Neovascular expression of E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in human atherosclerosis and their relation to intimal leukocyte content

Pharmacological interventions for intraplaque neovascularization in atherosclerosis

Advanced atherosclerosis is linked to plaque instability, which can result in rupture and the onset of a heart attack. Evidence gathered from human atheroma plaques indicates that intraplaque neovascularization poses a risk to plaque stability and may lead to plaque hemorrhage. Hence, targeting the neovascularization within the atheroma plaque has the potential to mitigate the plaque's vulnerability. While neovascularization has been extensively explored in the context of cancer, research on pharmacological inhibition of this phenomenon in atherosclerosis remains limited. This systematic review aimed to comprehensively assess current and emerging pharmacological interventions for inhibiting intraplaque neovascularization in preclinical settings. Electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Ovid) were searched from January 2013 until February 1, 2024. Preclinical studies reporting the effect of any pharmacological interventions targeting intraplaque neovascularization were included. A total of 10 articles involving in vivo animal studies were eligible for inclusion, with five of them incorporating in vitro experiments to complement their in vivo findings. The pharmacological interventions studied were axitinib, ghrelin, K5, rosuvastatin, atorvastatin, 3PO, everolimus, melatonin, Si-Miao-Yong-A, and protocatechuic aldehyde. All the interventions showed a positive impact in inhibiting intraplaque neovascularization in various atherosclerotic animal models through various signaling pathways. This review provides valuable insights into pharmacological approaches to attenuate intraplaque neovascularization that could serve as a promising therapeutic avenue to enhance plaque stability.

Molecular Pathways of Vulnerable Carotid Plaques at Risk of Ischemic Stroke: A Narrative Review

The concept of vulnerable carotid plaques is pivotal in understanding the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke secondary to large-artery atherosclerosis. In macroscopic evaluation, vulnerable plaques are characterized by one or more of the following features: microcalcification; neovascularization; lipid-rich necrotic cores (LRNCs); intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH); thin fibrous caps; plaque surface ulceration; huge dimensions, suggesting stenosis; and plaque rupture. Recognizing these macroscopic characteristics is crucial for estimating the risk of cerebrovascular events, also in the case of non-significant (less than 50%) stenosis. Inflammatory biomarkers, such as cytokines and adhesion molecules, lipid-related markers like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and proteolytic enzymes capable of degrading extracellular matrix components are among the key molecules that are scrutinized for their associative roles in plaque instability. Through their quantification and evaluation, these biomarkers reveal intricate molecular cross-talk governing plaque inflammation, rupture potential, and thrombogenicity. The current evidence demonstrates that plaque vulnerability phenotypes are multiple and heterogeneous and are associated with many highly complex molecular pathways that determine the activation of an immune-mediated cascade that culminates in thromboinflammation. This narrative review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current knowledge on molecular biomarkers expressed by symptomatic carotid plaques. It explores the association of these biomarkers with the structural and compositional attributes that characterize vulnerable plaques.

Apoptotic Extracellular Vesicles Induced Endothelial Cell-Mediated Autologous Stem Cell Recruitment Dominates Allogeneic Stem Cell Therapeutic Mechanism for Bone Repair

Although stem cell therapy is proved to be a promising strategy for bone repair and regeneration, transplanted allogeneic stem cells generally suffer from unfavorable apoptosis instead of differentiation into osteocytes. How the apoptotic stem cells promote bone regeneration still needs to be uncovered. In this work, we found that apoptotic extracellular vesicles released by allogeneic stem cells are critical mediators for promoting bone regeneration. Based on the results of in vivo experiments, a mechanism of apoptotic stem cells determined autologous stem cell recruitment and enhance osteogenesis was proposed. The nanoscaled apoptotic extracellular vesicles released from transplanted stem cells were endocytosed by vascular endothelial cells and preferentially distribute at endoplasmic reticular region. The oxidized phosphatidylcholine enriched in the vesicles activated the endoplasmic reticulum stress and triggered the reflective elevation of adhesion molecules, which induced the recruitment of autologous stem cells located in the blood vessels, transported them into the defect region, and promoted osteogenesis and bone repair. These findings not only reveal the mechanism of stem cell therapy of bone defects but also provide a cue for investigation of the biological process of stem cell therapy for other diseases and develop stem cell therapeutic strategies.

Effect of reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species on signaling pathways in atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which fats, lipids, cholesterol, calcium, proliferating smooth muscle cells, and immune cells accumulate in the intima of the large arteries, forming atherosclerotic plaques. A complex interplay of various vascular and immune cells takes place during the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Multiple reports indicate that tight control of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive sulfur species (RSS) production is critical for maintaining vascular health. Unrestricted ROS and RNS generation may lead to activation of various inflammatory signaling pathways, facilitating atherosclerosis. Given these deleterious consequences, it is important to understand how ROS and RNS affect the signaling processes involved in atherogenesis. Conversely, RSS appears to exhibit an atheroprotective potential and can alleviate the deleterious effects of ROS and RNS. Herein, we review the literature describing the effects of ROS, RNS, and RSS on vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and macrophages and focus on how changes in their production affect the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. This review also discusses the contribution of ROS, RNS, and RSS in mediating various post-translational modifications, such as oxidation, nitrosylation, and sulfation, of the molecules involved in inflammatory signaling.

Primordial Drivers of Diabetes Heart Disease: Comprehensive Insights into Insulin Resistance

Insulin resistance has been regarded as a hallmark of diabetes heart disease (DHD). Numerous studies have shown that insulin resistance can affect blood circulation and myocardium, which indirectly cause cardiac hypertrophy and ventricular remodeling, participating in the pathogenesis of DHD. Meanwhile, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia associated with insulin resistance can directly impair the metabolism and function of the heart. Targeting insulin resistance is a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention of DHD. Currently, the role of insulin resistance in the pathogenic development of DHD is still under active research, as the pathological roles involved are complex and not yet fully understood, and the related therapeutic approaches are not well developed. In this review, we describe insulin resistance and add recent advances in the major pathological and physiological changes and underlying mechanisms by which insulin resistance leads to myocardial remodeling and dysfunction in the diabetic heart, including exosomal dysfunction, ferroptosis, and epigenetic factors. In addition, we discuss potential therapeutic approaches to improve insulin resistance and accelerate the development of cardiovascular protection drugs.

The effects of mango consumption on vascular health and immune function

Objectives

Heart disease, caused by atherosclerosis, is the leading cause of death. Maintaining vascular integrity is crucial to reducing atherosclerosis risk. Mangos are rich in fiber, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals that may offer cardioprotective and immune-boosting benefits. However, their effects on the vasculature and immune system in adults with overweight and obesity remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of mango consumption on vascular health and immune function in adults with overweight and obesity.

Methods

In a 12-week, crossover study, 27 overweight and obese participants consumed either 100 kcals of mangos daily or isocaloric low-fat cookies daily. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline, week 4, and week 12 and analyzed for vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), P-selectin, E-selectin, sCD4, sCD8, sCD3E, and sCD45, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD).

Results

Mango consumption significantly decreased VCAM-1 between baseline and week 4 (P = 0.046) and week 12 (P = 0.004). CAT increased between baseline and week 12 (P = 0.035) with mango consumption. GPx increased at week 12 compared to baseline and week 4 (P < 0.05). At week 12, SOD was higher after mango consumption compared to low-fat cookie consumption (P = 0.046). There were no significant differences in ICAM-1, P-selectin, E-selectin, sCD4, sCD8, sCD3E, sCD45 or TNF-α concentrations (P > 0.05 for all non-significant results).

Conclusions

This study suggests that 100 kcals of mangos may benefit the integrity of the vasculature by reducing VCAM-1 and increasing SOD, CAT, and GPx levels. Mangos can be an alternative snack for improving atherosclerosis and oxidative stress risk factors.

Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) contributes to macular fibrosis in neovascular age-related macular degeneration through modulating macrophage functions

BACKGROUND

Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is a major cause of blindness in the elderly. The disease is due to the growth of abnormal blood vessels into the macula, leading to the loss of central vision. Intravitreal injection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors (e.g., anti-VEGF) is the standard of care for nAMD. However, nearly 50% of patients do not respond or respond poorly to the therapy. More importantly, up to 70% of nAMD patients develop macular fibrosis after 10 years of anti-VEGF therapy. The underlying mechanism of nAMD-mediated macular fibrosis is unknown although inflammation is known to play an important role in the development of abnormal macular blood vessels and its progression to fibro-vascular membrane. In this study, we measured the intraocular levels of adhesion molecule VCAM-1, ICAM-1, CD44, CD62L, and CD62P in nAMD patients with and without macular fibrosis and investigated the link between the levels of adhesion molecule and clinical features (e.g., visual improvement, retinal thickness, etc.). We further investigated the effect of VCAM-1 in macrophage function in vitro and the development of subretinal fibrosis in vivo using a two-stage laser-induced protocol.

RESULTS

The aqueous levels of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, CD44, and CD62L were significantly higher in nAMD patients compared to cataract controls. The aqueous level of VCAM-1 (but not other adhesion molecules) was significantly higher in patients with macular fibrosis than those without and the level correlated positively with the retinal thickness. VCAM-1 was highly expressed at the lesion site in the mouse model of subretinal fibrosis. Blocking VCAM-1 or its receptor VLA-4 significantly prevented macrophage infiltration and reduced subretinal fibrosis in vivo. VCAM-1 induced macrophage migration and upregulated the expression of Arg-1, Mmp12 and Il6 but down-regulated the expression of iNOS and Il1b in macrophages.

CONCLUSIONS

VCAM-1 may contribute to the development of macular fibrosis in nAMD patients by modulating macrophage functions, including migration and profibrotic polarization.

Effects of olmesartan and amlodipine on blood pressure, endothelial function, and vascular inflammation

BACKGROUND

Anti-hypertensive drugs can improve vascular endothelial function. However, the mechanism remains to be elucidated.

OBJECTIVES

This study sought to investigate mechanisms of anti-hypertensive drugs on improvement of vascular endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension.

METHODS

Forty-five patients (mean age 58.5 ± 11.2 years) with uncontrolled essential hypertension were randomly assigned to receive olmesartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB) (N = 23), or amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker (CCB) (N = 22), for 6 months. Endothelial function was evaluated by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery. Vascular inflammation was measured by blood-normalized standardized uptake value, known as a target-to-background ratio (TBR) within the carotid arteries using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences of baseline clinical data between the ARB and CCB groups. Both anti-hypertensive drugs comparably lowered blood pressure and increased %FMD. TBR values were reduced by olmesartan (P < .001), while blood pressure variability was decreased by amlodipine (P = .004). Changes in %FMD from baseline (Δ%FMD) were inversely associated with ΔTBR in the olmesartan group (r = - .606, P = .003) and with Δsystolic blood pressure variability in the amlodipine group (r = - .434, P = .039).

CONCLUSION

Our study indicated that olmesartan and amlodipine could improve endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension in different manners, suppression of vascular inflammation, and decrease in blood pressure variability, respectively.

Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1: More than a Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule

Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is a transmembrane protein in the immunoglobulin superfamily expressed on the surface of multiple cell populations and upregulated by inflammatory stimuli. It mediates cellular adhesive interactions by binding to the β2 integrins macrophage antigen 1 and leukocyte function-associated antigen 1, as well as other ligands. It has important roles in the immune system, including in leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium and transendothelial migration, and at the immunological synapse formed between lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. ICAM-1 has also been implicated in the pathophysiology of diverse diseases from cardiovascular diseases to autoimmune disorders, certain infections, and cancer. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the structure and regulation of the ICAM1 gene and the ICAM-1 protein. We discuss the roles of ICAM-1 in the normal immune system and a selection of diseases to highlight the breadth and often double-edged nature of its functions. Finally, we discuss current therapeutics and opportunities for advancements.

Assessment of the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of fermented camel milk fortified with Cordia myxa and its biological effects against oxidative stress and hyperlipidemia in rats

Natural feed additives and their potential benefits in production of safe and highly nutritious food have gained the attention of many researchers the last decades. Cordia myxa is a nutrient-dense food with various health benefits. Despite this fact, very limited studied investigated the physicochemical and sensory impacts of incorporation of fermented camel milk with Cordia myxa and its biological effects. The current study aimed to assess the physical, chemical, and sensory characteristics of fermented camel milk (FCM) fortified with 5, 10, and 15% Cordia myxa pulp. The study demonstrated that fortification of camel milk efficiently enhanced protein, total solids, ash, fiber, phenolic substance, and antioxidant activity. When compared to other treatments, FCM supplemented with 10% Cordia myxa pulp had the best sensory features. In addition, FCM fortified with 10% Cordia myxa pulp was investigated as a potential inhibitor of hypercholesterolemia agents in obese rats. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were split into two main groups including normal pellet group (n = 8) served as negative control group (G1) and a group of hyperlipidemic animals (n = 24) were feed on a high-fat diet (HFD). Hyperlipidemic rats group (n = 24) were then divided into three subgroups (8 per each); second group or positive control (G2) which include hyperlipidemic rats received distilled water (1 mL/day), the third group (G3) involved hyperlipidemic rats feed on FCM (10 g/day) and the fourth group (G4) included hyperlipidemic animals feed on 10 g/day FCM fortified with 10% of Cordia myxa pulp by oral treatment via an intestinal tube for another 4 weeks. In contrast to the positive control group, G4 treated with Cordia myxa showed a substantial decrease in malondialdehyde, LDL, cholesterol, triglycerides, AST, ALT, creatinine, and urea levels, while a significant increase in HDL, albumin, and total protein concentrations. The number of large adipocytes decreased while the number of small adipocytes increased after consumption of fortified FCM. The results indicated that fermented milk fortified with Cordia myxa pulp improved the functions of the liver and kidney in hyperlipidemic rats. These results demonstrated the protective effects of camel milk and Cordia myxa pulp against hyperlipidemia in rats.

Melatonin ameliorates serobiochemical alterations and restores the cardio-nephro diabetic vascular and cellular alterations in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Melatonin possesses a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antidiabetic properties. Diabetes mellitus (DM) induces several physiopathological changes in body organs, which could be observed lately after systemic failure. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the serobiochemical changes and the histopathological picture in the diabetic heart and the kidney early before chronic complications and highlight the association between hyperglycemia, glomerular alterations, and cardiovascular changes. In addition, the role of melatonin in the treatment of cardio-nephro diabetic vascular and cellular adverse changes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was also studied. A total of 40 mature Wistar albino rats were distributed into five groups; (1) control untreated rats, (2) diabetic mellitus untreated (DM) rats, in which DM was induced by the injection of streptozotocin (STZ), (3) control melatonin-treated (MLT), (4) melatonin-treated diabetic (DM + MLT) rats, in which melatonin was injected (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 4 weeks, and (5) insulin-treated diabetic (DM + INS) rats. The serum biochemical analysis of diabetic STZ rats showed a significant (P &lt; 0.05) increase in the concentrations of blood glucose, total oxidative capacity (TOC), CK-MB, endothelin-1, myoglobin, H-FABP, ALT, AST, urea, and creatinine as compared to control rats. In contrast, there was a significant (P &lt; 0.05) decrease in serum concentration of insulin, total antioxidative capacity (TAC), total nitric oxide (TNO), and total protein level in DM rats vs. the control rats. Significant improvement in the serobiochemical parameters was noticed in both (DM + MLT) and (DM + INS) groups as compared with (DM) rats. The histological examination of the DM group revealed a disorder of myofibers, cardiomyocyte nuclei, and an increase in connective tissue deposits in between cardiac tissues. Severe congestion and dilation of blood capillaries between cardiac muscle fibers were also observed. The nephropathic changes in DM rats revealed various deteriorations in glomeruli and renal tubular cells of the same group. In addition, vascular alterations in the arcuate artery at the corticomedullary junction and interstitial congestion take place. Melatonin administration repaired all these histopathological alterations to near-control levels. The study concluded that melatonin could be an effective therapeutic molecule for restoring serobiochemical and tissue histopathological alterations during diabetes mellitus.

The angiopoietin receptor Tie2 is atheroprotective in arterial endothelium

Leukocytes and resident cells in the arterial wall contribute to atherosclerosis, especially at sites of disturbed blood flow. Expression of endothelial Tie1 receptor tyrosine kinase is enhanced at these sites, and attenuation of its expression reduces atherosclerotic burden and decreases inflammation. However, Tie2 tyrosine kinase function in atherosclerosis is unknown. Here we provide genetic evidence from humans and from an atherosclerotic mouse model to show that TIE2 is associated with protection from coronary artery disease. We show that deletion of Tie2, or both Tie2 and Tie1, in the arterial endothelium promotes atherosclerosis by increasing Foxo1 nuclear localization, endothelial adhesion molecule expression and accumulation of immune cells. We also show that Tie2 is expressed in a subset of aortic fibroblasts, and its silencing in these cells increases expression of inflammation-related genes. Our findings indicate that unlike Tie1, the Tie2 receptor functions as the dominant endothelial angiopoietin receptor that protects from atherosclerosis.

Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease identifies subjects with cardiovascular risk better than non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of mortality in subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated the association between CVD risk and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) or NAFLD and the influence of significant liver fibrosis on the CVD risk.

METHODS

Subjects who underwent a comprehensive medical check-up were recruited (2014-2019). Significant liver fibrosis was defined using NAFLD fibrosis score, fibrosis-4 index, aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index, or FibroScan-aspartate aminotransferase score. High probability of atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) was defined as ASCVD risk score > 10%.

RESULTS

Of the study population (n = 78 762), 27 047 (34.3%) and 24 036 (30.5%) subjects had MAFLD and NAFLD respectively. A total of 1084 (4.0%) or 921 (3.8%) subjects had previous CVD history in MAFLD or NAFLD subgroup respectively. The previous CVD history and high probability of ASCVD were significantly higher in MAFLD or NAFLD subgroup with significant liver fibrosis than in the other groups (all p < .001). In multivariable analysis, MAFLD was independently associated with previous CVD history after adjusting for confounders (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.10, p = .038), whereas NAFLD was not (all p > .05). MAFLD (aOR = 1.40) or NAFLD (aOR = 1.22) was independently associated with high probability of ASCVD after full adjustment respectively (all p < .001). Significant liver fibrosis was independently associated with previous CVD history and high probability of ASCVD after adjustment in MAFLD or NAFLD subgroup respectively (all p < .05).

CONCLUSION

MAFLD might better identify subjects with CVD risk than NAFLD. Fibrosis assessment might be helpful for detailed prognostication in subjects with MAFLD.

Endothelial ADAM10 controls cellular response to oxLDL and its deficiency exacerbates atherosclerosis with intraplaque hemorrhage and neovascularization in mice

Introduction

The transmembrane protease A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) displays a "pattern regulatory function," by cleaving a range of membrane-bound proteins. In endothelium, it regulates barrier function, leukocyte recruitment and angiogenesis. Previously, we showed that ADAM10 is expressed in human atherosclerotic plaques and associated with neovascularization. In this study, we aimed to determine the causal relevance of endothelial ADAM10 in murine atherosclerosis development in vivo.

Methods and results

Endothelial Adam10 deficiency (Adam10 ^ecko ) in Western-type diet (WTD) fed mice rendered atherogenic by adeno-associated virus-mediated PCSK9 overexpression showed markedly increased atherosclerotic lesion formation. Additionally, Adam10 deficiency was associated with an increased necrotic core and concomitant reduction in plaque macrophage content. Strikingly, while intraplaque hemorrhage and neovascularization are rarely observed in aortic roots of atherosclerotic mice after 12 weeks of WTD feeding, a majority of plaques in both brachiocephalic artery and aortic root of Adam10^ecko mice contained these features, suggestive of major plaque destabilization. In vitro, ADAM10 knockdown in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) blunted the shedding of lectin-like oxidized LDL (oxLDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1) and increased endothelial inflammatory responses to oxLDL as witnessed by upregulated ICAM-1, VCAM-1, CCL5, and CXCL1 expression (which was diminished when LOX-1 was silenced) as well as activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. LOX-1 shedding appeared also reduced in vivo, as soluble LOX-1 levels in plasma of Adam10^ecko mice was significantly reduced compared to wildtypes.

Discussion

Collectively, these results demonstrate that endothelial ADAM10 is atheroprotective, most likely by limiting oxLDL-induced inflammation besides its known role in pathological neovascularization. Our findings create novel opportunities to develop therapeutics targeting atherosclerotic plaque progression and stability, but at the same time warrant caution when considering to use ADAM10 inhibitors for therapy in other diseases.

Genome-Wide Methylation Changes Associated with Replicative Senescence and Differentiation in Endothelial and Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) are multipotent cells able to self-renew and differentiate, depending on the microenvironment, into adipocytes and osteoblasts. These cells have a limited number of replications and enter replicative senescence during in vitro expansion. The role of DNA methylation (DNAm) assumes importance in cell function and commitment; however, its exact contribution to BMSC differentiation and replicative senescence is still unclear. We performed a genome-wide DNAm analysis on BMSCs cultured in vitro at early passages and induced to differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts, and on replicative senescent BMSCs and HUVECs, to identify DNAm patterns of senescence and differentiation. We also compared BMSCs and HUVECs in replicative senescence and found that, in both cellular systems, genome-wide hypomethylation was accompanied by a higher-than-expected overlap of differentially methylated positions (DMPs) and concordance in terms of direction of the change. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis on lineage-independent senescence-associated DMPs revealed 16 common pathways, including Insulin resistance, Molecule adhesion, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In both adipogenesis and osteogenesis, we observed a general demethylation of CpG sites compared with undifferentiated BMSCs with a higher number of DMPs in osteogenesis. KEGG analysis resulted in 30 pathways enriched in osteoblasts and only 2 in adipocytes when compared to undifferentiated cells. When comparing differentiated BMSCs with senescent ones, osteogenesis exhibited a greater overlap with senescence in terms of number of DMPs and direction of methylation change compared to adipogenesis. In conclusion, this study may be useful for future research on general mechanisms that occur in replicative senescence and furthermore to identify trajectories of BMSC differentiation and common aspects of differentiated and senescent cells.

Effect of antiretroviral therapy on decreasing arterial stiffness, metabolic profile, vascular and systemic inflammatory cytokines in treatment-naïve HIV: A one-year prospective study

INTRODUCTION

Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death among people living with HIV (PLH). Non-treated PLH show increased levels of inflammation and biomarkers of vascular activation, and arterial stiffness as a prognostic cardiovascular disease risk factor. We investigated the effect of one year of ART on treatment-naïve HIV(+) individuals on arterial stiffness and inflammatory and vascular cytokines.

METHODS

We cross-sectionally compared aortic stiffness via tonometry, inflammatory, and vascular serum cytokines on treatment-naïve (n = 20) and HIV (-) (n = 9) matched by age, sex, metabolic profile, and Framingham score. We subsequently followed young, treatment-naïve individuals after 1-year of ART and compared aortic stiffness, metabolic profile, and inflammatory and vascular serum biomarkers to baseline. Inflammatory biomarkers included: hs-CRP, D-Dimer, SAA, sCD163s, MCP-1, IL-8, IL-18, MRP8/14. Vascular cytokines included: myoglobin, NGAL, MPO, Cystatin C, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and MMP9.

RESULTS

Treatment-naïve individuals were 34.8 years old, mostly males (95%), and with high smoking prevalence (70%). Baseline T CD4+ was 512±324 cells/mcL. cfPWV was similar between HIV(-) and treatment-naïve (6.8 vs 7.3 m/s; p = 0.16) but significantly decreased after ART (-0.52 m/s; 95% CI -0.87 to -0.16; p0.006). Almost all the determined cytokines were significantly higher compared to controls, except for MCP-1, myoglobin, NGAL, cystatin C, and MMP-9. At follow-up, only total cholesterol and triglycerides increased and all inflammatory cytokines significantly decreased. Regarding vascular cytokines, MPO, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 showed a reduction. D-Dimer tended to decrease (p = 0.06) and hs-CRP did not show a significant reduction (p = 0.17).

CONCLUSION

One year of ART had a positive effect on reducing inflammatory and vascular cytokines and arterial stiffness.

The role of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and toll-like receptors in atherosclerosis progression: the effect of Atorvastatin

Inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to further evaluate the role of inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and toll-like receptors in atherosclerosis. Forty local breed domestic male rabbits were divided randomly into 4 groups, 10 rabbits each. Group I was the control group, group II received a high cholesterol diet, group III received the drug solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and group IV received Atorvastatin (3.5 mg/kg/day). Blood samples were collected at 0 times, 5 weeks, and at the end of 10 weeks. TLRs expression on monocyte was measured by flow cytometry, IL-10, IL-17, IL-1β, intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) were measured by ELISA. In group II, a high cholesterol diet led to a statistically significant elevation of lipids profile (TC, TG, and LDL) at both 5 weeks and 10 weeks compared to the control. The expression of TLRs was also increased compared to the control (13.53±2.5 to 25.79±6.5). The intimal thickness increased from 103.46±13.85 to 248.43±11.11. IL-17 increased significantly from 3.4±0.4 to 7.7±1.00, and IL-1β increased from 1.04±0.19 to 9.66±1.4 (P 0.05) at 10 weeks. ICAM and VCAM increased from 1.7±0.16 to 8.2±0.74 and from 0.89±0.07 to 5.2±0.45, respectively. Atorvastatin significantly reduced TLRs at 10 weeks to 21.98±3.4 and intimal thickness to 191.6±15.59. IL-17, IL-1β, ICAM, and VCAM were significantly reduced by Atorvastatin. Cytokines, cellular adhesion molecules, and probably TLRs have a role in the pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.

Endothelial miR-199a-3p regulating cell adhesion molecules by targeting mTOR signaling during inflammation

BACKGROUND

Adherence of monocytes to endothelial cells is the initial stage for development of coronary artery disease (CAD). MiRNAs have been reported to participate in this process by regulating the expression of cell adhesion molecules. This study aimed to explore the function of miR-199a-3p in endothelial inflammation and adhesion.

METHODS

We assessed the expression of miR-199a-3p in CAD patients and ApoE^-/- mice. The relationship between miR-199a-3p level and endothelial inflammation and adhesion was examined. ELISA was used to test the level of IL-6 and IL-8. Dual luciferase reporter assay was used to evaluate the binding between miR-199a-3p and mTOR.

RESULTS

A decreased expression of miR-199a-3p was observed in the PBMCs and plasma of CAD patients, aorta of ApoE^-/- mice and inflammatory HUVECs. MiR-199a-3p significantly suppressed the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6, IL-8), endothelial adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) and monocyte-endothelial cells interaction. MiR-199a-3p directly targeted and repressed mTOR, and its suppression effect on ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 was abolished by mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, and rescued by mTOR activator MHY1485. Overexpression of miR-199a-3p promoted autophagy in HUVECs and inhibiting autophagy by chloroquine attenuated the effect of miR-199a-3p on ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression. Inhibition of autophagy promoted endothelial adhesion molecule expression and monocyte-EC interaction.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggested that miR-199a-3p suppressed endothelial inflammation and adhesion by targeting mTOR signaling and increasing autophagy. Our findings point to an important role for miR-199a-3p in the early stage of cardiovascular disease.

Natural Compound Resveratrol Attenuates TNF-Alpha-Induced Vascular Dysfunction in Mice and Human Endothelial Cells: The Involvement of the NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Resveratrol, a natural compound in grapes and red wine, has drawn attention due to potential cardiovascular-related health benefits. However, its effect on vascular inflammation at physiologically achievable concentrations is largely unknown. In this study, resveratrol in concentrations as low as 1 μm suppressed TNF-α-induced monocyte adhesion to human EA.hy926 endothelial cells (ECs), a key event in the initiation and development of atherosclerosis. Low concentrations of resveratrol (0.25–2 μm) also significantly attenuated TNF-α-stimulated mRNA expressions of MCP-1/CCL2 and ICAM-1, which are vital mediators of EC-monocyte adhesion molecules and cytokines for cardiovascular plaque formation. Additionally, resveratrol diminished TNF-α-induced IκB-α degradation and subsequent nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in ECs. In the animal study, resveratrol supplementation in diet significantly diminished TNF-α-induced increases in circulating levels of adhesion molecules and cytokines, monocyte adhesion to mouse aortic ECs, F4/80-positive macrophages and VCAM-1 expression in mice aortas and restored the disruption in aortic elastin fiber caused by TNF-α treatment. The animal study also confirmed that resveratrol blocks the activation of NF-κB In Vivo. In conclusion, resveratrol at physiologically achievable concentrations displayed protective effects against TNF-α-induced vascular endothelial inflammation in vitro and In Vivo. The ability of resveratrol in reducing inflammation may be associated with its role as a down-regulator of the NF-κB pathway.

Nesfatin-1 inhibits free fatty acids (FFAs)-induced endothelial inflammation via Gfi1/NF-κB signaling

Nesfatin-1 is a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus. It is known that Nesfatin-1 is involved in food uptake, fat storage, and other metabolic regulation. We hypothesized that Nesfatin-1 may play a role in cardiovascular tissue. Free fatty acids (FFAs) are known to be the risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. FFAs mediated endothelial dysfunction is the critical mechanism of many cardiovascular disorders. The present study explores the protective effects of Nesfatin-1 on FFAs-induced endothelial inflammation and the underlying mechanism. We found that significantly increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and production of inflammatory factors were observed in FFAs treated human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs), accompanied by the enhanced attachment of U937 monocytes to HAECs and upregulated cell adhesion molecule vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), which were dramatically reversed by the treatment with Nesfatin-1. In addition, the promoted level of nuclear regulator NF-κB p65 and transcriptional function of NF-κB in FFAs treated HAECs were greatly suppressed by HAECs. Growth Factor Independent 1 Transcriptional Repressor 1 (Gfi1), an important negative regulator of NF-κB activity, was significantly downregulated in HAECs by FFAs and was upregulated by Nesfatin-1. Lastly, the inhibitory effects of Nesfatin-1 against FFAs-induced NF-κB activation and adhesion of U937 monocytes to HAECs were abolished by the knockdown of Gfi1. In conclusion, our data reveal that Nesfatin-1 inhibited FFAs-induced endothelial inflammation mediated by the Gfi1/NF-κB signaling pathway.

CRISPR-Based Activation of Endogenous Expression of TPM1 Inhibits Inflammatory Response of Primary Human Coronary Artery Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells Induced by Recombinant Human Tumor Necrosis Factor α

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is one of the most important proinflammatory cytokines, which affects many processes associated with the growth and characteristics of endothelial, smooth muscle, and immune system cells. However, there is no correlation between most in vivo and in vitro studies on its role in endothelial cell proliferation and migration. In this study, we examined the effect of recombinant human (rh) TNFα produced in HEK293 cells on primary human coronary artery endothelial cells (pHCAECs) in the context of F-actin organization and such processes as migration and adhesion. Furthermore, we evaluated the possibility of the inhibition of the endothelial inflammatory response by the CRISPR-based regulation of TPM1 gene expression. We showed that TNFα-induced activation of pHCAECs was related to the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton into parallel-arranged stress fibers running along the longer axis of pHCAECs. It allowed for the directed and parallel motion of the cells during coordinated migration. This change in F-actin organization promoted strong but discontinuous cell–cell contacts involved in signalization between migrating cells. Moreover, this form of intercellular connections together with locally increased adhesion was related to the formation of migrasomes and further migracytosis. Stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton through the CRISPR-based activation of endogenous expression of TPM1 resulted in the inhibition of the inflammatory response of pHCAECs following treatment with rh TNFα and stabilization of cell–cell junctions through reduced cleavage of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) and maintenance of the stable levels of α- and β-catenins. We also showed that CRISPR-based activation of TPM1 reduced inflammatory activation, proliferation, and migration of primary human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Therefore, products of the TPM1 gene may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of proinflammatory vascular disorders.

Early Microvascular Dysfunction: Is the Vasa Vasorum a "Missing Link" in Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis

The arterial vasa vasorum is a specialized microvasculature that provides critical perfusion required for the health of the arterial wall, and is increasingly recognized to play a central role in atherogenesis. Cardio-metabolic disease (CMD) (including hypertension, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, and pre-diabetes) is associated with insulin resistance, and characteristically injures the microvasculature in multiple tissues, (e.g., the eye, kidney, muscle, and heart). CMD also increases the risk for atherosclerotic vascular disease. Despite this, the impact of CMD on vasa vasorum structure and function has been little studied. Here we review emerging information on the early impact of CMD on the microvasculature in multiple tissues and consider the potential impact on atherosclerosis development and progression, if vasa vasorum is similarly affected.

The Effects of Atorvastatin on Global Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Death

(1) Background and Purpose: Global cerebral ischemia-induced severe hypoxic brain damage is one of the main causes of mortality and long-term neurologic disability even after receiving early blood reperfusion. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that atorvastatin potentially has neuroprotective effects in global cerebral ischemia (GCI). (2) Methods: We performed two sets of experiments, analyzing acute (1-week) and chronic (4-week) treatments. For the vehicle (Veh) and statin treatments, 1 mL of 0.9% saline and 5 mg/kg of atorvastatin (ATOR) were administered orally. For histological analysis, we used the following staining protocols: Fluoro-Jade B and NeuN, 4-hydroxynonenal, CD11b and GFAP, IgG, SMI71, and vWF. Finally, we evaluated the cognitive function with a battery of behavioral tests. (3) Results: The GCI-ATOR group showed significantly reduced neuronal death, oxidative stress, inflammation, and BBB disruption compared with the GCI-Veh group. Moreover, the GCI-ATOR group showed decreased endothelial damage and VV proliferation and had significantly improved cognitive function compared with the GCI-Veh group in both models. (4) Conclusions: ATOR has neuroprotective effects and helps recover the cognitive function after GCI in rats. Therefore, administration of atorvastatin may be a therapeutic option in managing GCI after CA.

Impacts of Glycemic Control on Intracranial Plaque in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Vessel Wall MRI Study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The relationship between glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and intracranial atherosclerotic plaque features has remained understudied. This study aimed to investigate the association of type 2 diabetes mellitus and glycemic control with the characteristics of intracranial plaques using vessel wall MR imaging.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In total, 311 patients (217 [69.8%] men; mean age, 63.24 ± 11.44 years) with intracranial atherosclerotic plaques detected on vessel wall MR imaging were enrolled and divided into 3 groups according to type 2 diabetes mellitus and glycemic control statuses: the non-type 2 diabetes mellitus group, the type 2 diabetes mellitus with good glycemic control group, and the type 2 diabetes mellitus with poor glycemic control group. The imaging features of intracranial plaque were analyzed and compared among the groups. The clinical risk factors for atherosclerosis were also analyzed using logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

The plaque length and thickness were significantly higher in the type 2 diabetes mellitus with poor glycemic control group than in the non-type 2 diabetes mellitus group. The prevalence of strongly enhanced plaques was significantly higher in the type 2 diabetes mellitus with poor glycemic control group than in the non-type 2 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus with good glycemic control groups (92.9%, 63.4%, and 72.7%, respectively; P < .001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a significant association of poor glycemic control with the plaque length (OR = 1.966; 95% CI, 1.170-3.303; P = .011), plaque thickness (OR = 1.981; 95% CI, 1.174-3.340; P = .010), and strongly enhanced plaque (OR = 5.448; 95% CI, 2.385-12.444; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

Poor glycemic control, compared with the history of diabetes, might have a greater impact on the burden and vulnerability of intracranial atherosclerotic plaques.

VCAM-1 Target in Non-Invasive Imaging for the Detection of Atherosclerotic Plaques

Simple Summary

Cardiovascular diseases are the first cause of morbimortality worldwide. They are mainly caused by atherosclerosis, with progressive plaque formation in the arterial wall. In this context, several imaging techniques have been developed to screen, detect and quantify atherosclerosis. Early screening improves primary prevention and promotes the prescription of adequate medication before adverse clinical events. In this review, we focus on the imaging of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, an adhesion molecule involved in the first stages of the development of atherosclerosis. This molecule could therefore be a promising target to detect early atherosclerosis non-invasively. Potential clinical applications are critically discussed.

Abstract

Atherosclerosis is a progressive chronic arterial disease characterised by atheromatous plaque formation in the intima of the arterial wall. Several invasive and non-invasive imaging techniques have been developed to detect and characterise atherosclerosis in the vessel wall: anatomic/structural imaging, functional imaging and molecular imaging. In molecular imaging, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is a promising target for the non-invasive detection of atherosclerosis and for the assessment of novel antiatherogenic treatments. VCAM-1 is an adhesion molecule expressed on the activated endothelial surface that binds leucocyte ligands and therefore promotes leucocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration. Hence, for several years, there has been an increase in molecular imaging methods for detecting VCAM-1 in MRI, PET, SPECT, optical imaging and ultrasound. The use of microparticles of iron oxide (MPIO), ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO), microbubbles, echogenic immunoliposomes, peptides, nanobodies and other nanoparticles has been described. However, these approaches have been tested in animal models, and the remaining challenge is bench-to-bedside development and clinical applicability.

Sex Differences in the Inflammatory Response: Pharmacological Opportunities for Therapeutics for Coronary Artery Disease

Coordinated molecular responses are key to effective initiation and resolution of both acute and chronic inflammation. Vascular inflammation plays an important role in initiating and perpetuating atherosclerotic disease, specifically at the site of plaque and subsequent fibrous cap rupture. Both men and women succumb to this disease process, and although management strategies have focused on revascularization and pharmacological therapies in the acute situation to reverse vessel closure and prevent thrombogenesis, data now suggest that regulation of host inflammation may improve both morbidity and mortality, thus supporting the notion that prevention is better than cure. There is a clear sex difference in the incidence of vascular disease, and data confirm biological differences in inflammatory initiation and resolution between men and women. This article reviews contemporary opinions describing the sex difference in the initiation and resolution of inflammatory responses, with a view to explore potential targets for pharmacological intervention.

Adhesion molecules before and after propylthiouracil in patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the effect of propylthiouracil treatment on adhesion molecules in patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism.

METHODS

In this study, a total of 168 patients diagnosed with subclinical hyperthyroidism were treated with propylthiouracil for one year. The levels of adhesion molecules, consisting of sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and sE-Selectin, before and after the treatment were measured and compared. These results were compared with the levels of 148 healthy controls who received a placebo.

RESULTS

sICAM-1 levels were significantly higher in subclinical hyperthyroidism patients than in healthy controls (*pa=0.000). sICAM-1 levels were significantly decreased after the treatment (**pb=0.000). Despite this decrease in patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism, it did not decrease to the level of the control group. sVCAM-1 did not change before and after propylthiouracil treatment. The level of sE-selectin was similar to that of the pretreatment control group, but it did not have statistical significance, although it increased after the treatment (**pb=0.004).

CONCLUSION

The sICAM level was significantly higher than the pretreatment values and decreased after the propylthiouracil treatment. However, further studies are needed to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and cancer in patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism.

Vitamin D inhibits Tissue Factor and CAMs expression in oxidized low-density lipoproteins-treated human endothelial cells by modulating NF-κB pathway

Epidemiologic studies have clearly demonstrated the correlation existing between Vitamin D (Vit. D) deficiency and increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, suggesting that it might have a protective role in this clinical setting. Although many experimental studies have investigated the molecular mechanisms by which Vit. D might exert these effects, its potential role in protecting against athero-thrombosis is still partially unknown. We have investigated whether Vit. D might exert anti athero-thombotic effects by preventing expression of adhesion molecules (CAMs) and Tissue Factor (TF), molecules involved in atherothrombotic pathophysiology, in oxLDL stimulated endothelial cells (HUVEC). Moreover, we have investigated whether Vit. D effects might be due to the NF-kB modulation. HUVEC cultivated in medium enriched with Vit. D (10 nM) were stimulated with oxLDL (50 μg/ml). TF gene (RT-PCR), protein (Western blot), surface expression (FACS) and procoagulant activity (FXa generation assay) were measured. Similarly, CAMs gene (RT-PCR), surface expression (FACS) and soluble values (ELISA) were measured. NF-kB translocation was also investigated. Vit. D significantly reduced TF gene as well protein expression and procoagulant activity in oxLDL-treated HUVEC. Similar effects were observed for CAMs. These effects were associated with Vit. D modulation of NF-κB pathway. This study, although in vitro, indicate that Vit. D has protective effect on endothelial cells by inhibiting expression of TF and CAMs, proteins involved in atherothrombotic pathophysiology. Further studies will be necessary to translate these findings to a clinical scenario to better define the potential therapeutical role of Vit. D supplementation in the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with Vit. D deficiency.

METTL14 aggravates endothelial inflammation and atherosclerosis by increasing FOXO1 N6-methyladeosine modifications

Aims: The N6-methyladenosine (m⁶A) modification plays an important role in various biological processes, but its role in atherosclerosis remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of m⁶A modification in endothelial cell inflammation and its influence on atherosclerosis development.

Methods: We constructed a stable TNF-α-induced endothelial cell inflammation model and assessed the changes in the expression of m⁶A modification-related proteins to identify the major factors involved in this process. The m⁶A-modified mRNAs were identified by methylated RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) sequencing and forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) was selected as a potential target. Through cytological experiments, we verified whether methyltransferase-like 14 (METTL14) regulates FOXO1 expression by regulating m⁶A-dependent mRNA and protein interaction. The effect of METTL14 on atherosclerosis development in vivo was verified using METTL14 knockout mice.

Results: These findings confirmed that METTL14 plays major roles in TNF-α-induced endothelial cell inflammation. During endothelial inflammation, m⁶A modification of FOXO1, an important transcription factor, was remarkably increased. Moreover, METTL14 knockdown significantly decreased TNF-α-induced FOXO1 expression. RIP assay confirmed that METTL14 directly binds to FOXO1 mRNA, increases its m⁶A modification, and enhances its translation through subsequent YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 1 recognition. Furthermore, METTL14 was shown to interact with FOXO1 and act directly on the promoter regions of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 to promote their transcription, thus mediating endothelial cell inflammatory response. In vivo experiments showed that METTL14 gene knockout significantly reduced the development of atherosclerotic plaques.

Conclusion: METTL14 promotes FOXO1 expression by enhancing its m⁶A modification and inducing endothelial cell inflammatory response as well as atherosclerotic plaque formation. Decreased expression of METTL14 can inhibit endothelial inflammation and atherosclerosis development. Therefore, METTL14 may serve as a potential target for the clinical treatment of atherosclerosis.

The role of oxygen transport in atherosclerosis and vascular disease

Atherosclerosis and vascular disease of larger arteries are often associated with hypoxia within the layers of the vascular wall. In this review, we begin with a brief overview of the molecular changes in vascular cells associated with hypoxia and then emphasize the transport mechanisms that bring oxygen to cells within the vascular wall. We focus on fluid mechanical factors that control oxygen transport from lumenal blood flow to the intima and inner media layers of the artery, and solid mechanical factors that influence oxygen transport to the adventitia and outer media via the wall's microvascular system-the vasa vasorum (VV). Many cardiovascular risk factors are associated with VV compression that reduces VV perfusion and oxygenation. Dysfunctional VV neovascularization in response to hypoxia contributes to plaque inflammation and growth. Disturbed blood flow in vascular bifurcations and curvatures leads to reduced oxygen transport from blood to the inner layers of the wall and contributes to the development of atherosclerotic plaques in these regions. Recent studies have shown that hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), a critical transcription factor associated with hypoxia, is also activated in disturbed flow by a mechanism that is independent of hypoxia. A final section of the review emphasizes hypoxia in vascular stenting that is used to enlarge vessels occluded by plaques. Stenting can compress the VV leading to hypoxia and associated intimal hyperplasia. To enhance oxygen transport during stenting, new stent designs with helical centrelines have been developed to increase blood phase oxygen transport rates and reduce intimal hyperplasia. Further study of the mechanisms controlling hypoxia in the artery wall may contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies for vascular diseases.

Effect of a coronary-heart-disease-associated variant of ADAMTS7 on endothelial cell angiogenesis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Recent studies have unveiled an association between ADAMTS7 gene variation and coronary artery disease (CAD) caused by atherosclerosis. We investigated if the ADAMTS7 Serine214-to-Proline substitution arising from a CAD-associated variant affected angiogenesis, since neovascularization plays an important role in atherosclerosis.

METHODS AND RESULTS

ADAMTS7 knockdown in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) attenuated their angiogenesis potential, whereas augmented ADAMTS7-Ser214 expression had the opposite effect, leading to increased ECs migratory and tube formation ability. Proteomics analysis showed an increase in thrombospondin-1, a reported angiogenesis inhibitor, in culture media conditioned by ECs with ADAMTS7 knockdown and a decrease of thrombospondin-1 in media conditioned by ECs with ADAMTS7-Ser214 overexpression. Cleavage assay indicated that ADAMTS7 possessed thrombospondin-1 degrading activity, which was reduced by the Ser214-to-Pro substitution. The pro-angiogenic effect of ADAMTS7-Ser214 diminished in the presence of a thrombospondin-1 blocking antibody.

CONCLUSIONS

The ADAMTS7 Ser217-to-Pro substitution as a result of ADAMTS7 polymorphism affects thrombospondin-1 degradation, thereby promoting atherogenesis through increased EC migration and tube formation.

Glycan structures and their recognition roles in the human blood group ABH/Ii, Lea, b, x, y and Sialyl Lea,x active cyst glycoproteins

Human ovarian cyst glycoproteins (HOC, cyst gps) isolated from pseudomucinous type of human ovarian cyst fluids is one of the richest and pioneer sources for studying biosynthesis, structures and functional roles of blood group ABH, Le^a,b,x,y, sLe^a and sLe^x active glycoproteins. After 70⁺ years of exploration, four top highlights are shared. (i) an updated concept of glycotopes and their internal structures in cyst gps was composited; (ii) the unknown codes of new genes in secreted cyst gps were unlocked as Le^x and Le^y; (iii) recognition profiles of cyst glycans and a sialic acid-rich (18%) glycan with lectins and antibodies were shown. (iv) Co-expression of Blood Group A/ A-Le^b/y and B/B-Le^b/y active Glycotopes in the same glycan chains were isolated and illustrated. These are the most advanced achievements since 1980.

The Detection of CMV in Saliva Can Mark a Systemic Infection with CMV in Renal Transplant Recipients

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is often transmitted through saliva. The salivary gland is a site of CMV replication and saliva can be used to diagnose congenital CMV infections. CMV replication is monitored in whole blood or plasma in renal transplant recipients (RTR) and associates with clinical disease. However, these assays may not detect replication in the salivary gland and there is little data linking detection in saliva with systemic infection and clinical sequelae. RTR (n = 82) were recruited > 2 years after transplantation. An in-house quantitative PCR assay was used to detect CMV UL54 in saliva samples. CMV DNA was sought in plasma using a commercial assay. Vascular health was predicted using flow mediated dilatation (FMD) and plasma biomarkers. CMV-reactive antibodies were quantified by ELISA and circulating CMV-specific T-cells by an interferon-γ ELISpot assay. Vδ2⁻ γδ T-cells were detected using multicolor flow cytometry reflecting population expansion after CMV infection. The presence of CMV DNA in saliva and plasma associated with plasma levels of antibodies reactive with CMV gB and with populations of circulating Vδ2⁻ γδ T -cells (p < 0.01). T-cells reactive to CMV immediate early (IE)-1 protein were generally lower in patients with CMV DNA in saliva or plasma, but the level of significance varied (p = 0.02–0.16). Additionally, CMV DNA in saliva or plasma associated weakly with impaired FMD (p = 0.06–0.09). The data suggest that CMV detected in saliva reflects systemic infections in adult RTR.

Comparison of Two Ginkgo biloba L. Extracts on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Markers in Human Endothelial Cells

Atherosclerosis is characterized by interaction between immune and vascular endothelial cells which is mediated by adhesion molecules occurring on the surface of the vascular endothelium leading to massive release of proinflammatory mediators. Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) standardized extracts showing beneficial effects are commonly prepared by solvent extraction, and acetone is used according to the European Pharmacopoeia recommendations; the well-known Ginkgo biloba acetone extract EGb761® is the most clinically investigated. However, in some countries, the allowed amount of solvent is limited to ethanol, thus implying that the usage of a standardized Ginkgo biloba ethanol extract may be preferred in all those cases, such as for food supplements. The present paper investigates if ethanol and acetone extracts, with comparable standardization, may be considered comparable in terms of biological activity, focusing on the radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities. Both the extracts showed high inhibition of TNFα-induced VCAM-1 release (41.1-43.9 μg/mL), which was partly due to the NF-κB pathway impairment. Besides ROS decrease, cAMP increase following treatment with ginkgo extracts was addressed and proposed as further molecular mechanism responsible for the inhibition of endothelial E-selectin. No statistical difference was observed between the extracts. The present study demonstrates for the first time that ethanol and acetone extracts show comparable biological activities in human endothelial cell, thus providing new insights into the usage of ethanol extracts in those countries where restrictions in amount of acetone are present.

Oxidation of human plasma fibronectin by inflammatory oxidants perturbs endothelial cell function

Dysfunction of endothelial cells of the artery wall is an early event in cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. The cause(s) of this dysfunction are unresolved, but accumulating evidence suggests that oxidants arising from chronic low-grade inflammation are contributory agents, with increasing data implicating myeloperoxidase (MPO, released by activated leukocytes), and the oxidants it generates (e.g. HOCl and HOSCN). As these are formed extracellularly and react rapidly with proteins, we hypothesized that MPO-mediated damage to the matrix glycoprotein fibronectin (FN) would modulate FN structure and function, and its interactions with human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC). Exposure of human plasma FN to HOCl resulted in modifications to FN and its functional epitopes. A dose-dependent loss of methionine and tryptophan residues, together with increasing concentrations of methionine sulfoxide, and modification of the cell-binding fragment (CBF) and heparin-binding fragment (HBF) domains was detected with HOCl, but not HOSCN. FN modification resulted in a loss of HCAEC adhesion, impaired cell spreading and reduced cell proliferation. Exposure to HCAEC to HOCl-treated FN altered the expression of HCAEC genes associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and adhesion. Modifications were detected on HCAEC-derived ECM pre-treated with HOCl, but not HOSCN, with a loss of antibody recognition of the CBF, HBF and extra-domain A. Co-localization of epitopes arising from MPO-generated HOCl and cell-derived FN was detected in human atherosclerotic lesions. Damage was also detected on FN extracted from lesions. These data support the hypothesis that HOCl, but not HOSCN, targets and modifies FN resulting in arterial wall endothelial cell dysfunction.

BAX Gene Overexpression in the Tongue Could Warn of Infection Risk due to Periodontal Pathogens

Background:

Different host proteins play a central role in cell response during bacterial infections, the Bcl-2-Associated X protein (BAX) and Vascular Cell Adhesion Protein 1 (VCAM-1) are often reported in infective primary events during cell injury.

Objective:

The aim of this study is to evaluate the predictive value of these two proteins as biomarkers of oral bacterial infection, with particular emphasis on the tongue, which plays an important role in microbial homeostasis in the mouth.

Methods:

Twenty-nine patients were recruited and divided according to the Periodontal Index (CPI), 4 of them were severely compromised periodontal patients. Oral hygiene, gingival tissues and plaque presence were evaluated clinically. The laboratory analysis carried out on tongue tissue included: total bacterial genomes, proportion of specific periopathogens and BAX -VCAM-1 expression rate, while Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) were measured in saliva.

Results:

Neither tongue microbiological status nor salivary ROS level corresponded with the state of disease. VCAM-1 mRNA expression rate was comparable in all patients but, on the contrary, BAX expression resulted high in periodontally-compromised patients and appears related to periodontal status in the analyzed subjects.

Conclusion:

This preliminary work suggests that the BAX protein is a possible candidate in a prognostic marker study for oral diseases started by periodontal bacteria. For example, none of the evaluated clinical and microbiological parameters could predict the presence, prognosis or recurrence of periodontal diseases. This biomarker could be a valuable tool in determining the risk, diagnosis and prognosis of this human illness.

A computational and experimental study to develop E-selectin targeted peptides for molecular imaging applications

Aim: E-selectin is overexpressed on angiogenic and inflamed endothelium. Molecules binding to E-selectin with high affinity and specificity enable its use as a molecular imaging biomarker. Material & methods: The interactions of four different peptides (i.e., Ac-P1 [Acetyl-IELLQAR-CONH2], H2N-P2 [H2N-DITWDQLWDLMK-CONH2], H2N-P3A5 [H2N-YRNWAGRW-CONH2], and Ac-P4 [Acetyl-YRNWDGRW-CONH2]) with E-selectin were analyzed by computational methodologies, surface plasmon resonance and in vitro using activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) microbubbles were functionalized with the best candidates and evaluated as molecular ultrasound probes in cultured cells and explanted carotid arteries. Results: H2N-P3A5 and Ac-P4 peptides bound stronger to E-selectin than Ac-P1 and H2N-P2, but with lower specificity. H2N-P2 bound with higher specificity and affinity than Ac-P1. Conclusion: H2N-P2 is a good candidate for designing E-selectin-targeted molecular imaging agents.

Abnormal levels of vascular endothelial biomarkers in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, which has been linked to increased vascular risk and rates of cardiovascular disease. Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) have been related to aging and neurodegeneration, but their role in schizophrenia remains uncertain. Using a cross-sectional, case-control design, this study included 99 outpatients with schizophrenia and 99 healthy comparison subjects (HCs). Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected, and plasma levels of VEGF, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 were assayed. A "vascular endothelial index" (VEI) was computed using logistic regression to create a composite measure that maximally differed between groups. General linear models were conducted to examine the possible role of demographic, physical, and lifestyle factors. A linear combination of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels best distinguished the groups, with significantly higher levels of this composite VEI in persons with schizophrenia than HCs. Group differences in the VEI persisted after adjustment for BMI and cigarette smoking. Neither age nor gender was significantly related to the VEI. Schizophrenia patients with higher VEI had earlier age of disease onset, higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, higher insulin resistance, lower levels of mental well-being, and higher Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk scores. Schizophrenia is characterized by an elevation of vascular endothelial biomarkers, specifically cell adhesion molecules poised at the intersection between inflammatory response and vascular risk. Interventions aimed at reducing vascular risk may help reduce vascular endothelial abnormalities and prevent cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in schizophrenia.

[Imaging of neoangiogenesis of internal carotid artery's atherosclerotic plaque by contrast-enhanced sonography and histological examination]

Previously, atherosclerosis was considered a disease accompanied exclusively by lipids accumulation. At present time success of fundamental and experimental science confirmed that atherosclerotic process is also associated with neovascularization and prolonged inflammatory response at all stages of atherogenesis from initial manifestations to thrombotic complications. The cause of atherosclerotic plaque instability is neovascularization, which is accompanied by intra-plaque hemorrhage and damage. Complications of carotid arteries atherosclerosis are strokes and transient ischemic attacks. The use of a wide range of diagnostic and pathohistological techniques is required for assessing this pathology. The most promising diagnostic technique is Contrast Enhanced Ultrasonography (CEUS) which allows to assess neovascularization degree in atherosclerotic plaque through the injection of a contrast agents.

Vasa Vasorum Angiogenesis: Key Player in the Initiation and Progression of Atherosclerosis and Potential Target for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease

Plaque microvascularization and increased endothelial permeability are key players in the development of atherosclerosis, from the initial stages of plaque formation to the occurrence of acute cardiovascular events. First, endothelial dysfunction and increased permeability facilitate the entry of diverse inflammation-triggering molecules and particles such as low-density lipoproteins into the artery wall from the arterial lumen and vasa vasorum (VV). Recognition of entering particles by resident phagocytes in the vessel wall triggers a maladaptive inflammatory response that initiates the process of local plaque formation. The recruitment and accumulation of inflammatory cells and the subsequent release of several cytokines, especially from resident macrophages, stimulate the expansion of existing VV and the formation of new highly permeable microvessels. This, in turn, exacerbates the deposition of pro-inflammatory particles and results in the recruitment of even more inflammatory cells. The progressive accumulation of leukocytes in the intima, which trigger proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the media, results in vessel wall thickening and hypoxia, which further stimulates neoangiogenesis of VV. Ultimately, this highly inflammatory environment damages the fragile plaque microvasculature leading to intraplaque hemorrhage, plaque instability, and eventually, acute cardiovascular events. This review will focus on the pivotal roles of endothelial permeability, neoangiogenesis, and plaque microvascularization by VV during plaque initiation, progression, and rupture. Special emphasis will be given to the underlying molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies to selectively target these processes.

Hepatocyte steatosis increases the expression of adhesion molecules in endothelial cells

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is considered a hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. It is associated with endothelial dysfunction as an early event of generalized atherosclerosis. However, it is unclear whether steatotic hepatocytes influence endothelial function directly. Objective: Explore the influence of hepatocyte steatosis on the function of endothelial cells. Methods: Oleic and palmitic acid (2:1 mixture, final concentration: 1 mM for 24 hours) was used to induce a normal adult hepatocyte strain (L-02) for transformation into steatosis cells. This was followed by oil red O staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for verification. The culture solution of steatotic L-02 cells was filtered and collected, and added into the culture substrate of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The expression of vascular cellular adhesion molecule -1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and E-selectin in HUVECs was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assays. The apoptosis and proliferation of HUVECs was determined using flow cytometry. The experimental results were compared with the controls. Results: Oil red O staining and microscopic observation showed that the cytoplasm of induced L-02 cells contained a large amount of red lipid droplets. TEM results showed that the cytoplasm had lipid accumulation, swelling mitochondria, fewer cristae, and reduced number of rough endoplasmic reticula accompanied with degranulation. However, these changes were not observed in normal L-02 cells. As to the group of HUVECs treated by the filtrate of steatosis L-02 cells, the mRNA and protein expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin was higher than that in the control group. The difference was statistically significant (p <0.01). No significant difference was found when HUVECs apoptosis and proliferation were assessed by flow cytometry. Conclusion: Secretion from steatotic hepatocytes could boost the expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin in endothelial cells, indicating that hepatocyte steatosis could induce endothelial cell dysfunction. The proliferation and apoptosis of endothelial cells did not change, suggesting that hepatocyte steatosis had no influence on the viability of endothelial cells under this condition.

CD163+ macrophages promote angiogenesis and vascular permeability accompanied by inflammation in atherosclerosis

Intake of hemoglobin by the hemoglobin-haptoglobin receptor CD163 leads to a distinct alternative non-foam cell antiinflammatory macrophage phenotype that was previously considered atheroprotective. Here, we reveal an unexpected but important pathogenic role for these macrophages in atherosclerosis. Using human atherosclerotic samples, cultured cells, and a mouse model of advanced atherosclerosis, we investigated the role of intraplaque hemorrhage on macrophage function with respect to angiogenesis, vascular permeability, inflammation, and plaque progression. In human atherosclerotic lesions, CD163+ macrophages were associated with plaque progression, microvascularity, and a high level of HIF1α and VEGF-A expression. We observed irregular vascular endothelial cadherin in intraplaque microvessels surrounded by CD163+ macrophages. Within these cells, activation of HIF1α via inhibition of prolyl hydroxylases promoted VEGF-mediated increases in intraplaque angiogenesis, vascular permeability, and inflammatory cell recruitment. CD163+ macrophages increased intraplaque endothelial VCAM expression and plaque inflammation. Subjects with homozygous minor alleles of the SNP rs7136716 had elevated microvessel density, increased expression of CD163 in ruptured coronary plaques, and a higher risk of myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease in population cohorts. Thus, our findings highlight a nonlipid-driven mechanism by which alternative macrophages promote plaque angiogenesis, leakiness, inflammation, and progression via the CD163/HIF1α/VEGF-A pathway.

Addition of Estradiol to Cross-Sex Testosterone Therapy Reduces Atherosclerosis Plaque Formation in Female ApoE-/- Mice

The contributions of estradiol and testosterone to atherosclerotic lesion progression are not entirely understood. Cross-sex hormone therapy (XHT) for transgender individuals dramatically alters estrogen and testosterone levels and consequently could have widespread consequences for cardiovascular health. Yet, no preclinical research has assessed atherosclerosis risk after XHT. We examined the effects of testosterone XHT after ovariectomy on atherosclerosis plaque formation in female mice and evaluated whether adding low-dose estradiol to cross-sex testosterone treatments after ovariectomy reduced lesion formation. Six-week-old female ApoE-/- C57BL/6 mice underwent ovariectomy and began treatments with testosterone, estradiol, testosterone with low-dose estradiol, or vehicle alone until euthanized at 23 weeks of age. Atherosclerosis lesion progression was measured by Oil Red O stain and confirmed histologically. We found reduced atherosclerosis in the estradiol- and combined testosterone/estradiol-treated mice compared with those treated with testosterone or vehicle only in the whole aorta (-75%), aortic arch (-80%), and thoracic aorta (-80%). Plaque size was similarly reduced in the aortic sinus. These reductions in lesion size after combined testosterone/estradiol treatment were comparable to those obtained with estrogen alone. Testosterone/estradiol combined therapy resulted in less atherosclerosis plaque formation than either vehicle or testosterone alone after ovariectomy. Testosterone/estradiol therapy was comparable to estradiol replacement alone, whereas mice treated with testosterone only fared no better than untreated controls after ovariectomy. Adding low-dose estrogen to cross-sex testosterone therapy after oophorectomy could improve cardiovascular outcomes for transgender patients. Additionally, these results contribute to understanding of the effects of estrogen and testosterone on atherosclerosis progression.

Hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis and NASH: Cause or consequence?

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the most common forms of chronic liver disease worldwide and its prevalence is expected to continue rising. NAFLD has traditionally been considered a consequence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the link between NAFLD and MetS components, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension (HTN), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is more complex than previously thought. Indeed, the adverse effects of NAFLD extend far beyond the liver, with a large body of clinical evidence now suggesting that NAFLD may precede and/or promote the development of T2DM, HTN and atherosclerosis/CVD. The risk of developing these cardiometabolic diseases parallels the underlying severity of NAFLD. Accumulating evidence suggests that the presence and severity of NAFLD is associated with an increased risk of incident T2DM and HTN. Moreover, long-term prospective studies indicate that the presence and severity of NAFLD independently predicts fatal and nonfatal CVD events. In this review, we critically discuss the rapidly expanding body of clinical evidence that supports the existence of a bi-directional relationship between NAFLD and various components of MetS, particularly T2DM and HTN, as well as the current knowledge regarding a strong association between NAFLD and CVD morbidity and mortality. Finally, we discuss the most updated putative biological mechanisms through which NAFLD may contribute to the development of HTN, T2DM and CVD.

E-Selectin Ligands in the Human Mononuclear Phagocyte System: Implications for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunotherapy

The mononuclear phagocyte system comprises a network of circulating monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs), and “histiocytes” (tissue-resident macrophages and DCs) that are derived in part from blood-borne monocytes and DCs. The capacity of circulating monocytes and DCs to function as the body’s first-line defense against offending pathogens greatly depends on their ability to egress the bloodstream and infiltrate inflammatory sites. Extravasation involves a sequence of coordinated molecular events and is initiated by E-selectin-mediated deceleration of the circulating leukocytes onto microvascular endothelial cells of the target tissue. E-selectin is inducibly expressed by cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-1β) on inflamed endothelium, and binds to sialofucosylated glycan determinants displayed on protein and lipid scaffolds of blood cells. Efficient extravasation of circulating monocytes and DCs to inflamed tissues is crucial in facilitating an effective immune response, but also fuels the immunopathology of several inflammatory disorders. Thus, insights into the structural and functional properties of the E-selectin ligands expressed by different monocyte and DC populations is key to understanding the biology of protective immunity and the pathobiology of several acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. This review will address the role of E-selectin in recruitment of human circulating monocytes and DCs to sites of tissue injury/inflammation, the structural biology of the E-selectin ligands expressed by these cells, and the molecular effectors that shape E-selectin ligand cell-specific display. In addition, therapeutic approaches targeting E-selectin receptor/ligand interactions, which can be used to boost host defense or, conversely, to dampen pathological inflammatory conditions, will also be discussed.

Comparison of in vivo targeting ability between cRGD and collagen-targeting peptide conjugated nano-carriers for atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis plaque is a major cause of cardiovascular diseases across the globe and a silent killer. There are no physical symptoms of the disease in its early stage and current diagnostic techniques cannot detect the small plaques effectively or safely. Plaques formed in blood vessels can cause serious clinical problems such as impaired blood flow or sudden death, regardless of their size. Thus, detecting early stage of plaques is especially more important to effectively reduce the risk of atherosclerosis. Nanoparticle based delivery systems are recognized as a promising option to fight against this disease, and various targeting ligands are typically used to improve their efficiency. So, the choice of appropriate targeting ligand is a crucial factor for optimal targeting efficiency. cRGD peptide and collagen IV targeting peptide, which binds with the α_vβ₃ integrin overexpressed in the neovasculature of the plaque and collagen type IV present in the plaque, respectively, are frequently used for the targeting of nanoparticles. However, at present no study has directly compared these two peptides. Therefore, in this study, we have prepared cRGD or collagen IV targeting (Col IV-tg-) peptide conjugated and iron oxide nanoparticle (IONP) loaded Pluronic based nano-carriers for systemic comparison of their targeting ability towards in vivo atherosclerotic plaque in Apolipoprotein E deficient (Apo E^-/-) mouse model. Nano-carriers with similar size, surface charge, and IONP loading content but with different targeting ligands were analyzed through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Near infrared fluorescence imaging and magnetic resonance imaging techniques as well as Prussian blue staining were used to compare the accumulation of different ligand conjugated nano-caariers in the aorta of atherosclerotic mice. Our results indicate that cRGD based targeting is more efficient than Col IV-tg-peptide in the early stage of atherosclerosis.

Endothelial markers in high altitude induced systemic hypertension (HASH) at moderate high altitude

Background

Chronic intermittent hypoxia is known to induce systemic arterial hypertension whereas chronic hypoxia causes pulmonary arterial hypertension. High altitude (HA) induced systemic hypertension (HASH) in previously normotensive lowlanders following acclimatisation and prolonged stay at moderate HA is a commonly encountered medical problem. HASH has been attributed to increased sympathetic discharge. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is implicated in hypertension in the plains hence this study was conducted in HA. This is relevant especially because of the established role of ED in the aetiopathogenesis of HA illnesses. Since hypoxia may induce ED, we aimed at studying the association of endothelial dysfunction with HASH in temporary residents at HA.

Methods

In this case-control single-centre study, we evaluated ED, by measuring endothelial molecular markers, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelial selectin (E-Selectin) in 24 cases with HASH and 25 age, sex matched normotensive controls at moderate high altitude (11,500 ft).

Results

The levels of sICAM-1 (patients: 214.3 ± 34.2 μg/L, controls: 196.2 ± 28.5 μg/L; p = 0.049) and VCAM-1 (patients 766.1 ± 123.4 ng/mL, controls: 668.6 + 117.6 ng/mL; p = 0.007) were statistically higher in the patient group. However, VEGF and E-Selectin were not significantly different between the groups. sICAM-1 significantly correlated with levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.401, p = 0.003 and 0.486, p = 0.000) respectively.

Conclusion

HASH is associated with endothelial dysfunction in form of raised levels of sICAM-1 and VCAM-1.

Effects of Olive Oil Phenolic Compounds on Inflammation in the Prevention and Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is responsible for more than 7 million deaths worldwide. In the early stages of the development of atherosclerotic plaques, cardiovascular risk factors stimulate vascular endothelial cells, initiating an inflammatory process, fundamental in the pathogenesis of CAD. The inclusion of potentially cardioprotective foods, such as olive oil, to the diet, may aid in the control of these risk factors, and in the reduction of cytokines and inflammatory markers. The present review aims to address the interaction between phenolic compounds present in olive oil, and inflammation, in the prevention and treatment of CAD. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that phenolic compounds, such as hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and their secoiridoid derivatives, may reduce the expression of adhesion molecules and consequent migration of immune cells, modify the signaling cascade and the transcription network (blocking the signal and expression of the nuclear factor kappa B), inhibit the action of enzymes responsible for the production of eicosanoids, and consequently, decrease circulating levels of inflammatory markers. Daily consumption of olive oil seems to modulate cytokines and inflammatory markers related to CAD in individuals at risk for cardiovascular diseases. However, clinical studies that have evaluated the effects of olive oil and its phenolic compounds on individuals with CAD are still scarce.