01). And the endothelium-independent dilation remained constant. Compared with young rats, aging increased nitrative stress in resistance arteries, evidenced by elevated NOx production in serum (5.3 ± 1.0 nmol/ml vs. 3.3 ± 1.4 nmol/ml, P<0.05) and increased NT expression (P<0.05). ONOO- was responsible for the vasorelaxation dysfunction, evidenced by normalized vasorelaxation after inhibit ONOO- or its sources (P<0.05) and suppressed NT expression after FeTMPyP treatment (P<0.05). The expression of sGC was not significantly different between young and aging resistance arteries, but the cGMP level and P-VASP/VASP ratio (biochemical marker of NO-sGC-cGKs signaling) decreased, which was reversed by FeTMPyP treatment in vivo (P<0.05). The present study suggested that ONOO- mediated the decline of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of aging resistance arteries by induction of the NO-sGC-cGKs pathway dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jianyu Shang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chengzhang Cao
- Department of Chest Surgery, First Hospital of Longyan, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, PR China
| | - Panpan Zhen
- Department of Pathology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yunhui Du
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Huirong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Gounder VK, Arumugam S, Arozal W, Thandavarayan RA, Pitchaimani V, Harima M, Suzuki K, Nomoto M, Watanabe K. Olmesartan protects against oxidative stress possibly through the Nrf2 signaling pathway and inhibits inflammation in daunorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 18:282-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Cholerton B, Baker LD, Craft S. Insulin, cognition, and dementia. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 719:170-179. [PMID: 24070815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive disorders of aging represent a serious threat to the social and economic welfare of current society. It is now widely recognized that pathology related to such conditions, particularly Alzheimer's disease, likely begins years or decades prior to the onset of clinical dementia symptoms. This revelation has led researchers to consider candidate mechanisms precipitating the cascade of neuropathological events that eventually lead to clinical Alzheimer's disease. Insulin, a hormone with potent effects in the brain, has recently received a great deal of attention for its potential beneficial and protective role in cognitive function. Insulin resistance, which refers to the reduced sensitivity of target tissues to the favorable effects of insulin, is related to multiple chronic conditions known to impact cognition and increase dementia risk. With insulin resistance-associated conditions reaching epidemic proportions, the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders will continue to rise exponentially. Fortunately, these chronic insulin-related conditions are amenable to pharmacological intervention. As a result, novel therapeutic strategies that focus on increasing insulin sensitivity in the brain may be an important target for protecting or treating cognitive decline. The following review will highlight our current understanding of the role of insulin in brain, potential mechanisms underlying the link between insulin resistance and dementia, and current experimental therapeutic strategies aimed at improving cognitive function via modifying the brain's insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna Cholerton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laura D Baker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1207, USA
| | - Suzanne Craft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1207, USA.
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Site-specific antioxidative therapy for prevention of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:796891. [PMID: 23738041 PMCID: PMC3657429 DOI: 10.1155/2013/796891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in pathophysiology of aging and age-associated disease. Antioxidative medicine has become a practice for prevention of atherosclerosis. However, limited success in preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals with atherosclerosis using general antioxidants has prompted us to develop a novel antioxidative strategy to prevent atherosclerosis. Reducing visceral adipose tissue by calorie restriction (CR) and regular endurance exercise represents a causative therapy for ameliorating oxidative stress. Some of the recently emerging drugs used for the treatment of CVD may be assigned as site-specific antioxidants. CR and exercise mimetic agents are the choice for individuals who are difficult to continue CR and exercise. Better understanding of molecular and cellular biology of redox signaling will pave the way for more effective antioxidative medicine for prevention of CVD and prolongation of healthy life span.
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Angulo J, Vallejo S, El Assar M, García-Septiem J, Sánchez-Ferrer CF, Rodríguez-Mañas L. Age-related differences in the effects of α and γ peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor subtype agonists on endothelial vasodilation in human microvessels. Exp Gerontol 2012; 47:734-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Taguchi K, Okada A, Yasui T, Kobayashi T, Ando R, Tozawa K, Kohri K. Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ agonist, decreases renal crystal deposition, oxidative stress and inflammation in hyperoxaluric rats. J Urol 2012; 188:1002-11. [PMID: 22819112 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Kidney stone disease has characteristics similar to those of metabolic syndrome, including inflammation and oxidative stress. The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ agonist pioglitazone (AK Scientific, Union, California) is used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus with an adjunctive effect that improves glycemic control and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. We investigated the preventive effects of pioglitazone for stone formation in a hyperoxaluric rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS We divided Sprague-Dawley® rats into a control group, a 1% ethylene glycol group and a 1% ethylene glycol plus 10 mg/kg pioglitazone group. Blood and 24-hour urine samples, and kidney sections were collected on days 7, 14 and 28. We examined crystal formation using Pizzolato staining and polarized light optical microscopy. We also evaluated cell injury, apoptosis and oxidative stress with N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and TUNEL assay. Expression of crystal and inflammation related genes was examined by immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Kidney crystal formation was significantly less in the ethylene glycol plus pioglitazone group than in the ethylene glycol group. Cell injury, apoptosis and oxidative stress markedly decreased after pioglitazone administration. Expression of osteopontin and ED1 for proinflammatory macrophages was lower in the ethylene glycol plus pioglitazone group than in the ethylene glycol group while that of ED2 for anti-inflammatory macrophages was the same in the 2 groups. Linear regression analysis showed a significant change in the correlation coefficient with pioglitazone treatment between Spp1 and Sod1 expression, and the amount of crystals. CONCLUSIONS Pioglitazone suppressed kidney crystal formation through renal tubular cell protection, and antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in hyperoxaluric rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Taguchi
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Kavak S, Ayaz L, Emre M. Effects of rosiglitazone with insulin combination therapy on oxidative stress and lipid profile in left ventricular muscles of diabetic rats. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:905683. [PMID: 22829806 PMCID: PMC3398630 DOI: 10.1155/2012/905683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we tested the hypothesis that rosiglitazone (RSG) with insulin is able to quench oxidative stress initiated by high glucose through prevention of NAD(P)H oxidase activation. METHODS AND MATERIALS Male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into an untreated control group (C), a diabetic group (D) that was treated with a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (45 mg kg(-1)), and rosiglitazone group that was treated with RSG twice daily by gavage and insulin once daily by subcutaneous injection (group B). HbA1c and blood glucose levels in the circulation and malondialdehyde and 3-nitrotyrosine levels in left ventricular muscle were measured. RESULT Treatment of D rats with group B resulted in a time-dependent decrease in blood glucose. We found that the lipid profile and HbA1c levels in group B reached the control group D rat values at the end of the treatment period. There was an increase in 3-nitrotyrosine levels in group D compared to group C. Malondialdehyde and 3-nitrotyrosine levels were found to be decreased in group B compared to group D (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our data suggests that the treatment of diabetic rats with group B for 8 weeks may decrease the oxidative/nitrosative stress in left ventricular tissue of rats. Thus, in diabetes-related vascular diseases, group B treatment may be cardioprotective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servet Kavak
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65100 Van, Turkey.
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Krishna SM, Seto SW, Moxon JV, Rush C, Walker PJ, Norman PE, Golledge J. Fenofibrate increases high-density lipoprotein and sphingosine 1 phosphate concentrations limiting abdominal aortic aneurysm progression in a mouse model. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:706-18. [PMID: 22698985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
There are currently no acceptable treatments to limit progression of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Increased serum concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are associated with reduced risk of developing an AAA. The present study aimed to assess the effects of fenofibrate on aortic dilatation in a mouse model of AAA. Male low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr(-/-)) mice were maintained on a high-fat diet for 3 weeks followed by 6 weeks of oral administration of vehicle or fenofibrate. From 14 to 18 weeks of age, all mice were infused with angiotensin II (AngII). At 18 weeks of age, blood and aortas were collected for assessment of serum lipoproteins, aortic pathology, aortic Akt1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activities, immune cell infiltration, eNOS and inducible NOS (iNOS) expression, sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P) receptor status, and apoptosis. Mice receiving fenofibrate had reduced suprarenal aortic diameter, reduced aortic arch Sudan IV staining, higher serum HDL levels, increased serum S1P concentrations, and increased aortic Akt1 and eNOS activities compared with control mice. Macrophages, T lymphocytes, and apoptotic cells were less evident and eNOS, iNOS, and S1P receptors 1 and 3 were up-regulated in aortas from mice receiving fenofibrate. The present findings suggest that fenofibrate antagonizes AngII-induced AAA and atherosclerosis by up-regulating serum HDL and S1P levels, with associated activation of NO-producing enzymes and reduction of aortic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti M Krishna
- Vascular Biology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Lee H, Ham SA, Kim MY, Kim JH, Paek KS, Kang ES, Kim HJ, Hwang JS, Yoo T, Park C, Kim JH, Lim DS, Han CW, Seo HG. Activation of PPARδ counteracts angiotensin II-induced ROS generation by inhibiting rac1 translocation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:912-9. [PMID: 22519881 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.687448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II)-mediated modification of the redox milieu of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) has been implicated in several pathophysiological processes, including cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. In this study, we demonstrate that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) δ counteracts Ang II-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in VSMCs. Activation of PPARδ by GW501516, a specific ligand for PPARδ, significantly reduced Ang II-induced ROS generation in VSMCs. This effect was, however, reversed in the presence of small interfering (si)RNA against PPARδ. The marked increase in ROS levels induced by Ang II was also eliminated by the inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) but not of protein kinase C, suggesting the involvement of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway in this process. Accordingly, ablation of Akt with siRNA further enhanced the inhibitory effects of GW501516 in Ang II-induced superoxide production. Ligand-activated PPARδ also blocked Ang II-induced translocation of Rac1 to the cell membrane, inhibiting the activation of NADPH oxidases and consequently ROS generation. These results indicate that ligand-activated PPARδ plays an important role in the cellular response to oxidative stress by decreasing ROS generated by Ang II in vascular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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Sgarra L, Addabbo F, Potenza MA, Montagnani M. Determinants of evolving metabolic and cardiovascular benefit/risk profiles of rosiglitazone therapy during the natural history of diabetes: molecular mechanisms in the context of integrated pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E1171-82. [PMID: 22374753 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00038.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone is a thiazolidinedione, a synthetic PPARγ receptor agonist with insulin-sensitizing properties that is used as an antidiabetic drug. In addition to improving glycemic control through actions in metabolic target tissues, rosiglitazone has numerous biological actions that impact on cardiovascular homeostasis. Some of these actions are helpful (e.g., improving endothelial function), whereas others are potentially harmful (e.g., promoting fluid retention). Since cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are major endpoints for diabetes, it is essential to understand how the natural history of diabetes alters the net benefits and risks of rosiglitazone therapy. This complex issue is an important determinant of optimal use of rosiglitazone and is critical for understanding cardiovascular safety issues. We give special attention to the effects of rosiglitazone in diabetic patients with stable coronary artery disease and the impact of rosiglitazone actions on atherosclerosis and plaque instability. This provides a rational conceptual framework for predicting evolving benefit/risk profiles that inform optimal use of rosiglitazone in the clinical setting and help explain the results of recent large clinical intervention trials where rosiglitazone had disappointing cardiovascular outcomes. Thus, in this perspective, we describe what is known about the molecular mechanisms of action of rosiglitazone on cardiovascular targets in the context of the evolving pathophysiology of diabetes over its natural history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sgarra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Medical School, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Oxidative/nitrosative stress and protein damages in aqueous humor of hyperglycemic rabbits: effects of two oral antidiabetics, pioglitazone and repaglinide. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:653678. [PMID: 22474428 PMCID: PMC3303562 DOI: 10.1155/2012/653678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to determine oxidative/nitrosative stress in aqueous humor of alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rabbits and to investigate the effects of two oral antidiabetic drugs, pioglitazone from peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists and repaglinide from nonsulfonylurea KATP channel blockers. Ascorbic acid (AA), glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant status (TAS), lipid peroxidation products (LPO), total nitrites (NO2), advanced oxidized protein products (AOPP), and protein carbonyl groups (PCG) were determined using respective colorimetric and ELISA methods.
In our hyperglycemic animals, AA decreased by 77%, GSH by 45%, and TAS by 66% as compared to control animals. Simultaneously, LPO increased by 78%, PCG by 60%, AOPP by 84%, and NO2 by 70%. In pioglitazone-treated animals, AA and TAS increased above control values while GSH and PCG were normalized. In turn, LPO was reduced by 54%, AOPP by 84%, and NO2 by 24%, in relation to hyperglycemic rabbits. With repaglinide, AA and TAS were normalized, GSH increased by 20%, while LPO decreased by 45%.
Our results show that pioglitazone and repaglinide differ significantly in their ability to ameliorate the parameters like NO2, PCG, and AOPP. In this area, the multimodal action of pioglitazone as PPARγ agonist is probably essential.
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Wang X, Tao L, Hai CX. Redox-regulating role of insulin: the essence of insulin effect. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 349:111-27. [PMID: 21878367 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is well-known that insulin acts as an important hormone, controlling energy metabolism, cellular proliferation and biosynthesis of functional molecules to maintain a biological homeostasis. Over the past few years, intensive insulin therapy has been believed to be benefit for the outcome of diabetic patients, in which the suppression of oxidative stress plays a role. Moreover, insulin is accepted as a key component of glucose-insulin-potassium, a treatment which has been believed to exert significant cardiovascular protective effect via the reduction of oxidative stress. Furthermore, accumulating evidence has suggested that insulin exerts important redox-regulating actions in various insulin-sensitive target organs, implying the systematic antioxidative role of insulin as a hormone. It is time for us to revisit insulin effects, through summarizing and evaluating the novel functions of insulin and their mechanisms. This review focuses on the antioxidative effect of insulin and highlights insulin-induced regulation of various antioxidant enzymes via insulin signaling pathways and the cross talk between key transcription factors, including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) which are responsible for the transcription of antioxidant enzymes, leading to reduced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the enhancement of the elimination of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Preventive Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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Magri CJ, Gatt N, Xuereb RG, Fava S. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and the endothelium: implications in cardiovascular disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2012; 9:1279-94. [PMID: 21985541 DOI: 10.1586/erc.11.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-γ (PPARγs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that play a crucial regulatory role in the transcription of a large number of genes involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation. In addition to physiological ligands, synthetic ligands (the thiazoledinediones) have been developed. In spite of the much publicized adverse cardiovascular effects of one such thiazoledinedione (rosiglitazone), PPARγ activation may have beneficial cardiovascular effects. In this article we review the effects of PPARγ activation on the endothelium with special emphasis on the possible implications in cardiovascular disease. We discuss its possible role in inflammation, vasomotor function, thrombosis, angiogenesis, vascular aging and vascular rhythm. We also briefly review the clinical implications of these lines of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Jane Magri
- Department of Cardiac Services, Mater Dei Hospital, Tal-Qroqq, Msida MSD 2090, Malta
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Jialal I, Kaur H. The Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Diabetes-Induced Inflammation: Implications for Vascular Complications. Curr Diab Rep 2012; 12:172-179. [PMID: 22314791 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-012-0258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes confers an increased risk for both microvascular and macrovascular complications. Numerous studies have reported increased levels of biomarkers of inflammation that could predispose to vascular complications. The pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune response, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), especially TLR2 and TLR4, have been incriminated in both atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. Studies have reported increased expression and activity of these receptors in both type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Most recently, knockout of TLR2 has been shown to attenuate the proinflammatory state of T1DM and the progression of diabetic nephropathy. The increased activity of TLRs in diabetes could be the result of a conspiracy of both endogenous and exogenous ligands. Biomediators of increased TLR2 and TLR4 activity include tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and type 1 interferons. Modulating these TLRs could be beneficial in forestalling diabetic complications given the pivotal role of inflammation in both microvascular and macrovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwarlal Jialal
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA,
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Abstract
Diabetes is a mutifactorial metabolic disorder that leads to a number of complications. Diabetes is estimated to affect 36 million people in the U.S.A., and the prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes is at 9.3% and continues to rise. Evidence from experimental animal models as well as humans has indicated that systemic inflammation plays a role in the pathophysiological processes of diabetes and is facilitated by innate immune responses. TLRs (Toll-like receptors) are key innate immune receptors that recognize conserved PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns), induce inflammatory responses essential for host defences and initiate an adaptive immune response. Although TLR expression is increased in a plethora of inflammatory disorders, the effects of metabolic aberrations on TLRs and their role in diabetes and its complications is still emerging. In the present paper, we provide a systematic review on how TLRs play a detrimental role in the pathogenic processes [increased blood sugar, NEFAs (non-esterified 'free' fatty acids), cytokines and ROS (reactive oxygen species)] that manifest diabetes. Furthermore, we will highlight some of the therapeutic strategies targeted at decreasing TLRs to abrogate inflammation in diabetes that may eventually result in decreased complications.
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Paraoxonase activity and expression is modulated by therapeutics in experimental rat nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease. Int J Hepatol 2012; 2012:265305. [PMID: 22536512 PMCID: PMC3321281 DOI: 10.1155/2012/265305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of rosiglitazone, metformin, ezetimibe, and valsartan (alone or in combinations) on paraoxonase (PON) activity and PON-mRNA expression in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods. 54 Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided to 9 groups: chow diet group (15 weeks); methionine-choline-deficient diet (MCDD) group (15 weeks); MCDD-treated groups for the last 6 weeks with either metformin (M), rosiglitazone (R), metformin plus rosiglitazone (M+R), ezetimibe (E), valsartan (V), or a combination of R+M+V or of R+M+V+E for a total period of 15 weeks. Results. PON activities in serum and liver were decreased in MCDD rats. PON activity in serum increased significantly in all treatment groups. PON activity in liver was also increased significantly, except only in groups R, E, V, R+M+V, and R+M+V+E. Liver PON3 mRNA expression increased significantly in groups R+M, E, V, R+M+V, and R+M+V+E whereas liver PON2 mRNA expression increased significantly in MCDD, R+M, E, V, R+M+V, and R+M+V+E. Conclusions. PON activities in serum and liver were decreased in NAFLD. Treatment with insulin sensitizers, ezetimibe, and valsartan increased PON activity and reduced oxidative stress both in serum and liver.
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Perampaladas K, Gori T, Parker JD. Rosiglitazone Causes Endothelial Dysfunction in Humans. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2011; 17:260-5. [DOI: 10.1177/1074248411425490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Perampaladas
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospitals, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tommaso Gori
- Department of Cardiology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - John D. Parker
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospitals, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Morrison A, Yan X, Tong C, Li J. Acute rosiglitazone treatment is cardioprotective against ischemia-reperfusion injury by modulating AMPK, Akt, and JNK signaling in nondiabetic mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H895-902. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00137.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone (RGZ), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonist, has been demonstrated to possess cardioprotective properties during ischemia-reperfusion. However, this notion remains controversial as recent evidence has suggested an increased risk in cardiac events associated with long-term use of RGZ in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that acute RGZ treatment is beneficial during I/R by modulating cardioprotective signaling pathways in a nondiabetic mouse model. RGZ (1 μg/g) was injected intravenously via the tail vein 5 min before reperfusion. Myocardial infarction was significantly reduced in mice treated with RGZ compared with vehicle controls (8.7% ± 1.1% vs. 20.2% ± 2.5%, P < 0.05). Moreover, isolated hearts were subjected to 20 min of global, no-flow ischemia in an ex vivo heart perfusion system. Postischemic recovery was significantly improved with RGZ treatment administered at the onset of reperfusion compared with vehicle ( P < 0.001). Immunoblot analysis data revealed that the levels of both phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase (Thr172) and phospho-Akt (Ser473) were significantly upregulated when RGZ was administered 5 min before reperfusion compared with vehicle. On the other hand, inflammatory signaling [phospho-JNK (Thr183/Tyr185)] was significantly downregulated as a result of RGZ treatment compared with vehicle ( P < 0.05). Intriguingly, pretreatment with the selective PPAR-γ inhibitor GW-9662 (1 μg/g iv) 10 min before reperfusion significantly attenuated these beneficial effects of RGZ on the ischemic heart. Taken together, acute treatment with RGZ can reduce ischemic injury in a nondiabetic mouse heart via modulation of AMP-activated protein kinase, Akt, and JNK signaling pathways, which is dependent on PPAR-γ activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Morrison
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Xiaoyan Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Chao Tong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
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38
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Morrison A, Li J. PPAR-γ and AMPK – Advantageous targets for myocardial ischemia/reperfusion therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:195-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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40
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Gumieniczek A, Komsta Ł, Chehab MR. Effects of two oral antidiabetics, pioglitazone and repaglinide, on aconitase inactivation, inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress in tissues under alloxan-induced hyperglycemia. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 659:89-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kim HJ, Ham SA, Paek KS, Hwang JS, Jung SY, Kim MY, Jin H, Kang ES, Woo IS, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Chang KC, Han CW, Seo HG. Transcriptional up-regulation of antioxidant genes by PPARδ inhibits angiotensin II-induced premature senescence in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 406:564-9. [PMID: 21352808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) δ as a potential target for therapeutic intervention in Ang II-induced senescence in human vascular smooth muscle cells (hVSMCs). Activation of PPARδ by GW501516, a specific agonist of PPARδ, significantly inhibited the Ang II-induced premature senescence of hVSMCs. Agonist-activated PPARδ suppressed the generation of Ang II-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) with a concomitant reduction in DNA damage. Notably, GW501516 up-regulated the expression of antioxidant genes, such as glutathione peroxidase 1, thioredoxin 1, manganese superoxide dismutase and heme oxygenase 1. siRNA-mediated down-regulation of these antioxidant genes almost completely abolished the effects of GW501516 on ROS production and premature senescence in hVSMCs treated with Ang II. Taken together, the enhanced transcription of antioxidant genes is responsible for the PPARδ-mediated inhibition of premature senescence through sequestration of ROS in hVSMCs treated with Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
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Lakshmanan AP, Watanabe K, Thandavarayan RA, Sari FR, Harima M, Giridharan VV, Soetikno V, Kodama M, Aizawa Y. Telmisartan attenuates oxidative stress and renal fibrosis in streptozotocin induced diabetic mice with the alteration of angiotensin-(1–7)masreceptor expression associated with its PPAR-γ agonist action. Free Radic Res 2011; 45:575-84. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.560149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ren L, Liu N, Zhi H, Li Y, Li Y, Tang R, Sheng Z. Vasculoprotective effects of rosiglitazone through modulating renin-angiotensin system in vivo and vitro. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011; 10:10. [PMID: 21269478 PMCID: PMC3039565 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonist rosiglitazone has been suggested to exert cardiovascular protection through the improvement of lipid metabolism, anti-inflammation, anti-proliferation etc. However, whether renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in the vascular protective effects of PPARγ agonists is not fully understood. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the renin-angiotensin system in vascular protection mediated by PPARγ agonists. Objective To investigate the actions of the renin-angiotensin system in vascular protection mediated by activation of PPARγ in vivo and in vitro. Methods Rats were fed a regular diet (n = 8), a cholesterol-rich diet plus methylthiouracil (80 mg/Kg/day, n = 10), a cholesterol-rich diet plus methylthiouracil and rosiglitazone (4 mg/kg/day, n = 10). The rosiglitazone treatment was started from one month after the start of cholesterol-rich diet plus methylthiouracil, and lasted five months. Cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were pretreated with 1 μmol/L angiotensin II (ANG II) for 6 h and randomly divided into the control group; the ANG II group (1 μmol/L ANG II); the groups respectively treated with different concentration rosiglitazone (20, 30, 50) μmol/L for 12 h; the groups treated with 30 μmol/L rosiglitazone for (6, 12, 24) h. Morphology changes of the aortic tissues were observed by hematoxylin and eosin stain. The VSMC growth was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay. Angiotensin II and expression of angiotensin receptors were determined by radioimmunoassay, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Results After 6 months, lipid deposition, VSMC proliferation and migration toward intima were observed in aortic tissues in the rats on a cholesterol-rich diet plus methylthiouracil, while these pathological changes induced by the cholesterol-rich diet were significantly suppressed by rosiglitazone. In addition, VSMC proliferation induced by ANG II was markedly inhibited by rosiglitazone. Rosiglitazone markedly down-regulated expression of angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) and up-regulated expression of angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) in the aortic tissues and ANG II-treated VSMCs. Conclusions The present study demonstrated that PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone suppressed ANG II-induced VSMC proliferation in vitro and early atherosclerotic formation evoked by cholesterol-rich diet in vivo. These vasculoprotective effects of rosiglitazone were mediated at least partially by reduction in local tissue ANG II concentration, down-regulation of AT1R expression and up-regulation of AT2R expression both at the mRNA and protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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44
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Endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the vascular wall: Mechanisms regulating its expression and enzymatic function. Artery Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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45
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Lim S, Despres JP, Koh KK. Prevention of Atherosclerosis in Overweight/Obese Patients - In Need of Novel Multi-Targeted Approaches -. Circ J 2011; 75:1019-27. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-10-1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Lim
- Division of Endocrinology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine
| | - Jean-Pierre Despres
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval
| | - Kwang Kon Koh
- Division of Cardiology, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center
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Arozal W, Watanabe K, Veeraveedu PT, Ma M, Thandavarayan RA, Sukumaran V, Suzuki K, Kodama M, Aizawa Y. Telmisartan prevents the progression of renal injury in daunorubicin rats with the alteration of angiotensin II and endothelin-1 receptor expression associated with its PPAR-γ agonist actions. Toxicology 2011; 279:91-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ameliorative role of rosiglitazone in hyperhomocysteinemia-induced experimental cardiac hypertrophy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 56:53-9. [PMID: 20351560 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181de308b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study has been designed to explore the beneficial effect of rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma agonist, in hyperhomocysteinemia-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats. The hyperhomocysteinemia was induced in rats by feeding L-methionine (1.7 g/kg per day orally) for 8 weeks. The development of cardiac hypertrophy was assessed by measuring ratio of left ventricular weight to body weight, left ventricular wall thickness, cardiomyocyte diameter, and mean arterial blood pressure. The extent of fibrosis was checked by biochemical and histological assessment of collagen deposition. Moreover, the oxidative stress in heart was measured in terms of an increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, superoxide anion generation, and decrease in reduced glutathione levels. The treatment with rosiglitazone (5 and 10 mg/kg per day orally) started from the first day of administration of L-methionine significantly abolished hyperhomocysteinemia-induced increase in left ventricular weight to body weight ratio, left ventricular wall thickness, cardiomyocyte diameter, collagen deposition, and oxidative stress without affecting serum homocysteine levels in rats. At high dose, rosiglitazone markedly reduced mean arterial blood pressure but at low dose, a significant reduction in mean arterial blood pressure was not observed in hyperhomocysteinemic rats. Hence, our results suggest that rosiglitazone provides benefit in hyperhomocysteinemia-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in a dose-dependent manner and its protective action is independent of change in mean arterial blood pressure and serum homocysteine levels in rats.
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Torres RJDA, Muccioli C, Maia M, Noronha L, Luchini A, Alessi A, Olandoski M, Farah ME, Précoma DB. Sclerochorioretinal abnormalities in hypercholesterolemic rabbits treated with rosiglitazone. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2010; 41:562-71. [PMID: 20795574 DOI: 10.3928/15428877-20100726-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To evaluate early retinal, choroidal, and scleral abnormalities induced by a hypercholesterolemic diet and the prevention of these abnormalities after oral administration of rosiglitazone in rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-four New Zealand rabbits were divided into four study groups: control group, normal diet; group 1, hypercholesterolemic diet; group 2, hypercholesterolemic diet associated with daily administration of 3 mg of rosiglitazone from day 14 after beginning the diet; and group 3, hypercholesterolemic diet associated with daily administration of 3 mg of rosiglitazone since the beginning of the experiment. Sclera and choroid underwent histologic and histomorphometric analyses. Retina underwent immunohistochemical analysis with anti-calretinin and anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibodies. RESULTS No abnormalities were observed in the control group. Group 1 had significant increases in scleral and choroidal thicknesses compared with the control group (P < .01) and group 3 (P < .05). Group 1 presented significant increases in immunoreactivity (P < .001) to the anti-calretinin antibody compared with the other groups. Groups 2 and 3 had significant (P < .002) increases in calretinin immunoreactivity compared with the control group. GFAP was negative in all groups. CONCLUSION The hypercholesterolemic diet induced early retinal, choroidal, and scleral abnormalities. Rosiglitazone preserved the structural anatomy.
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Lu X, Guo X, Karathanasis SK, Zimmerman KM, Onyia JE, Peterson RG, Kassab GS. Rosiglitazone reverses endothelial dysfunction but not remodeling of femoral artery in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2010; 9:19. [PMID: 20482873 PMCID: PMC2891691 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-9-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Endothelial dysfunction precedes atherogenesis and clinical complications in type 2 diabetes. The vascular dysfunction in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats was evaluated at different ages along with the effect of treatment with rosiglitazone (Rosi) on endothelial function and mechanical remodeling. METHODS The Rosi treatment was given to ZDF rats for 3 weeks. The endothelium-dependent vasodilation and alpha-adrenoceptor-dependent vasoconstriction of femoral arteries were studied using an ex-vivo isovolumic myograph. The biomechanical passive property of the arteries was studied in Ca2+-free condition. The expressions of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), alpha-adrenoceptor, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), and elastase were evaluated. RESULTS Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of the femoral artery was blunted at low doses in ZDF rats at 11 weeks of age and attenuated at all doses in ZDF rats at 19 weeks of age. The expression of eNOS was consistent with the endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. The alpha-adrenoceptor was activated and the mechanical elastic modulus was increased in ZDF rats at 19 weeks of age. The expressions of alpha-adrenoceptor, MMP9, and elastase were up regulated in ZDF rats at 19 weeks of age. Rosi treatment for 3 weeks restored endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and the expression of eNOS and the adrenoceptor activation at the doses below 10-6 mole/L in ZDF rats at 19 weeks of age. Rosi treatment for 3 weeks did not, however, improve the mechanical properties of blood vessel, the expressions of alpha-adrenoceptor, MMP9, and elastase in ZDF rats. CONCLUSION The endothelial dysfunction and mechanical remodeling are observed as early as 19 weeks of age in ZDF rat. Rosi treatment for 3 weeks improves endothelial function but not mechanical properties.
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MESH Headings
- Adiposity
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/drug therapy
- Diabetic Angiopathies/metabolism
- Diabetic Angiopathies/pathology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Femoral Artery/drug effects
- Femoral Artery/metabolism
- Femoral Artery/pathology
- Femoral Artery/physiopathology
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Myography
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Pancreatic Elastase/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Zucker
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/metabolism
- Rosiglitazone
- Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Triglycerides/blood
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Xiaomei Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sotirios K Karathanasis
- Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46204, USA
- Current Address: AstraZeneca R&D, Molndal, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Ghassan S Kassab
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Surgery, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Chen X, Bing Z, He J, Jiang L, Luo X, Su Y, Kan B, Huang D, Wei Y. Downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma expression in hypertensive atrial fibrillation. Clin Cardiol 2010; 32:337-45. [PMID: 19569080 DOI: 10.1002/clc.20566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous evidence has suggested that either hypertension or atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with systemic inflammation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) has been proved to have anti-inflammatory effects and is implicated as a molecular pathway involved in many cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension. The correlation between PPARgamma inflammation and AF is still unknown. METHODS Using a case-control study design, 57 patients with hypertensive AF (persistent AF: 32, paroxysmal AF: 25) were included into the study groups. A total of 32 age-matched patients with hypertension, but without AF were selected as the control group. The expressions of PPARgamma, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA in monocytes were detected by using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Interleukin-1 (IL-1) was measured by immunoenzymetric methods. RESULTS The PPARgamma mRNA was markedly decreased in the hypertensive AF group as compared with the hypertensive non-AF group, and it was significantly lower in persistent AF than paroxysmal AF (0.222 +/- 0.0702 vs 0.564 +/- 0.0436, P<0.01). TNF-alpha mRNA, IL-6 mRNA, and IL-1 were increased in patients with hypertensive AF compared to the non-AF group and it was even higher in persistent AF than in paroxysmal AF (0.721 +/- 0.0541 vs 0.530 +/- 0.0496, 0.567 +/- 0.044 vs 0.457 +/- 0.0505, 325.61 +/- 88.10 vs 190.65 +/- 59.38, respectively, P<0.01). TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1 were in negative correlation with PPARgamma, the correlation coefficient was -0.854, -0.769, and -0.702, respectively (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS In hypertensive patients, increased inflammatory cytokines were associated with increased incidence of AF and atrial remodeling; PPARgamma may be involved in the pathogenesis of AF by regulation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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