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Varkoly K, Beladi R, Hamada M, McFadden G, Irving J, Lucas AR. Viral SERPINS-A Family of Highly Potent Immune-Modulating Therapeutic Proteins. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1393. [PMID: 37759793 PMCID: PMC10526531 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors, SERPINS, are a highly conserved family of proteins that regulate serine proteases in the central coagulation and immune pathways, representing 2-10% of circulating proteins in the blood. Serine proteases form cascades of sequentially activated enzymes that direct thrombosis (clot formation) and thrombolysis (clot dissolution), complement activation in immune responses and also programmed cell death (apoptosis). Virus-derived serpins have co-evolved with mammalian proteases and serpins, developing into highly effective inhibitors of mammalian proteolytic pathways. Through interacting with extracellular and intracellular serine and cysteine proteases, viral serpins provide a new class of highly active virus-derived coagulation-, immune-, and apoptosis-modulating drug candidates. Viral serpins have unique characteristics: (1) function at micrograms per kilogram doses; (2) selectivity in targeting sites of protease activation; (3) minimal side effects at active concentrations; and (4) the demonstrated capacity to be modified, or fine-tuned, for altered protease targeting. To date, the virus-derived serpin class of biologics has proven effective in a wide range of animal models and in one clinical trial in patients with unstable coronary disease. Here, we outline the known viral serpins and review prior studies with viral serpins, considering their potential for application as new sources for immune-, coagulation-, and apoptosis-modulating therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Varkoly
- Department of Internal Medicine, McLaren Macomb Hospital, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, 1000 Harrington St., Mt Clemens, MI 48043, USA;
| | - Roxana Beladi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ascension Providence Hospital, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, 16001 W Nine Mile Rd., Southfield, MI 48075, USA;
| | - Mostafa Hamada
- College of Medicine, Kansas City University, 1750 Independence Ave, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA;
- Center for Immunotherapy Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 E Tyler St., Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
| | - Grant McFadden
- Center for Immunotherapy Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 E Tyler St., Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
| | - James Irving
- UCL Respiratory and the Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Center for Immunotherapy Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 E Tyler St., Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 E Tyler St., Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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2
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Langford JT, Gonzalez L, Taniguchi R, Brahmandam A, Zhang W, Dardik A. EphB4 monomer inhibits chronic graft vasculopathy in an aortic transplant model. JVS Vasc Sci 2023; 4:100109. [PMID: 37519335 PMCID: PMC10372308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvssci.2023.100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells and macrophages play an important role in the formation of allograft vasculopathy, which is the predominant form of chronic rejection in cardiac transplants. Arteries express Ephrin-B2 as a marker of arterial identity, whereas circulating monocytes express the cognate receptor EphB4, which facilitates monocyte adhesion to the endothelial surface. Adherent monocytes transmigrate and differentiate into macrophages that activate T cells and are a main source of tissue damage during rejection. We hypothesized that inhibition of Ephrin-B2-EphB4 binding would decrease immune cell accumulation within a transplanted graft and prevent allograft vasculopathy. We used EphB4 monomer to inhibit Ephrin-B2-EphB4 binding in a rat infrarenal aortic transplant model. Rats treated with EphB4 monomer had fewer macrophages and T cells in the aortic allografts at 28 days, as well as significantly less neointima formation. These data show that the Ephin-B2-EphB4 axis may be an important target for prevention or treatment of allograft vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T. Langford
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Luis Gonzalez
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ryosuke Taniguchi
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anand Brahmandam
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Weichang Zhang
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Alan Dardik
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Surgery, VA Connecticut Healthcare Systems, West Haven, CT
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Yan W, Rafieerad A, Alagarsamy KN, Saleth LR, Arora RC, Dhingra S. Immunoengineered MXene nanosystem for mitigation of alloantigen presentation and prevention of transplant vasculopathy. NANO TODAY 2023; 48:None. [PMID: 37187503 PMCID: PMC10181944 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
MXenes are an emerging class of nanomaterials with significant potential for applications in nanomedicine. Amongst MXene technologies, titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) nanomaterials are the most mature and have received significant attention to tackle longstanding clinical challenges due to its tailored physical and material properties. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy is an aggressive form of atherosclerosis and a major cause of mortality among patients with heart transplants. Blood vessel endothelial cells (ECs) stimulate alloreactive T-lymphocytes to result in sustained inflammation. Herein, we report the first application of Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets for prevention of allograft vasculopathy. MXene nanosheets interacted with human ECs and downregulated the expression of genes involved in alloantigen presentation, and consequently reduced the activation of allogeneic lymphocytes. RNA-Seq analysis of lymphocytes showed that treatment with MXene downregulated genes responsible for transplant-induced T-cell activation, cell-mediated rejection, and development of allograft vasculopathy. In an in vivo rat model of allograft vasculopathy, treatment with MXene reduced lymphocyte infiltration and preserved medial smooth muscle cell integrity within transplanted aortic allografts. These findings highlight the potential of Ti3C2Tx MXene in treatment of allograft vasculopathy and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiang Yan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Alireza Rafieerad
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Keshav Narayan Alagarsamy
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Leena Regi Saleth
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Rakesh C. Arora
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Sanjiv Dhingra
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada
- Correspondence to: Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, R-3028-2, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg R2H2A6, Canada.
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Ma Y, Chen H. Analysis of Chemokine-to-GAG Interactions in Model of Donor Renal Allograft Transplant. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2597:25-38. [PMID: 36374412 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2835-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Binding of chemokines to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is classically described as initiating inflammatory cell migration and creating tissue chemokine gradients that direct immune cell responses initiating local leukocyte chemotaxis into damaged or transplanted tissues. The interaction between chemokines and GAGs is an important factor affecting transplant rejection, and blocking the interactions between chemokines and GAGs can significantly reduce acute rejection after transplantation. Here, we investigated the interaction between chemokines and GAGs by establishing a mouse model of acute rejection after kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Ma
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Tumor Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
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5
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Guo Q, Yaron JR, Wallen JW, Browder KF, Boyd R, Olson TL, Burgin M, Ulrich P, Aliskevich E, Schutz LN, Fromme P, Zhang L, Lucas AR. PEGylated Serp-1 Markedly Reduces Pristane-Induced Experimental Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage, Altering uPAR Distribution, and Macrophage Invasion. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:633212. [PMID: 33665212 PMCID: PMC7921738 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.633212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is one of the most serious clinical complications of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The prevalence of DAH is reported to range from 1 to 5%, but while DAH is considered a rare complication there is a reported 50-80% mortality. There is at present no proven effective treatment for DAH and the therapeutics that have been tested have significant side effects. There is a clear necessity to discover new drugs to improve outcomes in DAH. Serine protease inhibitors, serpins, regulate thrombotic and thrombolytic protease cascades. We are investigating a Myxomavirus derived immune modulating serpin, Serp-1, as a new class of immune modulating therapeutics for vasculopathy and lung hemorrhage. Serp-1 has proven efficacy in models of herpes virus-induced arterial inflammation (vasculitis) and lung hemorrhage and has also proved safe in a clinical trial in patients with unstable coronary syndromes and stent implant. Here, we examine Serp-1, both as a native secreted protein expressed by CHO cells and as a polyethylene glycol modified (PEGylated) variant (Serp-1m5), for potential therapy in DAH. DAH was induced by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of pristane in C57BL/6J (B6) mice. Mice were treated with 100 ng/g bodyweight of either Serp-1 as native 55 kDa secreted glycoprotein, or as Serp-1m5, or saline controls after inducing DAH. Treatments were repeated daily for 14 days (6 mice/group). Serp-1 partially and Serp-1m5 significantly reduced pristane-induced DAH when compared with saline as assessed by gross pathology and H&E staining (Serp-1, p = 0.2172; Serp-1m5, p = 0.0252). Both Serp-1m5 and Serp-1 treatment reduced perivascular inflammation and reduced M1 macrophage (Serp-1, p = 0.0350; Serp-1m5, p = 0.0053), hemosiderin-laden macrophage (Serp-1, p = 0.0370; Serp-1m5, p = 0.0424) invasion, and complement C5b/9 staining. Extracellular urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor positive (uPAR+) clusters were significantly reduced (Serp-1, p = 0.0172; Serp-1m5, p = 0.0025). Serp-1m5 also increased intact uPAR+ alveoli in the lung (p = 0.0091). In conclusion, Serp-1m5 significantly reduces lung damage and hemorrhage in a pristane model of SLE DAH, providing a new potential therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Guo
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jordan R Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - John W Wallen
- Exalt Therapeutics LLC, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Kyle F Browder
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Ryan Boyd
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Tien L Olson
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Michelle Burgin
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Peaches Ulrich
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Emily Aliskevich
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Lauren N Schutz
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Petra Fromme
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Alexandra R Lucas
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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6
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Guo Q, Zhang L, Yaron JR, Burgin M, Schutz LN, Awo EA, Lucas AR. Preclinical Testing of Viral Therapeutic Efficacy in Pristane-Induced Lupus Nephritis and Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage Mouse Models. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2225:241-255. [PMID: 33108667 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1012-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial and heterogeneous autoimmune disease involving multiple organ systems and tissues. Lupus nephritis occurs in approximately 60% of patients with SLE and is the leading cause of morbidity. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is a rare but very serious complication of SLE with a greater than 50% associated mortality. The etiology of SLE is unclear but has proposed genetic, hormonal, and environmental aspects. Pristane is a saturated terpenoid alkane and has become the most popular laboratory model for inducing lupus in mice. The pristane model of SLE has the capacity to reproduce many components of the human presentation of the disease. Previous studies have demonstrated that virus-derived immune-modulating proteins have the potential to control inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Serp-1, a 55 kDa secreted and highly glycosylated immune modulator derived from myxoma virus (MYXV), has potent immunomodulatory activity in models of vasculitis, viral sepsis, collagen-induced arthritis, and transplant rejection. This chapter describes the mouse preclinical pristane lupus model as a method to examine virus-derived protein efficacy for treating autoimmune diseases and specifically lupus nephritis and DAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Guo
- Centers for Personalized Diagnostics and for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Centers for Personalized Diagnostics and for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jordan R Yaron
- Centers for Personalized Diagnostics and for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Michelle Burgin
- Centers for Personalized Diagnostics and for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Lauren N Schutz
- Centers for Personalized Diagnostics and for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Enkidia A Awo
- Centers for Personalized Diagnostics and for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Alexandra R Lucas
- Centers for Personalized Diagnostics and for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Division of Cardiology, Saint Joseph's Hospital, Dignity Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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7
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Yaron JR, Ambadapadi S, Zhang L, Chavan RN, Tibbetts SA, Keinan S, Varsani A, Maldonado J, Kraberger S, Tafoya AM, Bullard WL, Kilbourne J, Stern-Harbutte A, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Munk BH, Koppang EO, Lim ES, Lucas AR. Immune protection is dependent on the gut microbiome in a lethal mouse gammaherpesviral infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2371. [PMID: 32047224 PMCID: PMC7012916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59269-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunopathogenesis in systemic viral infections can induce a septic state with leaky capillary syndrome, disseminated coagulopathy, and high mortality with limited treatment options. Murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV-68) intraperitoneal infection is a gammaherpesvirus model for producing severe vasculitis, colitis and lethal hemorrhagic pneumonia in interferon gamma receptor-deficient (IFNγR-/-) mice. In prior work, treatment with myxomavirus-derived Serp-1 or a derivative peptide S-7 (G305TTASSDTAITLIPR319) induced immune protection, reduced disease severity and improved survival after MHV-68 infection. Here, we investigate the gut bacterial microbiome in MHV-68 infection. Antibiotic suppression markedly accelerated MHV-68 pathology causing pulmonary consolidation and hemorrhage, increased mortality and specific modification of gut microbiota. Serp-1 and S-7 reduced pulmonary pathology and detectable MHV-68 with increased CD3 and CD8 cells. Treatment efficacy was lost after antibiotic treatments with associated specific changes in the gut bacterial microbiota. In summary, transkingdom host-virus-microbiome interactions in gammaherpesvirus infection influences gammaherpesviral infection severity and reduces immune modulating therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Sriram Ambadapadi
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Ramani N Chavan
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Scott A Tibbetts
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Shahar Keinan
- Cloud Pharmaceuticals, Research Triangle Park (RTP), North Carolina, USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center of Evolution and Medicine Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Juan Maldonado
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- KED Genomics Core, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Simona Kraberger
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Amanda M Tafoya
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Whitney L Bullard
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Kilbourne
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Alison Stern-Harbutte
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Barbara H Munk
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Erling O Koppang
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Efrem S Lim
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
| | - Alexandra R Lucas
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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8
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Zhang L, Yaron JR, Tafoya AM, Wallace SE, Kilbourne J, Haydel S, Rege K, McFadden G, Lucas AR. A Virus-Derived Immune Modulating Serpin Accelerates Wound Closure with Improved Collagen Remodeling. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101626. [PMID: 31590323 PMCID: PMC6832452 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous treatments have been developed to promote wound healing based on current understandings of the healing process. Hemorrhaging, clotting, and associated inflammation regulate early wound healing. We investigated treatment with a virus-derived immune modulating serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN), Serp-1, which inhibits thrombolytic proteases and inflammation, in a mouse excisional wound model. Saline or recombinant Serp-1 were applied directly to wounds as single doses of 1 μg or 2 µg or as two 1 µg boluses. A chitosan-collagen hydrogel was also tested for Serp-1 delivery. Wound size was measured daily for 15 days and scarring assessed by Masson’s trichrome, Herovici’s staining, and immune cell dynamics and angiogenesis by immunohistochemistry. Serp-1 treatment significantly accelerated wound healing, but was blocked by urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPAR) antibody. Repeated dosing at a lower concentration was more effective than single high-dose serpin. A single application of Serp-1-loaded chitosan-collagen hydrogel was as effective as repeated aqueous Serp-1 dosing. Serp-1 treatment of wounds increased arginase-1-expressing M2-polarized macrophage counts and periwound angiogenesis in the wound bed. Collagen staining also demonstrated that Serp-1 improves collagen maturation and organization at the wound site. Serp-1 has potential as a safe and effective immune modulating treatment that targets thrombolytic proteases, accelerating healing and reducing scar in deep cutaneous wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Jordan R Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Amanda M Tafoya
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Sarah E Wallace
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Jacquelyn Kilbourne
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Shelley Haydel
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Kaushal Rege
- Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Grant McFadden
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Alexandra R Lucas
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
- Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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9
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Chen H, Ambadapadi S, Wakefield D, Bartee M, Yaron JR, Zhang L, Archer-Hartmann SA, Azadi P, Burgin M, Borges C, Zheng D, Ergle K, Muppala V, Morshed S, Rand K, Clapp W, Proudfoot A, Lucas A. Selective Deletion of Heparan Sulfotransferase Enzyme, Ndst1, in Donor Endothelial and Myeloid Precursor Cells Significantly Decreases Acute Allograft Rejection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13433. [PMID: 30194334 PMCID: PMC6128922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early damage to transplanted organs initiates excess inflammation that can cause ongoing injury, a leading cause for late graft loss. The endothelial glycocalyx modulates immune reactions and chemokine-mediated haptotaxis, potentially driving graft loss. In prior work, conditional deficiency of the glycocalyx-modifying enzyme N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase-1 (Ndst1f/f TekCre+) reduced aortic allograft inflammation. Here we investigated modification of heparan sulfate (HS) and chemokine interactions in whole-organ renal allografts. Conditional donor allograft Ndst1 deficiency (Ndst1−/−; C57Bl/6 background) was compared to systemic treatment with M-T7, a broad-spectrum chemokine-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) inhibitor. Early rejection was significantly reduced in Ndst1−/− kidneys engrafted into wildtype BALB/c mice (Ndst1+/+) and comparable to M-T7 treatment in C57Bl/6 allografts (P < 0.0081). M-T7 lost activity in Ndst1−/− allografts, while M-T7 point mutants with modified GAG-chemokine binding displayed a range of anti-rejection activity. CD3+ T cells (P < 0.0001), HS (P < 0.005) and CXC chemokine staining (P < 0.012), gene expression in NFκB and JAK/STAT pathways, and HS and CS disaccharide content were significantly altered with reduced rejection. Transplant of donor allografts with conditional Ndst1 deficiency exhibit significantly reduced acute rejection, comparable to systemic chemokine-GAG inhibition. Modified disaccharides in engrafted organs correlate with reduced rejection. Altered disaccharides in engrafted organs provide markers for rejection with potential to guide new therapeutic approaches in allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sriram Ambadapadi
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Dara Wakefield
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Meeyong Bartee
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jordan R Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michelle Burgin
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Chad Borges
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Donghang Zheng
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kevin Ergle
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vishnu Muppala
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sufi Morshed
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kenneth Rand
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - William Clapp
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Alexandra Lucas
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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Wang J, Wang Y, Wang J, Guo X, Chan EC, Jiang F. Adventitial Activation in the Pathogenesis of Injury-Induced Arterial Remodeling: Potential Implications in Transplant Vasculopathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:838-845. [PMID: 29341889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transplant vasculopathy is one of the major causes of chronic rejection after solid organ transplantation. The pathogenic mechanisms of transplant vasculopathy are still poorly understood. Herein, we summarize current evidence suggesting that activation of the tunica adventitia may be involved in the pathogenesis of transplant vasculopathy. Adventitia is an early responder to various vascular injuries and plays an integral role in eliciting vascular inflammation and remodeling. Accumulation of macrophages in the adventitia promotes the development of vascular remodeling by releasing a variety of paracrine factors that have profound impacts on vascular mural cells. Targeting adventitial macrophages has been shown to be effective for repressing transplantation-induced arterial remodeling in animal models. Adventitia also fosters angiogenesis, and neovascularization of the adventitial layer may facilitate the transport of inflammatory cells through the arterial wall. Further investigations are warranted to clarify whether inhibiting adventitial oxidative stress and/or adventitial neovascularization are better strategies for preventing transplant vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaosun Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Elsa C Chan
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fan Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research (Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health), Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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11
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Chen H, Ambadapadi S, Dai E, Liu L, Yaron JR, Zhang L, Lucas A. Analysis of In Vivo Serpin Functions in Models of Inflammatory Vascular Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1826:157-182. [PMID: 30194600 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8645-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Serpins have a wide range of functions in regulation of serine proteases in the thrombotic cascade and in immune responses, representing up to 2-10% of circulating proteins in the blood. Selected serpins also have cross-class inhibitory actions for cysteine proteases in inflammasome and apoptosis pathways. The arterial and venous systems transport blood throughout the mammalian body representing a central site for interactions between coagulation proteases and circulating blood cells (immune cells) and target tissues, a very extensive and complex interaction. While analysis of serpin functions in vitro in kinetics or gel shift assays or in tissue culture provides very necessary information on molecular mechanisms, the penultimate assessment of biological or physiological functions and efficacy for serpins as therapeutics requires study in vivo in whole animal models (some also consider cell culture to be an in vivo approach).Mouse models of arterial transplant with immune rejection as well as models of inflammatory vasculitis induced by infection have been used to study the interplay between the coagulation and immune response pathways. We describe here three in vivo vasculitis models that are used to study the roles of serpins in disease and as therapeutics. The models described include (1) mouse aortic allograft transplantation, (2) human temporal artery (TA) xenograft into immunodeficient mouse aorta, and (3) mouse herpes virus (MHV68)-induced inflammatory vasculitis in interferon-gamma receptor (IFNγR) knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
- The Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
| | - Sriram Ambadapadi
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erbin Dai
- Department of Surgery, BIDMC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liying Liu
- Department of Surgery, BIDMC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jordan R Yaron
- Centers for Personalized Diagnostics and Immunology, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 E Tyler St, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Alexandra Lucas
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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12
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Brahn E, Lee S, Lucas A, McFadden G, Macaulay C. Suppression of collagen-induced arthritis with a serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) derived from myxoma virus. Clin Immunol 2014; 153:254-63. [PMID: 24845791 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many viruses encode virulence factors to facilitate their own survival by modulating a host's inflammatory response. One of these factors, secreted from cells infected with myxoma virus, is the serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) Serp-1. Because Serp-1 had demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in arterial injury models and viral infections, it was cloned and evaluated for therapeutic efficacy in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Clinical severity was significantly lower in the Serp-1 protocols (p<0.0001) and blinded radiographs indicated that the Serp-1 group had significantly less erosions than the controls (p<0.01). Delayed-type hypersensitivity was lower in the Serp-1 group but antibody titers to type II collagen were not significantly altered. Recipients had minimal histopathologic synovial changes and did not develop neutralizing antibodies to Serp-1. These results indicate that Serp-1 impedes the pathogenesis of CIA and suggests that the therapeutic potential of serine proteinase inhibitors in inflammatory joint diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Brahn
- Division of Rheumatology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Sarah Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Lucas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Grant McFadden
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA
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13
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Zheng D, Chen H, Bartee MY, Williams J, Davids JA, Lomas DA, McFadden G, Lucas AR. Myxomaviral Anti-Inflammatory Serpin Reduces Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Human Pancreatic Cancer Cell Growth in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 5:291-299. [PMID: 25798214 PMCID: PMC4367486 DOI: 10.4172/1948-5956.1000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Modification of the tumor microenvironment by inflammatory cells represents a newly recognized driving force in cancer with critical roles in tumor invasion, growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Increased thrombolytic cascade serine proteases, specifically urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor, correlate with inflammatory cell migration, pancreatic cancer growth, invasion and unfavorable outcomes. Inflammation in pancreatic cancer is linked with myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) activity and cancer progression. Myxomavirus is a complex DNA virus encoding highly potent immune modulators. Serp-1 and M-T7 are two such secreted anti-inflammatory myxomaviral proteins. Serp-1 inhibits uPA, plasmin and coagulation factor X while M-T7 inhibits C, CC, and CXC chemokines. We have explored the potential use of these viral proteins for treatment of a range of human cancer isolates engrafted in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Engrafted tumors were treated with either Serp-1, neuroserpin, a related mammalian serpin that inhibits thrombolytic proteases, or M-T7. Serp-1 and neuroserpin inhibited growth of the pancreatic cancer cell line Hs766t (P=0.03 and P=0.01, respectively) at 4 weeks after implantation. Serp-1 also inhibited growth of a second pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2 in mice (P=0.02). Growth of the human breast cancer line MDA231 was not inhibited by Serp-1. M-T7, in contrast, did not alter growth of any of the cancer cell lines tested after implant into SCID mice. Serpin inhibition of pancreatic tumor growth was associated with a significant decrease in splenocyte MDSC counts by flow cytometry (P=0.009), without detected change in other splenocyte subpopulations. Serp-1 and NSP treatment also significantly reduced macrophage infiltration in tumors (P=0.001). In summary two anti-inflammatory serpins reduced inflammatory macrophage invasion and pancreatic tumor cell growth, suggesting potential therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghang Zheng
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mee Y Bartee
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Grant McFadden
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexandra R Lucas
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA ; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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14
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Chen H, Zheng D, Davids J, Bartee MY, Dai E, Liu L, Petrov L, Macaulay C, Thoburn R, Sobel E, Moyer R, McFadden G, Lucas A. Viral serpin therapeutics from concept to clinic. Methods Enzymol 2011; 499:301-29. [PMID: 21683260 PMCID: PMC3558843 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386471-0.00015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 19 years, we have developed a novel myxoma virus-derived anti-inflammatory serine protease inhibitor, termed a serpin, as a new class of immunomodulatory therapeutic. This review will describe the initial identification of viral serpins with anti-inflammatory potential, beginning with preclinical analysis of viral pathogenesis and proceeding to cell and molecular target analyses, and successful clinical trial. The central aim of this review is to describe the development of two serpins, Serp-1 and Serp-2, as a new class of immune modulating drug, from inception to implementation. We begin with an overview of the approaches used for successful mining of the virus for potential serpin immunomodulators in viruses. We then provide a methodological overview of one inflammatory animal model used to test for serpin anti-inflammatory activity followed by methods used to identify cells in the inflammatory response system targeted by these serpins and molecular responses to serpin treatment. Finally, we provide an overview of our findings from a recent, successful clinical trial of the secreted myxomaviral serpin, Serp-1, in patients with unstable inflammatory coronary arterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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15
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Leopold JA. Viral-derived Serp-1 as an adjunctive therapy for percutaneous coronary intervention: another not ready for prime time player? Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2010; 3:528-30. [PMID: 21156927 DOI: 10.1161/circinterventions.110.959684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Among the microorganisms that cause diseases of medical or veterinary importance, the only group that is entirely dependent on the host, and hence not easily amenable to therapy via pharmaceuticals, is the viruses. Since viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens, and therefore depend a great deal on cellular processes, direct therapy of viral infections is difficult. Thus, modifying or targeting nonspecific or specific immune responses is an important aspect of intervention of ongoing viral infections. However, as a result of the unavailability of effective vaccines and the extended duration of manifestation, chronic viral infections are the most suitable for immunotherapies. We present an overview of various immunological strategies that have been applied for treating viral infections after exposure to the infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra R Hegde
- Bharat Biotech Foundation, Genome Valley, Turkapally, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad 500078, India.
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Hoffmann U, Bergler T, Rihm M, Pace C, Krüger B, Jung B, Reinhold SW, Farkas S, Rümmele P, Krämer BK, Banas B. Impact of Toll-like receptor 2 expression in renal allograft rejection. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 26:1080-7. [PMID: 20628182 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An important role of TLR2 has been shown in various experimental models of renal ischaemia/reperfusion injury. To study the expression of TLR2 in renal allograft rejection systematically, we established an experimental rat transplantation model. METHODS TLR2 expression was analysed in 99 human renal allograft biopsies, and in rat allografts at Day 6 and 28 after experimental renal transplantation. To discriminate whether regulation of TLR2 was following immunological processes after allogeneic transplantation or was a consequence from ischaemia/reperfusion injury, control animals subjected to syngeneic transplantation or to ischaemia/reperfusion damage were also investigated. RESULTS TLR2 mRNA was significantly elevated in rat allografts with acute rejection on Day 6 and decreased spontaneously towards Day 28. TLR2 induction correlated with renal function and TLR2 excretion in the urine of transplanted rats. TLR2 staining was also significantly increased in human allografts with acute rejection. TLR2 protein could be localized in tubular epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells, and in CD68- and CD4-positive infiltrating cells. CONCLUSIONS TLR2 is markedly up-regulated in both experimental and human acute renal allograft rejection. Our data suggest a role for TLR2 during allogen-dependent graft damage after renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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The serpin saga; development of a new class of virus derived anti-inflammatory protein immunotherapeutics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 666:132-56. [PMID: 20054981 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1601-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Serine proteinase inhibitors, also called serpins, are an ancient grouping of proteins found in primitive organisms from bacteria, protozoa and horseshoe crabs and thus likely present at the time of the dinosaurs, up to all mammals living today. The innate or inflammatory immune system is also an ancient metazoan regulatory system, providing the first line of defense against infection or injury. The innate inflammatory defense response evolved long before acquired, antibody dependent immunity. Viruses have developed highly effective stratagems that undermine and block a wide variety of host inflammatory and immune responses. Some of the most potent of these immune modifying strategies utilize serpins that have also been developed over millions of years, including the hijacking by some viruses for defense against host immune attacks. Serpins represent up to 2-10 percent of circulating plasma proteins, regulating actions as wide ranging as thrombosis, inflammation, blood pressure control and even hormone transport. Targeting serpin-regulated immune or inflammatory pathways makes evolutionary sense for viral defense and many of these virus-derived inhibitory proteins have proven to be highly effective, working at very low concentrations--even down to the femptomolar to picomolar range. We are studying these viral anti-inflammatory proteins as a new class of immunomodulatory therapeutic agents derived from their native viral source. One such viral serpin, Serp-1 is now in clinical trial (conducted by VIRON Therapeutics, Inc.) for acute unstable coronary syndromes (unstable angina and small heart attacks), representing a 'first in class' therapeutic study. Several other viral serpins are also currently under investigation as anti-inflammatory or anti-immune therapeutics. This chapter describes these original studies and the ongoing analysis of viral serpins as a new class of virus-derived immunotherapeutic.
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Viswanathan K, Richardson J, Togonu-Bickersteth B, Dai E, Liu L, Vatsya P, Sun YM, Yu J, Munuswamy-Ramanujam G, Baker H, Lucas AR. Myxoma viral serpin, Serp-1, inhibits human monocyte adhesion through regulation of actin-binding protein filamin B. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 85:418-26. [PMID: 19052145 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0808506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Serp-1 is a secreted myxoma viral serine protease inhibitor (serpin) with proven, highly effective, anti-inflammatory defensive activity during host cell infection, as well as potent immunomodulatory activity in a wide range of animal disease models. Serp-1 binds urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and the tissue-type PA, plasmin, and factor Xa, requiring uPA receptor (uPAR) for anti-inflammatory activity. To define Serp-1-mediated effects on inflammatory cell activation, we examined the association of Serp-1 with monocytes and T cells, effects on cellular migration, and the role of uPAR-linked integrins and actin-binding proteins in Serp-1 cellular responses. Our results show that Serp-1 associates directly with activated monocytes and T lymphocytes, in part through interaction with uPAR (P<0.001). Serp-1, but not mammalian serpin PA inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), attenuated cellular adhesion to the extracellular matrix. Serp-1 and PAI-1 reduced human monocyte and T cell adhesion (P<0.001) and migration across endothelial monolayers in vitro (P<0.001) and into mouse ascites in vivo (P<0.001). Serp-1 and an inactive Serp-1 mutant Serp-1(SAA) bound equally to human monocytes and T cells, but a highly proinflammatory mutant, Serp-1(Ala(6)), bound less well to monocytes. Serp-1 treatment of monocytes increased expression of filamin B actin-binding protein and reduced CD18 (beta-integrin) expression (P<0.001) in a uPAR-dependent response. Filamin colocalized and co-immunoprecipitated with uPAR, and short interference RNA knock-down of filamin blocked Serp-1 inhibition of monocyte adhesion. We report here that the highly potent, anti-inflammatory activity of Serp-1 is mediated through modification of uPAR-linked beta-integrin and filamin in monocytes, identifying this interaction as a central regulatory axis for inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasinath Viswanathan
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Nepomnyashchikh TS, Shchelkunov SN. Poxviral immunomodulating proteins: New tools for immunity correction. Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893308050178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Form to function: current and future roles for atherosclerosis imaging in drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008; 7:517-29. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd2588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Induction of Indefinite Cardiac Allograft Survival Correlates With Toll-Like Receptor 2 and 4 Downregulation After Serine Protease Inhibitor-1 (Serp-1) Treatment. Transplantation 2007; 84:1158-67. [DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000286099.50532.b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Christov A, Dai E, Drangova M, Liu L, Abela GS, Nash P, McFadden G, Lucas A. Optical Detection of Triggered Atherosclerotic Plaque Disruption by Fluorescence Emission Analysis¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0720242odotap2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Richardson M, Liu L, Dunphy L, Wong D, Sun Y, Viswanathan K, Singh G, Lucas A. Viral serpin, Serp-1, inhibits endogenous angiogenesis in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane model. Cardiovasc Pathol 2007; 16:191-202. [PMID: 17637427 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2006] [Revised: 11/18/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis is a critical factor in the development of malignant tumors, in arthritic joints, and in cardiovascular disease. In cardiovascular disease, angiogenesis is recognised both as a potential therapy and as a complicating factor in atherosclerotic plaque rupture and thrombotic obstruction. Serine proteases regulate thrombosis, inflammation, and cell invasion, events that trigger various stages of angiogenesis and are in turn regulated by inhibitors, termed serpins. Serp-1 is a secreted anti-inflammatory viral serpin that profoundly inhibits early mononuclear cell invasion, and the development of atherosclerosis, transplant vasculopathy, and arthritis in a range of animal models. METHODS The capacity of Serp-1 to alter angiogenesis was evaluated in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model using morphometric analysis of vascular changes and RT-PCR to explore alterations in gene expression. RESULTS Serp-1 inhibited endogenous angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner, with associated altered expression of laminin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Serp-1 was ineffective in CAMs no longer in the rapid growth phase. Similar inhibition of angiogenesis was detected after inhibition of VEGF, but not after treatment with the inactivated reactive center loop mutant of Serp-1. CONCLUSIONS The angiogenic process can be controlled using Serp-1, an anti-inflammatory agent that is effective at low concentrations with rapid reversibility, targets endothelial cells, and reduces the availability of VEGF. These properties may be especially important in cardiovascular disease, reducing plaque destabilization. It is likely that the anti-angiogenic activity of Serp-1 contributes to the observed anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic actions with potential importance in this therapeutic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Richardson
- Juravinski Cancer Centre, Department of Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Miller LW. Heart Transplantation: Indications, Outcome, and Long-Term Complications. CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84628-715-2_67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Fallon PG, Alcami A. Pathogen-derived immunomodulatory molecules: future immunotherapeutics? Trends Immunol 2006; 27:470-6. [PMID: 16920025 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The identification of molecules from various pathogens that modulate innate and/or adaptive immunity is a dynamic and rapidly developing area of research. These immunomodulatory molecules (IM) have been optimized during pathogen-host co-evolution, and have a potential application as novel immunotherapeutics. In this review, we illustrate the use of pathogen IM that have been produced as recombinant proteins, with different modes of modulatory activity, and discuss their potential to modulate undesirable immune responses in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padraic G Fallon
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland, and Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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Bédard ELR, Jiang J, Arp J, Qian H, Wang H, Guan H, Liu L, Parry N, Kim P, Garcia B, Li X, Macaulay C, McFadden G, Lucas A, Zhong R. Prevention of Chronic Renal Allograft Rejection by SERP-1 Protein. Transplantation 2006; 81:908-14. [PMID: 16570016 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000203141.02725.8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In previous studies we have demonstrated that Serp-1, a myxoma virus encoded serine protease inhibitor, dramatically inhibits neointimal hyperplasia in vascular injury and aortic transplant models. Here we examined the effect of peritransplant Serp-1 administration on chronic renal allograft rejection. METHODS Rat renal transplants were performed with sequential recipient sacrifice on postoperative days 2, 10 and 140 to examine both the acute and chronic effects of Serp-1 in recipient rats. RESULTS Serp-1 administration reduced early posttransplant injury (POD 2) with less acute tubular and vascular necrosis. This translated into a reduction of the characteristic late stage changes of chronic rejection (POD 140), with significantly decreased glomerulosclerosis and neointimal hyperplasia. Effects of Serp-1 treatment were already evident as early as POD 2 with markedly decreased levels of TGF-beta mRNA witnessed at both the early and late time points (POD 2, 10 and 140). CONCLUSION We have demonstrated that peritransplant Serp-1 viral protein decreased early injury and allowed reduced chronic rejection in a rat renal model. Recipients treated with Serp-1 are associated with a decrease in TGF-beta mRNA levels in the allografts suggesting that the serine protease inhibitor may inhibit TGF-beta transcription and its profibrotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L R Bédard
- Multiorgan Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, University Campus, 339 Windermere Road, London, Ontario N6A 5A5, Canada
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28
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Dai E, Viswanathan K, Sun YM, Li X, Liu LY, Togonu-Bickersteth B, Richardson J, Macaulay C, Nash P, Turner P, Nazarian SH, Moyer R, McFadden G, Lucas AR. Identification of Myxomaviral Serpin Reactive Site Loop Sequences That Regulate Innate Immune Responses. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:8041-50. [PMID: 16407226 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509454200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The thrombolytic serine protease cascade is intricately involved in activation of innate immune responses. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator and receptor form complexes that aid inflammatory cell invasion at sites of arterial injury. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is a mammalian serpin that binds and regulates the urokinase receptor complex. Serp-1, a myxomaviral serpin, also targets the urokinase receptor, displaying profound anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic activity in a wide range of animal models. Serp-1 reactive center site mutations, mimicking known mammalian and viral serpins, were constructed in order to define sequences responsible for regulation of inflammation. Thrombosis, inflammation, and plaque growth were assessed after treatment with Serp-1, Serp-1 chimeras, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, or unrelated viral serpins in plasminogen activator inhibitor or urokinase receptor-deficient mouse aortic transplants. Altering the P1-P1' Arg-Asn sequence compromised Serp-1 protease-inhibitory activity and anti-inflammatory activity in animal models; P1-P1' Ala-Ala mutants were inactive, P1 Met increased remodeling, and P1' Thr increased thrombosis. Substitution of Serp-1 P2-P7 with Ala6 allowed for inhibition of urokinase but lost plasmin inhibition, unexpectedly inducing a diametrically opposed, proinflammatory response with mononuclear cell activation, thrombosis, and aneurysm formation (p < 0.03). Other serpins did not reproduce Serp-1 activity; plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 increased thrombosis (p < 0.0001), and unrelated viral serpin, CrmA, increased inflammation. Deficiency of urokinase receptor in mouse transplants blocked Serp-1 and chimera activity, in some cases increasing inflammation. In summary, 1) Serp-1 anti-inflammatory activity is highly dependent upon the reactive center loop sequence, and 2) plasmin inhibition is central to anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erbin Dai
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Robarts Research Laboratory, London, Ontario N6A 2K8, Canada
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29
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Lucas A, McFadden G. Secreted Immunomodulatory Viral Proteins as Novel Biotherapeutics. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:4765-74. [PMID: 15470015 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.8.4765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many viruses have learned to evade or subvert the host antiviral immune responses by encoding and expressing immunomodulatory proteins that protect the virus from attack by elements of the innate and acquired immune systems. Some of these viral anti-immune regulators are expressed as secreted proteins that engage specific host immune targets in the extracellular environment, where they exhibit potent anti-immune properties. We review here viral immunomodulatory proteins that have been tested as anti-inflammatory reagents in animal models of disease caused by excessive inflammation or hyperactivated immune pathways. The potential for such viral molecules for the development of novel drugs to treat immune-based or inflammatory disorders is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lucas
- BioTherapeutics Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Liu L, Dai E, Miller L, Seet B, Lalani A, Macauley C, Li X, Virgin HW, Bunce C, Turner P, Moyer R, McFadden G, Lucas A. Viral chemokine-binding proteins inhibit inflammatory responses and aortic allograft transplant vasculopathy in rat models. Transplantation 2004; 77:1652-60. [PMID: 15201663 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000131173.52424.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both CC and CXC chemokines direct monocyte and T-cell migration and activation at sites of vascular injury, but the relative contributions of each chemokine class to transplant vasculopathy development have not been defined. The nonselective C, CC, and CXC chemokine binding protein, M-T7, inhibits vasculopathy development after angioplasty and after renal transplant. We have assessed the effects of three viral chemokine-binding proteins with differing ranges of chemokine inhibition on plaque growth in rats after aortic allograft transplant. METHODS One of two myxomaviral chemokine binding proteins, (1). M-T1, a selective CC chemokine inhibitor, or (2). M-T7, a nonselective chemokine-binding protein, was given immediately after transplant. A separate group was treated with the gamma68-herpesvirus protein, M3, a C, CC, CXC, and CX3C binding protein, with preferential CC binding. RESULTS Intimal hyperplasia was significantly reduced at late times posttransplant after infusion of each chemokine-binding protein (P <0.05). Early inhibition of macrophage and T-cell invasion was associated with a late decrease in vasculopathy development. Infusion of an inactive myxomavirus protein did not inhibit plaque growth. Combined high-dose M-T1 and M-T7 did not reduce plaque growth or early cell invasion to a greater extent than either protein alone. Coinfusion of the CC chemokines macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha neutralized M-T1 and M-T7 inhibition of monocyte invasion, respectively, suggesting a key role for CC chemokine-mediated cellular influx. CONCLUSION Viral chemokine-modulating proteins effectively reduce aortic allograft vasculopathy, acting predominantly through inhibition of a CC chemokine-mediated response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Liu
- John P Robarts' Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
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31
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Seet BT, Johnston JB, Brunetti CR, Barrett JW, Everett H, Cameron C, Sypula J, Nazarian SH, Lucas A, McFadden G. Poxviruses and immune evasion. Annu Rev Immunol 2003; 21:377-423. [PMID: 12543935 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Large DNA viruses defend against hostile assault executed by the host immune system by producing an array of gene products that systematically sabotage key components of the inflammatory response. Poxviruses target many of the primary mediators of innate immunity including interferons, tumor necrosis factors, interleukins, complement, and chemokines. Poxviruses also manipulate a variety of intracellular signal transduction pathways such as the apoptotic response. Many of the poxvirus genes that disrupt these pathways have been hijacked directly from the host immune system, while others have demonstrated no clear resemblance to any known host genes. Nonetheless, the immunological targets and the diversity of strategies used by poxviruses to disrupt these host pathways have provided important insights into diverse aspects of immunology, virology, and inflammation. Furthermore, because of their anti-inflammatory nature, many of these poxvirus proteins hold promise as potential therapeutic agents for acute or chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce T Seet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Johnston
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6G 2V4
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Dai E, Guan H, Liu L, Little S, McFadden G, Vaziri S, Cao H, Ivanova IA, Bocksch L, Lucas A. Serp-1, a viral anti-inflammatory serpin, regulates cellular serine proteinase and serpin responses to vascular injury. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:18563-72. [PMID: 12637546 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m209683200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex DNA viruses have tapped into cellular serpin responses that act as key regulatory steps in coagulation and inflammatory cascades. Serp-1 is one such viral serpin that effectively protects virus-infected tissues from host inflammatory responses. When given as purified protein, Serp-1 markedly inhibits vascular monocyte invasion and plaque growth in animal models. We have investigated mechanisms of viral serpin inhibition of vascular inflammatory responses. In vascular injury models, Serp-1 altered early cellular plasminogen activator (tissue plasminogen activator), inhibitor (PAI-1), and receptor (urokinase-type plasminogen activator) expression (p < 0.01). Serp-1, but not a reactive center loop mutant, up-regulated PAI-1 serpin expression in human endothelial cells. Treatment of endothelial cells with antibody to urokinase-type plasminogen activator and vitronectin blocked Serp-1-induced changes. Significantly, Serp-1 blocked intimal hyperplasia (p < 0.0001) after aortic allograft transplant (p < 0.0001) in PAI-1-deficient mice. Serp-1 also blocked plaque growth after aortic isograft transplant and after wire-induced injury (p < 0.05) in PAI-1-deficient mice indicating that increase in PAI-1 expression is not required for Serp-1 to block vasculopathy development. Serp-1 did not inhibit plaque growth in uPAR-deficient mice after aortic allograft transplant. We conclude that the poxviral serpin, Serp-1, attenuates vascular inflammatory responses to injury through a pathway mediated by native uPA receptors and vitronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erbin Dai
- Vascular Biology Research Group, John P. Robarts' Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
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Abstract
Myxoma virus causes the systemic disease myxomatosis in the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Originating in the South American rabbit Sylvilagus brasiliensis, where it causes a relatively localized fibroma, myxoma virus is a classic example of a virus that has jumped species to produce an exotic disease and then coevolved with its new host. Like other poxviruses, myxoma virus encodes multiple proteins capable of downregulating the host innate and acquired immune responses. Other virus-encoded proteins enable replication in host lymphocytes and monocytes, for example, by inhibiting apoptosis. Detailed studies on these proteins have demonstrated novel methods of interactions with the host immune system and added substantially to the understanding of the interaction of large DNA viruses with their hosts. Despite the increasingly detailed molecular knowledge of myxoma virus, relatively little is known about the dynamics of the interaction of the virus with the integrated host-immune system during infection and, in particular, about the evolution of resistance to the virus in wild rabbits or the species barrier. This review will focus on the detailed molecular studies that have been done with myxoma virus and discuss the more limited knowledge of the pathogenesis of myxoma virus in rabbits and the ways that the consolidated immune responses may determine genetic resistance to myxomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kerr
- Pest Animal Control Cooperative Research Centre, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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35
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Hankins S, Mancini D. Drug treatment of clinical problems related to cardiac transplantation. HEART DISEASE (HAGERSTOWN, MD.) 2002; 4:242-51. [PMID: 12147184 DOI: 10.1097/00132580-200207000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several new immunosuppressive agents have become available for the treatment of cardiac transplant recipients. Use of these agents and their potential side effects are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Hankins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Circulatory Physiology, Columbia Presbyterian Hospital Center, New York, New York, USA
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36
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Blain B, Zhang F, Jones M, Richards L, Fischer K, Dorsett-Martin W, Lineaweaver WC. Vascular grafts in the rat model: an anatomic study. Microsurgery 2001; 21:80-3. [PMID: 11372067 DOI: 10.1002/micr.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Vascular grafts in animal models have been used extensively in the microsurgical laboratory, and the rat offers an excellent source of graft to meet these needs. In this study, we compiled a list of vessels that were previously identified in experimental literature for use as vascular grafts in the rat model. We then dissected and measured both arterial and venous grafts taken from these sites in 12 adult rats. The surgical procedure for approaching each vascular graft was recorded. The diameter and harvestable length, the start and end points, and the number of branches of the graft were tabulated. We believe that these data will provide valuable insight applicable to the use of the rat vascular graft in microsurgical research and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Blain
- Division of Plastic Surgery, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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37
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Hausen B, Boeke K, Berry GJ, Morris RE. Viral serine proteinase inhibitor (SERP-1) effectively decreases the incidence of graft vasculopathy in heterotopic heart allografts. Transplantation 2001; 72:364-8. [PMID: 11502962 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200108150-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graft vascular disease (GVD) is the most common cause of late graft failure in solid organ transplantation. Recent studies have shown good efficacy of a novel nontoxic viral-derived serine proteinase inhibitor (SERP-1) in preventing postangioplasty restenosis. The current study was designed to test whether short-term treatment with SERP-1 was effective in reducing the incidence of GVD in a solid organ transplant. METHODS Piebald-Virol-Glaxo (PVG) donor hearts were transplanted into August-Copenhagen-Irish (ACI) recipients and observed for 90 days. All recipients (n=60) were treated with microemulsion cyclosporine (CsA) 7.5 mg/kg per gavage from day 0 to day 9 and randomized into 4 groups. SERP-1 was given intravenously. Group I received CsA monotherapy; group II, CsA+SERP-1 1 ng/g (postoperative days 0-9); group III, CsA+SERP-1 10 ng/g (postoperative days 0-9); and group IV, CsA+SERP-1 10 ng/g (postoperative days 0-9, 30, and 60). Graft viability was monitored by palpation, and GVD was assessed by morphometry. RESULTS Two animals in group I rejected their allografts on postoperative days 7 and 14, 1 animal in group II rejected the allograft (postoperative day 31), and none in group III and IV rejected the allografts. At 90 days postoperative, 23.8% of all coronary vessels showed evidence of GVD in group I, 18.4% in group II, 12.9% in group III, and 11.8% in group IV. The difference in incidence of GVD was significant between groups I and III (P<0.05) and groups I and IV (P<0.05). Treatment with SERP-1 was well tolerated, and all animals regained weight quickly postsurgery. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of allograft recipients with SERP-1 in combination with CsA early after transplantation significantly decreases the incidence of GVD when compared to grafts treated with only CsA. These results demonstrate the clinical potential for this novel serine protease inhibitor to prevent GVD in solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hausen
- Transplantation Immunology, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Falk CVRB, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94305-5407, USA.
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Abstract
Since the discovery of virokines in the 1980s, much time and research has been dedicated to exploring their potential use as therapeutic agents. Simply put, virokines are virally encoded proteins that are secreted from the infected host cell. Most of these proteins possess the ability to modulate different aspects of the host immune system, to better maintain a suitable habitat for viral replication. These proteins are often highly homologous to host immune proteins but are often smaller and more powerful. Examples of virokines include viral secreted proteins that: block components of the complement system, act as serine protease inhibitors, function as chemokine and cytokine agonists or antagonists and contribute to cell proliferation. Many of these proteins are currently being investigated for use as novel therapeutic immunomodulators to manage immune disorders, inflammation after trauma, graft rejection and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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39
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Hatton MW, Ross B, Southward SM, Lucas A. Metabolism and distribution of the virus-encoded serine proteinase inhibitor SERP-1 in healthy rabbits. Metabolism 2000; 49:1449-52. [PMID: 11092510 DOI: 10.1053/meta.2000.17666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
SERP-1 is a secreted myxoma virus-encoded 55-kd protein of the serine proteinase inhibitor ("serpin") family that strongly inhibits the mitosis of medial arterial smooth muscle cells, thus preventing stenosis in injured rabbit and rat arteries. We have measured the fractional catabolic rate (FCR) and compartmental distribution of 1251-SERP-1 after injection of various doses into the circulation of healthy rabbits. The FCR within the intravascular space decreased from 2.99 d(-1) to 2.39 d(-1) and the whole-body FCR decreased from 0.66 d(-1) to 0.51 d(-1) as the dose was increased 35-fold from 0.11 microg/kg to 3.8 microg/kg. The fractional distribution of SERP-1 between the intravascular (0.21), noncirculating vascular wall (0.09), and extravascular compartments (0.70) at equilibrium did not change significantly over this dose range. SERP-1 did not appear to selectively accumulate in any organ in any of 11 rabbits studied over a 6-day interval. In comparison to other rabbit plasma serpins, the behavior of SERP-1 in vivo most closely resembled that of heparin cofactor II.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Hatton
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Christov A, Dai E, Drangova M, Liu L, Abela GS, Nash P, McFadden G, Lucas A. Optical detection of triggered atherosclerotic plaque disruption by fluorescence emission analysis. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 72:242-52. [PMID: 10946579 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)072<0242:odotap>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence emission analysis (FEA) has proven to be very sensitive for the detection of elastin, collagen and lipids, which are recognized as the major sources of autofluorescence in vascular tissues. FEA has also been reported to detect venous thromboemboli. In this paper we have tested the hypothesis that FEA can reproducibly detect in vivo and in vitro triggered plaque disruption and thrombosis in a rabbit model. Fluorescence emission (FE) spectra, recorded in vivo, detected Russell's viper venom (RVV)-induced transformation of atherosclerotic plaque. FE intensity at 410-490 nm 4 weeks after angioplasty was significantly lower (P < 0.0033 by analysis of variance) in RVV-treated rabbits when compared to control animals with stable plaque. FE spectral profile analyses also demonstrated a significant change in curve shape as demonstrated by polynomial regression analysis (R2 from 0.980 to 0.997). We have also demonstrated an excellent correlation between changes in FE intensity and the structural characteristics detected at different stages of "unstable atherosclerotic plaque" development using multiple regression analysis (R2 = 0.989). Thus, FEA applied in vivo is a sensitive and highly informative diagnostic technique for detection of triggered atherosclerotic plaque disruption and related structural changes, associated with plaque transformation, in a rabbit model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Christov
- Vascular Biology Research Labs, John P. Robart's Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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Liu L, Lalani A, Dai E, Seet B, Macauley C, Singh R, Fan L, McFadden G, Lucas A. The viral anti-inflammatory chemokine-binding protein M-T7 reduces intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury. J Clin Invest 2000; 105:1613-21. [PMID: 10841520 PMCID: PMC300852 DOI: 10.1172/jci8934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and IFN-gamma function as central regulators of inflammatory responses to vascular injury. Both classes of cytokines are upregulated during restenosis, a response to vascular injury that leads to recurrent atherosclerotic plaque growth, but the relative impact of each class of cytokines remains undetermined. M-T7 is a secreted myxoma viral immunomodulatory glycoprotein that functions both as a species-specific inhibitor of rabbit IFN-gamma and as a chemokine-binding protein, interacting with a wide range of C, C-C, and C-X-C chemokines in a species-nonspecific fashion. We wished to (a) assess the efficacy of purified M-T7 protein in inhibiting intimal hyperplasia after angioplasty injury and (b) exploit unique species-specific functions of M-T7 in order to judge the relative importance of each cytokine class on plaque growth. Anesthetized New Zealand white rabbits and Sprague-Dawley rats received either M-T7 or control at the time of arterial angioplasty injury. Histological analysis at 28 days demonstrated significant reductions in intimal hyperplasia with M-T7 treatment in both models, with an associated early inhibition of inflammatory cell invasion. Purified M-T7 protein inhibits intimal hyperplasia after angioplasty injury in a species-nonspecific fashion, thus implicating the chemokine-binding activity as more critical for prevention of plaque growth after vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liu
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Murphy
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Building 10, Room 11N113, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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