1
|
Sharma AK, Singh S, Bhat M, Gill K, Zaid M, Kumar S, Shakya A, Tantray J, Jose D, Gupta R, Yangzom T, Sharma RK, Sahu SK, Rathore G, Chandolia P, Singh M, Mishra A, Raj S, Gupta A, Agarwal M, Kifayat S, Gupta A, Gupta P, Vashist A, Vaibhav P, Kathuria N, Yadav V, Singh RP, Garg A. New drug discovery of cardiac anti-arrhythmic drugs: insights in animal models. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16420. [PMID: 37775650 PMCID: PMC10541452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac rhythm regulated by micro-macroscopic structures of heart. Pacemaker abnormalities or disruptions in electrical conduction, lead to arrhythmic disorders may be benign, typical, threatening, ultimately fatal, occurs in clinical practice, patients on digitalis, anaesthesia or acute myocardial infarction. Both traditional and genetic animal models are: In-vitro: Isolated ventricular Myocytes, Guinea pig papillary muscles, Patch-Clamp Experiments, Porcine Atrial Myocytes, Guinea pig ventricular myocytes, Guinea pig papillary muscle: action potential and refractory period, Langendorff technique, Arrhythmia by acetylcholine or potassium. Acquired arrhythmia disorders: Transverse Aortic Constriction, Myocardial Ischemia, Complete Heart Block and AV Node Ablation, Chronic Tachypacing, Inflammation, Metabolic and Drug-Induced Arrhythmia. In-Vivo: Chemically induced arrhythmia: Aconitine antagonism, Digoxin-induced arrhythmia, Strophanthin/ouabain-induced arrhythmia, Adrenaline-induced arrhythmia, and Calcium-induced arrhythmia. Electrically induced arrhythmia: Ventricular fibrillation electrical threshold, Arrhythmia through programmed electrical stimulation, sudden coronary death in dogs, Exercise ventricular fibrillation. Genetic Arrhythmia: Channelopathies, Calcium Release Deficiency Syndrome, Long QT Syndrome, Short QT Syndrome, Brugada Syndrome. Genetic with Structural Heart Disease: Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia, Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Atrial Fibrillation, Sick Sinus Syndrome, Atrioventricular Block, Preexcitation Syndrome. Arrhythmia in Pluripotent Stem Cell Cardiomyocytes. Conclusion: Both traditional and genetic, experimental models of cardiac arrhythmias' characteristics and significance help in development of new antiarrhythmic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Sharma
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India.
| | - Shivam Singh
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Mehvish Bhat
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Kartik Gill
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Mohammad Zaid
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Anjali Shakya
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Junaid Tantray
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Divyamol Jose
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Rashmi Gupta
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Tsering Yangzom
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Sharma
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | | | - Gulshan Rathore
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Priyanka Chandolia
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Mithilesh Singh
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Anurag Mishra
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Shobhit Raj
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Archita Gupta
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Mohit Agarwal
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Sumaiya Kifayat
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Anamika Gupta
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Prashant Gupta
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Ankit Vashist
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Parth Vaibhav
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Nancy Kathuria
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Vipin Yadav
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Ravindra Pal Singh
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Arun Garg
- MVN University, Palwal, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vaez H, Soraya H, Garjani A, Gholikhani T. Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) and AMPK Relevance in Cardiovascular Disease. Adv Pharm Bull 2023; 13:36-47. [PMID: 36721803 PMCID: PMC9871286 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2023.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential receptors of the innate immune system, playing a significant role in cardiovascular diseases. TLR4, with the highest expression among TLRs in the heart, has been investigated extensively for its critical role in different myocardial inflammatory conditions. Studies suggest that inhibition of TLR4 signaling pathways reduces inflammatory responses and even prevents additional injuries to the already damaged myocardium. Recent research results have led to a hypothesis that there may be a relation between TLR4 expression and 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling in various inflammatory conditions, including cardiovascular diseases. AMPK, as a cellular energy sensor, has been reported to show anti-inflammatory effects in various models of inflammatory diseases. AMPK, in addition to its physiological acts in the heart, plays an essential role in myocardial ischemia and hypoxia by activating various energy production pathways. Herein we will discuss the role of TLR4 and AMPK in cardiovascular diseases and a possible relation between TLRs and AMPK as a novel therapeutic target. In our opinion, AMPK-related TLR modulators will find application in treating different immune-mediated inflammatory disorders, especially inflammatory cardiac diseases, and present an option that will be widely used in clinical practice in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Vaez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Corresponding Author: Haleh Vaez, Tel:+984133344798, Fax:+984133344798,
| | - Hamid Soraya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Alireza Garjani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tooba Gholikhani
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Nanora Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ji G, Huang R, Zhou X, Cao C, Wu Q, Li Z, Dong H, Song X, Liu Y. Kennedy’s disease presented with mastication fatigue combined with positive titin antibody: a case report. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:425. [DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is an X-linked recessive hereditary neuromuscular disorder caused by the expanded trinucleotide repeat in the androgen receptors gene. The major clinical manifestations of SBMA consist of weakness in the bulbar and limb muscles, fasciculations, tremors, cramps, sensory impairment, and gynecomastia. However, atypical SBMA cases may lead to misdiagnosis. Muscular fatigue and decremental responses to repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS), despite being observed in some SBMA patients, are usually occurred in MG patients, and patient with the symptom of mastication fatigue was rarely reported. In addition, cardiological investigations have been performed in SBMA patients and several ECG alterations were identified. Here we report an SBMA patient presenting with a rare onset symptom of mastication fatigue, who has been detected with a positive titin antibody in the serum and showed a WPW pattern electrocardiogram.
Case presentation
The patient showed mildly progressive fatigue in the muscles of mastication over 3 years. Neurological examination showed facial muscle weakness and a wasting tongue with fasciculations, but the weakness, wasting, or fasciculations were not obvious in the limbs. 3-Hz RNS showed a decremental response in bilateral orbicularis oculi. The test of titin antibody was positive in the serum, and the electrocardiogram showed a WPW pattern ECG. Genetic analysis revealed an increased number (39 repeats) of tandem CAG repeats in the AR gene, which confirmed the diagnosis of SBMA. The fatigue symptom was significantly improved after oral pyridostigmine bromide treatment.
Conclusion
This case calls for more attention to muscular fatigue as the onset symptoms of Kennedy’s disease. ECG screening is of importance in SBMA patients and further studies are needed to investigate the titin antibody in SBMA patients as well as other neurogenic disorders.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao C, Zhang Y, Suo A, Mu J, Ding D. Toxicity of tributyltin chloride on haarder (Liza haematocheila) after its acute exposure: Bioaccumulation, antioxidant defense, histological, and transcriptional analyses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:501-511. [PMID: 36162773 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Liza haematocheila is exposed to various chemical contaminants from anthropogenic sources, including tributyltin chloride (TBTC). Yet the toxicity mechanism of TBTC on haarder remains unclear. The haarder was exposed to different doses (0, 10%, 20%, and 50% of LC50-96 h) of TBTC. In this study, the results revealed its high bioaccumulation in the livers and significant alteration for development. The activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase decreased after 96-h exposure to TBTC, this accompanied by an increased malondialdehyde level. TBTC exposure caused the intense production of reactive oxygen species, a reduction in total blood cell count in serum, and apoptosis-related alterations in livers, indicating that enhanced oxidative stress occurred in the process of TBTC exposure. Histological results revealed angiorrhexis and infiltration of inflammatory cells, vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes in the livers, and swelling, fusion, and disintegration of gill organs. Interestingly, the obtained transcriptional profiles indicated that high doses of TBTC caused energy disorder, apoptosis, and adipogenesis restriction mediated by cytokines and adipokines in Jak-STAT and adipocytokine signaling pathways. In summary, acute exposure to high doses of TBTC could impair the antioxidant system and pathways related to energy, apoptosis and adipogenesis, eventually posing a serious challenge to the fitness of haarder individuals and its fish populations as marine resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Anning Suo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China.
| | - Jingli Mu
- College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Dewen Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Komurcu-Bayrak E, Kalkan MA, Coban N, Ozsait-Selcuk B, Bayrak F. Identification of the pathogenic effects of missense variants causing PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 727:109340. [PMID: 35787834 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic missense variants in PRKAG2, the gene for the gamma 2 regulatory subunit of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), cause severe progressive cardiac disease and sudden cardiac death, named PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy. In our previous study, we reported a E506K variant in the PRKAG2 gene that was associated with this disease. This study aimed to functionally characterize the three missense variants (E506K, E506Q, and R531G) of PRKAG2 and determine the possible effects on AMPK activity. METHODS The proband was clinically monitored for eight years. To investigate the functional effects of three missense variants of PRKAG2, in vitro mutagenesis experiments using HEK293 cells with wild and mutant transcripts and proteins were comparatively analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR, immunofluorescence staining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In the long-term follow-up, the proband was deceased due to progressive heart failure. In the in vitro experimental studies, PRKAG2 was overexpressed after 48 h of transfection in three mutated cells, after which the expression levels of PRKAG2 were regressed to the level of wild-type cells in 3-weeks stably transformed cells, except for the cells with E506K variant. E506K, E506Q, and R531G variants had caused a reduction in the AMPK activity and resulted in the formation of cytoplasmic glycogen deposits. CONCLUSION Three missense variants that alter AMPK activity affect a residue in the CBS4 domain associated with ATP/AMP-binding. Detailed information on the influence of PRKAG2 pathogenic variants on AMPK activity would be helpful to improve the treatment and management of patients with metabolic cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evrim Komurcu-Bayrak
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Medical Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Muhammed Abdulvahid Kalkan
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul University, Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Neslihan Coban
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Bilge Ozsait-Selcuk
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Medical Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Fatih Bayrak
- Acibadem Altunizade Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Blackwell DJ, Schmeckpeper J, Knollmann BC. Animal Models to Study Cardiac Arrhythmias. Circ Res 2022; 130:1926-1964. [PMID: 35679367 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.320258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for 10% to 15% of all deaths. Although most arrhythmias are due to acquired heart disease, inherited channelopathies and cardiomyopathies disproportionately affect children and young adults. Arrhythmogenesis is complex, involving anatomic structure, ion channels and regulatory proteins, and the interplay between cells in the conduction system, cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and the immune system. Animal models of arrhythmia are powerful tools for studying not only molecular and cellular mechanism of arrhythmogenesis but also more complex mechanisms at the whole heart level, and for testing therapeutic interventions. This review summarizes basic and clinical arrhythmia mechanisms followed by an in-depth review of published animal models of genetic and acquired arrhythmia disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Blackwell
- Vanderbilt Center for Arrhythmia Research and Therapeutics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jeffrey Schmeckpeper
- Vanderbilt Center for Arrhythmia Research and Therapeutics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Bjorn C Knollmann
- Vanderbilt Center for Arrhythmia Research and Therapeutics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Upadhyaya HD, Wang L, Prakash CS, Liu Y, Gao L, Meng R, Seetharam K, Gowda CLL, Ganesamurthy K, Singh SK, Kumar R, Li J, Wang YH. Genome-wide association mapping identifies an SNF4 ortholog that impacts biomass and sugar yield in sorghum and sugarcane. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3584-3596. [PMID: 35290448 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum is a feed/industrial crop in developed countries and a staple food elsewhere in the world. This study evaluated the sorghum mini core collection for days to 50% flowering (DF), biomass, plant height (PH), soluble solid content (SSC), and juice weight (JW), and the sorghum reference set for DF and PH, in 7-12 testing environments. We also performed genome-wide association mapping with 6 094 317 and 265 500 single nucleotide polymorphism markers in the mini core collection and the reference set, respectively. In the mini core panel we identified three quantitative trait loci for DF, two for JW, one for PH, and one for biomass. In the reference set panel we identified another quantitative trait locus for PH on chromosome 6 that was also associated with biomass, DF, JW, and SSC in the mini core panel. Transgenic studies of three genes selected from the locus revealed that Sobic.006G061100 (SbSNF4-2) increased biomass, SSC, JW, and PH when overexpressed in both sorghum and sugarcane, and delayed flowering in transgenic sorghum. SbSNF4-2 encodes a γ subunit of the evolutionarily conserved AMPK/SNF1/SnRK1 heterotrimeric complexes. SbSNF4-2 and its orthologs will be valuable in genetic enhancement of biomass and sugar yield in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hari D Upadhyaya
- Gene Bank, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Lihua Wang
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, China
| | | | - Yanlong Liu
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, China
| | - Li Gao
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, China
| | - Ruirui Meng
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, China
| | - Kaliyamoorthy Seetharam
- Gene Bank, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - C L Laxmipathi Gowda
- Gene Bank, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Shailesh Kumar Singh
- Gene Bank, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Kumar
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Jieqin Li
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, China
| | - Yi-Hong Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gong X, Yu P, Wu T, He Y, Zhou K, Hua Y, Lin S, Wang T, Huang H, Li Y. Controversial molecular functions of CBS versus non-CBS domain variants of PRKAG2 in arrhythmia and cardiomyopathy: A case report and literature review. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e1962. [PMID: 35588295 PMCID: PMC9266596 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background PRKAG2 cardiac syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by a PRKAG2 gene variant. There are several major adverse cardiac presentations, including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and life‐threatening arrhythmia. Two cases with pathogenic variants in the PRKAG2 gene are reported here who presents different cardiac phenotypes. Methods Exome sequencing and variant analysis of PRKAG2 were performed to obtain genetic data, and clinical characteristics were determined. Results The first proband was a 9‐month‐old female infant (Case 1), and was identified with severe DCM and resistant heart failure. The second proband was a 10‐year‐old female infant (Case 2), and presented with HCM and ventricular preexcitation. Exome sequencing identified a de novo c.425C > T (p.T142I) heterozygous variant in the PRKAG2 gene for Case 1, and a c.869A > T (p.K290I) for Case 2. The mutated sites in the protein were labeled and identified as p.K290 in the CBS domain and p.T142 in the non‐CBS domain. Differences in the molecular functions of CBS and non‐CBS domains have not been resolved, and variants might lead to the different cardiomyopathy phenotypes. Single‐cell RNA analysis demonstrated similar expression levels of PRKAG2 in cardiomyocytes and conductive tissues. These results suggest that the arrhythmia induced by the PRKAG2 variant was the primary change, and not secondary to cardiomyopathy. Conclusion In summary, this is the first case report to describe a DCM phenotype with early onset in patients possessing a PRKAG2 c.425C > T (p.T142I) pathogenic variant. Our results aid in understanding the molecular function of non‐CBS variants in terms of the disordered sequence of transcripts. Moreover, we used scRNA‐seq to show that electrically conductive cells express a higher level of PRKAG2 than do cardiomyocytes. Therefore, variants in PRKAG2 are expected to also alter the biological function of the conduction system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Gong
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peiyu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Chengdu Shangjin Nanfu Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Ultrasonic Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunru He
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaiyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yimin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sha Lin
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Echocardiography, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifei Li
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Structure-function analysis of the AMPK activator SC4 and identification of a potent pan AMPK activator. Biochem J 2022; 479:1181-1204. [PMID: 35552369 PMCID: PMC9317966 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) αβγ heterotrimer is a primary cellular energy sensor and central regulator of energy homeostasis. Activating skeletal muscle AMPK with small molecule drugs improves glucose uptake and provides an opportunity for new strategies to treat type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance, with recent genetic and pharmacological studies indicating the α2β2γ1 isoform combination as the heterotrimer complex primarily responsible. With the goal of developing α2β2-specific activators, here we perform structure/function analysis of the 2-hydroxybiphenyl group of SC4, an activator with tendency for α2-selectivity that is also capable of potently activating β2 complexes. Substitution of the LHS 2-hydroxyphenyl group with polar-substituted cyclohexene-based probes resulted in two AMPK agonists, MSG010 and MSG011, which did not display α2-selectivity when screened against a panel of AMPK complexes. By radiolabel kinase assay, MSG010 and MSG011 activated α2β2γ1 AMPK with one order of magnitude greater potency than the pan AMPK activator MK-8722. A crystal structure of MSG011 complexed to AMPK α2β1γ1 revealed a similar binding mode to SC4 and the potential importance of an interaction between the SC4 2-hydroxyl group and α2-Lys31 for directing α2-selectivity. MSG011 induced robust AMPK signalling in mouse primary hepatocytes and commonly used cell lines, and in most cases this occurred in the absence of changes in phosphorylation of the kinase activation loop residue α-Thr172, a classical marker of AMP-induced AMPK activity. These findings will guide future design of α2β2-selective AMPK activators, that we hypothesise may avoid off-target complications associated with indiscriminate activation of AMPK throughout the body.
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen S, Lin Y, Zhu Y, Geng L, Cui C, Li Z, Liu H, Chen H, Ju W, Chen M. Atrial Lesions in a Pedigree With PRKAG2 Cardiomyopathy: Involvement of Disrupted AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:840337. [PMID: 35360035 PMCID: PMC8960295 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.840337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy is a rare progressive disease characterized by increased ventricular wall thickness and preexcitation. Dysfunction of the protein 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a decisive role in the progression of ventricular lesions. Although patients with the PRKAG2-R302Q mutation have a high incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF), the molecular mechanism contributing to the disease remains unclear. We carried out whole-genome sequencing with linkage analysis in three affected members of a family. Atrial samples were obtained from the proband via surgical intervention. Control atrium biopsies were obtained from patients with persistent AF. Pathological changes were analyzed using the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson, and periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) staining. The AMPK signaling pathway was investigated by western blot. A murine atrial cardiomyocyte cell line (HL-1) and human induced pluripotent stem derived atrial cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-ACMs) were transfected with an adenovirus carrying the same mutation. We used enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the AMPK activity in HL-1 cells and hiPSC-ACMs overexpressing PRKAG2-R302Q. Pathological results showed a large quantity of glycogen accumulation and vacuolization in cardiomyocytes from the proband atrial tissue. Western blot analysis revealed that the AMPK activity was significantly downregulated compared with that of the controls. Furthermore, remarkable glycogen deposition and impairment of AMPK activity were reproduced in HL-1 cells overexpressing PRKAG2-R302Q. Taken together, PRKAG2-R302Q mutation directly impair atrial cardiomyocytes. PRKAG2-R302Q mutation lead to glycogen deposition and promote the growth of atrial lesions by disrupting the AMPK pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Chen
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongping Lin
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Le Geng
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chang Cui
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaomin Li
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hailei Liu
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongwu Chen
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weizhu Ju
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Weizhu Ju,
| | - Minglong Chen
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Minglong Chen,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Albernaz Siqueira MH, Honorato-Sampaio K, Monteiro Dias G, Wilson JR, Yavari A, Brasileiro Filho G, Back Sternick E. Sudden death associated with a novel H401Q PRKAG2 mutation. Europace 2021; 22:1278. [PMID: 32215636 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Helena Albernaz Siqueira
- Faculdade Ciências Médicas-MG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Rede Mater Dei de Saúde, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kinulpe Honorato-Sampaio
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Glauber Monteiro Dias
- Centro de Tecnologia Celular, Instituto de Cardiologia, Ministério da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Arash Yavari
- Experimental Therapeutics and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Geraldo Brasileiro Filho
- Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Back Sternick
- Faculdade Ciências Médicas-MG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Arrhythmia Unit, Biocor Institute, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Brugada J, Katritsis DG, Arbelo E, Arribas F, Bax JJ, Blomström-Lundqvist C, Calkins H, Corrado D, Deftereos SG, Diller GP, Gomez-Doblas JJ, Gorenek B, Grace A, Ho SY, Kaski JC, Kuck KH, Lambiase PD, Sacher F, Sarquella-Brugada G, Suwalski P, Zaza A. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardiaThe Task Force for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2021; 41:655-720. [PMID: 31504425 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 168.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
|
13
|
Roberts R, Chang CC, Hadley T. Genetic Risk Stratification: A Paradigm Shift in Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 6:287-304. [PMID: 33778213 PMCID: PMC7987546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CAD is a pandemic that can be prevented. Conventional risk factors are inadequate to detect who is at risk early in the asymptomatic stage. Genetic risk for CAD can be determined at birth, and those at highest genetic risk have been shown to respond to lifestyle changes and statin therapy with a 40% to 50% reduction in cardiac events. Genetic risk stratification for CAD should be brought to the bedside in an attempt to prevent this pandemic disease.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a pandemic disease that is highly preventable as shown by secondary prevention. Primary prevention is preferred knowing that 50% of the population can expect a cardiac event in their lifetime. Risk stratification for primary prevention using the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology predicted 10-year risk based on conventional risk factors for CAD is less than optimal. Conventional risk factors such as hypertension, cholesterol, and age are age-dependent and not present until the sixth or seventh decade of life. The genetic risk score (GRS), which is estimated from the recently discovered genetic variants predisposed to CAD, offers a potential solution to this dilemma. The GRS, which is derived from genotyping the population with a microarray containing these genetic risk variants, has indicated that genetic risk stratification based on the GRS is superior to that of conventional risk factors in detecting those at high risk and who would benefit most from statin therapy. Studies performed in >1 million individuals confirmed genetic risk stratification is superior and primarily independent of conventional risk factors. Prospective clinical trials based on risk stratification for CAD using the GRS have shown lifestyle changes, physical activity, and statin therapy are associated with 40% to 50% reduction in cardiac events in the high genetic risk group (20%). Genetic risk stratification has the advantage of being innate to an individual’s DNA, and because DNA does not change in a lifetime, it is independent of age. Genetic risk stratification is inexpensive and can be performed worldwide, providing risk analysis at any age and thus has the potential to revolutionize primary prevention.
Collapse
Key Words
- ACC, American College of Cardiology
- AHA, American Heart Association
- ANRIL, antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 Locust
- CAD, coronary artery disease
- GRS, genetic risk score
- GWAS, genome-wide association study
- LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- MR, Mendelian randomization
- SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism
- bp, base pair
- cardiovascular genetics
- coronary artery disease
- genetic risk score for CAD
- genome-wide association studies
- prevention of CAD
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roberts
- Department of Medicine, Dignity Health at St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Chih Chao Chang
- Department of Medicine, Dignity Health at St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Roberts R, Chang CC. A Journey through Genetic Architecture and Predisposition of Coronary Artery Disease. Curr Genomics 2020; 21:382-398. [PMID: 33093801 PMCID: PMC7536803 DOI: 10.2174/1389202921999200630145241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction To halt the spread of coronary artery disease (CAD), the number one killer in the world, requires primary prevention. Fifty percent of all Americans are expected to experience a cardiac event; the challenge is identifying those at risk. 40 to 60% of predisposition to CAD is genetic. The first genetic risk variant, 9p21, was discovered in 2007. Genome-Wide Association Studies has since discovered hundreds of genetic risk variants. The genetic burden for CAD can be expressed as a single number, Genetic Risk Score (GRS). Assessment of GRS to risk stratify for CAD was superior to conventional risk factors in several large clinical trials assessing statin therapy, and more recently in a population of nearly 500,000 (UK Biobank). Studies were performed based on prospective genetic risk stratification for CAD. These studies showed that a favorable lifestyle was associated with a 46% reduction in cardiac events and programmed exercise, a 50% reduction in cardiac events. Genetic risk score is superior to conventional risk factors, and is markedly attenuated by lifestyle changes and drug therapy. Genetic risk can be determined at birth or any time thereafter. Conclusion Utilizing the GRS to risk stratify young, asymptomatic individuals could provide a paradigm shift in the primary prevention of CAD and significantly halt its spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roberts
- 1Cardiovascular Genomics & Genetics, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA; 2Cardiovascular Genomics & Genetics, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Chih Chao Chang
- 1Cardiovascular Genomics & Genetics, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA; 2Cardiovascular Genomics & Genetics, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hu J, Tang B, Wang J, Huang K, Wang Y, Lu S, Gowreesunkur HB, Wang Y, Wu D, Mayala HA, Wang ZH. Familial Atrial Enlargement, Conduction Disorder and Symmetric Cardiac Hypertrophy Are Early Signs of PRKAG2 R302Q. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:486-492. [PMID: 32681253 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2207-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PRKAG2 cardiac syndrome (PS) is a rare inherited disease due to PRKAG2 gene mutation and characterized by Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPWs), conduction system lesions and myocardial hypertrophy. It can also lead to serious consequences, such as sudden death. But the genetic and clinical heterogeneity makes the early diagnosis of PS difficult. Here we studied a family with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and other diverse manifestations. Gene analysis identified a missense mutation (Arg302Gln) in the five affected subjects of the family. The electrocardiograph performance of the five was composed of sinus bradycardia (SB), WPWs, right bundle branch block (RBBB), atrioventricular block (AVB), left bundle branch block (LBBB), supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and atrial premature beat (APB). Among them, the youngest one began to show paroxysmal palpitation at the age of nine and was confirmed to have WPWs at 17 years old; two members progressed over time to serious conduction damage, and the proband received a pacemaker at the age of 27 due to AVB. Besides, according to cardiac magnetic resonance and echocardiography, the youngest one showed symmetric hypertrophy; three older members showed asymmetric myocardial hypertrophy characterized with a diffuse pattern of middle-anterior-lateral-inferior wall hypertrophy and especially interventricular septal hypertrophy; all five affected patients showed atrial enlargement regardless of myocardial hypertrophy at an earlier stage. In conclusion, the conduction system disorder, familial atrial enlargement and symmetric cardiac hypertrophy may occur in the early stage of PRKAG2 R302Q mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ben Tang
- First Clinical School, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shuai Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hnkeshsing Baboo Gowreesunkur
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Henry Anselmo Mayala
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li J, Li B, Bai F, Ma Y, Liu N, Liu Y, Wang Y, Liu Q. Metformin therapy confers cardioprotection against the remodeling of gap junction in tachycardia-induced atrial fibrillation dog model. Life Sci 2020; 254:117759. [PMID: 32389830 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metformin, introduced in 1957, is widely used as an anti-diabetic drug and has considerable benefits in cardiovascular disease reportedly, dependent or independent on its glucose-lowering effects. Aim of this study was to investigate the effect of metformin on gap junction and the inducibility of AF. METHODS Beagle dogs were subjected to acute or chronic pacing at right atrial appendage by a pacemaker to develop an AF model and electrophysiological parameters were measured. In vitro study, a cell fast pacing model was developed by CardioExcyte 96. We performed Western blot, histology immunohistochemical staining and electron microscopy to detect the effect of metformin. RESULTS In chronic AF model, the inducibility and duration of AF increased obviously after pacing for 6 weeks compared with sham-operated group (Inducibility, 3.33 ± 5.77 vs. 85.33 ± 7.89%, P<0.0001; Duration, 0.8 ± 0.84 vs. 11 ± 2.67 ms, P<0.0001). Effective refractory periods (ERP) decreased at left and right left atrium and atrial appendages compared with sham-operated group (123.95 ± 6.57 vs. 89.96 ± 7.39 ms P<0.0001). Metformin attenuated the pacing-induced increase in EPR (89.96 ± 7.39 vs. 105.83 ± 7.45 ms, P<0.05), AF inducibility and AF duration (Inducibility, 85.33 ± 7.89 vs. 64.17 ± 7.36%, Duration, 11 ± 2.67 vs. 8.62 ± 1.15 ms, P<0.05). The expression of Cx43 shows a significant downregulation(about 38%, P<0.001) after chronic pacing and treating with metformin could alleviate this decrease(P<0.01). However, the effect of metformin in acute pacing model is limited. The immunohistochemical staining of cardiac tissue also shown that there is more lateralized Cx43 under pacing condition (87.67 ± 2.52 vs. 60.8 ± 9.13%, P<0.005). These pacing-induced lateralize Cx43 could be alleviated by the metformin (48.4 ± 8.62 vs. 60.8 ± 9.13%, P<0.05). Additionally, metformin could affect the interactions of ZO-1 with p-Src/Cx43 via decrease the abnormal cAMP level after pacing (84.04 ± 4.58 vs. 69.34 ± 4.5 nmol/L, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Metformin could alleviate the vulnerability of AF and attenuate the downregulation of gap junction under pacing condition via AMPK pathway and decreasing the P-Src level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Biao Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yinxu Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yaozhong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiming Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hu D, Hu D, Liu L, Barr D, Liu Y, Balderrabano-Saucedo N, Wang B, Zhu F, Xue Y, Wu S, Song B, McManus H, Murphy K, Loes K, Adler A, Monserrat L, Antzelevitch C, Gollob MH, Elliott PM, Barajas-Martinez H. Identification, clinical manifestation and structural mechanisms of mutations in AMPK associated cardiac glycogen storage disease. EBioMedicine 2020; 54:102723. [PMID: 32259713 PMCID: PMC7132172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although 21 causative mutations have been associated with PRKAG2 syndrome, our understanding of the syndrome remains incomplete. The aim of this project is to further investigate its unique genetic background, clinical manifestations, and underlying structural changes. Methods We recruited 885 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) probands and their families internationally. Targeted next-generation sequencing of sudden cardiac death (SCD) genes was performed. The role of the identified variants was assessed using histological techniques and computational modeling. Findings Twelve PRKAG2 syndrome kindreds harboring 5 distinct variants were identified. The clinical penetrance of 25 carriers was 100.0%. Twenty-two family members died of SCD or heart failure (HF). All probands developed bradycardia (HRmin, 36.3 ± 9.8 bpm) and cardiac conduction defects, and 33% had evidence of atrial fibrillation/paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) and 67% had ventricular preexcitation, respectively. Some carriers presented with apical hypertrophy, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and renal insufficiency. Histological study revealed reduced AMPK activity and major cardiac channels in the heart tissue with K485E mutation. Computational modelling suggests that K485E disrupts the salt bridge connecting the β and γ subunits of AMPK, R302Q/P decreases the binding affinity for ATP, T400N and H401D alter the orientation of H383 and R531 residues, thus altering nucleotide binding, and N488I and L341S lead to structural instability in the Bateman domain, which disrupts the intramolecular regulation. Interpretation Including 4 families with 3 new mutations, we describe a cohort of 12 kindreds with PRKAG2 syndrome with novel pathogenic mechanisms by computational modelling. Severe clinical cardiac phenotypes may be developed, including HF, requiring close follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hu
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430060, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, China.
| | - Dong Hu
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liwen Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Daniel Barr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mary, 7500 University Drive, Bismarck, ND, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | | | - Bo Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China; Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Yumei Xue
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shulin Wu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - BaoLiang Song
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Heather McManus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utica College, Utica, NY, USA
| | - Katherine Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mary, 7500 University Drive, Bismarck, ND, USA
| | - Katherine Loes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mary, 7500 University Drive, Bismarck, ND, USA
| | - Arnon Adler
- Department of Physiology and the Peter Munk Cardiovascular Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Charles Antzelevitch
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA; Lankenau Heart Institute, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, USA
| | - Michael H Gollob
- Department of Physiology and the Peter Munk Cardiovascular Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Perry M Elliott
- University College London and St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hector Barajas-Martinez
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA; Lankenau Heart Institute, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kobayashi S, Yoshii K, Phongphaew W, Muto M, Hirano M, Orba Y, Sawa H, Kariwa H. West Nile virus capsid protein inhibits autophagy by AMP-activated protein kinase degradation in neurological disease development. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008238. [PMID: 31971978 PMCID: PMC6977728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) belongs to the Flaviviridae family and has emerged as a significant cause of viral encephalitis in birds and animals including humans. WNV replication directly induces neuronal injury, followed by neuronal cell death. We previously showed that accumulation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates was involved in neuronal cell death in the WNV-infected mouse brain. In this study, we attempted to elucidate the mechanisms of the accumulation of protein aggregates in the WNV-infected cells. To identify the viral factor inducing the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, intracellular accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins was examined in the cells expressing the viral protein. Expression of capsid (C) protein induced the accumulation, while mutations at residues L51 and A52 in C protein abrogated the accumulation. Wild-type (WT) or mutant WNV in which mutations were introduced into the residues was inoculated into human neuroblastoma cells. The expression levels of LC3-II, an autophagy-related protein, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an autophagy inducer, were reduced in the cells infected with WT WNV, while the reduction was not observed in the cells infected with WNV with the mutations in C protein. Similarly, ubiquitination and degradation of AMPK were only observed in the cells infected with WT WNV. In the cells expressing C protein, AMPK was co-precipitated with C protein and mutations in L51 and A52 reduced the interaction. Although the viral replication was not affected, the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in brain and neurological symptoms were attenuated in the mouse inoculated with WNV with the mutations in C protein as compared with that with WT WNV. Taken together, ubiquitination and degradation of AMPK by C protein resulted in the inhibition of autophagy and the accumulation of protein aggregates, which contributes to the development of neurological disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kentaro Yoshii
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Wallaya Phongphaew
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Memi Muto
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Minato Hirano
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hiroaki Kariwa
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Miyamoto L. Molecular Pathogenesis of Familial Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2018; 65:1-8. [PMID: 29593177 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.65.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Familial Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is an autosomal dominant inherited disease and consists of a small percentage of WPW syndrome which exhibits ventricular pre-excitation by development of accessory atrioventricular pathway. A series of mutations in PRKAG2 gene encoding gamma2 subunit of 5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been identified as the cause of familial WPW syndrome. AMPK is one of the most important metabolic regulators of carbohydrates and lipids in many types of tissues including cardiac and skeletal muscles. Patients and animals with the mutation in PRKAG2 gene exhibit aberrant atrioventricular conduction associated with cardiac glycogen overload. Recent studies have revealed "novel" significance of canonical pathways leading to glycogen synthesis and provided us profound insights into molecular mechanism of the regulation of glycogen metabolism by AMPK. This review focuses on the molecular basis of the pathogenesis of cardiac abnormality due to PRKAG2 mutation and will provide current overviews of the mechanism of glycogen regulation by AMPK. J. Med. Invest. 65:1-8, February, 2018.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhan Y, Sun X, Li B, Cai H, Xu C, Liang Q, Lu C, Qian R, Chen S, Yin L, Sheng W, Huang G, Sun A, Ge J, Sun N. Establishment of a PRKAG2 cardiac syndrome disease model and mechanism study using human induced pluripotent stem cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 117:49-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
21
|
Abstract
In humans, dominant mutations in the gene encoding the regulatory γ2-subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (PRKAG2) result in a highly penetrant phenotype dominated by cardiac features: left ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular pre-excitation, atrial tachyarrhythmia, cardiac conduction disease, and myocardial glycogen storage. The discovery of a link between the cell's fundamental energy sensor, AMPK, and inherited cardiac disease catalyzed intense interest into the biological role of AMPK in the heart. In this chapter, we provide an introduction to the spectrum of human disease resulting from pathogenic variants in PRKAG2, outlining its discovery, clinical genetics, and current perspectives on its pathogenesis and highlighting mechanistic insights derived through the evaluation of disease models. We also present a clinical perspective on the major components of the cardiomyopathy associated with mutations in PRKAG2, together with less commonly described extracardiac features, its prognosis, and principles of management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Yavari
- Experimental Therapeutics, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Dhruv Sarma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eduardo B Sternick
- Instituto de Pós-Graduação, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles for many aspects of cellular homeostasis, including energy harvesting through oxidative phosphorylation. Alterations of mitochondrial function not only impact on cellular metabolism but also critically influence whole-body metabolism, health, and life span. Diseases defined by mitochondrial dysfunction have expanded from rare monogenic disorders in a strict sense to now also include many common polygenic diseases, including metabolic, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and neuromuscular diseases. This has led to an intensive search for new therapeutic and preventive strategies aimed at invigorating mitochondrial function by exploiting key components of mitochondrial biogenesis, redox metabolism, dynamics, mitophagy, and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. As such, new findings linking mitochondrial function to the progression or outcome of this ever-increasing list of diseases has stimulated the discovery and development of the first true mitochondrial drugs, which are now entering the clinic and are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Sorrentino
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Keir J Menzies
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute and Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada;
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Calore M. The PRKAG2 gene and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an energetically imbalanced relationship. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28626079 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00316.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Calore
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
A novel PRKAG2 mutation in a Chinese family with cardiac hypertrophy and ventricular pre-excitation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2407. [PMID: 28546535 PMCID: PMC5445094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PRKAG2 syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant inherited disorder that is characterized by cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular pre-excitation and conduction system abnormalities. There is little knowledge in cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) characteristics of PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy. This study investigated the genetic defect in a three-generation Chinese family with cardiac hypertrophy and ventricular pre-excitation using whole-exome sequencing. A novel missense mutation, c.1006 G > T (p.V336L), was identified in PRKAG2. This mutation had not been identified in the ExAC database, and the prediction result of MutationTaster indicated a deleterious effect. Furthermore, it cosegregated with the disease in the present family and was absent in unrelated 300 healthy controls. cDNA analysis did not detect any splicing defects, although the variant occurred in the first base of exon 9. CMR evaluation in five affected members showed diffuse hypertrophy in a concentric pattern, with markedly increased left ventricular mass above age and gender limits (median 151.3 g/m2, range 108.4–233.4 g/m2). Two patients in progressive stage and one patient with sudden cardiac death exhibited extensive subendocardial late gadolinium enhancement. In conclusion, molecular screening for PRKAG2 mutations should be considered in patients who exhibit cardiac hypertrophy coexisting with ventricular pre-excitation. CMR offers promising advantages for evaluation of PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
|
25
|
Li T, Jiang S, Yang Z, Ma Z, Yi W, Wang D, Yang Y. Targeting the energy guardian AMPK: another avenue for treating cardiomyopathy? Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1413-1429. [PMID: 27815596 PMCID: PMC11107559 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a pivotal regulator of endogenous defensive molecules in various pathological processes. The AMPK signaling regulates a variety of intracellular intermedial molecules involved in biological reactions, including glycogen metabolism, protein synthesis, and cardiac fibrosis, in response to hypertrophic stimuli. Studies have revealed that the activation of AMPK performs a protective role in cardiovascular diseases, whereas its function in cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy remains elusive and poorly understood. In view of the current evidence of AMPK, we introduce the biological information of AMPK and cardiac hypertrophy as well as some upstream activators of AMPK. Next, we discuss two important types of cardiomyopathy involving AMPK, RKAG2 cardiomyopathy, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eventually, therapeutic research, genetic screening, conflicts, obstacles, challenges, and potential directions are also highlighted in this review, aimed at providing a comprehensive understanding of AMPK for readers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Wei Yi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Dongjin Wang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Carling D. AMPK signalling in health and disease. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 45:31-37. [PMID: 28232179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a major role in regulating cellular energy balance. AMPK responds to changes in intracellular adenine nucleotide levels, being activated by an increase in AMP/ADP relative to ATP. Activation of AMPK increases the rate of catabolic (ATP-generating) pathways and decreases the rate of anabolic (ATP-utilising) pathways. In addition to its role in maintaining intracellular energy balance, AMPK regulates whole body energy metabolism. Given its key role in controlling energy homeostasis, AMPK has attracted widespread interest as a potential therapeutic target for metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and, more recently, cancer. Here I review the regulation of AMPK and its potential as a target for therapeutic intervention in human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Carling
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London W12 0NN UK.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hinson JT, Chopra A, Lowe A, Sheng CC, Gupta RM, Kuppusamy R, O'Sullivan J, Rowe G, Wakimoto H, Gorham J, Burke MA, Zhang K, Musunuru K, Gerszten RE, Wu SM, Chen CS, Seidman JG, Seidman CE. Integrative Analysis of PRKAG2 Cardiomyopathy iPS and Microtissue Models Identifies AMPK as a Regulator of Metabolism, Survival, and Fibrosis. Cell Rep 2016; 17:3292-3304. [PMID: 28009297 PMCID: PMC5193246 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic enzyme that can be activated by nutrient stress or genetic mutations. Missense mutations in the regulatory subunit, PRKAG2, activate AMPK and cause left ventricular hypertrophy, glycogen accumulation, and ventricular pre-excitation. Using human iPS cell models combined with three-dimensional cardiac microtissues, we show that activating PRKAG2 mutations increase microtissue twitch force by enhancing myocyte survival. Integrating RNA sequencing with metabolomics, PRKAG2 mutations that activate AMPK remodeled global metabolism by regulating RNA transcripts to favor glycogen storage and oxidative metabolism instead of glycolysis. As in patients with PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy, iPS cell and mouse models are protected from cardiac fibrosis, and we define a crosstalk between AMPK and post-transcriptional regulation of TGFβ isoform signaling that has implications in fibrotic forms of cardiomyopathy. Our results establish critical connections among metabolic sensing, myocyte survival, and TGFβ signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Travis Hinson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - Anant Chopra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andre Lowe
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Calvin C Sheng
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rajat M Gupta
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rajarajan Kuppusamy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John O'Sullivan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Glenn Rowe
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hiroko Wakimoto
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua Gorham
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael A Burke
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kehan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kiran Musunuru
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert E Gerszten
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sean M Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christopher S Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Christine E Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xie C, Zhang YP, Song L, Luo J, Qi W, Hu J, Lu D, Yang Z, Zhang J, Xiao J, Zhou B, Du JL, Jing N, Liu Y, Wang Y, Li BL, Song BL, Yan Y. Genome editing with CRISPR/Cas9 in postnatal mice corrects PRKAG2 cardiac syndrome. Cell Res 2016; 26:1099-1111. [PMID: 27573176 PMCID: PMC5113300 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PRKAG2 cardiac syndrome is an autosomal dominant inherited disease resulted from mutations in the PRKAG2 gene that encodes γ2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase. Affected patients usually develop ventricular tachyarrhythmia and experience progressive heart failure that is refractory to medical treatment and requires cardiac transplantation. In this study, we identify a H530R mutation in PRKAG2 from patients with familial Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. By generating H530R PRKAG2 transgenic and knock-in mice, we show that both models recapitulate human symptoms including cardiac hypertrophy and glycogen storage, confirming that the H530R mutation is causally related to PRKAG2 cardiac syndrome. We further combine adeno-associated virus-9 (AAV9) and the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system to disrupt the mutant PRKAG2 allele encoding H530R while leaving the wild-type allele intact. A single systemic injection of AAV9-Cas9/sgRNA at postnatal day 4 or day 42 substantially restores the morphology and function of the heart in H530R PRKAG2 transgenic and knock-in mice. Together, our work suggests that in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing is an effective tool in the treatment of PRKAG2 cardiac syndrome and other dominant inherited cardiac diseases by selectively disrupting disease-causing mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lu Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Qi
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jialu Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Danbo Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiu-Lin Du
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Naihe Jing
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bo-Liang Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Porto AG, Brun F, Severini GM, Losurdo P, Fabris E, Taylor MRG, Mestroni L, Sinagra G. Clinical Spectrum of PRKAG2 Syndrome. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016; 9:e003121. [PMID: 26729852 DOI: 10.1161/circep.115.003121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giuseppe Porto
- Cardiovascular Department "Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste", IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Brun
- Cardiovascular Department "Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste", IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maria Severini
- Molecular Medicine Department, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Pasquale Losurdo
- Cardiovascular Department "Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste", IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Enrico Fabris
- Cardiovascular Department "Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste", IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Matthew R G Taylor
- Cardiovascular Institute and Adult Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Luisa Mestroni
- Cardiovascular Institute and Adult Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Cardiovascular Department "Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste", IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu Y, Xue Y, Wu S, Hu D. Inherited Wolff‐Parkinson‐White Syndrome. CARDIOVASCULAR INNOVATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.15212/cvia.2016.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
31
|
Abstract
AMPK is an evolutionary conserved energy sensor involved in the regulation of energy metabolism. Based on biochemical studies, AMPK has brought much of interest in recent years due to its potential impact on metabolic disorders. Suitable animal models are therefore essential to promote our understanding of the molecular and functional roles of AMPK but also to bring novel information for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. The organism systems include pig (Sus scrofa), mouse (Mus musculus), fly (Drosophila melanogaster), worm (Caenorhabditis elegans), and fish (Danio rerio) models. These animal models have provided reliable experimental evidence demonstrating the crucial role of AMPK in the regulation of metabolism but also of cell polarity, autophagy, and oxidative stress. In this chapter, we update the new development in the generation and application of animal models for the study of AMPK biology. We also discuss recent breakthroughs from studies in mice, flies, and worms showing how AMPK has a primary role in initiating or promoting pathological or beneficial impact on health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Viollet
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France. .,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Marc Foretz
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ha J, Guan KL, Kim J. AMPK and autophagy in glucose/glycogen metabolism. Mol Aspects Med 2015; 46:46-62. [PMID: 26297963 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucose/glycogen metabolism is a primary metabolic pathway acting on a variety of cellular needs, such as proliferation, growth, and survival against stresses. The multiple regulatory mechanisms underlying a specific metabolic fate have been documented and explained the molecular basis of various pathophysiological conditions, including metabolic disorders and cancers. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been appreciated for many years as a central metabolic regulator to inhibit energy-consuming pathways as well as to activate the compensating energy-producing programs. In fact, glucose starvation is a potent physiological AMPK activating condition, in which AMPK triggers various subsequent metabolic events depending on cells or tissues. Of note, the recent studies show bidirectional interplay between AMPK and glycogen. A growing number of studies have proposed additional level of metabolic regulation by a lysosome-dependent catabolic program, autophagy. Autophagy is a critical degradative pathway not only for maintenance of cellular homeostasis to remove potentially dangerous constituents, such as protein aggregates and dysfunctional subcellular organelles, but also for adaptive responses to metabolic stress, such as nutrient starvation. Importantly, many lines of evidence indicate that autophagy is closely connected with nutrient signaling modules, including AMPK, to fine-tune the metabolic pathways in response to many different cellular cues. In this review, we introduce the studies demonstrating the role of AMPK and autophagy in glucose/glycogen metabolism. Also, we describe the recent advances on their contributions to the metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joohun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Joungmok Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sysa-Shah P, Sørensen LL, Abraham MR, Gabrielson KL. Electrocardiographic Characterization of Cardiac Hypertrophy in Mice that Overexpress the ErbB2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase. Comp Med 2015; 65:295-307. [PMID: 26310459 PMCID: PMC4549675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrocardiography is an important method for evaluation and risk stratification of patients with cardiac hypertrophy. We hypothesized that the recently developed transgenic mouse model of cardiac hypertrophy (ErbB2(tg)) will display distinct ECG features, enabling WT (wild type) mice to be distinguished from transgenic mice without using conventional PCR genotyping. We evaluated more than 2000 mice and developed specific criteria for genotype determination by using cageside ECG, during which unanesthetized mice were manually restrained for less than 1 min. Compared with those from WT counterparts, the ECG recordings of ErbB2(tg) mice were characterized by higher P- and R-wave amplitudes, broader QRS complexes, inverted T waves, and ST interval depression. Pearson's correlation matrix analysis of combined WT and ErbB2(tg) data revealed significant correlation between heart weight and the ECG parameters of QT interval (corrected for heart rate), QRS interval, ST height, R amplitude, P amplitude, and PR interval. In addition, the left ventricular posterior wall thickness as determined by echocardiography correlated with ECG-determined ST height, R amplitude, QRS interval; echocardiographic left ventricular mass correlated with ECG-determined ST height and PR interval. In summary, we have determined phenotypic ECG criteria to differentiate ErbB2(tg) from WT genotypes in 98.8% of mice. This inexpensive and time-efficient ECG-based phenotypic method might be applied to differentiate between genotypes in other rodent models of cardiac hypertrophy. Furthermore, with appropriate modifications, this method might be translated for use in other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polina Sysa-Shah
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lars L Sørensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, Department of Cardiology, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Roselle Abraham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen L Gabrielson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bao D, Lu D, Liu N, Dong W, Lu YD, Qin C, Zhang LF. Tomoregulin-1 prevents cardiac hypertrophy after pressure overload in mice by inhibiting TAK1-JNK pathways. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:795-804. [PMID: 26092120 PMCID: PMC4527297 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.021303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is associated with many forms of heart disease, and identifying important modifier genes involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy could lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies. Tomoregulin-1 is a growth factor that is primarily involved in embryonic development and adult central nervous system (CNS) function, and it is expressed abnormally in a variety of CNS pathologies. Tomoregulin-1 is also expressed in the myocardium. However, the effects of tomoregulin-1 on the heart, particularly on cardiac hypertrophy, remains unknown. The aim of the study is to examine whether and by what mechanism tomoregulin-1 regulates the development of cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload. In this study, we found that tomoregulin-1 was significantly upregulated in two cardiac hypertrophy models: cTnT(R92Q) transgenic mice and thoracic aorta constriction (TAC)-induced cardiac hypertrophy mice. The transgenic overexpression of tomoregulin-1 increased the survival rate, improved the cardiac geometry and functional parameters of echocardiography, and decreased the degree of cardiac hypertrophy of the TAC mice, whereas knockdown of tomoregulin-1 expression resulted in an opposite phenotype and exacerbated phenotypes of cardiac hypertrophy induced by TAC. A possible mechanism by which tomoregulin-1 regulates the development of cardiac hypertrophy in TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy is through inhibiting TGFβ non-canonical (TAK1-JNK) pathways in the myocardium. Tomoregulin-1 plays a protective role in the modulation of adverse cardiac remodeling from pressure overload in mice. Tomoregulin-1 could be a therapeutic target to control the development of cardiac hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Bao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Dan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Ying-Dong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Animal Model, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lian-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yang KC, Kyle JW, Makielski JC, Dudley SC. Mechanisms of sudden cardiac death: oxidants and metabolism. Circ Res 2015; 116:1937-55. [PMID: 26044249 PMCID: PMC4458707 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.304691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmia is the leading cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Deranged cardiac metabolism and abnormal redox state during cardiac diseases foment arrhythmogenic substrates through direct or indirect modulation of cardiac ion channel/transporter function. This review presents current evidence on the mechanisms linking metabolic derangement and excessive oxidative stress to ion channel/transporter dysfunction that predisposes to ventricular arrhythmias and SCD. Because conventional antiarrhythmic agents aiming at ion channels have proven challenging to use, targeting arrhythmogenic metabolic changes and redox imbalance may provide novel therapeutics to treat or prevent life-threatening arrhythmias and SCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chien Yang
- From the Department of Pharmacology (K.-C.Y.) and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.-C.Y.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison (J.W.K., J.C.M.); and Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, the Providence VA Medical Center, and Brown University, RI (S.C.D.)
| | - John W Kyle
- From the Department of Pharmacology (K.-C.Y.) and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.-C.Y.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison (J.W.K., J.C.M.); and Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, the Providence VA Medical Center, and Brown University, RI (S.C.D.)
| | - Jonathan C Makielski
- From the Department of Pharmacology (K.-C.Y.) and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.-C.Y.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison (J.W.K., J.C.M.); and Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, the Providence VA Medical Center, and Brown University, RI (S.C.D.).
| | - Samuel C Dudley
- From the Department of Pharmacology (K.-C.Y.) and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.-C.Y.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison (J.W.K., J.C.M.); and Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, the Providence VA Medical Center, and Brown University, RI (S.C.D.).
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pu T, Guo Q, Cao R, Xu R, Sun K, Chen S. Using exome sequencing to identify the cause of myocardial hypertrophy in a Chinese family. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3662-3666. [PMID: 25997934 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial hypertrophy is a common feature of numerous diseases. It is important to distinguish between these diseases in order to enable accurate diagnosis and the administration of appropriate therapy. Using whole‑exome sequencing, the present study aimed to identify a pathogenic mutation in a Chinese family, which may lead to cardiac hypertrophy and Wolff‑Parkinson‑White syndrome. The proband from the Chinese family exhibited left ventricular hypertrophy and pre-excitation with a short PR interval. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood obtained from the subject family, and exome sequencing was performed in the proband. Polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing were used to confirm the presence of a mutation, and confirmed that the pathogenic mutation was 5'-AMP‑activated protein kinase subunit γ2 (PRKAG2) (p.R302Q), which has been previously reported in a family with an inherited from of WPW. A stop‑gain mutation in urotensin II receptor (UTS2R) (p.S241X), which is associated with congestive heart failure, was identified in the proband and in one other affected family member. It is important to identify the causes of myocardial hypertrophy, in order to provide a theoretical basis with which to improve clinical diagnosis and the assessment of prognosis. The results of the present study suggest that if a patient has myocardial hypertrophy with a short PR interval on electrocardiogram, a mutation in the PRKAG2 gene should be considered. In conclusion, exome sequencing methods may assist with the identification of causative genes in myocardial hypertrophy, as well as genes that are associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Pu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Ruixue Cao
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Rang Xu
- Scientific Research Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Kun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Sun Chen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Grahame Hardie D. AMP-activated protein kinase: a key regulator of energy balance with many roles in human disease. J Intern Med 2014; 276:543-59. [PMID: 24824502 PMCID: PMC5705060 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy status that regulates cellular and whole-body energy balance. A recently reported crystal structure has illuminated the complex regulatory mechanisms by which AMP and ADP cause activation of AMPK, involving phosphorylation by the upstream kinase LKB1. Once activated by falling cellular energy status, AMPK activates catabolic pathways that generate ATP whilst inhibiting anabolic pathways and other cellular processes that consume ATP. A role of AMPK is implicated in many human diseases. Mutations in the γ2 subunit cause heart disease due to excessive glycogen storage in cardiac myocytes, leading to ventricular pre-excitation. AMPK-activating drugs reverse many of the metabolic defects associated with insulin resistance, and recent findings suggest that the insulin-sensitizing effects of the widely used antidiabetic drug metformin are mediated by AMPK. The upstream kinase LKB1 is a tumour suppressor, and AMPK may exert many of its antitumour effects. AMPK activation promotes the oxidative metabolism typical of quiescent cells, rather than the aerobic glycolysis observed in tumour cells and cells involved in inflammation, explaining in part why AMPK activators have both antitumour and anti-inflammatory effects. Salicylate (the major in vivo metabolite of aspirin) activates AMPK, and this could be responsible for at least some of the anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects of aspirin. In addition to metformin and salicylates, novel drugs that modulate AMPK are likely to enter clinical trials soon. Finally, AMPK may be involved in viral infection: downregulation of AMPK during hepatitis C virus infection appears to be essential for efficient viral replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Grahame Hardie
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Krishan S, Richardson DR, Sahni S. Adenosine Monophosphate–Activated Kinase and Its Key Role in Catabolism: Structure, Regulation, Biological Activity, and Pharmacological Activation. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 87:363-77. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.095810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
39
|
Boukens BJ, Rivaud MR, Rentschler S, Coronel R. Misinterpretation of the mouse ECG: 'musing the waves of Mus musculus'. J Physiol 2014; 592:4613-26. [PMID: 25260630 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.279380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ECG is a primary diagnostic tool in patients suffering from heart disease, underscoring the importance of understanding factors contributing to normal and abnormal electrical patterns. Over the past few decades, transgenic mouse models have been increasingly used to study pathophysiological mechanisms of human heart diseases. In order to allow extrapolation of insights gained from murine models to the human condition, knowledge of the similarities and differences between the mouse and human ECG is of crucial importance. In this review, we briefly discuss the physiological mechanisms underlying differences between the baseline ECG of humans and mice, and provide a framework for understanding how these inherent differences are relevant to the interpretation of the mouse ECG during pathology and to the translation of the results from the mouse to man.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan J Boukens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63119, USA
| | - Mathilde R Rivaud
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stacey Rentschler
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, and Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ruben Coronel
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands L'Institut de RYthmologie et de modélisation Cardiaque (LIRYC), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ramratnam M, Sharma RK, D'Auria S, Lee SJ, Wang D, Huang XYN, Ahmad F. Transgenic knockdown of cardiac sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) attenuates PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy, whereas transgenic overexpression of cardiac SGLT1 causes pathologic hypertrophy and dysfunction in mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:jah3629. [PMID: 25092788 PMCID: PMC4310371 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.000899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The expression of a novel cardiac glucose transporter, SGLT1, is increased in glycogen storage cardiomyopathy secondary to mutations in PRKAG2. We sought to determine the role of SGLT1 in the pathogenesis of PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy and its role in cardiac structure and function. Methods and Results Transgenic mice with cardiomyocyte‐specific overexpression of human T400N mutant PRKAG2 cDNA (TGT400N) and transgenic mice with cardiomyocyte‐specific RNA interference knockdown of SGLT1 (TGSGLT1‐DOWN) were crossed to produce double‐transgenic mice (TGT400N/TGSGLT1‐DOWN). Tet‐off transgenic mice conditionally overexpressing cardiac SGLT1 in the absence of doxycycline were also constructed (TGSGLT‐ON). Relative to TGT400N mice, TGT400N/TGSGLT1‐DOWN mice exhibited decreases in cardiac SGLT1 expression (63% decrease, P<0.05), heart/body weight ratio, markers of cardiac hypertrophy, and cardiac glycogen content. TGT400N/TGSGLT1‐DOWN mice had less left ventricular dilation at age 12 weeks compared to TGT400N mice. Relative to wildtype (WT) mice, TGSGLT1‐ON mice exhibited increases in heart/body weight ratio, glycogen content, and markers of cardiac hypertrophy at ages 10 and 20 weeks. TGSGLT1‐ON mice had increased myocyte size and interstitial fibrosis, and progressive left ventricular dysfunction. When SGLT1 was suppressed after 10 weeks of overexpression (TGSGLT1‐ON/OFF), there was a reduction in cardiac hypertrophy and improvement in left ventricular failure. Conclusions Cardiac knockdown of SGLT1 in a murine model of PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy attenuates the disease phenotype, implicating SGLT1 in the pathogenesis. Overexpression of SGLT1 causes pathologic cardiac hypertrophy and left ventricular failure that is reversible. This is the first report of cardiomyocyte‐specific transgenic knockdown of a target gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohun Ramratnam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (M.R.) UPMC Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (M.R., R.K.S., S.A., S.J.L., D.W., X.Y.N.H., F.A.)
| | - Ravi K Sharma
- UPMC Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (M.R., R.K.S., S.A., S.J.L., D.W., X.Y.N.H., F.A.)
| | - Stephen D'Auria
- UPMC Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (M.R., R.K.S., S.A., S.J.L., D.W., X.Y.N.H., F.A.)
| | - So Jung Lee
- UPMC Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (M.R., R.K.S., S.A., S.J.L., D.W., X.Y.N.H., F.A.)
| | - David Wang
- UPMC Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (M.R., R.K.S., S.A., S.J.L., D.W., X.Y.N.H., F.A.)
| | - Xue Yin N Huang
- UPMC Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (M.R., R.K.S., S.A., S.J.L., D.W., X.Y.N.H., F.A.)
| | - Ferhaan Ahmad
- UPMC Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (M.R., R.K.S., S.A., S.J.L., D.W., X.Y.N.H., F.A.) Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (F.A.) Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA (F.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhang BL, Ye Z, Xu RL, You XH, Qin YW, Wu H, Cao J, Zhang JL, Zheng X, Zhao XX. Overexpression of G100S mutation in PRKAG2 causes Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in zebrafish. Clin Genet 2013; 86:287-91. [PMID: 23992123 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome was believed to be associated with PRKAG2 gene mutations. In this study, we verified the pathopoiesis of G100S mutation, a novel mutation only discovered in Chinese patients with WPW, in cardiac disorder. Similar to R302Q, when overexpressed PRKAG2 G100S mutant in zebrafish, we observed a thicker heart wall, detected a decreased AMPK enzymatic activity by tissue AMPK kinase activity colorimetric technique, as well as examined an increased glycogen storage in heart wall using the method for periodic acid-Schiff staining, in comparison with the zebrafish without exogenous PRKAG2 (mock) or with wild-type PRKAG2 (WT). Taken together, we concluded PRKAG2 G100S mutation might contribute to impair the AMP-activated protein kinase function, which resulted in increased cardiac glycogen storage, serving as a pathogenesis for WPW syndrome in Chinese.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B L Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Thorn SL, deKemp RA, Dumouchel T, Klein R, Renaud JM, Wells RG, Gollob MH, Beanlands RS, DaSilva JN. Repeatable noninvasive measurement of mouse myocardial glucose uptake with 18F-FDG: evaluation of tracer kinetics in a type 1 diabetes model. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1637-44. [PMID: 23940301 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.110114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A noninvasive and repeatable method for assessing mouse myocardial glucose uptake with (18)F-FDG PET and Patlak kinetic analysis was systematically assessed using the vena cava image-derived blood input function (IDIF). METHODS Contrast CT and computer modeling was used to determine the vena cava recovery coefficient. Vena cava IDIF (n = 7) was compared with the left ventricular cavity IDIF, with blood and liver activity measured ex vivo at 60 min. The test-retest repeatability (n = 9) of Patlak influx constant K(i) at 10-40 min was assessed quantitatively using Bland-Altman analysis. Myocardial glucose uptake rates (rMGU) using the vena cava IDIF were calculated at baseline (n = 8), after induction of type 1 diabetes (streptozotocin [50 mg/kg] intraperitoneally, 5 d), and after acute insulin stimulation (0.08 mU/kg of body weight intraperitoneally). These changes were analyzed with a standardized uptake value calculation at 20 and 40 min after injection to correlate to the Patlak time interval. RESULTS The proximal mouse vena cava diameter was 2.54 ± 0.30 mm. The estimated recovery coefficient, calculated using nonlinear image reconstruction, decreased from 0.76 initially (time 0 to peak activity) to 0.61 for the duration of the scan. There was a 17% difference in the image-derived vena cava blood activity at 60 min, compared with the ex vivo blood activity measured in the γ-counter. The coefficient of variability for Patlak K(i) values between mice was found to be 23% with the proposed method, compared with 51% when using the left ventricular cavity IDIF (P < 0.05). No significant bias in K(i) was found between repeated scans with a coefficient of repeatability of 0.16 mL/min/g. Calculated rMGU values were reduced by 60% in type 1 diabetic mice from baseline scans (P < 0.03, ANOVA), with a subsequent increase of 40% to a level not significantly different from baseline after acute insulin treatment. These results were confirmed with a standardized uptake value measured at 20 and 40 min. CONCLUSION The mouse vena cava IDIF provides repeatable assessment of the blood time-activity curve for Patlak kinetic modeling of rMGU. An expected significant reduction in myocardial glucose uptake was demonstrated in a type 1 diabetic mouse model, with significant recovery after acute insulin treatment, using a mouse vena cava IDIF approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Thorn
- Division of Cardiology, National Cardiac PET Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Thorn SL, Gollob MH, Harper ME, Beanlands RS, Dekemp RA, Dasilva JN. Chronic AMPK activity dysregulation produces myocardial insulin resistance in the human Arg302Gln-PRKAG2 glycogen storage disease mouse model. EJNMMI Res 2013; 3:48. [PMID: 23829931 PMCID: PMC3707764 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-3-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cardiac PRKAG2 mutation in the γ2-subunit of adenosine monophosphate activated kinase (AMPK) is characterized by excessive glycogen deposition, hypertrophy, frequent arrhythmias, and progressive conduction system disease. We investigated whether myocardial glucose uptake (MGU) was augmented following insulin stimulation in a mouse model of the PRKAG2 cardiac syndrome. Methods Myocardial and skeletal muscle glucose uptake was assessed with 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging in n = 3 transgenic wildtype (TGwt) vs n = 7 PRKAG2 mutant (TGmut) mice at baseline and 1 week later, 30 min following acute insulin. Systolic function, cardiac glycogen stores, phospho-AMPK α, and insulin-receptor expression levels were analyzed to corroborate to the in vivo findings. Results TGmut Patlak Ki was reduced 56% at baseline compared to TGwt (0.3 ± 0.2 vs 0.7 ± 0.1, t test p = 0.01). MGU was augmented 71% in TGwt mice following acute insulin from baseline (0.7 ± 0.1 to 1.2 ± 0.2, t test p < 0.05). No change was observed in TGmut mice. As expected for this cardiac specific transgene, skeletal muscle was unaffected at baseline with a 33% to 38% increase (standard uptake values) for both genotypes following insulin stimulation. TGmut mice had a 47% reduction in systolic function with a fourfold increase in cardiac glycogen stores correlated with a 29% reduction in phospho-AMPK α levels. There was no difference in cardiac insulin receptor expression between mouse genotypes. Conclusions These results demonstrate a correlation between insulin resistance and AMPK activity and provide the basis for the use of this animal model for assessing metabolic therapy in the treatment of affected PRKAG2 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Thorn
- National Cardiac PET Centre, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin St, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Identification and functional analysis of a novel PRKAG2 mutation responsible for Chinese PRKAG2 cardiac syndrome reveal an important role of non-CBS domains in regulating the AMPK pathway. J Cardiol 2013; 62:241-8. [PMID: 23778007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PRKAG2 gene encodes the γ2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) that acts as a sensor of cellular energy status, and its germline mutations are responsible for PRKAG2 cardiac syndrome (PCS). The majority of missense mutations of cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) domains found in PCS impair the binding activity of PRKAG2 to adenosine derivatives, and therefore lead to PRKAG2 function impairment and AMPK activity alteration, resulting in a familial syndrome of ventricular preexcitation, conduction defects, and cardiac hypertrophy. However, it is unclear about the PRKAG2 mutation in the non-CBS domain. Here, a Chinese family exhibiting the cardiac syndrome associated with a novel heterozygous PRKAG2 mutation (Gly100Ser) mapped to exon 3 encoding a non-CBS domain is described and the function of this novel mutation was investigated in vitro. METHODS The PRKAG2 G100S and R302Q mutations were constructed by a two-step polymerase chain reaction and then transfected into CCL13 cells by lentivirus vectors. Wild-type PRKAG2 gene transfection was used as a negative control. PRKAG2 expression was determined by Western blot. Immunofluorescence was used to localize the intracellular PRKAG2 proteins. MTT assay was performed to explore the effect of mutations on cell proliferation. Periodic acid-Schiff staining was used for detecting glycogen accumulation. AMPK concentration was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Our results showed neither intracellular localization of PRKAG2 nor cell growth was altered. In contrast, PRKAG2 protein expression levels were significantly reduced by this mutation. Furthermore, PRKAG2-mediated activity of AMPK was attenuated, resulting in glycogen metabolism dysregulation. These findings revealed that non-CBS domains of PRKAG2 were essential to the regulation of AMPK activity, similar to CBS. CONCLUSIONS Our study ascribes a crucial regulatory role to the novel PRKAG2 G100S mutation, and reiterates that PCS occurs as a consequence of AMPK signaling abnormality caused by PRKAG2 gene mutations.
Collapse
|
45
|
Liu Y, Bai R, Wang L, Zhang C, Zhao R, Wan D, Chen X, Caceres G, Barr D, Barajas-Martinez H, Antzelevitch C, Hu D. Identification of a novel de novo mutation associated with PRKAG2 cardiac syndrome and early onset of heart failure. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64603. [PMID: 23741347 PMCID: PMC3669303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The major structure elements of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are α, β, and γ sunbunits. Mutations in γ2 subunit (PRKAG2) have been associated with a cardiac syndrome including inherited ventricular preexcitation, conduction disorder and hypertrophy mimicking hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The aim of the present study was to identify PRKAG2 syndrome among patients presenting with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Methods and Results Nineteen unrelated subjects with unexplained LVH were clinically and genetically evaluated. Among 4 patients with bradycardia, manifestations of preexcitation were only found in a 19 year old male who also developed congestive heart failure 3 years later. Electrophysiological study of this case identified the coexistence of an AV accessory pathway and AV conduction defect. Histological analysis of his ventricular tissue isolated by biopsy confirmed excessive glycogen accumulation, prominent myofibrillar disarray and interstitial fibrosis. Direct sequencing of his DNA revealed a heterozygous mutation in PRKAG2 consisting of an A-to-G transition at nucleotide 1453 (c.1453A>G), predicting a substitution of a glutamic acid for lysine at highly-conserved residue 485 (p.Lys485Glu, K485E), which was absent in his unaffected family members and in 215 healthy controls. To assess the role of K485 in the structure and function of the protein, computational modeling calculations and conservation analyses were performed. Electrostatic calculations indicate that K485 forms a salt bridge with the conserved D248 residue in the AMPK β subunit, which is critical for proper regulation of the enzyme, and the K485E mutant disrupts the connection. Conclusions Our study identifies a novel de novo PRKAG2 mutation in a young, in which progression of the disease warrants close medical attention. It also underlines the importance of molecular screening of PRKAG2 gene in patients with unexplained LVH, ventricular preexcitation, conduction defect, and/or early onset of heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Department, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Bai
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cuntai Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruifu Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Deli Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinshan Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gabriel Caceres
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Experimental Cardiology, Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel Barr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utica College, Utica, New York, United States of America
| | - Hector Barajas-Martinez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Experimental Cardiology, Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, New York, United States of America
| | - Charles Antzelevitch
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Experimental Cardiology, Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, New York, United States of America
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Experimental Cardiology, Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Genomics in cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61:2029-37. [PMID: 23524054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A paradigm shift toward biology occurred in the 1990s and was subsequently catalyzed by the sequencing of the human genome in 2000. The cost of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing has gone from millions to thousands of dollars with sequencing of one's entire genome costing only $1,000. Rapid DNA sequencing is being embraced for single gene disorders, particularly for sporadic cases and those from small families. Transmission of lethal genes such as associated with Huntington's disease can, through in vitro fertilization, avoid passing it on to one's offspring. DNA sequencing will meet the challenge of elucidating the genetic predisposition for common polygenic diseases, especially in determining the function of the novel common genetic risk variants and identifying the rare variants, which may also partially ascertain the source of the missing heritability. The challenge for DNA sequencing remains great, despite human genome sequences being 99.5% identical, the 3 million single nucleotide polymorphisms responsible for most of the unique features add up to 40 to 60 new mutations per person which, for 7 billion people, is 300 to 400 billion mutations. It is claimed that DNA sequencing has increased 10,000-fold while information storage and retrieval only 16-fold. The physician and health user will be challenged by the convergence of 2 major trends, whole genome sequencing, and the storage/retrieval and integration of the data.
Collapse
|
47
|
Guzmán-Ruiz R, Gómez-Hurtado N, Gil-Ortega M, Somoza B, González MC, Aránguez I, Martín-Ramos M, González-Martín C, Delgado C, Fernández-Alfonso M, Ruiz-Gayo M. Remodeling of energy metabolism and absence of electrophysiological changes in the heart of obese hyperleptinemic mice. New insights into the pleiotropic role of leptin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:175. [PMID: 24298268 PMCID: PMC3828673 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary treatment with high-fat diets (HFD) triggers diabetes and hyperleptinemia, concomitantly with a partial state of leptin resistance that affects hepatic and adipose tissue but not the heart. In this context, characterized by widespread steatosis, cardiac lipid content remains unchanged. As previously reported, HFD-evoked hyperleptinemia could be a pivotal element contributing to increase fatty-acid (FA) metabolism in the heart and to prevent cardiac steatosis. This metabolic adaptation might theoretically reduce energy efficiency in cardiomyocytes and lead to cardiac electrophysiological remodeling. Therefore the aim of the current study has been to investigate the impact of long-term HFD on cardiac metabolism and electrophysiological properties of the principal ionic currents responsible of the action potential duration in mouse cardiomyocytes. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a control (10 kcal% from fat) or HFD (45 kcal% from fat) during 32 weeks. Quantification of enzymatic activities regulating mitochondrial uptake of pyruvate and FA showed an increase of both carnitine-palmitoyltransferase and citrate synthase activities together with a decrease of lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase activities. Increased expression of uncoupling protein-3, Mn-, and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutases and catalase were also detected. Total glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratios were unaffected by HFD. These data suggest that HFD triggers adaptive mechanisms aimed at (i) facilitating FA catabolism, and (ii) preventing oxidative stress. All these changes did not affect the duration of action potentials in cardiomyocytes and only slightly modified electrocardiographic parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Guzmán-Ruiz
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
- Present address: Rocío Guzmán-Ruiz, Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
| | - Nieves Gómez-Hurtado
- Departamento de Farmacología. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gil-Ortega
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Somoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Carmen González
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Aránguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Martín-Ramos
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Martín
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Delgado
- Departamento de Farmacología. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisol Fernández-Alfonso
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar-Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Ruiz-Gayo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Mariano Ruiz-Gayo, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Campus de Montepríncipe – Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a stress-activated kinase that functions as a cellular fuel gauge and master metabolic regulator. Recent investigation has elucidated novel molecular mechanisms of AMPK regulation and important biological actions of the AMPK pathway that are highly relevant to cardiovascular disease. Activation of the intrinsic AMPK pathway plays an important role in the myocardial response to ischemia, pressure overload, and heart failure. Pharmacological activation of AMPK shows promise as a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of heart disease. The purpose of this review is to assess how recent discoveries have extended and in some cases challenged existing paradigms, providing new insights into the regulation of AMPK, its diverse biological actions, and therapeutic potential in the heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vlad G Zaha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Harada M, Nattel SN, Nattel S. AMP-activated protein kinase: potential role in cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2012; 5:860-7. [PMID: 22895602 DOI: 10.1161/circep.112.972265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Harada
- Department of Medicine and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jayanthi N. Koneru
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Mark A. Wood
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Kenneth A. Ellenbogen
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| |
Collapse
|