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Luo W, Chen L, Sun H, Zhang S, Dong X, Pan J, Xiao W, Lu G, Wang Y, Xu H. Soat2 inhibitor avasimibe alleviates acute pancreatitis by suppressing acinar cell ferroptosis. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:5989-5999. [PMID: 38376541 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, characterized by lipid peroxidation, plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis (AP). While sterol O-acyltransferase 2 (Soat2) is known for its crucial regulatory role in cholesterol homeostasis, its involvement in the development of AP remains unreported. We conducted this study to identify the pivotal role of Soat2 in AP using transcriptomic databases. Subsequently, we confirmed its alterations through both in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Furthermore, we performed intervention with the Soat2 inhibitor avasimibe to evaluate pancreatic tissue pathology and serum enzymatic levels and observe inflammatory cell infiltration through immunohistochemistry. Additionally, changes in indicators related to ferroptosis were also observed. The results showed that in the AP mouse model, the protein and mRNA levels of Soat2 were significantly increased. Following avasimibe administration, there was a decrease in serum amylase levels, reduction in pancreatic tissue pathological damage, and attenuation of inflammatory cell infiltration. Furthermore, avasimibe administration resulted in downregulation of ferroptosis-related indicators. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the Soat2 inhibitor avasimibe protects against AP in mice through inhibition of the ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pancreatic Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pancreatic Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Gaoyou People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siqin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pancreatic Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowu Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pancreatic Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiajia Pan
- Department of Intensive Care, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiming Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pancreatic Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guotao Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pancreatic Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaodong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Liu Y, Xie B, Chen Q. RAS signaling and immune cells: a sinister crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment. J Transl Med 2023; 21:595. [PMID: 37670322 PMCID: PMC10481548 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04486-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rat sarcoma virus (RAS) gene is the most commonly mutated oncogene in cancer, with about 19% of cancer patients carrying RAS mutations. Studies on the interaction between RAS mutation and tumor immune microenvironment (TIM) have been flourishing in recent years. More and more evidence has proved that RAS signals regulate immune cells' recruitment, activation, and differentiation while assisting tumor cells to evade immune surveillance. This review concluded the direct and indirect treatment strategies for RAS mutations. In addition, we updated the underlying mechanisms by which RAS signaling modulated immune infiltration and immune escape. Finally, we discussed advances in RAS-targeted immunotherapies, including cancer vaccines and adoptive cell therapies, with a particular focus on combination strategies with personalized therapy and great potential to achieve lasting clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongting Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Bin Xie
- Department of Geriatrics, Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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3
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Valencia-Olvera AC, Balu D, Faulk N, Amiridis A, Wang Y, Pham C, Avila-Munoz E, York JM, Thatcher GRJ, LaDu MJ. Inhibition of ACAT as a Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease Is Independent of ApoE4 Lipidation. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1120-1137. [PMID: 37157042 PMCID: PMC10457278 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
APOE4, encoding apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), is the greatest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), compared to the common APOE3. While the mechanism(s) underlying APOE4-induced AD risk remains unclear, increasing the lipidation of apoE4 is an important therapeutic target as apoE4-lipoproteins are poorly lipidated compared to apoE3-lipoproteins. ACAT (acyl-CoA: cholesterol-acyltransferase) catalyzes the formation of intracellular cholesteryl-ester droplets, reducing the intracellular free cholesterol (FC) pool. Thus, inhibiting ACAT increases the FC pool and facilitates lipid secretion to extracellular apoE-containing lipoproteins. Previous studies using commercial ACAT inhibitors, including avasimibe (AVAS), as well as ACAT-knock out (KO) mice, exhibit reduced AD-like pathology and amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing in familial AD (FAD)-transgenic (Tg) mice. However, the effects of AVAS with human apoE4 remain unknown. In vitro, AVAS induced apoE efflux at concentrations of AVAS measured in the brains of treated mice. AVAS treatment of male E4FAD-Tg mice (5xFAD+/-APOE4+/+) at 6-8 months had no effect on plasma cholesterol levels or distribution, the original mechanism for AVAS treatment of CVD. In the CNS, AVAS reduced intracellular lipid droplets, indirectly demonstrating target engagement. Surrogate efficacy was demonstrated by an increase in Morris water maze measures of memory and postsynaptic protein levels. Amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) solubility/deposition and neuroinflammation were reduced, critical components of APOE4-modulated pathology. However, there was no increase in apoE4 levels or apoE4 lipidation, while amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic processing of APP were significantly reduced. This suggests that the AVAS-induced reduction in Aβ via reduced APP processing was sufficient to reduce AD pathology, as apoE4-lipoproteins remained poorly lipidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Valencia-Olvera
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Deebika Balu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Naomi Faulk
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | | | - Yueting Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
- Present Address: AbbVie Inc., 1 N. Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064 USA
| | - Christine Pham
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Eva Avila-Munoz
- Syneos Health, Av. Gustavo Baz 309, La Loma, Tlalnepantla de Baz, 54060 Mexico
| | - Jason M. York
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Gregory R. J. Thatcher
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, 1703 E Mabel St., Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
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4
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Inia JA, Stokman G, Pieterman EJ, Morrison MC, Menke AL, Verschuren L, Caspers MPM, Giera M, Jukema JW, van den Hoek AM, Princen HMG. Atorvastatin Attenuates Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in APOE*3-Leiden Mice by Reducing Hepatic Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097818. [PMID: 37175538 PMCID: PMC10178767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with metabolic syndrome are often prescribed statins to prevent the development of cardiovascular disease. Conversely, data on their effects on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are lacking. We evaluated these effects by feeding APOE*3-Leiden mice a Western-type diet (WTD) with or without atorvastatin to induce NASH and hepatic fibrosis. Besides the well-known plasma cholesterol lowering (-30%) and anti-atherogenic effects (severe lesion size -48%), atorvastatin significantly reduced hepatic steatosis (-22%), the number of aggregated inflammatory cells in the liver (-80%) and hepatic fibrosis (-92%) compared to WTD-fed mice. Furthermore, atorvastatin-treated mice showed less immunohistochemically stained areas of inflammation markers. Atorvastatin prevented accumulation of free cholesterol in the form of cholesterol crystals (-78%). Cholesterol crystals are potent inducers of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and atorvastatin prevented its activation, which resulted in reduced expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β (-61%) and IL-18 (-26%). Transcriptome analysis confirmed strong reducing effects of atorvastatin on inflammatory mediators, including NLRP3, NFκB and TLR4. The present study demonstrates that atorvastatin reduces hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis and prevents cholesterol crystal formation, thereby precluding NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This may render atorvastatin treatment as an attractive approach to reduce NAFLD and prevent progression into NASH in dyslipidemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Inia
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geurt Stokman
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elsbet J Pieterman
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martine C Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aswin L Menke
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martien P M Caspers
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, 3511 EP Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anita M van den Hoek
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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5
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Sterol O-Acyltransferase Inhibition Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Renal Fibrosis and Tertiary Lymphoid Tissue Maturation after Ischemic Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415465. [PMID: 36555105 PMCID: PMC9779122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is associated with the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We previously demonstrated that aged kidneys are prone to developing tertiary lymphoid tissues (TLTs) and sustain inflammation after injury, leading to CKD progression; however, the relationship between renal TLT and metabolic syndrome is unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that a high-fat diet (HFD) promoted renal TLT formation and inflammation via sterol O-acyltransferase (SOAT) 1-dependent mechanism. Mice fed a HFD prior to ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI) exhibited pronounced renal TLT formation and sustained inflammation compared to the controls. Untargeted lipidomics revealed the increased levels of cholesteryl esters (CEs) in aged kidneys with TLT formation after IRI, and, consistently, the Soat1 gene expression increased. Treatment with avasimibe, a SOAT inhibitor, attenuated TLT maturation and renal inflammation in HFD-fed mice subjected to IRI. Our findings suggest the importance of SOAT1-dependent CE accumulation in the pathophysiology of CKDs associated with TLT.
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Unraveling the Transcriptional Dynamics of NASH Pathogenesis Affecting Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158229. [PMID: 35897797 PMCID: PMC9331250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is rapidly increasing and associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), the major cause of mortality in NASH patients. Although sharing common risk factors, the mechanisms by which NASH may directly contribute to the development to CVD remain poorly understood. The aim of this study is to gain insight into key molecular processes of NASH that drive atherosclerosis development. Thereto, a time-course study was performed in Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice fed a high-fat diet to induce NASH and atherosclerosis. The effects on NASH and atherosclerosis were assessed and transcriptome analysis was performed. Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice developed obesity, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance, with steatosis and hepatic inflammation preceding atherosclerosis development. Transcriptome analysis revealed a time-dependent increase in pathways related to NASH and fibrosis followed by an increase in pro-atherogenic processes in the aorta. Gene regulatory network analysis identified specific liver regulators related to lipid metabolism (SC5D, LCAT and HMGCR), inflammation (IL1A) and fibrosis (PDGF, COL3A1), linked to a set of aorta target genes related to vascular inflammation (TNFA) and atherosclerosis signaling (CCL2 and FDFT1). The present study reveals pathogenic liver processes that precede atherosclerosis development and identifies hepatic key regulators driving the atherogenic pathways and regulators in the aorta.
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7
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Hasan MK, El Qaidi S, McDonald P, Roy A, Hardwidge PR. Repurposing Avasimibe to Inhibit Bacterial Glycosyltransferases. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030370. [PMID: 35335693 PMCID: PMC8953086 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We are interested in identifying and characterizing small molecule inhibitors of bacterial virulence factors for their potential use as anti-virulence inhibitors. We identified from high-throughput screening assays a potential activity for avasimibe, a previously characterized acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor, in inhibiting the NleB and SseK arginine glycosyltransferases from Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica, respectively. Avasimibe inhibited the activity of the Citrobacter rodentium NleB, E. coli NleB1, and S. enterica SseK1 enzymes, without affecting the activity of the human serine/threonine N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase. Avasimibe was not toxic to mammalian cells at up to 200 µM and was neither bacteriostatic nor bactericidal at concentrations of up to 125 µM. Doses of 10 µM avasimibe were sufficient to reduce S. enterica abundance in RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells, and intraperitoneal injection of avasimibe significantly reduced C. rodentium survival in mice, regardless of whether the avasimibe was administered pre- or post-infection. We propose that avasimibe or related derivates created using synthetic chemistry may have utility in preventing or treating bacterial infections by inhibiting arginine glycosyltransferases that are important to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Kamrul Hasan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (M.K.H.); (S.E.Q.)
| | - Samir El Qaidi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (M.K.H.); (S.E.Q.)
| | - Peter McDonald
- Infectious Diseases Assay Development/HTS Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; (P.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Anuradha Roy
- Infectious Diseases Assay Development/HTS Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; (P.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Philip R. Hardwidge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (M.K.H.); (S.E.Q.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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van den Hoek AM, de Jong JCBC, Worms N, van Nieuwkoop A, Voskuilen M, Menke AL, Lek S, Caspers MPM, Verschuren L, Kleemann R. Diet and exercise reduce pre-existing NASH and fibrosis and have additional beneficial effects on the vasculature, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle via organ-crosstalk. Metabolism 2021; 124:154873. [PMID: 34478753 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has become one of the most common liver diseases and is still without approved pharmacotherapy. Lifestyle interventions using exercise and diet change remain the current treatment of choice and even a small weight loss (5-7%) can already have a beneficial effect on NASH. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of exercise and diet interventions remain largely elusive, and it is unclear whether they exert their health effects via similar or different pathways. METHODS Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice received a high fat diet (HFD) for 30 weeks to establish a severe state of NASH/fibrosis with simultaneous atherosclerosis development. Groups of mice were then either left untreated (control group) or were treated for 20 weeks with exercise (running wheel), diet change (switch to a low fat chow diet) or the combination thereof. The liver and distant organs including heart, white adipose tissue (WAT) and muscle were histologically examined. Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of liver, WAT and muscle revealed the organ-specific effects of exercise and diet and defined the underlying pathways. RESULTS Exercise and dietary change significantly reduced body weight, fat mass, adipocyte size and improved myosteatosis and muscle function with additive effects of combination treatment. WAT inflammation was significantly improved by diet change, tended to be reduced with exercise, and combination therapy had no additive effect. Hepatic steatosis and inflammation were almost fully reversed by exercise and diet change, while hepatic fibrosis tended to be improved with exercise and was significantly improved with diet change. Additive effects for the combination therapy were shown for liver steatosis and associated liver lipids, and atherosclerosis, but not for hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Pathway analysis revealed complementary effects on metabolic pathways and lipid handling processes, thereby substantiating the added value of combined lifestyle treatment. CONCLUSIONS Exercise, diet change and the combination thereof can reverse established NASH/fibrosis in obese Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice. In addition, the lifestyle interventions had beneficial effects on atherosclerosis, WAT inflammation and muscle function. For steatosis and other parameters related to adiposity or lipid metabolism, exercise and dietary change affected more distinct pathways that acted complementary when the interventions were combined resulting in an additive effect for the combination therapy on important endpoints including NASH and atherosclerosis. For inflammation, exercise and diet change shared several underlying pathways resulting in a net similar effect when the interventions were combined.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/pathology
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/diet therapy
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/therapy
- Diet, Fat-Restricted
- Diet, High-Fat
- Lipid Metabolism
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis/diet therapy
- Liver Cirrhosis/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/diet therapy
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/genetics
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/pathology
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/therapy
- Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita M van den Hoek
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Jelle C B C de Jong
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands; Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole Worms
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anita van Nieuwkoop
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke Voskuilen
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Aswin L Menke
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Serene Lek
- Clinnovate Health UK Ltd, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Martien P M Caspers
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (LUMC), the Netherlands
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9
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Zhu Y, Kim SQ, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Kim KH. Pharmacological inhibition of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase alleviates obesity and insulin resistance in diet-induced obese mice by regulating food intake. Metabolism 2021; 123:154861. [PMID: 34371065 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferases (ACATs) catalyze the formation of cholesteryl ester (CE) from free cholesterol to regulate intracellular cholesterol homeostasis. Despite the well-documented role of ACATs in hypercholesterolemia and their emerging role in cancer and Alzheimer's disease, the role of ACATs in adipose lipid metabolism and obesity is poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the therapeutic potential of pharmacological inhibition of ACATs in obesity. METHODS We administrated avasimibe, an ACAT inhibitor, or vehicle to high-fat diet-induced obese (DIO) mice via intraperitoneal injection and evaluated adiposity, food intake, energy expenditure, and glucose homeostasis. Moreover, we examined the effect of avasimibe on the expressions of the genes in adipogenesis, lipogenesis, inflammation and adipose pathology in adipose tissue by real-time PCR. We also performed a pair feeding study to determine the mechanism for body weight lowering effect of avasimibe. RESULTS Avasimibe treatment markedly decreased body weight, body fat content and food intake with increased energy expenditure in DIO mice. Avasimibe treatment significantly lowered blood levels of glucose and insulin, and improved glucose tolerance in obese mice. The beneficial effects of avasimibe were associated with lower levels of adipocyte-specific genes in adipose tissue and the suppression of food intake. Using a pair-feeding study, we further demonstrated that avasimibe-promoted weight loss is attributed mainly to the reduction of food intake. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that avasimibe ameliorates obesity and its-related insulin resistance in DIO mice through, at least in part, suppression of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Zhu
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Sora Q Kim
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kee-Hong Kim
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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10
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Hai Q, Smith JD. Acyl-Coenzyme A: Cholesterol Acyltransferase (ACAT) in Cholesterol Metabolism: From Its Discovery to Clinical Trials and the Genomics Era. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080543. [PMID: 34436484 PMCID: PMC8398989 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purification and cloning of the acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) enzymes and the sterol O-acyltransferase (SOAT) genes has opened new areas of interest in cholesterol metabolism given their profound effects on foam cell biology and intestinal lipid absorption. The generation of mouse models deficient in Soat1 or Soat2 confirmed the importance of their gene products on cholesterol esterification and lipoprotein physiology. Although these studies supported clinical trials which used non-selective ACAT inhibitors, these trials did not report benefits, and one showed an increased risk. Early genetic studies have implicated common variants in both genes with human traits, including lipoprotein levels, coronary artery disease, and Alzheimer’s disease; however, modern genome-wide association studies have not replicated these associations. In contrast, the common SOAT1 variants are most reproducibly associated with testosterone levels.
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11
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Liu JY, Fu WQ, Zheng XJ, Li W, Ren LW, Wang JH, Yang C, Du GH. Avasimibe exerts anticancer effects on human glioblastoma cells via inducing cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:97-107. [PMID: 32451414 PMCID: PMC7921416 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor in adults, but there is no effective drug available for GBM. Avasimibe is a potent inhibitor of acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (ACAT-1), which was used to treat atherosclerosis. Experimental evidence and bioinformatics have shown that avasimibe has anticancer activity. In this study we investigated the anticancer effects of avasimibe on human glioblastoma cells and the underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that avasimibe dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of U251 and U87 human glioblastoma cells with IC50 values of 20.29 and 28.27 μM, respectively, at 48 h. Avasimibe (7.5, 15, 30 μM) decreased the DNA synthesis, and inhibited the colony formation of the tumor cells. Treatment of avasimibe also dose-dependently increased the apoptotic rate of tumor cells, decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, induced the activity of caspase-3/7, and increased the protein expression of cleaved caspase-9, cleaved PARP and Bax in U251 and U87 cells. RNA-sequencing analyses revealed that avasimibe suppressed the expression of CDK2, cyclin E1, CDK4, cyclin D, CDK1, cyclin B1, Aurora A, and PLK1, while induced the expression of p53, p21, p27, and GADD45A, which was validated by Western blot analysis. These results demonstrated that avasimibe induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in glioblastoma cells, which was associated with arresting the cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and G2/M phase by regulating the p53/p21 pathway, p53/GADD45A and Aurora A/PLK1 signaling pathways. In U87 xenograft nude mice model, administration of avasimibe (15, 30 mg·kg-1·d-1, ip, for 18 days) dose-dependently inhibit the tumor growth. Taken together, our results demonstrated that avasimibe might be a promising chemotherapy drug in the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yi Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wei-Qi Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiang-Jin Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Li-Wen Ren
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jin-Hua Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China.
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Cui Yang
- Ethnic Drug Screening & Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Guan-Hua Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China.
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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12
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Acidic extracellular pH promotes accumulation of free cholesterol in human monocyte-derived macrophages via inhibition of ACAT1 activity. Atherosclerosis 2020; 312:1-7. [PMID: 32942042 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In focal areas of advanced human atherosclerotic lesions, the intimal fluid is acidic. An acidic medium impairs the ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages, so tending to increase their content of free cholesterol, which is then available for esterification by the macrophage enzyme ACAT1. Here we investigated whether low extracellular pH would affect the activity of ACAT1. METHODS - Human monocyte-derived macrophages were first incubated with acetyl-LDL at neutral and acidic conditions (pH 7.5, 6.5, and 5.5) to generate foam cells, and then the foam cells were incubated with [3H]oleate-BSA complexes, and the formation of [3H]oleate-labeled cholesteryl esters was measured. ACAT1 activity was also measured in cell-free macrophage extracts. RESULTS - In acidic media, ACAT1-dependent cholesteryl [3H]oleate generation became compromised in the developing foam cells and their content of free cholesterol increased. In line with this finding, ACAT1 activity in the soluble cell-free fraction derived from macrophage foam cells peaked at pH 7, and gradually decreased under acidic pH with a rapid drop below pH 6.5. Incubation of macrophages under progressively more acidic conditions (until pH 5.5) lowered the cytosolic pH of macrophages (down to pH 6.0). Such intracellular acidification did not affect macrophage gene expression of ACAT1 or the neutral CEH. CONCLUSIONS Exposure of human macrophage foam cells to acidic conditions lowers their intracellular pH with simultaneous decrease in ACAT1 activity. This reduces cholesterol esterification and thus leads to accumulation of potentially toxic levels of free cholesterol, a contributing factor to macrophage foam cell death.
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13
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Bai J, Farias-Pereira R, Zhang Y, Jang M, Park Y, Kim KH. C. elegans ACAT regulates lipolysis and its related lifespan in fasting through modulation of the genes in lipolysis and insulin/IGF-1 signaling. Biofactors 2020; 46:754-765. [PMID: 32639091 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Overly active acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferases (ACATs) are known to contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, cancer cell proliferation and de novo lipogenesis. However, the role of ACAT in systemic lipid metabolism and its consequence of aging is unknown. Using avasimibe, a clinically proven ACAT inhibitor, and mboa-1 mutant strain, a homologous to mammalian ACAT, herein, we found that Ava treatment and mboa-1 mutant exhibited a decreased fat accumulation during feeding and increased lipolysis with extended lifespan of C. elegans during fasting. Our study highlights the essential role of ACAT inhibitor and mboa-1 in fat mobilization and the survival of C. elegans in fasting through the modulation of the genes involved in lipolysis and insulin/IGF-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Miran Jang
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kee-Hong Kim
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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14
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A Translational Mouse Model for NASH with Advanced Fibrosis and Atherosclerosis Expressing Key Pathways of Human Pathology. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092014. [PMID: 32883049 PMCID: PMC7565967 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a fast-growing liver disorder that is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Animal models adequately mimicking this condition are scarce. We herein investigate whether Ldlr−/−. Leiden mice on different high-fat diets represent a suitable NASH model. Ldlr−/−. Leiden mice were fed a healthy chow diet or fed a high-fat diet (HFD) containing lard or a fast food diet (FFD) containing milk fat. Additionally, the response to treatment with obeticholic acid (OCA) was evaluated. Both high-fat diets induced obesity, hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. Mice on both diets developed progressive macro- and microvesicular steatosis, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis, along with atherosclerosis. HFD induced more severe hyperinsulinemia, while FFD induced more severe hepatic inflammation with advanced (F3) bridging fibrosis, as well as more severe atherosclerosis. OCA treatment significantly reduced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, and it did not affect atherosclerosis. Hepatic transcriptome analysis was compared with human NASH and illustrated similarity. The present study defines a translational model of NASH with progressive liver fibrosis and simultaneous atherosclerosis development. By adaptation of the fat content of the diet, either insulin resistance (HFD) or hepatic inflammation and fibrosis (FFD) can be aggravated.
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15
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Wang D, Yang Y, Lei Y, Tzvetkov NT, Liu X, Yeung AWK, Xu S, Atanasov AG. Targeting Foam Cell Formation in Atherosclerosis: Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:596-670. [PMID: 31554644 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.017178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foam cell formation and further accumulation in the subendothelial space of the vascular wall is a hallmark of atherosclerotic lesions. Targeting foam cell formation in the atherosclerotic lesions can be a promising approach to treat and prevent atherosclerosis. The formation of foam cells is determined by the balanced effects of three major interrelated biologic processes, including lipid uptake, cholesterol esterification, and cholesterol efflux. Natural products are a promising source for new lead structures. Multiple natural products and pharmaceutical agents can inhibit foam cell formation and thus exhibit antiatherosclerotic capacity by suppressing lipid uptake, cholesterol esterification, and/or promoting cholesterol ester hydrolysis and cholesterol efflux. This review summarizes recent findings on these three biologic processes and natural products with demonstrated potential to target such processes. Discussed also are potential future directions for studying the mechanisms of foam cell formation and the development of foam cell-targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Yang Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Yingnan Lei
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Xingde Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Andy Wai Kan Yeung
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Suowen Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
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Pouwer MG, Pieterman EJ, Worms N, Keijzer N, Jukema JW, Gromada J, Gusarova V, Princen HMG. Alirocumab, evinacumab, and atorvastatin triple therapy regresses plaque lesions and improves lesion composition in mice. J Lipid Res 2019; 61:365-375. [PMID: 31843957 PMCID: PMC7053846 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis-related CVD causes nearly 20 million deaths annually. Most patients are treated after plaques develop, so therapies must regress existing lesions. Current therapies reduce plaque volume, but targeting all apoB-containing lipoproteins with intensive combinations that include alirocumab or evinacumab, monoclonal antibodies against cholesterol-regulating proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 and angiopoietin-like protein 3, may provide more benefit. We investigated the effect of such lipid-lowering interventions on atherosclerosis in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established model for hyperlipidemia. Mice were fed a Western-type diet for 13 weeks and thereafter matched into a baseline group (euthanized at 13 weeks) and five groups that received diet alone (control) or with treatment [atorvastatin; atorvastatin and alirocumab; atorvastatin and evinacumab; or atorvastatin, alirocumab, and evinacumab (triple therapy)] for 25 weeks. We measured effects on cholesterol levels, plaque composition and morphology, monocyte adherence, and macrophage proliferation. All interventions reduced plasma total cholesterol (37% with atorvastatin to 80% with triple treatment; all P < 0.001). Triple treatment decreased non-HDL-C to 1.0 mmol/l (91% difference from control; P < 0.001). Atorvastatin reduced atherosclerosis progression by 28% versus control (P < 0.001); double treatment completely blocked progression and diminished lesion severity. Triple treatment regressed lesion size versus baseline in the thoracic aorta by 50% and the aortic root by 36% (both P < 0.05 vs. baseline), decreased macrophage accumulation through reduced proliferation, and abated lesion severity. Thus, high-intensive cholesterol-lowering triple treatment targeting all apoB-containing lipoproteins regresses atherosclerotic lesion area and improves lesion composition in mice, making it a promising potential approach for treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne G Pouwer
- Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elsbet J Pieterman
- Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Worms
- Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda Keijzer
- Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Hans M G Princen
- Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Wakabayashi T, Takahashi M, Yamamuro D, Karasawa T, Takei A, Takei S, Yamazaki H, Nagashima S, Ebihara K, Takahashi M, Ishibashi S. Inflammasome Activation Aggravates Cutaneous Xanthomatosis and Atherosclerosis in ACAT1 (Acyl-CoA Cholesterol Acyltransferase 1) Deficiency in Bone Marrow. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2576-2589. [PMID: 30354239 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective- ACAT1 (Acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase 1) esterifies cellular free cholesterol, thereby converting macrophages to cholesteryl ester-laden foam cells in atherosclerotic lesions and cutaneous xanthoma. Paradoxically, however, loss of ACAT1 in bone marrow causes the aggravation of atherosclerosis and the development of severe cutaneous xanthoma in hyperlipidemic mice. Recently, it has been reported that cholesterol crystals activate NLRP3 (NACHT, LRR [leucine-rich repeats], and PYD [pyrin domain] domain-containing protein 3) inflammasomes, thereby contributing to the development of atherosclerosis. The present study aimed to clarify the role of NLRP3 inflammasomes in the worsening of atherosclerosis and cutaneous xanthoma induced by ACAT1 deficiency. Approach and Results- Ldlr-null mice were transplanted with bone marrow from WT (wild type) mice and mice lacking ACAT1, NLRP3, or both. After the 4 types of mice were fed high-cholesterol diets, we compared their atherosclerosis and skin lesions. The mice transplanted with Acat1-null bone marrow developed severe cutaneous xanthoma, which was filled with numerous macrophages and cholesterol clefts and had markedly increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, and increased atherosclerosis. Loss of NLRP3 completely reversed the cutaneous xanthoma, whereas it improved the atherosclerosis only partially. Acat1-null peritoneal macrophages showed enhanced expression of CHOP (C/EBP [CCAAT/enhancer binding protein] homologous protein) and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) but no evidence of inflammasome activation, after treatment with acetylated LDL (low-density lipoprotein). Conclusions- Elimination of ACAT1 in bone marrow-derived cells aggravates cutaneous xanthoma and atherosclerosis. The development of cutaneous xanthoma is induced mainly via the NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Wakabayashi
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine (T.W., M.T., D.Y., A.T., S.T., H.Y., S.N., K.E., S.I.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Manabu Takahashi
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine (T.W., M.T., D.Y., A.T., S.T., H.Y., S.N., K.E., S.I.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamamuro
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine (T.W., M.T., D.Y., A.T., S.T., H.Y., S.N., K.E., S.I.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Karasawa
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine (T.K., M.T.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Akihito Takei
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine (T.W., M.T., D.Y., A.T., S.T., H.Y., S.N., K.E., S.I.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Shoko Takei
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine (T.W., M.T., D.Y., A.T., S.T., H.Y., S.N., K.E., S.I.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hisataka Yamazaki
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine (T.W., M.T., D.Y., A.T., S.T., H.Y., S.N., K.E., S.I.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Shuichi Nagashima
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine (T.W., M.T., D.Y., A.T., S.T., H.Y., S.N., K.E., S.I.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Ken Ebihara
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine (T.W., M.T., D.Y., A.T., S.T., H.Y., S.N., K.E., S.I.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takahashi
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine (T.K., M.T.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine (T.W., M.T., D.Y., A.T., S.T., H.Y., S.N., K.E., S.I.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
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18
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Pluijmert NJ, den Haan MC, van Zuylen VL, Steendijk P, de Boer HC, van Zonneveld AJ, Fibbe WE, Schalij MJ, Quax PHA, Atsma DE. Hypercholesterolemia affects cardiac function, infarct size and inflammation in APOE*3-Leiden mice following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217582. [PMID: 31199833 PMCID: PMC6570022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for ischemic heart disease including acute myocardial infarction. However, long-term effects of hypercholesterolemia in a rodent myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury model are unknown. Therefore, the effects of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia on cardiac function and remodeling were investigated up to eight weeks after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI-R) injury which was induced in either normocholesterolemic (NC-MI) or hypercholesterolemic (HC-MI) APOE*3-Leiden mice. Methods Left ventricular (LV) dimensions were serially assessed using parasternal long-axis echocardiography followed by LV pressure-volume measurements. Subsequently, infarct size and the inflammatory response were analyzed by histology and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. Results Intrinsic LV function eight weeks after MI-R was significantly impaired in HC-MI compared to NC-MI mice as assessed by end-systolic pressure, dP/dtMAX, and -dP/dtMIN. Paradoxically, infarct size was significantly decreased in HC-MI compared to NC-MI mice, accompanied by an increased wall thickness. Hypercholesterolemia caused a pre-ischemic peripheral monocytosis, in particular of Ly-6Chi monocytes whereas accumulation of macrophages in the ischemic-reperfused myocardium of HC-MI mice was decreased. Conclusion Diet-induced hypercholesterolemia caused impaired LV function eight weeks after MI-R injury despite a reduced post-ischemic infarct size. This was preceded by a pre-ischemic peripheral monocytosis, while there was a suppressed accumulation of inflammatory cells in the ischemic-reperfused myocardium after eight weeks. This experimental model using hypercholesterolemic APOE*3-Leiden mice exposed to MI-R seems suitable to study novel cardioprotective therapies in a more clinically relevant animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niek J. Pluijmert
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Melina C. den Haan
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Steendijk
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hetty C. de Boer
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Willem E. Fibbe
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J. Schalij
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H. A. Quax
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Douwe E. Atsma
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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19
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Musolino V, Gliozzi M, Nucera S, Carresi C, Maiuolo J, Mollace R, Paone S, Bosco F, Scarano F, Scicchitano M, Ruga S, Zito MC, Colica C, Macrì R, Palma E, Ragusa S, Muscoli C, Mollace V. The effect of bergamot polyphenolic fraction on lipid transfer protein system and vascular oxidative stress in a rat model of hyperlipemia. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:115. [PMID: 31101130 PMCID: PMC6525455 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental and epidemiological studies show that bergamot polyphenolic fraction (BPF) ameliorates the serum lipemic profile, normalizes blood pressure and improves non alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients suffering from metabolic syndrome. Despite this evidence, the molecular mechanisms responsible for these beneficial effects remain unclear. The aim of our study is to clarify the effects of BPF on the lipoprotein assembly and to identify oxidative stress biomarkers correlating hyperlipidaemia and BPF-induced metabolic changes. METHODS Male Wistar rats (180-200 g) were randomly assigned to receive a standard diet, a hypercholesterolemic diet or a hypercholesterolemic diet+BPF (20 mg/Kg/rat daily, gavage), respectively, for 90 days. Total cholesterol (tChol), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG) and fasting plasma glucose were evaluated at the baseline as well as at the end of the treatment. To assess the effect of BPF on the Lipid Transfer Protein System, detection of ACAT, LCAT, CETP, PON1, Apo A1 and Apo B have also been carried out. Finally, the lipid peroxidation biomarker (TBARS) and oxyLDL were also measured. RESULTS BPF prevented tChol, LDL-C, TG and fasting plasma glucose enhancement and improved HDL-C. Treatment of hyperlipæmic rats with BPF significantly restored altered the serum concentration of lipemic biomarkers and the activity of ACAT, LCAT, CETP and PON1, an effect accompanied by the concomitant normalization of Apo A1 and APO B levels. In addition, TBARS levels were reduced significantly by the treatment with BPF. CONCLUSIONS BPF prevents diet-induced alteration of the lipid profile in rats, counteracting oxidative stress and improving the dysregulation of the Lipid Transfer Protein System. These data add new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial role of BPF in the therapy of hyperlipidaemia, thus suggesting a novel approach in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Musolino
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, 88021, Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Micaela Gliozzi
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, 88021, Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Saverio Nucera
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, 88021, Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Carresi
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, 88021, Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Jessica Maiuolo
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, 88021, Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rocco Mollace
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, 88021, Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sara Paone
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, 88021, Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Bosco
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, 88021, Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federica Scarano
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, 88021, Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Miriam Scicchitano
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, 88021, Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Ruga
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, 88021, Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Zito
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, 88021, Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carmen Colica
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, 88021, Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Macrì
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, 88021, Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, 88021, Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ragusa
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- San Raffaele IRCCS Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
- San Raffaele IRCCS Pisana, Rome, Italy.
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Yamazaki H, Takahashi M, Wakabayashi T, Sakai K, Yamamuro D, Takei A, Takei S, Nagashima S, Yagyu H, Sekiya M, Ebihara K, Ishibashi S. Loss of ACAT1 Attenuates Atherosclerosis Aggravated by Loss of NCEH1 in Bone Marrow-Derived Cells. J Atheroscler Thromb 2019; 26:246-259. [PMID: 30282838 PMCID: PMC6402884 DOI: 10.5551/jat.44040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) esterifies free cholesterol to cholesteryl esters (CE), which are subsequently hydrolyzed by neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 (NCEH1). The elimination of ACAT1 in vitro reduces the amounts of CE accumulated in Nceh1-deficient macrophages. The present study aimed at examining whether the loss of ACAT1 attenuates atherosclerosis which is aggravated by the loss of NCEH1 in vivo. METHODS Low density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr)-deficient mice were transplanted with bone marrow from wild-type mice and mice lacking ACAT1, NCEH1, or both. The four types of mice were fed a high-cholesterol diet and, then, were examined for atherosclerosis. RESULTS The cross-sectional lesion size of the recipients of Nceh1-deficient bone marrow was 1.6-fold larger than that of the wild-type bone marrow. The lesions of the recipients of Nceh1-deficient bone marrow were enriched with MOMA2-positive macrophages compared with the lesions of the recipients of the wild-type bone marrow. The size and the macrophage content of the lesions of the recipients of bone marrow lacking both ACAT1 and NCEH1 were significantly smaller than the recipients of the Nceh1-deficient bone marrow, indicating that the loss of ACAT1 decreases the excess CE in the Nceh1-deficient lesions. The collagen-rich and/or mucin-rich areas and en face lesion size were enlarged in the recipients of the Acat1-/- bone marrow compared with those of the recipients of the WT bone marrow. CONCLUSION The loss of ACAT1 in bone marrow-derived cells attenuates atherosclerosis, which is aggravated by the loss of NCEH1, corroborating the in vitro functions of ACAT1 (formation of CE) and NCEH1 (hydrolysis of CE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Yamazaki
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Manabu Takahashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Tetsuji Wakabayashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Kent Sakai
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Daisuke Yamamuro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Akihito Takei
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Shoko Takei
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Shuichi Nagashima
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Hiroaki Yagyu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Motohiro Sekiya
- The Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Ken Ebihara
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
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21
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Tarasco E, Pellegrini G, Whiting L, Lutz TA. Phenotypical heterogeneity in responder and nonresponder male ApoE*3Leiden.CETP mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G602-G617. [PMID: 29975550 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00081.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major health issue worldwide and is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and hypercholesterolemia. Several animal models were used to describe the MetS; however, many of them do not mimic well the MetS pathophysiology in humans. The ApoE*3Leiden.CETP mouse model overcomes part of this limitation, since they have a humanised lipoprotein metabolism and a heterogeneous response to MetS, similar to humans. The reported heterogeneity among them and their common classification refer to responder (R) and nonresponder (NR) mice; R mice show increased body weight, cholesterol, and triglycerides levels, whereas NR mice do not show this expected phenotype when fed a Western type diet. To define better the differences between R and NR mice, we focused on feeding behavior, body weight gain, glucose tolerance, and lipid parameters, and on an extensive pathological examination along with liver histology analysis. Our data confirmed that R mice resemble the pathological features of the human MetS: obesity, dysplipidemia, and glucose intolerance. NR mice do not develop the full dysmetabolic phenotype because of a severe inflammatory hepatic condition, which may heavily affect liver function. We conclude that R and NR mice are metabolically different and that NR mice have indications of severely impaired liver function. Hence, it is critical to identify and separate the respective mice to decrease data heterogeneity. Clinical chemistry and histological analysis should be used to confirm retrospectively the animals' classification. Moreover, we point out that NR mice may not be an appropriate control for studies involving ApoE*3Leiden.CETP R mice. NEW & NOTEWORTHY When compared with some other animal models, ApoE*3Leiden.CETP mice are better models to describe the metabolic syndrome. However, there is phenotypic heterogeneity between "responder" and "nonresponder" mice, the latter showing some evidence of hepatic pathology. A full phenotypic characterization and eventually postmortem analysis of the liver are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Tarasco
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Pellegrini
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Lynda Whiting
- Institute of Drug and Discovery Biology, University of Monash , Victoria , Australia
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
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22
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Nahon JE, Hoekstra M, Van Eck M. Total body proteoglycan 4 (Prg4) deficiency increases atherosclerosis susceptibility in apolipoprotein E knockout and low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice. Atherosclerosis 2018; 278:315-316. [PMID: 30477757 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.06.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joya E Nahon
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Hoekstra
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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Mallick N, Khan RA. Antihyperlipidemic effects of Citrus sinensis, Citrus paradisi, and their combinations. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2016; 8:112-8. [PMID: 27134462 PMCID: PMC4832900 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.171727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Hyperlipidemia, extensively contributes in the progression of coronary heart diseases and atherosclerosis, but may be managed through alterations in the nutritional pattern. Several studies show that diet rich in polyphenols and antioxidants have antiatherogenic effects. Citrus sinensis and Citrus paradisi are widely known for health benefits and have found to produce antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic effects, hence current research was planned to determine the hypolipidemic effects of C. sinensis and C. paradisi in rats receiving diet rich in cholesterol. Materials and Methods: All rats were divided into 11 groups each comprising 10 animals: Normal control group and hyperlipidemic control. C. sinensis treated three groups, C. paradisi treated three groups, C. sinensis and C. paradisi combination treated two groups, and group treated atorvastatin. All rats in the respective groups were treated orally with sterile water, juices, and standard drug for 8 weeks and lipid profile was estimated at the end of dosing. Results: Cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were decreased at all the three doses of C. sinensis and C. paradisi but rise in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was only significant at 8 ml/kg, and 0.3 ml/kg, respectively. Animals received the combination doses of C. sinensis and C. paradisi also showed a highly significant fall in cholesterol, LDL, and TGs, however HDL level was significantly elevated by SPJ-2 combination. Conclusion: Results suggest that C. sinensis and C. paradisi possess antihyperlipidemic activity due to phytochemicals and other essential nutrients, hence may serve as cardioprotective by preventing thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Mallick
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Rafeeq Alam Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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24
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Kawser Hossain M, Abdal Dayem A, Han J, Yin Y, Kim K, Kumar Saha S, Yang GM, Choi HY, Cho SG. Molecular Mechanisms of the Anti-Obesity and Anti-Diabetic Properties of Flavonoids. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:569. [PMID: 27092490 PMCID: PMC4849025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are the most prevailing health concerns worldwide and their incidence is increasing at a high rate, resulting in enormous social costs. Obesity is a complex disease commonly accompanied by insulin resistance and increases in oxidative stress and inflammatory marker expression, leading to augmented fat mass in the body. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by the destruction of pancreatic β cells or diminished insulin secretion and action insulin. Obesity causes the development of metabolic disorders such as DM, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammation-based pathologies. Flavonoids are the secondary metabolites of plants and have 15-carbon skeleton structures containing two phenyl rings and a heterocyclic ring. More than 5000 naturally occurring flavonoids have been reported from various plants and have been found to possess many beneficial effects with advantages over chemical treatments. A number of studies have demonstrated the potential health benefits of natural flavonoids in treating obesity and DM, and show increased bioavailability and action on multiple molecular targets. This review summarizes the current progress in our understanding of the anti-obesity and anti-diabetic potential of natural flavonoids and their molecular mechanisms for preventing and/or treating obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Kawser Hossain
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Jihae Han
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Yingfu Yin
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Kyeongseok Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Subbroto Kumar Saha
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Gwang-Mo Yang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Hye Yeon Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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25
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Ohmoto T, Nishitsuji K, Yoshitani N, Mizuguchi M, Yanagisawa Y, Saito H, Sakashita N. K604, a specific acyl‑CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 inhibitor, suppresses proliferation of U251‑MG glioblastoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6037-42. [PMID: 26252415 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive type of brain tumor and has a poor prognosis. Increased levels of cholesteryl ester and simultaneous expression of acyl‑CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) in tumor cells indicated that cholesterol esterification is critical to tumor growth. The present study confirmed that human glioblastoma tissues as well as the glioblastoma cell line U251‑MG showed significant expression of ACAT1. ACAT1 expression in U251‑MG cells increased in a cell proliferation‑dependent manner. K604, a selective ACAT1 inhibitor, suppressed the proliferation of U251‑MG cells and downregulated the activation of Akt and extracellular signal‑regulated kinase in proliferating glioblastoma cells. These results suggested that ACAT1 may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of glioblastoma, with K604 as an effective therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Ohmoto
- Department of Human Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Kazuchika Nishitsuji
- Department of Human Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yoshitani
- Department of Human Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Makoto Mizuguchi
- Department of Human Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Yuto Yanagisawa
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Institute of Health Biosciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770‑8505, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Saito
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Institute of Health Biosciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770‑8505, Japan
| | - Naomi Sakashita
- Department of Human Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
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Ason B, van der Hoorn JWA, Chan J, Lee E, Pieterman EJ, Nguyen KK, Di M, Shetterly S, Tang J, Yeh WC, Schwarz M, Jukema JW, Scott R, Wasserman SM, Princen HMG, Jackson S. PCSK9 inhibition fails to alter hepatic LDLR, circulating cholesterol, and atherosclerosis in the absence of ApoE. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2370-9. [PMID: 25258384 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m053207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) contributes to coronary heart disease. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) increases LDL-C by inhibiting LDL-C clearance. The therapeutic potential for PCSK9 inhibitors is highlighted by the fact that PCSK9 loss-of-function carriers exhibit 15-30% lower circulating LDL-C and a disproportionately lower risk (47-88%) of experiencing a cardiovascular event. Here, we utilized pcsk9(-/-) mice and an anti-PCSK9 antibody to study the role of the LDL receptor (LDLR) and ApoE in PCSK9-mediated regulation of plasma cholesterol and atherosclerotic lesion development. We found that circulating cholesterol and atherosclerotic lesions were minimally modified in pcsk9(-/-) mice on either an LDLR- or ApoE-deficient background. Acute administration of an anti-PCSK9 antibody did not reduce circulating cholesterol in an ApoE-deficient background, but did reduce circulating cholesterol (-45%) and TGs (-36%) in APOE*3Leiden.cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) mice, which contain mouse ApoE, human mutant APOE3*Leiden, and a functional LDLR. Chronic anti-PCSK9 antibody treatment in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice resulted in a significant reduction in atherosclerotic lesion area (-91%) and reduced lesion complexity. Taken together, these results indicate that both LDLR and ApoE are required for PCSK9 inhibitor-mediated reductions in atherosclerosis, as both are needed to increase hepatic LDLR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Ason
- Metabolic Disorders Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Joyce Chan
- Metabolic Disorders Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Edward Lee
- Metabolic Disorders Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Elsbet J Pieterman
- TNO-Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mei Di
- Metabolic Disorders Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Jie Tang
- Protein Technologies, Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Wen-Chen Yeh
- Metabolic Disorders Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Scott
- Cardiovascular, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA
| | | | - Hans M G Princen
- TNO-Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Jackson
- Metabolic Disorders Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
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Kühnast S, van der Hoorn JWA, Pieterman EJ, van den Hoek AM, Sasiela WJ, Gusarova V, Peyman A, Schäfer HL, Schwahn U, Jukema JW, Princen HMG. Alirocumab inhibits atherosclerosis, improves the plaque morphology, and enhances the effects of a statin. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2103-12. [PMID: 25139399 PMCID: PMC4174003 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m051326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibition is a potential novel strategy for treatment of CVD. Alirocumab is a fully human PCSK9 monoclonal antibody in phase 3 clinical development. We evaluated the antiatherogenic potential of alirocumab in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice. Mice received a Western-type diet and were treated with alirocumab (3 or 10 mg/kg, weekly subcutaneous dosing) alone and in combination with atorvastatin (3.6 mg/kg/d) for 18 weeks. Alirocumab alone dose-dependently decreased total cholesterol (−37%; −46%, P < 0.001) and TGs (−36%; −39%, P < 0.001) and further decreased cholesterol in combination with atorvastatin (−48%; −58%, P < 0.001). Alirocumab increased hepatic LDL receptor protein levels but did not affect hepatic cholesterol and TG content. Fecal output of bile acids and neutral sterols was not changed. Alirocumab dose-dependently decreased atherosclerotic lesion size (−71%; −88%, P < 0.001) and severity and enhanced these effects when added to atorvastatin (−89%; −98%, P < 0.001). Alirocumab reduced monocyte recruitment and improved the lesion composition by increasing the smooth muscle cell and collagen content and decreasing the macrophage and necrotic core content. Alirocumab dose-dependently decreases plasma lipids and, as a result, atherosclerosis development, and it enhances the beneficial effects of atorvastatin in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice. In addition, alirocumab improves plaque morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kühnast
- The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO) - Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - José W A van der Hoorn
- The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO) - Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elsbet J Pieterman
- The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO) - Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anita M van den Hoek
- The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO) - Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Anusch Peyman
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Uwe Schwahn
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO) - Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
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van den Hoek AM, van der Hoorn JWA, Maas AC, van den Hoogen RM, van Nieuwkoop A, Droog S, Offerman EH, Pieterman EJ, Havekes LM, Princen HMG. APOE*3Leiden.CETP transgenic mice as model for pharmaceutical treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:537-44. [PMID: 24373179 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate systematically (i) the appropriate dietary conditions to induce the features of the MetS in APOE*3Leiden.humanCholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (E3L.CETP) mice and (ii) whether the response of this model to different antidiabetic and hypolipidemic drugs is similar as in humans. METHODS Male obese, IR and dyslipidemic E3L.CETP mice were treated with antidiabetic drugs rosiglitazone, liraglutide or an experimental 11β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase-1 (HSD-1) inhibitor, or with hypolipidemic drugs atorvastatin, fenofibrate or niacin for 4-6 weeks. The effects on bw, IR and plasma and liver lipids were assessed. RESULTS Rosiglitazone, liraglutide and HSD-1 inhibitor significantly decreased glucose and insulin levels or IR. Liraglutide and HSD-1 inhibitor also decreased bw. Atorvastatin, fenofibrate and niacin improved the dyslipidemia and fenofibrate and niacin increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. In addition, hepatic triglycerides were significantly decreased by treatment with rosiglitazone and liraglutide, while hepatic cholesterol esters were significantly decreased by rosiglitazone and atorvastatin. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the E3L.CETP mouse is a promising novel translational model to investigate the effects of new drugs, alone or in combination, that affect IR, diabetic dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
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Nicholls SJ, Andrews J, Moon KW. Exploring the natural history of atherosclerosis with intravascular ultrasound. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 5:295-306. [PMID: 17338673 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.5.2.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intravascular ultrasound has emerged as the preferred imaging modality for the characterization of atherosclerotic plaque within the coronary arteries. Ultrasonic imaging reveals the presence of more extensive atheroma than suggested by conventional angiography in patients with coronary artery disease. The ability to precisely quantify atheroma volume in an arterial segment at different time points provides the unique opportunity to investigate the factors that influence the natural history of atheroma progression. Accordingly, serial intravascular ultrasound has been incorporated into a number of clinical trials that have evaluated the impact of medical therapies that modify established risk factors and novel pathological targets. This article will review the increasing role of imaging modalities in the assessment of atherosclerosis and factors that influence its natural history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Nicholls
- Cleveland Clinic, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mail Code JJ65, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland OH, USA.
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Nidorf SM, Eikelboom JW, Thompson PL. Targeting Cholesterol Crystal-Induced Inflammation for the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2013; 19:45-52. [DOI: 10.1177/1074248413499972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol crystals are present in nascent and advanced atherosclerotic plaque. Under some conditions, they may enlarge and cause direct plaque trauma or trigger an inflammatory cascade that promotes the growth and instability of atherosclerotic plaque. Therapies that reduce the risk of cholesterol crystal formation or prevent the associated inflammatory response have the potential to improve the clinical outcome of patients with cardiovascular disease. Statins have pleiotropic effects that can reduce the size of the free cholesterol pool contained within atherosclerotic plaques and prevent the formation of cholesterol crystals. Colchicine prevents crystal-induced inflammation by virtue of its ability to inhibit macrophage and neutrophil function. Both statins and colchicine have been demonstrated to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary disease. The efficacy of statins and colchicine for cardiovascular prevention supports the hypothesis that crystal-induced inflammation plays an integral role in the progression and instability of coronary disease. Inhibition of cholesterol crystal-induced inflammation offers a promising new target for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M. Nidorf
- Heart Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Peter L. Thompson
- Heart Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
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Eguchi K, Fujiwara Y, Hayashida A, Horlad H, Kato H, Rotinsulu H, Losung F, Mangindaan REP, de Voogd NJ, Takeya M, Tsukamoto S. Manzamine A, a marine-derived alkaloid, inhibits accumulation of cholesterol ester in macrophages and suppresses hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in vivo. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3831-8. [PMID: 23665143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The formation of foam cells in macrophages plays an essential role in the progression of early atherosclerotic lesions and therefore its prevention is considered to be a promising target for the treatment of atherosclerosis. We found that an extract of the marine sponge Acanthostrongylophora ingens inhibited the foam cell formation induced by acetylated low-density lipoprotein (AcLDL) in human monocyte-derived macrophages, as measured based on the accumulation of cholesterol ester (CE). Bioassay-guided purification of inhibitors from the extract afforded manzamines. Manzamine A was the most potent inhibitor of foam cell formation, and also suppressed CE formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2. In addition, manzamine A inhibited ACAT activity. Next, we orally administered manzamine A to apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient mice for 80 days, and found that total cholesterol, free cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in serum were significantly reduced and the area of atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic sinus was also substantially diminished. These findings clearly suggest that manzamine A suppresses hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice by inhibiting ACAT and is therefore a promising lead compound in the prevention or treatment of atherosclerosis. Although manzamine A has been reported to show several biological activities, this is the first report of a suppressive effect of manzamine A on atherosclerosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Eguchi
- Department of Natural Medicines, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Oe-honmachi 5-1, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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Niacin Reduces Atherosclerosis Development in APOE*3Leiden.CETP Mice Mainly by Reducing NonHDL-Cholesterol. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66467. [PMID: 23840481 PMCID: PMC3686722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Niacin potently lowers triglycerides, mildly decreases LDL-cholesterol, and largely increases HDL-cholesterol. Despite evidence for an atheroprotective effect of niacin from previous small clinical studies, the large outcome trials, AIM-HIGH and HPS2-THRIVE did not reveal additional beneficial effects of niacin (alone or in combination with laropiprant) on top of statin treatment. We aimed to address this apparent discrepancy by investigating the effects of niacin without and with simvastatin on atherosclerosis development and determine the underlying mechanisms, in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice, a model for familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (FD). Approach and Results Mice were fed a western-type diet containing cholesterol without or with niacin (120 mg/kg/day), simvastatin (36 mg/kg/day) or their combination for 18 weeks. Similarly as in FD patients, niacin reduced total cholesterol by -39% and triglycerides by −50%, (both P<0.001). Simvastatin and the combination reduced total cholesterol (−30%; −55%, P<0.001) where the combination revealed a greater reduction compared to simvastatin (−36%, P<0.001). Niacin decreased total cholesterol and triglycerides primarily by increasing VLDL clearance. Niacin increased HDL-cholesterol (+28%, P<0.01) and mildly increased reverse cholesterol transport. All treatments reduced monocyte adhesion to the endothelium (−46%; −47%, P<0.01; −53%, P<0.001), atherosclerotic lesion area (−78%; −49%, P<0.01; −87%, P<0.001) and severity. Compared to simvastatin, the combination increased plaque stability index [(SMC+collagen)/macrophages] (3-fold, P<0.01). Niacin and the combination reduced T cells in the aortic root (−71%, P<0.01; −81%, P<0.001). Lesion area was strongly predicted by nonHDL-cholesterol (R2 = 0.69, P<0.001) and to a much lesser extent by HDL-cholesterol (R2 = 0.20, P<0.001). Conclusion Niacin decreases atherosclerosis development mainly by reducing nonHDL-cholesterol with modest HDL-cholesterol-raising and additional anti-inflammatory effects. The additive effect of niacin on top of simvastatin is mostly dependent on its nonHDL-cholesterol-lowering capacities. These data suggest that clinical beneficial effects of niacin are largely dependent on its ability to lower LDL-cholesterol on top of concomitant lipid-lowering therapy.
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Gierman LM, Kühnast S, Koudijs A, Pieterman EJ, Kloppenburg M, van Osch GJVM, Stojanovic-Susulic V, Huizinga TWJ, Princen HMG, Zuurmond AM. Osteoarthritis development is induced by increased dietary cholesterol and can be inhibited by atorvastatin in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice—a translational model for atherosclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 73:921-7. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Lee K, Cho SH, Lee JH, Goo J, Lee SY, Boovanahalli SK, Yeo SK, Lee SJ, Kim YK, Kim DH, Choi Y, Song GY. Synthesis of a novel series of 2-alkylthio substituted naphthoquinones as potent acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 62:515-25. [PMID: 23419736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We report a new series of naphthoquinone derivatives as potent ACAT inhibitors, which were obtained through structural variations of previously disclosed lead 1. Several analogs represented by 3i-l, 4k-m, 6a-n, 7a, and 7i demonstrated potent human macrophage ACAT inhibitory activity by a cell-based reporter assay with human HepG2 cell lines. In particular, compounds 4l and 6j emerged as highly potent inhibitors, exhibiting significantly high inhibitory potencies with IC50 values of 0.44 μM and 0.6 μM, respectively. Moreover, compound 4l significantly reduced the accumulation of cellular cholesterol in HepG2 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
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Ogino M, Fukui S, Nakada Y, Tokunoh R, Itokawa S, Kakoi Y, Nishimura S, Sanada T, Fuse H, Kubo K, Wada T, Marui S. Discovery of a potent and orally available acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor as an anti-atherosclerotic agent: (4-phenylcoumarin)acetanilide derivatives. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2012; 59:1268-73. [PMID: 21963637 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.59.1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) is an intracellular enzyme that catalyzes cholesterol esterification. ACAT inhibitors are expected to be potent therapeutic agents for the treatment of atherosclerosis. A series of potent ACAT inhibitors based on an (4-phenylcoumarin)acetanilide scaffold was identified. Evaluation of the structure-activity relationships of a substituent on this scaffold, with an emphasis on improving the pharmacokinetic profile led to the discovery of 2-[7-chloro-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl]-N-[4-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]acetamide (23), which exhibited potent ACAT inhibitory activity (IC50=12 nM) and good pharmacokinetic profile in mice. Compound 23 also showed regressive effects on atherosclerotic plaques in apolipoprotein (apo)E knock out (KO) mice at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg per os (p.o.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ogino
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan.
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Fujiwara Y, Kiyota N, Tsurushima K, Yoshitomi M, Horlad H, Ikeda T, Nohara T, Takeya M, Nagai R. Tomatidine, a tomato sapogenol, ameliorates hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice by inhibiting acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:2472-2479. [PMID: 22224814 DOI: 10.1021/jf204197r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
It was previously revealed that esculeoside A, a new glycoalkaloid, and esculeogenin A, a new aglycon of esculeoside A, contained in ripe tomato ameliorate atherosclerosis in apoE-deficent mice. This study examined whether tomatidine, the aglycone of tomatine, which is a major tomato glycoalkaloid, also shows similar inhibitory effects on cholesterol ester (CE) accumulation in human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) and atherogenesis in apoE-deficient mice. Tomatidine significantly inhibited the CE accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in HMDM in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibited CE formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. Furthermore, the oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduced levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and areas of atherosclerotic lesions. The study provides the first evidence that tomatidine significantly suppresses the activity of ACAT and leads to reduction of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Fujiwara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Ogino M, Nakada Y, Negoro N, Itokawa S, Nishimura S, Sanada T, Satomi T, Kita S, Kubo K, Marui S. Discovery of a novel acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor: the synthesis, biological evaluation, and reduced adrenal toxicity of (4-phenylcoumarin)acetanilide derivatives with a carboxylic acid moiety. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2012; 59:1369-75. [PMID: 22041073 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.59.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As a part of our research for novel potent and orally available acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors that can be used as anti-atherosclerotic agents, we recently reported the discovery of the (4-phenylcoumarine)acetanilide derivative 1. However, compound 1 showed adrenal toxicity in animal models. In order to search for safer ACAT inhibitors that do not have adrenal toxicity, we examined the inhibitory activity of ACAT in human macrophage and adrenal cells. The introduction of a carboxylic acid moiety on the pendant phenyl ring and the adjustment of the lipophilicity led to the discovery of (2E)-3-[7-chloro-3-[2-[[4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]-6-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-4-yl]phenyl]acrylic acid (21e), which showed potent ACAT inhibitory activity in macrophages and a selectivity of around 30-fold over adrenal cells. In addition, compound 21e showed high adrenal safety in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ogino
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251–8555, Japan.
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Aliskiren inhibits atherosclerosis development and improves plaque stability in APOE*3Leiden.CETP transgenic mice with or without treatment with atorvastatin. J Hypertens 2012; 30:107-16. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32834ddd8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Lu Z, Yuan Z, Miyoshi T, Wang Q, Su Z, Chang CC, Shi W. Identification of Soat1 as a quantitative trait locus gene on mouse chromosome 1 contributing to hyperlipidemia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25344. [PMID: 22022387 PMCID: PMC3194806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified two closely linked quantitative trait loci (QTL) on distal chromosome 1 contributing to major variations in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels in an intercross derived from C57BL/6 (B6) and C3H/HeJ (C3H) apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE−/−) mice. Soat1, encoding sterol o-acyltransferase 1, is a functional candidate gene located underneath the proximal linkage peak. We sequenced the coding region of Soat1 and identified four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between B6 and C3H mice. Two of the SNPs resulted in amino-acid substitutions (Ile147Val and His205Tyr). Functional assay revealed an increased enzyme activity of Soat1 in peritoneal macrophages of C3H mice relative to those of B6 mice despite comparable protein expression levels. Allelic variants of Soat1 were associated with variations in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels in an intercross between B6.apoE−/− and C3H.apoE−/− mice. Inheritance of the C3H allele resulted in significantly higher plasma lipid levels than inheritance of the B6 allele. Soat1 variants were also significantly linked to major variations in plasma esterified cholesterol levels but not with free cholesterol levels. Trangenic expression of C3H Soat1 in B6.apoE−/− mice resulted in elevations of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. These results indicate that Soat1 is a QTL gene contributing to hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongji Lu
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Zuobiao Yuan
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Toru Miyoshi
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Zhiguang Su
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Catherine C. Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Weibin Shi
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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van der Hoorn J, Lindén D, Lindahl U, Bekkers M, Voskuilen M, Nilsson R, Oscarsson J, Lindstedt E, Princen H. Low dose of the liver X receptor agonist, AZ876, reduces atherosclerosis in APOE*3Leiden mice without affecting liver or plasma triglyceride levels. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:1553-63. [PMID: 21175581 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Liver X receptor (LXR) agonists are atheroprotective but often induce hypertriglyceridaemia and liver steatosis. We investigated the effect of a novel high-affinity LXR activator, AZ876, on plasma lipids, inflammation and atherosclerosis, and compared the effects with another LXR agonist, GW3965. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH APOE*3Leiden mice were fed an atherogenic diet alone or supplemented with either AZ876 (5 or 20µmol·kg(-1) ·day(-1) ) or GW3965 (17µmol·kg(-1) ·day(-1) ) for 20 weeks. Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured using commercial kits. Plasma cytokines were determined by using bead-based multiplex suspension array kits with the Luminex technology. Atherosclerosis was assessed histochemically and lesion composition was assessed by immunohistochemical methods. KEY RESULTS Low-dose AZ876 had no effect on plasma or liver lipids, whereas high-dose AZ876 increased plasma triglycerides (+110%) and reduced cholesterol (-16%) compared with controls. GW3965 increased plasma triglycerides (+70%). Low-dose AZ876 reduced lesion area (-47%); and high-dose AZ876 strongly decreased lesion area (-91%), lesion number (-59%) and severity. In either dose, AZ876 did not affect lesion composition. GW3965 reduced atherosclerosis and collagen content of lesions (-23%; P < 0.01). High-dose AZ876 and GW3965, but not low-dose AZ876, reduced inflammation as reflected by lower cytokine levels and vessel wall activation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We have identified a novel LXR agonist that when given in a low dose inhibits the progression of atherosclerosis without inducing anti-inflammatory effects, liver steatosis or hypertriglyceridaemia. Therefore, the primary protective action of a low-dose AZ876 is likely to be an increased reverse cholesterol transport.
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Nohara T, Ono M, Ikeda T, Fujiwara Y, El-Aasr M. The tomato saponin, esculeoside A. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:1734-1741. [PMID: 20853874 DOI: 10.1021/np100311t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Esculeoside A (2), a spirosolane steroidal glycoside, is a major constituent isolated from Solanum lycopersicum, a commercial strain of mini tomatoes. The content variability of esculeoside A (2) was examined in mini, midi, and Momotaro tomatoes and various processed tomato products. In the green immature tomato fruit, tomatine (1) is oxidized at C-23 and C-27 to produce esculeoside A (2) in the ripe fruit. Further, esculeoside A (2) is partly converted to 3β-hydroxy-5α-pregn-16-en-20-one 3-O-β-lycotetraoside (6), a pregnane glycoside, in the overripe fruit. Esculeogenin A (3), the sapogenol of 2, is easily converted into 3β,16β-dihydroxy-5α-pregn-20-one (17). Metabolic studies showed excretion of androstane derivatives in the urine of human volunteer subjects after tomato consumption. Esculeogenin A (3) inhibited the accumulation of cholesterol esters in macrophages through its effects on acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT). Oral administration of esculeoside A (2) to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduced serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol and ameliorated the severity of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Nohara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 22-1, 4-Chome, Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
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Yoshinaka Y, Shibata H, Kobayashi H, Kuriyama H, Shibuya K, Tanabe S, Watanabe T, Miyazaki A. A selective ACAT-1 inhibitor, K-604, stimulates collagen production in cultured smooth muscle cells and alters plaque phenotype in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Atherosclerosis 2010; 213:85-91. [PMID: 20843517 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol O-acyltransferase-1 (ACAT-1) plays an essential role in macrophage foam cell formation and progression of atherosclerosis. We developed a potent and selective ACAT-1 inhibitor, K-604, and tested its effects in apoE-knockout mice. Administration of K-604 to 8-week-old apoE-knockout mice for 12 weeks at a dose of 60 mg/kg/day significantly reduced macrophage-positive area and increased collagen-positive area in atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta without affecting plasma cholesterol levels or lesion areas, indicating direct plaque-modulating effects of K-604 on vascular walls independent of plasma cholesterol levels. Pactimibe, a nonselective inhibitor of ACAT-1 and ACAT-2, reduced plasma cholesterol levels but did not affect macrophage- or collagen-positive areas. The size of macrophages and cholesteryl ester contents in the aorta were reduced by K-604. Exposure of cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells to K-604 resulted in increased procollagen type 1 contents in the culture supernatant and increased procollagen type 1 mRNA levels. Procollagen production was unaffected by pactimibe even at a concentration that inhibited cholesterol esterification to the basal level. Thus, the plaque-modulating effects of K-604 can be explained by stimulation of procollagen production independent of ACAT inhibition in addition to potent inhibition of macrophage ACAT-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunobu Yoshinaka
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Division, Kowa Company, Ltd., 2-17-43 Noguchi-cho, Higashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 189-0022, Japan.
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Chhabria MT, Mahajan BM. Update on patented cholesterol absorption inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2009; 19:1083-107. [PMID: 19552506 DOI: 10.1517/13543770903036826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is one of the most life-threatening diseases primarily associated with hypercholesterolemia and is characterized by increased serum cholesterol level. Cholesterol originates from both its de novo synthesis within the hepatic cells and its absorption into the intestine in the form of dietary or bile cholesterol. Interventions influencing both of these processes are promising therapeutic options to lower the cholesterol level. Hydroxymethyl glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors, commonly known as statins, effectively block the rate determining step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol. Ezetimibe is the first new class of drugs used to treat hypercholesterolemia by inhibition of cholesterol absorption through Niemann Pick C1 Like 1 membrane of enterocytes. Therefore, combination therapy of ezetimibe and statins offers an efficacious new approach for the prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolemia. OBJECTIVES The present review focuses on updates on ezetimibe and patented profile of novel cholesterol absorption inhibitors followed by critical analysis of different targets such as cholesterol esterase inhibitors, bile acid transport inhibitors or phospholipase-A(2) inhibitors, etc.which play an important role in the lipid absorption. CONCLUSION The discovery of ezetimibe has opened a new door for the management of hyper-cholesterolemia in combination with statins. There are newer analogues that are under clinical trials, among which darapladib, FM-VP4 and A-002 are promising compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Chhabria
- L. M. College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad - 380 009, Gujarat, India.
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Ziaee A, Zamansoltani F, Nassiri-Asl M, Abbasi E. Effects of Rutin on Lipid Profile in Hypercholesterolaemic Rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 104:253-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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van der Hoorn JWA, Jukema JW, Havekes LM, Lundholm E, Camejo G, Rensen PCN, Princen HMG. The dual PPARalpha/gamma agonist tesaglitazar blocks progression of pre-existing atherosclerosis in APOE*3Leiden.CETP transgenic mice. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:1067-75. [PMID: 19220285 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We have evaluated the effects of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha/gamma agonist on the progression of pre-existing atherosclerotic lesions in APOE*3Leiden.cholesteryl ester transfer protein (E3L.CETP) transgenic mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH E3L.CETP mice were fed a high-cholesterol diet for 11 weeks to induce atherosclerosis, followed by a low-cholesterol diet for 4 weeks to obtain a lower plasma total cholesterol level of approximately 10 mmol.L(-1). Mice were divided into three groups, which were either killed before (baseline) or after an 8 week treatment period with low-cholesterol diet without (control) or with the PPARalpha/gamma agonist tesaglitazar (10 microg.kg(-1).day(-1)). Atherosclerosis was assessed in the aortic root. KEY RESULTS Treatment with tesaglitazar significantly reduced plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, CETP mass and CETP activity, and increased high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. At baseline, substantial atherosclerosis had developed. During the 8 week low-cholesterol diet, atherosclerosis progressed in the control group with respect to lesion area and severity, whereas tesaglitazar inhibited lesion progression during this period. Tesaglitazar reduced vessel wall inflammation, as reflected by decreased monocyte adhesion and macrophage area, and modified lesions to a more stabilized phenotype, with increased smooth muscle cell content in the cap and collagen content. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Dual PPARalpha/gamma agonism with tesaglitazar markedly improved the atherogenic triad by reducing triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and increasing high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and additionally reduced cholesterol-induced vessel wall activation. These actions resulted in complete inhibition of progression and stabilization of pre-existing atherosclerotic lesions in E3L.CETP mice.
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Cignarella A. Animal and cellular models for hypolipidemic drugs. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:61-9. [PMID: 23480337 DOI: 10.1517/17460440802624987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of effective and safe lipid-lowering agents should set out from and rely on robust preclinical investigation. OBJECTIVE To accomplish this aim, the selection of proper cellular and animal models is crucial. RESULTS Because lipid-lowering agents are ultimately supposed to reduce the atherosclerotic burden in the arterial wall, they need to tackle directly or indirectly the multifactorial nature of atherosclerotic disease. Hence, these drugs may essentially prevent triglyceride-rich lipoprotein assembly or enhance low-density lipoprotein (LDL) clearance through the LDL or related receptors in the liver. Established animal models such as the apolipoprotein E- and the LDL-receptor knockout mice are widely used to test drug actions on these pathways. A different approach is testing the ability of candidate drugs to increase plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. More recently, the focus has shifted to drugs enhancing HDL function rather than just plasma HDL levels. This in turn requires in vitro and particularly in vivo models of reverse cholesterol transport, which have become available by now. CONCLUSION A positive outcome of preclinical studies is necessary but not sufficient for an investigational new drug to be eventually approved for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cignarella
- University of Padova, Department of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology, Largo Meneghetti 2, 35131 Padova, Italy +39 049 8275091 ; +39 049 8275093 ;
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Rau O, Zettl H, Popescu L, Steinhilber D, Schubert-Zsilavecz M. The Treatment of Dyslipidemia—What's Left in the Pipeline? ChemMedChem 2008; 3:206-21. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Olmesartan and pravastatin additively reduce development of atherosclerosis in APOE*3Leiden transgenic mice. J Hypertens 2008; 25:2454-62. [PMID: 17984667 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3282ef79f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study was designed to investigate the effect of the angiotensin II receptor blocker olmesartan alone, or in combination with standard treatment with a statin, pravastatin, on atherosclerosis development in APOE*3Leiden transgenic mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Four groups of 15 mice received an atherogenic diet alone (plasma cholesterol 17.4 +/- 2.7 mmol/l) or supplemented with either 0.008% (w/w) olmesartan (9.3 mg/kg per day) (plasma cholesterol 16.4 +/- 3.9 mmol/l), 0.03% (w/w) pravastatin (35 mg/kg per day) (plasma cholesterol 14.6 +/- 2.6 mmol/l), or the combination of both (plasma cholesterol 14.5 +/- 2.9 mmol/l) for 6 months. Treatment with olmesartan or pravastatin reduced the development of atherosclerosis as compared to the control group (-46 and -39%, respectively). Pravastatin also reduced the severity of the lesions. As compared to control the combination of both treatments almost fully prevented atherosclerosis (-91%, P < 0.001) and strongly reduced lesion number (-69%), lesion severity (-79%), number of macrophages (-89%) and T lymphocytes (-86%) per cross-section. Treatment with olmesartan alone and in combination with pravastatin inhibited the adhesion of monocytes to the vessel wall (-22%; P < 0.05 and -25%; P < 0.01, respectively), and reduced the relative quantity of macrophages in the lesions (-38%; P < 0.05 and -26%; NS, respectively) as compared to control. CONCLUSION Olmesartan reduced atherosclerosis development mainly by decreasing monocyte adhesion and the relative amount of macrophages, whereas pravastatin inhibited the progression of atherosclerosis to more advanced lesions, reflecting different anti-atherosclerotic modes of action of the two drugs. Combination therapy with olmesartan and pravastatin additively reduced atherosclerosis development, resulting in less and less severe lesions.
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An S, Park YD, Paik YK, Jeong TS, Lee WS. Human ACAT inhibitory effects of shikonin derivatives from Lithospermum erythrorhizon. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1112-6. [PMID: 17157006 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Revised: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three naphthoquinones were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation from the CHCl(3) extracts of roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. They were identified as acetylshikonin (1), isobutyrylshikonin (2), and beta-hydroxyisovalerylshikonin (3) on the basis of their spectroscopic analyses. The compounds 1-3 were tested for their inhibitory activities against human ACAT-1 (hACAT-1) or human ACAT-2 (hACAT-2). Compound 2 preferentially inhibited hACAT-2 (IC(50)=57.5microM) than hACAT-1 (32% at 120microM), whereas compounds 1 and 3 showed weak inhibitory activities in both hACAT-1 and -2. To develop more potent hACAT inhibitor, shikonin derivatives (5-11) were synthesized by semi-synthesis of shikonin (4), which was prepared by hydrolysis of 1-3. Among them, compounds 5 and 7 exhibited the strong inhibitory activities against hACAT-1 and -2. Furthermore, we demonstrated that compound 7 behaved as a potent ACAT inhibitor in not only in vitro assay system but also cell-based assay system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojin An
- National Research Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
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Kitamura A, Imai S, Yabuki M, Komuro S. The new acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor SMP-797 does not interact with statins via OATP1B1 in human cryopreserved hepatocytes and oocytes expressing systems. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2007; 28:517-25. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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