1
|
Han Z, Battaglia F, Udaiyar A, Fooks A, Terlecky SR. An explorative assessment of ChatGPT as an aid in medical education: Use it with caution. MEDICAL TEACHER 2024; 46:657-664. [PMID: 37862566 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2023.2271159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the use of ChatGPT by educators and students in a medical school setting. METHOD This study used the public version of ChatGPT launched by OpenAI on November 30, 2022 (https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt/). We employed prompts to ask ChatGPT to 1) generate a content outline for a session on the topics of cholesterol, lipoproteins, and hyperlipidemia for medical students; 2) produce a list of learning objectives for the session; and 3) write assessment questions with and without clinical vignettes related to the identified learning objectives. We assessed the responses by ChatGPT for accuracy and reliability to determine the potential of the chatbot as an aid to educators and as a "know-it-all" medical information provider for students. RESULTS ChatGPT can function as an aid to educators, but it is not yet suitable as a reliable information resource for educators and medical students. CONCLUSION ChatGPT can be a useful tool to assist medical educators in drafting course and session content outlines and create assessment questions. At the same time, caution must be taken as ChatGPT is prone to providing incorrect information; expert oversight and caution are necessary to ensure the information generated is accurate and beneficial to students. Therefore, it is premature for medical students to use the current version of ChatGPT as a "know-it-all" information provider. In the future, medical educators should work with programming experts to explore and grow the full potential of AI in medical education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Han
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Fortunato Battaglia
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Abinav Udaiyar
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Allen Fooks
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Stanley R Terlecky
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dron JS. The clinical utility of polygenic risk scores for combined hyperlipidemia. Curr Opin Lipidol 2023; 34:44-51. [PMID: 36602940 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Combined hyperlipidemia is the most common lipid disorder and is strongly polygenic. Given its prevalence and associated risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, this review describes the potential for utilizing polygenic risk scores for risk prediction and management of combined hyperlipidemia. RECENT FINDINGS Different diagnostic criteria have led to inconsistent prevalence estimates and missed diagnoses. Given that individuals with combined hyperlipidemia have risk estimates for incident coronary artery disease similar to individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia, early identification and therapeutic management of those affected is crucial. With diagnostic criteria including traits such apolipoprotein B, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride, polygenic risk scores for these traits strongly associate with combined hyperlipidemia and could be used in combination for clinical risk prediction models and developing specific treatment plans for patients. SUMMARY Polygenic risk scores are effective tools in risk prediction of combined hyperlipidemia, can provide insight into disease pathophysiology, and may be useful in managing and guiding treatment plans for patients. However, efforts to ensure equitable polygenic risk score performance across different genetic ancestry groups is necessary before clinical implementation in order to prevent the exacerbation of racial disparities in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S Dron
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Glavinovic T, Thanassoulis G, de Graaf J, Couture P, Hegele RA, Sniderman AD. Physiological Bases for the Superiority of Apolipoprotein B Over Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol as a Marker of Cardiovascular Risk. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e025858. [PMID: 36216435 PMCID: PMC9673669 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.025858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, the European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society stated that apolipoprotein B (apoB) was a more accurate marker of cardiovascular risk than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Since then, the evidence has continued to mount in favor of apoB. This review explicates the physiological mechanisms responsible for the superiority of apoB as a marker of the cardiovascular risk attributable to the atherogenic apoB lipoprotein particles chylomicron remnants, very low-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein particles. First, the nature and relative numbers of these different apoB particles will be outlined. This will make clear why low-density lipoprotein particles are almost always the major determinants of cardiovascular risk and why the concentrations of triglycerides and LDL-C may obscure this relation. Next, the mechanisms that govern the number of very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein particles will be outlined because, except for dysbetalipoproteinemia, the total number of apoB particles determines cardiovascular risk, Then, the mechanisms that govern the cholesterol mass within very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein particles will be reviewed because these are responsible for the discordance between the mass of cholesterol within apoB particles, measured either as LDL-C or non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the number of apoB particles measured as apoB, which creates the superior predictive power of apoB over LDL-C and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Finally, the major apoB dyslipoproteinemias will be briefly outlined. Our objective is to provide a physiological framework for health care givers to understand why apoB is a more accurate marker of cardiovascular risk than LDL-C or non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Glavinovic
- Division of Nephrology, Department of MedicineMcGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - George Thanassoulis
- Mike and Valeria Centre for Cardiovascular Prevention, Department of MedicineMcGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Jacqueline de Graaf
- University of Nijmegen Radboud University Medical CenterDepartment of General Internal MedicineNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Patrick Couture
- Université LavalCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de QuébecQuebecCanada
| | - Robert A. Hegele
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and DentistryWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Allan D. Sniderman
- Mike and Valeria Centre for Cardiovascular Prevention, Department of MedicineMcGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Loh WJ, Watts GF. The Inherited Hypercholesterolemias. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2022; 51:511-537. [PMID: 35963626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Inherited hypercholesterolemias include monogenic and polygenic disorders, which can be very rare (eg, cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX)) or relatively common (eg, familial combined hyperlipidemia [FCH]). In this review, we discuss familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), FH-mimics (eg, polygenic hypercholesterolemia [PH], FCH, sitosterolemia), and other inherited forms of hypercholesterolemia (eg, hyper-lipoprotein(a) levels [hyper-Lp(a)]). The prevalence, genetics, and management of inherited hypercholesterolemias are described and selected guidelines summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wann Jia Loh
- Department of Endocrinology, Changi General Hospital, 2 Simei Street 3, Singapore 529889.
| | - Gerald F Watts
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Victoria Square, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Mild to moderate hypertriglyceridemia usually results from multiple small-effect variants in genes that control triglyceride metabolism. Hypertriglyceridemia is a critical component of the metabolic syndrome but can also occur secondary to several other conditions or drugs. Hypertriglyceridemia frequently is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Statins are the mainstay of CVD prevention in hypertriglyceridemia, but eicosapentaenoic ethyl esters should be added in very-high-risk individuals. Although fibrates lower triglyceride levels, their role in CVD prevention remains unclear. Familial partial lipodystrophy is another relatively rare cause, although its true incidence is unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Chait
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican, Box 358062, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Trinder M, Vikulova D, Pimstone S, Mancini GBJ, Brunham LR. Polygenic architecture and cardiovascular risk of familial combined hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 2021; 340:35-43. [PMID: 34906840 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) is one of the most common inherited lipid phenotypes, characterized by elevated plasma concentrations of apolipoprotein B-100 and triglycerides. The genetic inheritance of FCHL remains poorly understood. The goals of this study were to investigate the polygenetic architecture and cardiovascular risk associated with FCHL. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified individuals with an FCHL phenotype among 349,222 unrelated participants of European ancestry in the UK Biobank using modified versions of 5 different diagnostic criteria. The prevalence of the FCHL phenotype was 11.44% (n = 39,961), 5.01% (n = 17,485), 1.48% (n = 5,153), 1.10% (n = 3,838), and 0.48% (n = 1,688) according to modified versions of the Consensus Conference, Dutch, Mexico, Brunzell, and Goldstein criteria, respectively. We performed discovery, case-control genome-wide association studies for these different FCHL criteria and identified 175 independent loci associated with FCHL at genome-wide significance. We investigated the association of genetic and clinical risk with FCHL and found that polygenic susceptibility to hypercholesterolemia or hypertriglyceridemia and features of metabolic syndrome were associated with greater prevalence of FCHL. Participants with an FCHL phenotype had a similar risk of incident coronary artery disease compared to participants with monogenic familial hypercholesterolemia (adjusted hazard ratio vs controls [95% confidence interval]: 2.72 [2.31-3.21] and 1.90 [1.30-2.78]). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that, rather than being a single genetic entity, the FCHL phenotype represents a polygenic susceptibility to dyslipidemia in combination with metabolic abnormalities. The cardiovascular risk associated with an FCHL phenotype is similar to that of monogenic familial hypercholesterolemia, despite being ∼5x more common.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Trinder
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Diana Vikulova
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Simon Pimstone
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - G B John Mancini
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Liam R Brunham
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vikulova DN, Trinder M, Mancini GBJ, Pimstone SN, Brunham LR. Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia, and Elevated Lipoprotein(a) in Patients With Premature Coronary Artery Disease. Can J Cardiol 2021; 37:1733-1742. [PMID: 34455025 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL), and elevated lipoprotein (a) (Lp[a]) increase risk of premature coronary artery disease (CAD). The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of FH, FCHL, elevated Lp(a) and their impact on management in patients with premature CAD. METHODS We prospectively recruited men ≤ 50 years and women ≤ 55 with obstructive CAD. FH was defined as Dutch Lipid Clinic Network scores ≥ 6. FCHL was defined as apolipoprotein B > 1.2 g/L, triglyceride and total cholesterol > 90th population percentile, and family history of premature cardiovascular disease. Lp(a) ≥ 50 mg/dL was considered to be elevated. RESULTS Among 263 participants, 9.1% met criteria for FH, 12.5% for FCHL, and 19.4% had elevated Lp(a). Among patients with FH, 37.5% had FH-causing DNA variants. Patients with FH, but not other dyslipidemias, were more likely than nondyslipidemic patients to have received lipid-lowering therapy before presenting with CAD (33.3% vs 12.3%, P = 0.04) and combined lipid-lowering therapy after the presentation (41.7% vs 7.7%, P < 0.001). One year after presentation, 58.3%, 54.5%, and 58.8% of patients with FH, FCHL, and elevated Lp(a) had low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) < 1.8 mmol/L, respectively, compared with 68.0 % in reference group. Patients with FCHL were more likely to have non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and apolipoprotein B above recommended lipid goals (70.0% and 87.9%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS FH, FCHL, and elevated Lp(a) are common in patients with premature CAD and have differing impact on treatment and achievement of lipid targets. Assessment for these conditions in patients with premature CAD provides valuable information for individualized management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana N Vikulova
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark Trinder
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - G B John Mancini
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Simon N Pimstone
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Liam R Brunham
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pedro-Botet J, Climent E, Gabarró N, Millán J. Familial combined hyperlipidaemia/polygenic mixed hyperlipidaemia. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2021; 33 Suppl 2:43-49. [PMID: 34006353 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Familial combined hyperlipidaemia (FCH) is the most prevalent form of familial hyperlipidaemia with a multigenic origin and a complex pattern of inheritance. In this respect, FCH is an oligogenic primary lipid disorder due to interaction of genetic variants and mutations with environmental factors. Patients with FCH are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and often have other associated metabolic conditions. Despite its relevance in cardiovascular prevention, FCH is frequently underdiagnosed and very often undertreated. In this review, emphasis is placed on the most recent advances in FCH, in order to increase its awareness and ultimately contribute to improving its clinical control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pedro-Botet
- Unidad de Lípidos y Riesgo Vascular, Hospital del Mar, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España.
| | - Elisenda Climent
- Unidad de Lípidos y Riesgo Vascular, Hospital del Mar, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - Nuria Gabarró
- Unidad de Lípidos, Servicio de Medicina Interna, H. U. Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España
| | - Jesús Millán
- Unidad de Lípidos, Servicio de Medicina Interna, H. U. Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ascertainment Bias in the Association Between Elevated Lipoprotein(a) and Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75:2682-2693. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
10
|
Taghizadeh E, Mirzaei F, Jalilian N, Ghayour Mobarhan M, Ferns GA, Pasdar A. A novel mutation in
USF1
gene is associated with familial combined hyperlipidemia. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:616-623. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eskandar Taghizadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research CenterYasuj University of Medical Sciences Yasuj Iran
| | - Farzaneh Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Nazanin Jalilian
- Department of Clinical biochemistry, School of MedicineKermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Centre, School of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Gordon A. Ferns
- Department of Medical EducationBrighton and Sussex Medical School Perso Falmer Brighton UK
| | - Alireza Pasdar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Medical Genetics Research Centre, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Division of Applied Medicine, Medical School, University of Aberdeen Foresterhill Aberdeen UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Prevalence of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and combined hyperlipidemia phenotype in very young survivors of myocardial infarction and their association with the severity of atheromatous burden. J Clin Lipidol 2019; 13:502-508. [PMID: 30956097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) and combined hyperlipidemia (CHL) phenotype are associated with premature myocardial infarction (MI). OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of HeFH and CHL phenotype among young survivors of MI and compare patients' characteristics with these 2 lipid disorders. METHODS We recruited 382 young survivors of MI (≤40 years). Fasting lipids, lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], apolipoprotein A-1, and apolipoprotein B (apoB) levels were determined. Using the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) algorithm, patients having definite or probable HeFH were identified. Patients with apoB levels >120 mg/dL and triglyceride levels >170 mg/dL (1.92 mmol/L) [>90th percentile of 326 age and sex-matched healthy controls] were classified as having CHL phenotype. Common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT) was measured by B-mode ultrasonography. RESULTS Eighty-one patients (21.2%) had definite/probable HeFH and 62 (16.2%) had CHL phenotype. Twenty-three patients fulfilled the criteria for both HeFH and CHL phenotype and were removed from further comparisons. Patients with HeFH (n = 58) had higher levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, Lp(a), and apoB, whereas patients with CHL phenotype (n = 39) had higher levels of triglycerides and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in patients with CHL phenotype compared to those with HeFH (67.0% vs 16.4%, P < .001). Patients with HeFH had more extensive coronary artery disease (3-vessel disease: 36.2% vs 12.8%, P = .011) and greater right CCA-IMT (0.67 ± 0.11 mm vs 0.56 ± 0.09 mm, P < .001) and left CCA-IMT (0.68 ± 0.10 mm vs 0.56 ± 0.08 mm, P < .001) compared to CHL phenotype patients. CONCLUSIONS Both HeFH and CHL phenotype are common among patients with premature MI. CHL phenotype compared to HeFH is associated with less atheromatous burden in coronary and carotid arteries at the time of first MI.
Collapse
|
12
|
Tanaka S, Ueno T, Tsunemi A, Nakamura Y, Kobayashi H, Hatanaka Y, Haketa A, Fukuda N, Soma M, Abe M. Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency Arising in Type V Dyslipidemia. Intern Med 2019; 58:251-257. [PMID: 30210108 PMCID: PMC6378159 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.0952-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 40-year-old Japanese man presented with child-onset hypertriglyceridemia recently complicated by diabetes mellitus. The patient's diabetes mellitus was maintained, but he had persistent insulin resistance. The patient also had persistent severe hypertriglyceridemia (1,224-4,104 mg/dL), despite the administration of bezafibrate and ezetimibe. Type V dyslipidemia was revealed by agarose gel electrophoresis and the refrigerator test, and a significantly reduced post-heparin lipoprotein lipase mass of 26 ng/mL was confirmed. Genetic testing confirmed two heterozygous LPL variants, p.Tyr88X and p.Gly215Glu in trans; thus, the patient was diagnosed with lipoprotein lipase deficiency. Lipoprotein lipase deficiency typically arises in type I dyslipidemia, but is latent in type V dyslipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Tanaka
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ueno
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Akiko Tsunemi
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakamura
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Hatanaka
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Akira Haketa
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Noboru Fukuda
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Soma
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masanori Abe
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Taghizadeh E, Mardani R, Rostami D, Taghizadeh H, Bazireh H, Hayat SMG. Molecular mechanisms, prevalence, and molecular methods for familial combined hyperlipidemia disease: A review. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:8891-8898. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eskandar Taghizadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences Yasuj Iran
| | - Rajab Mardani
- Department of Biochemistry Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran
| | - Daryoush Rostami
- Department of School Allied Zabol University of Medical Sciences Zabol Iran
| | - Hassan Taghizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences Yasuj Iran
| | - Homa Bazireh
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Tehran Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Winter MP, Wiesbauer F, Blessberger H, Pavo N, Sulzgruber P, Huber K, Wojta J, Distelmaier K, Lang IM, Goliasch G. Lipid profile and long-term outcome in premature myocardial infarction. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48:e13008. [PMID: 30062727 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature myocardial infarction (≤40 years) represents a rare disease with a distinct risk factor profile and a lipid phenotype that is characterized by a predominance of elevated triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. So far high-density and low-density lipoproteins remain the primary targets for risk stratification and treatment evaluation in coronary artery disease, but this strategy might be insensitive in patients with premature myocardial infarction. AIM Aim of this study was to investigate the predictive value of different lipid fractions on long-term cardiovascular outcome in patients with premature myocardial infarction. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 102 consecutive AMI survivors (≤40 years) in this prospective multicentre study and investigated the influence of the familial combined hypercholesterolaemia phenotype and a corresponding multimarker panel of different lipid fractions on cardiovascular outcome. RESULTS Total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, remnant cholesterol and Apo B lipoprotein were significantly higher in patients experiencing MACE as compared to those who did not. The familial combined hypercholesterolaemia phenotype was associated with an unfavourable cardiovascular outcome even after adjustment for potential cofounders (adjusted HR 3.04,95% CI, 1.26-7.34, P = 0.013). Remnant cholesterol revealed the strongest association with MACE (adj.HR 1.94, 95%CI. 1.30-2.99, P = 0.001). Interestingly LDL and HDL revealed no significant impact on cardiovascular outcome in this study cohort. CONCLUSION Non-HDL and remnant cholesterol are strongly associated with an unfavourable outcome in patients with premature myocardial infarction and might be the preferred treatment target for lipid-lowering therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max-Paul Winter
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Wiesbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Blessberger
- Department of Internal Medicine I - Cardiology, Linz General Hospital, Johannes Kepler University School of Medicine, Linz, Austria
| | - Noemi Pavo
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Sulzgruber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kurt Huber
- Third Medical Department, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Wilhelminenhospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Wojta
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria.,Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Distelmaier
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene M Lang
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Goliasch
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fujimoto G, Hayashi K, Yamada S, Kusanagi H, Honma K. Xanthogranulomatosis of the spleen: a case report. Surg Case Rep 2018; 4:36. [PMID: 29675735 PMCID: PMC5908772 DOI: 10.1186/s40792-018-0448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xanthogranulomatous inflammation is recognized as a subtype of cholecystitis; however, it can also occur in other organs. Xanthogranulomatosis of the kidney, bone, ovary, endometrium, vagina, prostate, lymph nodes and pancreas was reported. Herein, we report a case of laparoscopic splenectomy in a patient with xanthogranulomatosis of the spleen that was difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Case presentation A 63-year-old man with a past medical history of hyperlipidemia had gradually growing multiple splenic masses, which were revealed on abdominal ultrasonography. Preoperative imaging suggested hamartoma, extramedullary hematopoiesis, or an inflammatory pseudotumor. Although metastatic splenic tumors and malignant lymphoma are atypical, they were considered in the differential diagnosis. Thus, laparoscopic splenectomy was performed. Pathological results confirmed a diagnosis of splenic xanthogranulomatosis. An increase in the postoperative triglyceride levels indicated that hyperlipidemia was the cause of xanthogranulomatosis of the spleen. Conclusions Xanthogranulomatosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of multiple splenic mass lesions in patients with splenomegaly. Additionally, fine-needle aspiration biopsy should be considered for the preoperative diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goshi Fujimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Ken Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kusanagi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koichi Honma
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gurgel MHC, Montenegro Junior RM, Melo Ponte CM, Sousa TCS, Silva PGB, de Sousa Belém L, Furtado FLB, de Araújo Batista LA, Pereira AC, Santos RD. Metabolic syndrome, diabetes and inadequate lifestyle in first-degree relatives of acute myocardial infarction survivors younger than 45 years old. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:224. [PMID: 29179759 PMCID: PMC5704502 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A premature myocardial infarction (PMI) is usually associated with a familial component. This study evaluated cardiovascular risk factors in first-degree relatives (FDR) of patients with PMI not presenting the familial hypercholesterolemia phenotype. METHODS A cross-sectional study comprising FDR of non-familial hypercholesterolemia patients who suffered a myocardial infarction <45-years age matched for age and sex with individuals without family history of cardiovascular disease. Subjects were evaluated for presence of the metabolic syndrome and its components, lifestyle, statin therapy, and laboratory parameters. RESULTS The sample was composed of 166 FDR of 103 PMI patients and 111 controls. The prevalence of smoking (29.5 vs. 6.3%; p < 0.001), prediabetes (40.4 vs. 27%; p < 0.001), diabetes (19.9 vs. 1.8%; p < 0.001), metabolic syndrome (64.7 vs. 36%; p < 0.001), and dyslipidemia (84.2 vs. 31.2%; p = 0.001) was greater in FDR. There was no difference on the prevalence of abdominal obesity between groups. In addition, FDR presented higher triglycerides (179.0 ± 71.0 vs. 140.0 ± 74.0 mg/dL; p = 0.002), LDL-cholesterol (122.0 ± 36.0 vs. 113.0 ± 35 mg/dL; p = 0.031), non-HDL-cholesterol (157.0 ± 53.0 vs. 141.0 ± 41.0 mg/dL; p = 0.004), and lower HDL-cholesterol (39.0 ± 10.0 vs. 48.0 ± 14.0 mg/dL; p < 0.001) than controls. Thyrotropin levels (2.4 ± 1.6 vs. 1.9 ± 1.0 mUI/L; p = 0.002) were higher in FDR. The risk factor pattern was like the one of index cases. Only 5.9% (n = 10) of FDR were in use of statins. CONCLUSIONS FDR of non-familial hypercholesterolemia patients with PMI presented an elevated prevalence of metabolic abnormalities, inadequate lifestyle and were undertreated for dyslipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Helane C Gurgel
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil.,Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Renan M Montenegro Junior
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. .,, Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, Zip-code: 60416-200. Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexandre C Pereira
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raul D Santos
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ellis KL, Pang J, Chan DC, Hooper AJ, Bell DA, Burnett JR, Watts GF. Familial combined hyperlipidemia and hyperlipoprotein(a) as phenotypic mimics of familial hypercholesterolemia: Frequencies, associations and predictions. J Clin Lipidol 2016; 10:1329-1337.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
18
|
Ellis KL, Hooper AJ, Burnett JR, Watts GF. Progress in the care of common inherited atherogenic disorders of apolipoprotein B metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2016; 12:467-84. [PMID: 27199287 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolaemia, familial combined hyperlipidaemia (FCH) and elevated lipoprotein(a) are common, inherited disorders of apolipoprotein B metabolism that markedly accelerate the onset of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). These disorders are frequently encountered in clinical lipidology and need to be accurately identified and treated in both index patients and their family members, to prevent the development of premature ASCVD. The optimal screening strategies depend on the patterns of heritability for each condition. Established therapies are widely used along with lifestyle interventions to regulate levels of circulating lipoproteins. New therapeutic strategies are becoming available, and could supplement traditional approaches in the most severe cases, but their long-term cost-effectiveness and safety have yet to be confirmed. We review contemporary developments in the understanding, detection and care of these highly atherogenic disorders of apolipoprotein B metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina L Ellis
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, PO Box X2213, Perth, Western Australia 6847, Australia
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia and Curtin University, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Amanda J Hooper
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, PO Box X2213, Perth, Western Australia 6847, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth Hospital and Fiona Stanley Hospital Network, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - John R Burnett
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, PO Box X2213, Perth, Western Australia 6847, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth Hospital and Fiona Stanley Hospital Network, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Lipid Disorders Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Wellington Street Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, PO Box X2213, Perth, Western Australia 6847, Australia
- Lipid Disorders Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Wellington Street Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Combined hyperlipidemia (CHL) is a complex phenotype that is commonly encountered clinically and is often associated with the expression of early heart disease. The affixed adjective 'familial' gives the impression that the trait is monogenic, like familial hypercholesterolemia. But despite significant efforts, genetic studies have yielded little evidence of single gene determinants of CHL. RECENT FINDINGS Sophisticated linkage studies suggest that individual lipid components of the CHL phenotype - such as elevated LDL and triglyceride - each have several determinants that segregate independently in families. Furthermore, DNA sequencing shows that rare large-effect variants in genes such as LDL receptor (LDLR) and lipoprotein lipase are found in some CHL patients, explaining the elevated LDL cholesterol and triglyceride components, respectively. In addition, multiple common small-effect lipid-altering variants accumulate in an individual's genome, raising the LDL cholesterol and/or triglyceride components by multiple mechanisms. Finally, secondary factors, such as poor diet, obesity,fatty liver or diabetes further modulate the expression of the biochemically defined CHL phenotype. SUMMARY Given the current state of genetic understanding, CHL may be best conceptualized as a syndrome with common clinical presentation but multigenic causes, similar to other common conditions such as type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Brahm
- Department of Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Contribution of mutations in low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) genes to familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL): A reappraisal by using a resequencing approach. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:618-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
21
|
Di Taranto MD, Staiano A, D'Agostino MN, D'Angelo A, Bloise E, Morgante A, Marotta G, Gentile M, Rubba P, Fortunato G. Association of USF1 and APOA5 polymorphisms with familial combined hyperlipidemia in an Italian population. Mol Cell Probes 2014; 29:19-24. [PMID: 25308402 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH) is a polygenic and multifactorial disease characterized by a variable phenotype showing increased levels of triglycerides and/or cholesterol. The aim of this study was to identify single nucleotides (SNPs) in lipid-related genes associated with FCH. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty SNPs in lipid-related genes were studied in 142 control subjects and 165 FCH patients after excluding patients with mutations in the LDLR gene and patients with the E2/E2 genotype of APOE. In particular, we studied the 9996G > A (rs2073658) and 11235C > T (rs3737787) variants in the Upstream Stimulatory Factor 1 gene (USF1), and the -1131T > C (rs662799) and S19W (rs3135506) variants in the Apolipoprotein A-V gene (APOA5). We found that the frequencies of these variants differed between patients and controls and that are associated with different lipid profiles. At multivariate logistic regression SNP S19W in APOA5 remained significantly associated with FCH independently of age, sex, BMI, cholesterol and triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the USF1 and APOA5 polymorphisms are associated with FCH and that the S19W SNP in the APOA5 gene is associated to the disease independently of total cholesterol, triglycerides and BMI. However, more extensive studies including other SNPs such as rs2516839 in USF1, are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonino Staiano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università di Napoli Parthenope, Isola C4, Centro Direzionale, 80143 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Nicoletta D'Agostino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy; CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C. a r.l., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonietta D'Angelo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy; CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C. a r.l., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Elena Bloise
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C. a r.l., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alberto Morgante
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C. a r.l., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gennaro Marotta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Gentile
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo Rubba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuliana Fortunato
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy; CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C. a r.l., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mata P, Alonso R, Ruíz-Garcia A, Díaz-Díaz JL, González N, Gijón-Conde T, Martínez-Faedo C, Morón I, Arranz E, Aguado R, Argueso R, Perez de Isla L. [Familial combined hyperlipidemia: consensus document]. Semergen 2014; 40:374-80. [PMID: 25131181 DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH) is a frequent disorder associated with premature coronary artery disease. It is transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner, although there is not a unique gene involved. The diagnosis is performed using clinical criteria, and variability in lipid phenotype and family history of hyperlipidemia are necessaries. Frequently, the disorder is associated with type2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and central obesity. Patients with FCH are considered as high cardiovascular risk and the lipid target is an LDL-cholesterol <100mg/dL, and <70mg/dL if cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes are present. Patients with FCH require lipid lowering treatment using potent statins and sometimes, combined lipid-lowering treatment. Identification and management of other cardiovascular risk factors as type 2 diabetes and hypertension are fundamental to reduce cardiovascular disease burden. This document gives recommendations for the diagnosis and global treatment of patients with FCH directed to specialists and general practitioners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mata
- Fundación Hipercolesterolemia Familiar, Madrid, España.
| | - Rodrigo Alonso
- Clínica de Lípidos, Medicina Interna, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España
| | - Antonio Ruíz-Garcia
- Atención Primaria, Unidad de Lípidos y Prevención Cardiovascular, Centro de Salud, Pinto, Madrid, España
| | - Jose L Díaz-Díaz
- Clínica de Lípidos, Medicina Interna, Hospital Abente y Lago, A Coruña, España
| | - Noemí González
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, España
| | - Teresa Gijón-Conde
- Centro de Salud Cerro del Aire, Majadahonda, Universidad Autónoma, Majadahonda, Madrid, España
| | | | | | | | - Rocío Aguado
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Hospital Universitario de León, León, España
| | - Rosa Argueso
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Hospital de Lugo, Lugo, España
| | - Leopoldo Perez de Isla
- Unidad de Imagen Cardiovascular, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mateo-Gallego R, Perez-Calahorra S, Cofán M, Baila-Rueda L, Cenarro A, Ros E, Puzo J, Civeira F. Serum lipid responses to weight loss differ between overweight adults with familial hypercholesterolemia and those with familial combined hyperlipidemia. J Nutr 2014; 144:1219-26. [PMID: 24899155 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.191775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of weight loss on lipids differs among individuals, although whether it can modify the management of hereditary hyperlipidemias has not yet been explored. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of weight loss on cholesterol metabolism, assessed by circulating noncholesterol sterols, in overweight adults with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL). We conducted a 6-mo weight loss intervention in untreated individuals (FH: n = 28; FCHL: n = 50) with a body mass index of >25 kg/m(2) and mean age of 46.9 ± 11.3 y, of whom 53.8% were men. A hypocaloric diet was implemented and serum lipid analyses, including noncholesterol sterols, were assessed. Global significant mean weight losses of 5.7 kg (-6.6%) and 6.6 kg (-7.6%) were achieved after 3 and 6 mo, respectively. Mean non-HDL cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) changes at 3 and 6 mo compared with baseline were -5.8% (P = 0.004) and -7.1% (P = 0.014), and -30.1% (P < 0.001) and -31.4% (P < 0.001), respectively. Among participants who lost ≥5% body weight, only significant changes in TGs and non-HDL cholesterol were observed in FCHL participants. Sterol precursors of cholesterol synthesis decreased significantly by 10.4% at 6 mo in FCHL participants, mostly because of a 23.9% lathosterol reduction. Baseline synthesis precursors were associated with TG reduction in FCHL participants (P = 0.039; R(2) = 0.20), and intestinally derived sterols were inversely associated with non-HDL cholesterol changes in FH participants (P = 0.036; R(2) = 0.21). Thus, FCHL participants had a better lipid-lowering response to weight loss than did FH participants. This response was positively associated with baseline cholesterol synthesis, which was reduced by weight loss. Our results confirm the cholesterol overproduction mechanism of FCHL and its interaction with fat mass, while also supporting the differential management of familial hyperlipidemias if obesity coexists. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01995149.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Mateo-Gallego
- Unidad de Lípidos and Laboratorio de Investigación Molecular, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sofía Perez-Calahorra
- Unidad de Lípidos and Laboratorio de Investigación Molecular, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Montserrat Cofán
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Lucía Baila-Rueda
- Unidad de Lípidos and Laboratorio de Investigación Molecular, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Cenarro
- Unidad de Lípidos and Laboratorio de Investigación Molecular, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Emilio Ros
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - José Puzo
- Unidad de Lípidos, Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital San Jorge, Huesca, Spain
| | - Fernando Civeira
- Unidad de Lípidos and Laboratorio de Investigación Molecular, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud, Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mata P, Alonso R, Ruíz-Garcia A, Díaz-Díaz JL, González N, Gijón-Conde T, Martínez-Faedo C, Morón I, Arranz E, Aguado R, Argueso R, Perez de Isla L. [Familial combined hyperlipidemia: consensus document]. Aten Primaria 2014; 46:440-6. [PMID: 25034722 PMCID: PMC6985613 DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH) is a frequent disorder associated with premature coronary artery disease. It is transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner, although there is not a unique gene involved. The diagnosis is performed using clinical criteria, and variability in lipid phenotype and family history of hyperlipidemia are necessaries. Frequently, the disorder is associated with type2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and central obesity. Patients with FCH are considered as high cardiovascular risk and the lipid target is an LDL-cholesterol <100mg/dL, and <70mg/dL if cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes are present. Patients with FCH require lipid lowering treatment using potent statins and sometimes, combined lipid-lowering treatment. Identification and management of other cardiovascular risk factors as type 2 diabetes and hypertension are fundamental to reduce cardiovascular disease burden. This document gives recommendations for the diagnosis and global treatment of patients with FCH directed to specialists and general practitioners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mata
- Fundación Hipercolesterolemia Familiar, Madrid, España.
| | - Rodrigo Alonso
- Clínica de Lípidos, Medicina Interna, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España
| | - Antonio Ruíz-Garcia
- Atención Primaria, Unidad de Lípidos y Prevención Cardiovascular, Centro de Salud, Pinto, Madrid, España
| | - Jose L Díaz-Díaz
- Clínica de Lípidos, Medicina Interna, Hospital Abente y Lago, A Coruña, España
| | - Noemí González
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, España
| | - Teresa Gijón-Conde
- Centro de Salud Cerro del Aire, Majadahonda, Universidad Autónoma, Majadahonda, Madrid, España
| | | | | | | | - Rocío Aguado
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Hospital Universitario de León, León, España
| | - Rosa Argueso
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Hospital de Lugo, Lugo, España
| | - Leopoldo Perez de Isla
- Unidad de Imagen Cardiovascular, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
The use of the non-fasting lipid profile for lipid-lowering therapy in clinical practice – Point of view. Atherosclerosis 2014; 234:473-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
26
|
Berglund L, Brunzell JD, Goldberg AC, Goldberg IJ, Stalenhoef A. Treatment options for hypertriglyceridemia: from risk reduction to pancreatitis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 28:423-37. [PMID: 24840268 PMCID: PMC4028601 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
While there has been considerable focus on the role and treatment of LDL cholesterol levels, a definitive role of triglycerides in the management of cardiovascular disease has been uncertain. Notably, with increasing triglyceride levels, there is a parallel increase in cholesterol levels carried by triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, which has prompted interest in the use of non-HDL cholesterol levels as a tool guiding interventions. Recent studies have provided evidence for an independent role of triglyceride levels as a cardiovascular risk factor, and recently, an Endocrine Society guideline was published for treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. In contrast to the relative uncertainty regarding triglycerides and cardiovascular disease, a role of very high triglyceride levels as a risk factor for pancreatitis has been well known. The present paper summarizes the underlying evidence for a risk role for triglyceride levels in cardiovascular disease and pancreatitis, current treatment recommendations and areas of future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Berglund
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, 2921 Stockton Blvd, Suite 1400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - John D Brunzell
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, UW Mailbox 356426, Seattle, WA 98195-6426, USA.
| | - Anne C Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8127, 660 South Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, Presbyterian Hospital, PH 10-305, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Anton Stalenhoef
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
van Greevenbroek MMJ, Stalenhoef AFH, de Graaf J, Brouwers MCGJ. Familial combined hyperlipidemia: from molecular insights to tailored therapy. Curr Opin Lipidol 2014; 25:176-82. [PMID: 24811296 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review presents recent basic and clinical developments in familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL). RECENT FINDINGS A variety of experiments have contributed to the elucidation of this complex disease. They consist of dynamic and gene expression studies in adipocytes, confirming the role of dysfunctional adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of FCHL and identifying potential new pathways, such as complement activation. Whole exome sequencing and classical linkage studies in FCHL pedigrees, some conducted with new traits (e.g. plasma proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 [PCSK9] and phospholipid transfer protein activity), have revealed new genes of interest, among which SLC25A40 and LASS4. Finally, gene expression studies in liver biopsies and liver cell culture experiments have gained further insight in the role of upstream stimulatory factor 1, one of the most replicated genes in FCHL, in its pathogenesis.On the basis of these observations and recent phase II clinical trials, PCSK9 antagonizing is the most promising lipid-lowering therapy to be added to our current arsenal of statins and fibrates in FCHL treatment. SUMMARY Ongoing basic research provides a steady growth in our knowledge on the genes that are involved in FCHL as well as their metabolic function(s). This field of research may be enhanced when data are expanded and integrated for systems biology approaches. Our growing insights in the cause of FCHL allow for better, targeted treatment of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marleen M J van Greevenbroek
- aDepartments of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Maastricht University Medical Centre bCARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases/Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht cDivision of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Integrated guidance on the care of familial hypercholesterolemia from the International FH Foundation. J Clin Lipidol 2014; 8:148-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
29
|
Watts GF, Gidding S, Wierzbicki AS, Toth PP, Alonso R, Brown WV, Bruckert E, Defesche J, Lin KK, Livingston M, Mata P, Parhofer KG, Raal FJ, Santos RD, Sijbrands EJ, Simpson WG, Sullivan DR, Susekov AV, Tomlinson B, Wiegman A, Yamashita S, Kastelein JJ. Integrated guidance on the care of familial hypercholesterolaemia from the International FH Foundation. Int J Cardiol 2014; 171:309-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
30
|
Circulating PCSK9 is a strong determinant of plasma triacylglycerols and total cholesterol in homozygous carriers of apolipoprotein ε2. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 126:679-84. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20130556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasma PCSK9, an important determinant of LDL-receptor degradation, is strongly related to total cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels in homozygous carriers of the apolipoprotein ε2 allele. This observation provides new insight into the pathogenesis of type III hyperlipidaemia and its treatment.
Collapse
|
31
|
Donato LJ, Saenger AK, Train LJ, Kotzer KE, Lagerstedt SA, Hornseth JM, Basu A, Winters JL, Baudhuin LM. Genetic and biochemical analyses in dyslipidemic patients undergoing LDL apheresis. J Clin Apher 2014; 29:256-65. [PMID: 24420163 DOI: 10.1002/jca.21317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) can be due to mutations in LDLR, PCSK9, and APOB. In phenotypically defined patients, a subset remains unresponsive to lipid-lowering therapies and requires low density-lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis treatment. In this pilot study, we examined the genotype/phenotype relationship in patients with dyslipidemia undergoing routine LDL apheresis. DESIGN LDLR, APOB, and PCKS9 were analyzed for disease-causing mutations in seven patients undergoing routine LDL apheresis. Plasma and serum specimens were collected pre- and post-apheresis and analyzed for lipid concentrations, Lp(a) cholesterol, and lipoprotein particle concentrations (via NMR). RESULTS We found that four patients harbored LDLR mutations and of these, three presented with xanthomas. While similar reductions in LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein B, and LDL particles (LDL-P) were observed following apheresis in all patients, lipid profile analysis revealed the LDLR mutation-positive cohort had a more pro-atherogenic profile (higher LDL-C, apolipoprotein B, LDL-P, and small LDL-P) pre-apheresis. CONCLUSION Our data show that not all clinically diagnosed FH patients who require routine apheresis have genetically defined disease. In our small cohort, those with LDLR mutations had a more proatherogenic phenotype than those without identifiable mutations. This pilot cohort suggests that patients receiving the maximum lipid lowering therapy could be further stratified, based on genetic make-up, to optimize treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J Donato
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
de Nijs T, Sniderman A, de Graaf J. ApoB versus non-HDL-cholesterol: Diagnosis and cardiovascular risk management. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2013; 50:163-71. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2013.847897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
33
|
Brouwers MCGJ, Konrad RJ, van Himbergen TM, Isaacs A, Otokozawa S, Troutt JS, Schaefer EJ, van Greevenbroek MMJ, Stalenhoef AFH, de Graaf J. Plasma proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 levels are related to markers of cholesterol synthesis in familial combined hyperlipidemia. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 23:1115-1121. [PMID: 23333725 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Two recent independent studies showed that patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) have elevated plasma levels of proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and markers of cholesterol synthesis. Both PCSK9 expression and cholesterol synthesis are downstream effects of hepatic activation of sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 (SREBP2). The present study was conducted to study the relationship between plasma PCSK9 and markers of cholesterol synthesis in FCHL. METHODS AND RESULTS Markers of cholesterol synthesis (squalene, desmosterol, lathosterol), cholesterol absorption (campesterol, sitosterol, cholestanol) and PCSK9 were measured in plasma of FCHL patients (n = 103) and their normolipidemic relatives (NLR; n = 240). Plasma PCSK9, lathosterol and desmosterol levels were higher in FCHL patients than their NLR (p < 0.001, age and sex adjusted). Heritability calculations demonstrated that 35% of the variance in PCSK9 levels could be explained by additive genetic effects (p < 0.001). Significant age- and sex-adjusted correlations were observed for the relationship between PCSK9 and lathosterol, both unadjusted and adjusted for cholesterol, in the overall FCHL population (both p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analyses, with PCSK9 as the dependent variable, showed that the regression coefficient for FCHL status decreased by 25% (from 0.8 to 0.6) when lathosterol was included. Nevertheless, FCHL status remained an independent contributor to plasma PCSK9 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The present study confirms the previously reported high and heritable PCSK9 levels in FCHL patients. Furthermore, we now show that high PCSK9 levels are, in part, explained by plasma lathosterol, suggesting that SREBP2 activation partly accounts for elevated PCSK9 levels in FCHL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C G J Brouwers
- Department of Internal Medicine, divisions of General Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Horswell SD, Fryer LGD, Hutchison CE, Zindrou D, Speedy HE, Town MM, Duncan EJ, Sivapackianathan R, Patel HN, Jones EL, Braithwaite A, Salm MPA, Neuwirth CKY, Potter E, Anderson JR, Taylor KM, Seed M, Betteridge DJ, Crook MA, Wierzbicki AS, Scott J, Naoumova RP, Shoulders CC. CDKN2B expression in adipose tissue of familial combined hyperlipidemia patients. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:3491-505. [PMID: 24103848 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m041814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the core biological processes perturbed in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) patients. Annotation of FCHL and control microarray datasets revealed a distinctive FCHL transcriptome, characterized by gene expression changes regulating five overlapping systems: the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion and extracellular matrix; vesicular trafficking; lipid homeostasis; and cell cycle and apoptosis. Expression values for the cell-cycle inhibitor CDKN2B were increased, replicating data from an independent FCHL cohort. In 3T3-L1 cells, CDKN2B knockdown induced C/EBPα expression and lipid accumulation. The minor allele at SNP site rs1063192 (C) was predicted to create a perfect seed for the human miRNA-323b-5p. A miR-323b-5p mimic significantly reduced endogenous CDKN2B protein levels and the activity of a CDKN2B 3'UTR luciferase reporter carrying the rs1063192 C allele. Although the allele displayed suggestive evidence of association with reduced CDKN2B mRNA in the MuTHER adipose tissue dataset, family studies suggest the association between increased CDKN2B expression and FCHL-lipid abnormalities is driven by factors external to this gene locus. In conclusion, from a comparative annotation analysis of two separate FCHL adipose tissue transcriptomes and a subsequent focus on CDKN2B, we propose that dysfunctional adipogenesis forms an integral part of FCHL pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D Horswell
- Medical Research Council, Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Berglund L, Brunzell JD, Goldberg AC, Goldberg IJ, Sacks F, Murad MH, Stalenhoef AFH. Evaluation and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:2969-89. [PMID: 22962670 PMCID: PMC3431581 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to develop clinical practice guidelines on hypertriglyceridemia. PARTICIPANTS The Task Force included a chair selected by The Endocrine Society Clinical Guidelines Subcommittee (CGS), five additional experts in the field, and a methodologist. The authors received no corporate funding or remuneration. CONSENSUS PROCESS Consensus was guided by systematic reviews of evidence, e-mail discussion, conference calls, and one in-person meeting. The guidelines were reviewed and approved sequentially by The Endocrine Society's CGS and Clinical Affairs Core Committee, members responding to a web posting, and The Endocrine Society Council. At each stage, the Task Force incorporated changes in response to written comments. CONCLUSIONS The Task Force recommends that the diagnosis of hypertriglyceridemia be based on fasting levels, that mild and moderate hypertriglyceridemia (triglycerides of 150-999 mg/dl) be diagnosed to aid in the evaluation of cardiovascular risk, and that severe and very severe hypertriglyceridemia (triglycerides of > 1000 mg/dl) be considered a risk for pancreatitis. The Task Force also recommends that patients with hypertriglyceridemia be evaluated for secondary causes of hyperlipidemia and that subjects with primary hypertriglyceridemia be evaluated for family history of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. The Task Force recommends that the treatment goal in patients with moderate hypertriglyceridemia be a non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level in agreement with National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel guidelines. The initial treatment should be lifestyle therapy; a combination of diet modification and drug therapy may also be considered. In patients with severe or very severe hypertriglyceridemia, a fibrate should be used as a first-line agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Berglund
- University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Boullart A, de Graaf J, Stalenhoef A. Serum triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:867-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
38
|
Lupattelli G, Siepi D, De Vuono S, Roscini AR, Crisanti F, Covelli D, Pirro M, Mannarino E. Cholesterol metabolism differs after statin therapy according to the type of hyperlipemia. Life Sci 2012; 90:846-50. [PMID: 22554491 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Non-cholesterol sterols reflect cholesterol metabolism. Statins reduce cholesterol synthesis usually with a rise in cholesterol absorption. Common hyperlipemias have shown different patterns of cholesterol metabolism. We evaluated whether cholesterol absorption and synthesis may differ after statin therapy in primary hyperlipemias. MAIN METHODS We determined lipid profile, apoprotein B and serum sterols (lathosterol, sitosterol, campesterol by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) before and after statins in 80 untreated hyperlipemic patients, 40 with polygenic hypercholesterolemia (PH) and 40 with familial combined hyperlipemia (FCH). KEY FINDINGS At baseline in FCH lathosterol was significantly higher while campesterol and sitosterol were significantly lower than in PH. After statins, the reduction in LDL-C did not significantly differ between the two groups; in PH there was a significant decrease of lathosterol from 96.1 to 52.6 102 μmol/mmol cholesterol (p=0.0001) with no significant modifications in campesterol and sitosterol; on the opposite, in FCH lathosterol decreased from 117 to 43 102 μmol/mmol cholesterol (p=0.0001) and campesterol and sitosterol significantly increased from 38 to 48 102 μmol/mmol cholesterol (p=0.0001), and from 75 to 86 102 μmol/mmol cholesterol, (p=0.022), respectively. After statin therapy only in FCH Δ-LDL-C showed a significant inverse correlation with Δ-sitosterol and with Δ-campesterol. SIGNIFICANCE Primary hyperlipemias show different patterns of response to statins: in PH LDL reduction appears completely "synthesis inhibition" dependent, while in FCH LDL decrease appears to be synthesis dependent, partially limited by absorption increase. Studying cholesterol metabolism before and after hypolipemic therapy might be useful in identifying the best tailored treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graziana Lupattelli
- Internal Medicine, Angiology and Atherosclerosis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Davidson MH, Ballantyne CM, Jacobson TA, Bittner VA, Braun LT, Brown AS, Brown WV, Cromwell WC, Goldberg RB, McKenney JM, Remaley AT, Sniderman AD, Toth PP, Tsimikas S, Ziajka PE, Maki KC, Dicklin MR. Clinical utility of inflammatory markers and advanced lipoprotein testing: advice from an expert panel of lipid specialists. J Clin Lipidol 2012; 5:338-67. [PMID: 21981835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel guidelines have established low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) treatment goals, and secondary non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C treatment goals for persons with hypertriglyceridemia. The use of lipid-lowering therapies, particularly statins, to achieve these goals has reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality; however, significant residual risk for events remains. This, combined with the rising prevalence of obesity, which has shifted the risk profile of the population toward patients in whom LDL-C is less predictive of CVD events (metabolic syndrome, low HDL-C, elevated triglycerides), has increased interest in the clinical use of inflammatory and lipid biomarker assessments. Furthermore, the cost effectiveness of pharmacological intervention for both the initiation of therapy and the intensification of therapy has been enhanced by the availability of a variety of generic statins. This report describes the consensus view of an expert panel convened by the National Lipid Association to evaluate the use of selected biomarkers [C-reactive protein, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2), apolipoprotein B, LDL particle concentration, lipoprotein(a), and LDL and HDL subfractions] to improve risk assessment, or to adjust therapy. These panel recommendations are intended to provide practical advice to clinicians who wrestle with the challenges of identifying the patients who are most likely to benefit from therapy, or intensification of therapy, to provide the optimum protection from CV risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Davidson
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lupattelli G, De Vuono S, Mannarino E. Patterns of cholesterol metabolism: pathophysiological and therapeutic implications for dyslipidemias and the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 21:620-627. [PMID: 21855307 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Investigating cholesterol metabolism, which derives from balancing cholesterol synthesis and absorption, opens new perspectives in the pathogenesis of dyslipidemias and the metabolic syndrome (MS). Cholesterol metabolism is studied by measuring plasma levels of campesterol, sitosterol and cholestanol, that is, plant sterols which are recognised as surrogate cholesterol-absorption markers and lathosterol or squalene, that is, cholesterol precursors, which are considered surrogate cholesterol-synthesis markers. This article presents current knowledge on cholesterol synthesis and absorption, as evaluated by means of cholesterol precursors and plant sterols, and discusses patterns of cholesterol balance in the main forms of primary hyperlipidaemia and MS. Understanding the mechanism(s) underlying these patterns of cholesterol synthesis and absorption will help to predict the response to hypolipidemic treatment, which can then be tailored to ensure the maximum clinical benefit for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Lupattelli
- Internal Medicine, Angiology and Atherosclerosis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Miller M, Stone NJ, Ballantyne C, Bittner V, Criqui MH, Ginsberg HN, Goldberg AC, Howard WJ, Jacobson MS, Kris-Etherton PM, Lennie TA, Levi M, Mazzone T, Pennathur S. Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011; 123:2292-333. [PMID: 21502576 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e3182160726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1276] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
42
|
Vaverkova H. LDL-C or apoB as the best target for reducing coronary heart disease: should apoB be implemented into clinical practice? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
43
|
Pavlidis AN, Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Petrou PC, Cokkinos DV. Postprandial metabolic heterogeneity in men with primary dyslipidaemia. Arch Med Sci 2010; 6:879-86. [PMID: 22427761 PMCID: PMC3302699 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2010.19295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Familial combined hyperlipidaemia (FCH) and familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) have been strongly linked to premature coronary artery disease. Postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia is also associated with atherosclerotic disease. We evaluated the postprandial lipaemia in men with FCH and FH and compared them to a group of healthy men. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study population consisted of 83 men: 34 FCH, 29 FH and 20 healthy. The FCH and FH groups were further divided into five subgroups, according to their lipid phenotype: FCH-IIA (n = 13), FCH-IIB (n = 10), FCH-IV (n = 11), FH-IIA (n = 21) and FH-IIB (n = 8). Postprandial lipaemia was evaluated by the areas under the curve for triglyceride (TG) concentrations (TG-AUC). RESULTS The TG levels after oral fat tolerance test were significantly higher in FCH, compared to FH and healthy groups (TG-AUC in mg/dl/h; 2678 ±1415 vs. 1503 ±1147 and 1011 ±652 respectively, p < 0.001). The postprandial response was higher in FCH-IV and FCH-IIB, compared to FCH-IIA (TG-AUC in mg/dl/h; 3220 ±824 or 3409 ±770 vs. 1863 ±577 respectively, p < 0.001, for both comparisons). The FCH-IIA group showed higher postprandial TG levels when compared to FH-IIA (TG-AUC in mg/dl/h; 1863 ±577 vs. 1374 ±428 respectively, p = 0.008). There were no significant differences between FH-IIB and FCH-IIB subgroups. There was a significant correlation (r = 0.907, p < 0.001) between the postprandial TG-AUC and fasting TG levels in all FCH subjects. CONCLUSIONS All phenotypes of FCH and the FH IIB phenotype demonstrate an exaggerated postprandial response that could partially contribute to the high cardiovascular risk. These patients should be identified and treated early with the appropriate hypolipidaemic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Petros C. Petrou
- 1 Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Centre, Athens, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Brouwers MCGJ, de Graaf J, van Greevenbroek MMJ, Schaper N, Stehouwer CDA, Stalenhoef AFH. Novel drugs in familial combined hyperlipidemia: lessons from type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Opin Lipidol 2010; 21:530-8. [PMID: 20739883 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32833ea9ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are prevalent entities that share many features of the metabolic syndrome. Recent findings suggest that FCHL and T2DM are less distinct than initially anticipated, which could offer new insights for their therapeutic approach. RECENT FINDINGS Genetic association studies have provided evidence for a common genetic background (upstream transcription factor 1, activating transcription factor 6, transcription factor 7-like 2 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha) between FCHL and T2DM. The metabolic overlap can be illustrated by the presence of ectopic fat accumulation and insulin resistance (muscle, adipose tissue and liver). We have shown that FCHL patients are at increased risk to develop T2DM. This indicates that both entities are not static, but instead the former is able to migrate to the latter as insulin resistance progresses. Given these new findings, it can be anticipated that FCHL patients could also benefit from insulin-sensitizing therapy such as pioglitazone and metformin. Indeed, pilot studies have demonstrated that pioglitazone might be advantageous in FCHL patients. SUMMARY Recent studies suggest that FCHL patients have an increased risk to develop T2DM, which has important clinical implications. Further studies are necessary to evaluate whether FCHL patients can be protected from new-onset T2DM and premature cardiovascular events with insulin-sensitizing therapy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Cholesterol, LDL/genetics
- Cholesterol, LDL/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Drug Discovery
- Fatty Liver/genetics
- Fatty Liver/metabolism
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined/complications
- Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined/drug therapy
- Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined/genetics
- Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined/metabolism
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance/genetics
- Male
- Metabolic Syndrome/etiology
- Metabolic Syndrome/genetics
- Metabolic Syndrome/metabolism
- Metformin/administration & dosage
- Models, Biological
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- Pioglitazone
- Risk Factors
- Thiazolidinediones/administration & dosage
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Triglycerides/genetics
- Triglycerides/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martijn C G J Brouwers
- Laboratory of Vascular Medicine and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Conventionally, atherogenic dyslipidemias have been defined by elevated levels of triglyceride and/or LDL cholesterol. However, cholesterol and triglycerides are not metabolically and physically independent entities. Rather, they are constituents of the atherogenic apolipoprotein B (apoB) particles, which differ in their origin and their metabolic function. Moreover, the risk of vascular disease is not related to the plasma concentration of cholesterol or triglyceride per se, but to the number, composition and size of the apoB particles, within which the cholesterol and triglycerides are contained. After all, the entire apoB particle--rather than individual cholesterol or triglyceride molecules--enters and is trapped within the arterial wall, and this particle initiates and sustains the process that results in atherosclerosis. Accordingly, we suggest a change of name and focus from dyslipidemias to dyslipoproteinemias. Virtually all the atherogenic apoB dyslipoproteinemias can be specifically identified on the basis of plasma levels of cholesterol, triglyceride and apoB. Not only does this enable an accurate diagnosis in the individual, but the major familial dyslipoproteinemias can be identified as well. Here, we review the diagnostic algorithm for apoB dyslipoproteinemias and provide, for the first time, a treatment plan on the basis of a reduction of atherogenic lipoprotein particles rather than plasma lipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan Sniderman
- Mike Rosenbloom Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, McGill University Health Center, Room H7.22, Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Baker WL, Talati R, White CM, Coleman CI. Differing effect of statins on insulin sensitivity in non-diabetics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 87:98-107. [PMID: 19913318 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine whether individual statins had differing effects on insulin sensitivity (IS) in patients without pre-existing diabetes mellitus. METHODS A systematic literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane CENTRAL was conducted through December 2008. Trials were included if they compared pravastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin or simvastatin to placebo/control, excluded patients with diabetes, and reported data on insulin sensitivity/resistance. IS data was pooled and evaluated as standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using a random-effects model. RESULTS 16 studies (n=1146) were included, with patients receiving pravastatin in three trials (n=164), atorvastatin in five trials (n=315), rosuvastatin in five trials (n=419), and simvastatin in five trials (n=369). When pooled as a class, statins had no significant impact on IS as compared with placebo/control [SMD -0.084 (95% CI -0.210 to 0.042); p=0.19]. Pravastatin was found to significantly improved IS [SMD 0.342 (95% CI 0.032-0.621); p=0.03], whereas simvastatin significantly worsened IS [SMD -0.321 (95% CI -0.526 to -0.117); p=0.03]. CONCLUSIONS Statins do not appear to demonstrate a 'class effect' on IS in patients without diabetes. Differences between individual statins likely exist that may partially explain the findings of previously conducted meta-analyses examining the impact of statins on the development of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William L Baker
- University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
van Himbergen TM, Otokozawa S, Matthan NR, Schaefer EJ, Buchsbaum A, Ai M, van Tits LJH, de Graaf J, Stalenhoef AFH. Familial combined hyperlipidemia is associated with alterations in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 30:113-20. [PMID: 19834104 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.196550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH) is a common familial lipid disorder characterized by increases in plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, and apolipoprotein B-100 levels. In light of prior metabolic and genetic research, our purpose was to ascertain whether FCH cases had significant abnormalities of plasma markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption as compared to unaffected kindred members. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma levels of squalene, desmosterol, and lathosterol (cholesterol synthesis markers) and campesterol, sitosterol, and cholestanol (cholesterol absorption markers) were measured by gas-liquid chromatography in 103 FCH patients and 240 normolipidemic relatives (NLR). Squalene, desmosterol, and lathosterol levels were 6% (0.078), 31%, (P<0.001) and 51% (P<0.001) higher in FCH as compared to NLR, and these differences were especially pronounced in women. An interaction with obesity was also noted for a subset of these markers. We did not observe any apparent differences for the cholesterol absorption markers among FCH patients and NLR. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that both men and women with FCH have alterations in the cholesterol synthesis pathway, resulting in 51% higher levels of lathosterol (and additionally desmosterol in women). Plasma levels of the cholesterol precursor sterol squalene were only slightly increased (6%), suggesting enhanced conversion of squalene to lathosterol in this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M van Himbergen
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111-1524, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
The high correlation between apolipoprotein B (apoB) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) is the chief argument employed against introducing apoB into clinical practice. However, high correlation does mean that non-HDL-C and apoB will often yield similar clinical information. Nevertheless, the critical issue is not how often the two tests agree, but how often, and how substantially, they differ. In other words, how often would an apoB result change a clinical decision based on a value for non-HDL-C? This article presents a series of examples from prominent published studies in which apoB and non-HDL-C differ so dramatically that diagnosis and therapy would truly differ depending on which index was used by the physician. These examples establish that apoB and non-HDL-C are not clinical equivalents.
Collapse
|
49
|
Liu ZK, Hu M, Baum L, Thomas GN, Tomlinson B. Associations of polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein A1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster with familial combined hyperlipidaemia in Hong Kong Chinese. Atherosclerosis 2009; 208:427-32. [PMID: 19732897 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial combined hyperlipidaemia (FCH) is the most common genetic dyslipidaemia associated with coronary artery disease. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes in the APOA1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster are associated with FCH in Caucasians and with elevated triglycerides (TG) in various ethnic groups. We examined these associations with FCH in Hong Kong Chinese. METHODS Fifty-six Chinese FCH patients and 176 unrelated controls were studied. Thirteen SNPs in the APOA1/C3/A4/A5 cluster were genotyped. RESULTS Four alleles in APOA5 were associated with FCH (P<0.001). The -1131T>C (rs662799) and -3A>G (rs651821) SNPs in APOA5 were in almost complete linkage disequilibrium (LD, r(2)=0.99), and their minor alleles were more frequent (P<0.001) in FCH than controls (0.60 vs. 0.24). The odds ratio (OR) for FCH was 6.2 (95% CI, 2.6-14.8) and 6.1 (2.6-14.6) per copy of -1131C and -3G, respectively, and 24.6 (8.4-72.0) and 24.4 (8.4-70.9) in -1131C and -3G homozygotes, respectively, as compared to wild-type homozygotes. The 1891T>C (rs2266788) SNP was in LD (r(2)=0.68) with -1131T>C and -3A>G, and the minor allele was more frequent in FCH than controls (0.42 vs. 0.19, P<0.001). The 553G>T (rs2075291) nonsynonymous variant was also associated with FCH (0.15 vs. 0.04, P=0.001) and, along with -3A>G (or -1131T>C) and 1891T>C, contributed to haplotypes predicting FCH. The two tightly linked SNPs, -1131T>C and -3A>G polymorphism were significantly associated with lipid traits in all subjects combined, with variant homozygous subjects having higher TG and LDL-C and lower HDL-C levels. CONCLUSIONS Some common polymorphisms and haplotypes in APOA5 are closely associated with FCH in Hong Kong Chinese, and these differ from those found in Caucasians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kai Liu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hirano T, Nohtomi K, Sato Y, Kamata K, Ito Y. Small dense LDL-cholesterol determined by a simple precipitation assay for screening familial combined hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 2009; 205:603-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|