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Ye D, Cruz-López EO, van Veghel R, Garrelds IM, Kasper A, Wassarman K, Tu HC, Zlatev I, Danser AJ. Counteracting Angiotensinogen Small-Interfering RNA-Mediated Antihypertensive Effects With REVERSIR. Hypertension 2024; 81:1491-1499. [PMID: 38690653 PMCID: PMC11177597 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.124.22878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small-interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting hepatic AGT (angiotensinogen) mRNA depletes AGT, lowering blood pressure for up to 6 months. However, certain situations may require a rapid angiotensin increase. The REVERSIR (RVR) - reverse siRNA silencing technology a potential approach to counteract siRNA effects. METHODS Spontaneously hypertensive rats received 10 mg/kg AGT siRNA, and 3 weeks later were given AGT-RVR (1, 10, or 20 mg/kg). One week after AGT-RVR dosing, a redose of AGT siRNA assessed its post-AGT-RVR effectiveness for 2 weeks. Additionally, the impact of AGT-RVR after an equihypotensive dose of valsartan (4 mg/kg per day) was examined. RESULTS Baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP) was 144±1 mm Hg. AGT siRNA reduced MAP by ≈16 mm Hg and AGT by >95%, while renin increased 25-fold. All AGT-RVR doses restored MAP to baseline within 4 to 7 days. Notably, 10 and 20 mg/kg restored AGT and renin to baseline, while 1 mg/kg allowed ≈50% AGT restoration, with renin remaining above baseline. A second AGT siRNA treatment, following 1 mg/kg AGT-RVR, reduced MAP to the same degree as the initial dose, while following 10 mg/kg AGT-RVR, it resulted in ≈50% of the first dose's MAP effect at 2 weeks. The valsartan-induced MAP reduction was unaffected by AGT-RVR. CONCLUSIONS In spontaneously hypertensive rats, angiotensinogen-RVR dose-dependently reversed AGT siRNA-induced AGT reduction, normalizing MAP. MAP normalization persisted even with 50% recovered AGT levels, likely due to upregulated renin maintaining adequate angiotensin generation. Post-AGT-RVR dosing, a second AGT siRNA dose lowered MAP again.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dien Ye
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (D.Y., E.O.C.-L., R.v.V., I.M.G., A.H.J.D.)
| | - Edwyn O. Cruz-López
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (D.Y., E.O.C.-L., R.v.V., I.M.G., A.H.J.D.)
| | - Richard van Veghel
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (D.Y., E.O.C.-L., R.v.V., I.M.G., A.H.J.D.)
| | - Ingrid M. Garrelds
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (D.Y., E.O.C.-L., R.v.V., I.M.G., A.H.J.D.)
| | - Anne Kasper
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (A.K., K.W., H.-C.T., I.Z.)
| | - Kelly Wassarman
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (A.K., K.W., H.-C.T., I.Z.)
| | - Ho-Chou Tu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (A.K., K.W., H.-C.T., I.Z.)
| | - Ivan Zlatev
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (A.K., K.W., H.-C.T., I.Z.)
| | - A.H. Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (D.Y., E.O.C.-L., R.v.V., I.M.G., A.H.J.D.)
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2
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Nasrallah D, Abdelhamid A, Tluli O, Al-Haneedi Y, Dakik H, Eid AH. Angiotensin receptor blocker-neprilysin inhibitor for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Pharmacol Res 2024; 204:107210. [PMID: 38740146 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by volume overload, impaired exercise capacity, and recurrent hospital admissions. A major contributor to the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of heart failure is the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Normally, RAAS is responsible for the homeostatic regulation of blood pressure, extracellular fluid volume, and serum sodium concentration. In HFrEF, RAAS gets chronically activated in response to decreased cardiac output, further aggravating the congestion and cardiotoxic effects. Hence, inhibition of RAAS is a major approach in the pharmacologic treatment of those patients. The most recently introduced RAAS antagonizing medication class is angiotensin receptor blocker/ neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI). In this paper, we discuss ARNIs' superiority over traditional RAAS antagonizing agents in reducing heart failure hospitalization and mortality. We also tease out the evidence that shows ARNIs' renoprotective functions in heart failure patients including those with chronic or end stage kidney disease. We also discuss the evidence showing the added benefit resulting from combining ARNIs with a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor. Moreover, how ARNIs decrease the risk of arrhythmias and reverse cardiac remodeling, ultimately lowering the risk of cardiovascular death, is also discussed. We then present the positive outcome of ARNIs' use in patients with diabetes mellitus and those recovering from acute decompensated heart failure. ARNIs' side effects are also appreciated and discussed. Taken together, the provided insight and critical appraisal of the evidence justifies and supports the implementation of ARNIs in the guidelines for the treatment of HFrEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dima Nasrallah
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alaa Abdelhamid
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Omar Tluli
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yaman Al-Haneedi
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Habib Dakik
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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3
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Cruz-López EO, Ye D, Stolk DG, Clahsen-van Groningen MC, van Veghel R, Garrelds IM, Poglitsch M, Domenig O, Alipour Symakani RS, Merkus D, Verdonk K, Jan Danser AH. Combining renin-angiotensin system blockade and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibition in experimental diabetes results in synergistic beneficial effects. J Hypertens 2024; 42:883-892. [PMID: 38088400 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibition exerts cardioprotective and renoprotective effects, often on top of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade. We investigated this in diabetic hypertensive (mREN2)27 rats. METHODS Rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin and treated with vehicle, the angiotensin receptor blocker valsartan, the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin, or their combination. Blood pressure (BP) was measured by telemetry. RESULTS Diabetes resulted in albuminuria, accompanied by glomerulosclerosis, without a change in glomerular filtration rate. Empagliflozin did not lower BP, while valsartan did, and when combined the BP drop was largest. Only dual blockade reduced cardiac hypertrophy and prevented left ventricular dilatation. Valsartan, but not empagliflozin, increased renin, and the largest renin rise occurred during dual blockade, resulting in plasma angiotensin II [but not angiotensin-(1-7)] upregulation. In contrast, in the kidney, valsartan lowered angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7), and empagliflozin did not alter this. Although both valsartan and empagliflozin alone tended to diminish albuminuria, the reduction was significant only when both drugs were combined. This was accompanied by reduced glomerulosclerosis, no change in glomerular filtration rate, and a favorable expression pattern of fibrosis and inflammatory markers (including SGLT2) in the kidney. CONCLUSION RAS blockade and SGLT2 inhibition display synergistic beneficial effects on BP, kidney injury and cardiac hypertrophy in a rat with hypertension and diabetes. The synergy does not involve upregulation of angiotensin-(1-7), but may relate to direct RAS-independent effects of empagliflozin in the heart and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwyn O Cruz-López
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Dien Ye
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Daniel G Stolk
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | - Richard van Veghel
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Ingrid M Garrelds
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | | | - Rahi S Alipour Symakani
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology
- Institute of Surgical Research at the Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Partner Site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Koen Verdonk
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine
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4
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Rao A, Bhat SA, Shibata T, Giani JF, Rader F, Bernstein KE, Khan Z. Diverse biological functions of the renin-angiotensin system. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:587-605. [PMID: 37947345 DOI: 10.1002/med.21996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been widely known as a circulating endocrine system involved in the control of blood pressure. However, components of RAS have been found to be localized in rather unexpected sites in the body including the kidneys, brain, bone marrow, immune cells, and reproductive system. These discoveries have led to steady, growing evidence of the existence of independent tissue RAS specific to several parts of the body. It is important to understand how RAS regulates these systems for a variety of reasons: It gives a better overall picture of human physiology, helps to understand and mitigate the unintended consequences of RAS-inhibiting or activating drugs, and sets the stage for potential new therapies for a variety of ailments. This review fulfills the need for an updated overview of knowledge about local tissue RAS in several bodily systems, including their components, functions, and medical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithi Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shabir A Bhat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tomohiro Shibata
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Florian Rader
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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5
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de Bakker M, Petersen TB, Rueten-Budde AJ, Akkerhuis KM, Umans VA, Brugts JJ, Germans T, Reinders MJT, Katsikis PD, van der Spek PJ, Ostroff R, She R, Lanfear D, Asselbergs FW, Boersma E, Rizopoulos D, Kardys I. Machine learning-based biomarker profile derived from 4210 serially measured proteins predicts clinical outcome of patients with heart failure. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. DIGITAL HEALTH 2023; 4:444-454. [PMID: 38045440 PMCID: PMC10689916 DOI: 10.1093/ehjdh/ztad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Aims Risk assessment tools are needed for timely identification of patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) who are at high risk of adverse events. In this study, we aim to derive a small set out of 4210 repeatedly measured proteins, which, along with clinical characteristics and established biomarkers, carry optimal prognostic capacity for adverse events, in patients with HFrEF. Methods and results In 382 patients, we performed repeated blood sampling (median follow-up: 2.1 years) and applied an aptamer-based multiplex proteomic approach. We used machine learning to select the optimal set of predictors for the primary endpoint (PEP: composite of cardiovascular death, heart transplantation, left ventricular assist device implantation, and HF hospitalization). The association between repeated measures of selected proteins and PEP was investigated by multivariable joint models. Internal validation (cross-validated c-index) and external validation (Henry Ford HF PharmacoGenomic Registry cohort) were performed. Nine proteins were selected in addition to the MAGGIC risk score, N-terminal pro-hormone B-type natriuretic peptide, and troponin T: suppression of tumourigenicity 2, tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase cytoplasmic, histone H2A Type 3, angiotensinogen, deltex-1, thrombospondin-4, ADAMTS-like protein 2, anthrax toxin receptor 1, and cathepsin D. N-terminal pro-hormone B-type natriuretic peptide and angiotensinogen showed the strongest associations [hazard ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.96 (1.17-3.40) and 0.66 (0.49-0.88), respectively]. The multivariable model yielded a c-index of 0.85 upon internal validation and c-indices up to 0.80 upon external validation. The c-index was higher than that of a model containing established risk factors (P = 0.021). Conclusion Nine serially measured proteins captured the most essential prognostic information for the occurrence of adverse events in patients with HFrEF, and provided incremental value for HF prognostication beyond established risk factors. These proteins could be used for dynamic, individual risk assessment in a prospective setting. These findings also illustrate the potential value of relatively 'novel' biomarkers for prognostication. Clinical Trial Registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01851538?term=nCT01851538&draw=2&rank=1 24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie de Bakker
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teun B Petersen
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anja J Rueten-Budde
- Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Martijn Akkerhuis
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Victor A Umans
- Department of Cardiology, Northwest Clinics, Wilhelminalaan 12, 1815 JD, Alkmaar, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Brugts
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tjeerd Germans
- Department of Cardiology, Northwest Clinics, Wilhelminalaan 12, 1815 JD, Alkmaar, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel J T Reinders
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Van Mourik Broekmanweg 6, 2628 XE, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter D Katsikis
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J van der Spek
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel Ostroff
- SomaLogic, Inc., 2945 Wilderness Pl., Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Ruicong She
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Pl, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - David Lanfear
- Center for Individualized and Genomic Medicine Research (CIGMA), Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 W. Grand Boulevard, Detroit MI, 48202, USA
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 W. Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Cardiology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Health Data Research UK and Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Eric Boersma
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitris Rizopoulos
- Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isabella Kardys
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Cruz-López EO, Ye D, Wu C, Lu HS, Uijl E, Mirabito Colafella KM, Danser AHJ. Angiotensinogen Suppression: A New Tool to Treat Cardiovascular and Renal Disease. Hypertension 2022; 79:2115-2126. [PMID: 35904033 PMCID: PMC9444253 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.18731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple types of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers exist, allowing interference with the system at the level of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, or the angiotensin II receptor. Yet, in particular, for the treatment of hypertension, the number of patients with uncontrolled hypertension continues to rise, either due to patient noncompliance or because of the significant renin rises that may, at least partially, overcome the effect of RAS blockade (RAS escape). New approaches to target the RAS are either direct antisense oligonucleotides that inhibit angiotensinogen RNA translation, or small interfering RNA (siRNA) that function via the RNA interference pathway. Since all angiotensins stem from angiotensinogen, lowering angiotensinogen has the potential to circumvent the RAS escape phenomenon. Moreover, antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNA require injections only every few weeks to months, which might reduce noncompliance. Of course, angiotensinogen suppression also poses a threat in situations where the RAS is acutely needed, for instance in women becoming pregnant during treatment, or in cases of emergency, when severe hypotension occurs. This review discusses all preclinical data on angiotensinogen suppression, as well as the limited clinical data that are currently available. It concludes that it is an exciting new tool to target the RAS with high specificity and a low side effect profile. Its long-term action might revolutionize pharmacotherapy, as it could overcome compliance problems. Preclinical and clinical programs are now carefully investigating its efficacy and safety profile, allowing an optimal introduction as a novel drug to treat cardiovascular and renal diseases in due time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwyn O Cruz-López
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (E.O.C.L., D.Y., E.U., A.H.J.D.)
| | - Dien Ye
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (E.O.C.L., D.Y., E.U., A.H.J.D.)
| | - Congqing Wu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.W., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky.,Department of Surgery (C.W.), University of Kentucky
| | - Hong S Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.W., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky.,Department of Physiology (H.S.L.), University of Kentucky
| | - Estrellita Uijl
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (E.O.C.L., D.Y., E.U., A.H.J.D.)
| | | | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (E.O.C.L., D.Y., E.U., A.H.J.D.)
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7
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Exclusion of left atrial appendage: effects beyond thromboembolic prevention. Curr Opin Cardiol 2022; 37:10-14. [PMID: 34698668 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0000000000000936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to summarize the nonthromboembolic prevention effects of left atrial appendage exclusion (LAAE). RECENT FINDINGS Left atrial appendage (LAA) secretes multiple hormones; regulates blood volume and pressure; and generates trigger activities. Exclusion of the LAA by different techniques may lead to downstream effects including changes in blood pressure and cardiac performance, improvement of outcome of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, and alteration of metabolism. SUMMARY LAAE procedures not only prevent thromboembolic events in patients with AF, but rather may bring additional benefits or side-effect to patients undergoing LAAE.
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8
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van Thiel BS, van der Linden J, Ridwan Y, Garrelds IM, Vermeij M, Clahsen-van Groningen MC, Qadri F, Alenina N, Bader M, Roks AJM, Danser AHJ, Essers J, van der Pluijm I. In Vivo Renin Activity Imaging in the Kidney of Progeroid Ercc1 Mutant Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212433. [PMID: 34830315 PMCID: PMC8619549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the renin–angiotensin system, known for its critical role in the regulation of blood pressure and sodium homeostasis, may contribute to aging and age-related diseases. While the renin–angiotensin system is suppressed during aging, little is known about its regulation and activity within tissues. However, this knowledge is required to successively treat or prevent renal disease in the elderly. Ercc1 is involved in important DNA repair pathways, and when mutated causes accelerated aging phenotypes in humans and mice. In this study, we hypothesized that unrepaired DNA damage contributes to accelerated kidney failure. We tested the use of the renin-activatable near-infrared fluorescent probe ReninSense680™ in progeroid Ercc1d/− mice and compared renin activity levels in vivo to wild-type mice. First, we validated the specificity of the probe by detecting increased intrarenal activity after losartan treatment and the virtual absence of fluorescence in renin knock-out mice. Second, age-related kidney pathology, tubular anisokaryosis, glomerulosclerosis and increased apoptosis were confirmed in the kidneys of 24-week-old Ercc1d/− mice, while initial renal development was normal. Next, we examined the in vivo renin activity in these Ercc1d/− mice. Interestingly, increased intrarenal renin activity was detected by ReninSense in Ercc1d/− compared to WT mice, while their plasma renin concentrations were lower. Hence, this study demonstrates that intrarenal RAS activity does not necessarily run in parallel with circulating renin in the aging mouse. In addition, our study supports the use of this probe for longitudinal imaging of altered RAS signaling in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi S. van Thiel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.S.v.T.); (J.v.d.L.); (Y.R.)
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.G.); (A.J.M.R.); (A.H.J.D.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janette van der Linden
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.S.v.T.); (J.v.d.L.); (Y.R.)
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.G.); (A.J.M.R.); (A.H.J.D.)
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yanto Ridwan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.S.v.T.); (J.v.d.L.); (Y.R.)
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.G.); (A.J.M.R.); (A.H.J.D.)
| | - Ingrid M. Garrelds
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.G.); (A.J.M.R.); (A.H.J.D.)
| | - Marcel Vermeij
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.V.); (M.C.C.-v.G.)
| | | | | | - Natalia Alenina
- Max Delbrück Center, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (F.Q.); (N.A.); (M.B.)
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max Delbrück Center, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (F.Q.); (N.A.); (M.B.)
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
- Charité—University Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anton J. M. Roks
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.G.); (A.J.M.R.); (A.H.J.D.)
| | - A. H. Jan Danser
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.G.); (A.J.M.R.); (A.H.J.D.)
| | - Jeroen Essers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.S.v.T.); (J.v.d.L.); (Y.R.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (J.E.); (I.v.d.P.); Tel.: +31-10-7043604 (J.E.); +31-10-7043724 (I.v.d.P.); Fax: +31-10-7044743 (J.E. & I.v.d.P.)
| | - Ingrid van der Pluijm
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.S.v.T.); (J.v.d.L.); (Y.R.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (J.E.); (I.v.d.P.); Tel.: +31-10-7043604 (J.E.); +31-10-7043724 (I.v.d.P.); Fax: +31-10-7044743 (J.E. & I.v.d.P.)
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9
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Cruz-López EO, Uijl E, Danser AHJ. Cardiac Angiotensin II Is Generated Locally by ACE and Not Chymase. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 78:540-541. [PMID: 34325845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Enzan N, Matsushima S, Ide T, Kaku H, Tohyama T, Funakoshi K, Higo T, Tsutsui H. The Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Is Associated with the Recovered Ejection Fraction in Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Int Heart J 2021; 62:801-810. [PMID: 34276005 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.20-671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) have been shown to prevent left ventricular remodeling and improve outcomes of patients with heart failure (HF). This study aimed to investigate whether the use of ACEi/ARB could be associated with HF with recovered ejection fraction (HFrecEF) in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).We collected individual patient data regarding demographics, echocardiogram, and treatment in DCM between 2003 and 2014 from the clinical personal record, a national database of the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 40% were included. Eligible patients were divided into two groups according to the use of ACEi/ARB. A propensity score matching analysis was employed. The primary outcome was defined as LVEF ≥ 40% at 3 years of follow-up.Out of 5,955 patients with DCM and LVEF < 40%, propensity score matching yielded 830 pairs. The mean age was 58.8 years, and 1,184 (71.3%) of the patients were male. The primary outcome was observed more frequently in the ACEi/ARB group than in the no ACEi/ARB group (57.0% versus 49.3%; odds ratio 1.36; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12-1.65; P = 0.002). Subgroup analysis revealed that the use of ACEi and ARB was associated with recovery of LVEF regardless of atrial fibrillation. The change in LVEF from baseline to 3 years of follow-up was greater in the ACEi-ARB group (14.9% ± 0.6% versus 12.3% ± 0.5%; P = 0.001).The use of ACEi/ARB is associated with HFrecEF in patients with DCM and reduced LVEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Enzan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Shouji Matsushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Tomomi Ide
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Hidetaka Kaku
- Department of Cardiology, Japan Community Healthcare Organization Kyushu Hospital
| | - Takeshi Tohyama
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Kyushu University Hospital
| | - Kouta Funakoshi
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Kyushu University Hospital
| | - Taiki Higo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
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11
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Wiegel RE, von Versen-Höynck F, Steegers-Theunissen RPM, Steegers EAP, Danser AHJ. Prorenin periconceptionally and in pregnancy: Does it have a physiological role? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 529:111281. [PMID: 33878417 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy demands major cardiovascular, renal and endocrine changes to provide an adequate blood supply for the growing fetus. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a key role in this adaptation process. One of its components, prorenin, is released in significant amounts from the ovary and uteroplacental unit. This review describes the sources of prorenin in the periconception period and in pregnancy, including its modulation by in-vitro fertilization protocols, and discusses its potential effects, among others focusing on preeclampsia. It ends with discussing the long-term consequences, even in later life, of inappropriate renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity in pregnancy and offers directions for future research. Ultimately, a full understanding of the role of prorenin periconceptionally and during pregnancy will help to develop tools to diagnose and/or prevent reproductive complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalieke E Wiegel
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Eric A P Steegers
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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12
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Wiegel RE, von Versen-Höynck F, Steegers-Theunissen RPM, Steegers EAP, Danser AHJ. Prorenin periconceptionally and in pregnancy: Does it have a physiological role? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 522:111118. [PMID: 33340569 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy demands major cardiovascular, renal and endocrine changes to provide an adequate blood supply for the growing fetus. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a key role in this adaptation process. One of its components, prorenin, is released in significant amounts from the ovary and uteroplacental unit. This review describes the sources of prorenin in the periconception period and in pregnancy, including its modulation by in-vitro fertilization protocols, and discusses its potential effects, among others focusing on preeclampsia. It ends with discussing the long-term consequences, even in later life, of inappropriate renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity in pregnancy and offers directions for future research. Ultimately, a full understanding of the role of prorenin periconceptionally and during pregnancy will help to develop tools to diagnose and/or prevent reproductive complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalieke E Wiegel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Eric A P Steegers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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13
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Viering DHHM, Bech AP, de Baaij JHF, Steenbergen EJ, Danser AHJ, Wetzels JFM, Bindels RJM, Deinum J. Functional tests to guide management in an adult with loss of function of type-1 angiotensin II receptor. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:2731-2737. [PMID: 33768328 PMCID: PMC8370907 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-021-05018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic loss of function of AGT (angiotensinogen), REN (renin), ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme), or AGTR1 (type-1 angiotensin II receptor) leads to renal tubular dysgenesis (RTD). This syndrome is almost invariably lethal. Most surviving patients reach stage 5 chronic kidney disease at a young age. METHODS Here, we report a 28-year-old male with a homozygous truncating mutation in AGTR1 (p.Arg216*), who survived the perinatal period with a mildly impaired kidney function. In contrast to classic RTD, kidney biopsy showed proximal tubules that were mostly normal. During the subsequent three decades, we observed evidence of both tubular dysfunction (hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, salt-wasting and a urinary concentrating defect) and glomerular dysfunction (reduced glomerular filtration rate, currently ~30 mL/min/1.73 m2, accompanied by proteinuria). To investigate the recurrent and severe hyperkalemia, we performed a patient-tailored functional test and showed that high doses of fludrocortisone induced renal potassium excretion by 155%. Furthermore, fludrocortisone lowered renal sodium excretion by 39%, which would have a mitigating effect on salt-wasting. In addition, urinary pH decreased in response to fludrocortisone. Opposite effects on urinary potassium and pH occurred with administration of amiloride, further supporting the notion that a collecting duct is present and able to react to fludrocortisone. CONCLUSIONS This report provides living proof that even truncating loss-of-function mutations in AGTR1 are compatible with life and relatively good GFR and provides evidence for the prescription of fludrocortisone to treat hyperkalemia and salt-wasting in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan H. H. M. Viering
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anneke P. Bech
- grid.415930.aDepartment of Nephrology, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen H. F. de Baaij
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eric J. Steenbergen
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A. H. Jan Danser
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jack F. M. Wetzels
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - René J. M. Bindels
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Deinum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Huispost 463, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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14
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Arendse LB, Danser AHJ, Poglitsch M, Touyz RM, Burnett JC, Llorens-Cortes C, Ehlers MR, Sturrock ED. Novel Therapeutic Approaches Targeting the Renin-Angiotensin System and Associated Peptides in Hypertension and Heart Failure. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:539-570. [PMID: 31537750 PMCID: PMC6782023 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.017129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers, current therapies for hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases are still inadequate. Identification of additional components of the RAS and associated vasoactive pathways, as well as new structural and functional insights into established targets, have led to novel therapeutic approaches with the potential to provide improved cardiovascular protection and better blood pressure control and/or reduced adverse side effects. The simultaneous modulation of several neurohumoral mediators in key interconnected blood pressure-regulating pathways has been an attractive approach to improve treatment efficacy, and several novel approaches involve combination therapy or dual-acting agents. In addition, increased understanding of the complexity of the RAS has led to novel approaches aimed at upregulating the ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas axis to counter-regulate the harmful effects of the ACE/angiotensin II/angiotensin III/AT1R axis. These advances have opened new avenues for the development of novel drugs targeting the RAS to better treat hypertension and heart failure. Here we focus on new therapies in preclinical and early clinical stages of development, including novel small molecule inhibitors and receptor agonists/antagonists, less conventional strategies such as gene therapy to suppress angiotensinogen at the RNA level, recombinant ACE2 protein, and novel bispecific designer peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Arendse
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
| | - Marko Poglitsch
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
| | - John C Burnett
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
| | - Catherine Llorens-Cortes
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
| | - Mario R Ehlers
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
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15
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Cardiac fibrosis: potential therapeutic targets. Transl Res 2019; 209:121-137. [PMID: 30930180 PMCID: PMC6545256 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of mortality in the world and is exacerbated by the presence of cardiac fibrosis, defined by the accumulation of noncontractile extracellular matrix proteins. Cardiac fibrosis is directly linked to cardiac dysfunction and increased risk of arrhythmia. Despite its prevalence, there is a lack of efficacious therapies for inhibiting or reversing cardiac fibrosis, largely due to the complexity of the cell types and signaling pathways involved. Ongoing research has aimed to understand the mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis and develop new therapies for treating scar formation. Major approaches include preventing the formation of scar tissue and replacing fibrous tissue with functional cardiomyocytes. While targeting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is currently used as the standard line of therapy for heart failure, there has been increased interest in inhibiting the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway due its established role in cardiac fibrosis. Significant advances in cell transplantation therapy and biomaterials engineering have also demonstrated potential in regenerating the myocardium. Novel techniques, such as cellular direct reprogramming, and molecular targets, such as noncoding RNAs and epigenetic modifiers, are uncovering novel therapeutic options targeting fibrosis. This review provides an overview of current approaches and discuss future directions for treating cardiac fibrosis.
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16
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Mirabito Colafella KM, Bovée DM, Danser AHJ. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its therapeutic targets. Exp Eye Res 2019; 186:107680. [PMID: 31129252 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of blood pressure and body fluid homeostasis and is a mainstay for the treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Angiotensin II and aldosterone are the two most powerful biologically active products of the RAAS, inducing all of the classical actions of the RAAS including vasoconstriction, sodium retention, tissue remodeling and pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic effects. In recent years, new components of the RAAS have been discovered beyond the classical pathway that have led to the identification of depressor or so-called protective RAAS pathways and the development of novel therapies targeting this system. Moreover, dual inhibitors which block the RAAS and other systems involved in the regulation of blood pressure or targeting upstream of angiotensin II by selectively deleting liver-derived angiotensinogen, the precursor to all angiotensins, may provide superior treatment for cardiovascular and renal diseases and revolutionize RAAS-targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Mirabito Colafella
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dominique M Bovée
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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17
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Pavo N, Goliasch G, Wurm R, Novak J, Strunk G, Gyöngyösi M, Poglitsch M, Säemann MD, Hülsmann M. Low- and High-renin Heart Failure Phenotypes with Clinical Implications. Clin Chem 2018; 64:597-608. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.278705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Blockade of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) represents a main strategy in the therapy of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), but the role of active renin concentration (ARC) for guiding therapy in the presence of an RAS blockade remains to be established. This study assessed angiotensin profiles of HFrEF patients with distinct RAS activations as reflected by ARC.
METHODS
Two cohorts of stable chronic HFrEF patients on optimal medical treatment (OMT) were enrolled. We assessed ARC and all known circulating angiotensin metabolites, including AngI and AngII, by mass spectrometry to investigate the effect of different therapy modalities. Low- and high-renin HFrEF patients were identified by ARC screening and subsequently characterized by their angiotensin profiles.
RESULTS
Although different modes of RAS blockade resulted in typical AngII/AngI ratios, concentrations of (AngI+AngII) strongly correlated with ARC [r = 0.95, P < 0.001] independent of therapy mode. Despite RAS blocker treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARB), which anticipated ARC upregulation, about 30% of patients showed lower/normal range ARC values. ARC did not correlate with N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentrations and New York Heart Association (NYHA) stages. Angiotensin concentrations were profoundly diminished for the low-ARC group compared with the high-ARC group: AngI [6.4 ng/L (IQR: 2.1–12.5) vs 537.9 ng/L (IQR: 423.1–728.4), P < 0.001 for ACE-I; and 4.5 ng/L (IQR: 1.4–11.2) vs 203.0 ng/L (IQR: 130.2–247.9), P = 0.003 for ARB] and AngII [<1.4 ng/L (IQR: <1.4–1.5) vs 6.1 ng/L (IQR: 2.0–11.1), P = 0.002 for ACE-I and 4.7 ng/L (IQR: <1.4–12.3) vs 206.4 ng/L (IQR: 142.2–234.4), P < 0.001 for ARB].
CONCLUSIONS
In addition to NT-proBNP and NYHA stages, ARC enables classification of HFrEF patients receiving OMT into more distinguished neurohumoral HFrEF phenotypes, offering a rationale for adaptive therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Pavo
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Clinical Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Goliasch
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Clinical Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raphael Wurm
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Clinical Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Novak
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Clinical Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guido Strunk
- Complexity Research, Vienna, Austria; FH Campus Vienna, Vienna, Austria, and Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mariann Gyöngyösi
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Clinical Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Marcus D Säemann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Clinical Division of Nephrology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Hülsmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Clinical Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Uijl E, Danser AHJ. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Parameters as Biomarker in Heart Failure Patients With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Focus on Angiotensinogen. Am J Hypertens 2018; 31:175-177. [PMID: 28985283 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpx167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Estrellita Uijl
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Salih M, Bovée DM, Roksnoer LCW, Casteleijn NF, Bakker SJL, Gansevoort RT, Zietse R, Danser AHJ, Hoorn EJ. Urinary renin-angiotensin markers in polycystic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F874-F881. [PMID: 28747358 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00209.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), activation of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) may contribute to hypertension and disease progression. Although previous studies have focused on circulating RAAS components, preliminary evidence suggests that APDKD may increase urinary RAAS components. Therefore, our aim was to analyze circulating and urinary RAAS components in ADPKD. We cross-sectionally compared 60 patients with ADPKD with 57 patients with non-ADPKD chronic kidney disease (CKD). The two groups were matched by sex, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), blood pressure, and RAAS inhibitor use. Despite similar plasma levels of angiotensinogen and renin, urinary angiotensinogen and renin excretion were five- to sixfold higher in ADPKD (P < 0.001). These differences persisted when adjusting for group differences and were present regardless of RAAS inhibitor use. In multivariable analyses, ADPKD, albuminuria, and the respective plasma concentrations were independent predictors for urinary angiotensinogen and renin excretion. In ADPKD, both plasma and urinary renin correlated negatively with eGFR. Total kidney volume correlated with plasma renin and albuminuria but not with urinary renin or angiotensinogen excretions. Albuminuria correlated positively with urinary angiotensinogen and renin excretions in ADPKD and CKD. In three ADPKD patients who underwent nephrectomy, the concentrations of albumin and angiotensinogen were highest in plasma, followed by cyst fluid and urine; urinary renin concentrations were higher than cyst fluid. In conclusion, this study shows that, despite similar circulating RAAS component levels, higher urinary excretions of angiotensinogen and renin are a unique feature of ADPKD. Future studies should address the underlying mechanism and whether this may contribute to hypertension or disease progression in ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Salih
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique M Bovée
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lodi C W Roksnoer
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niek F Casteleijn
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Ronald T Gansevoort
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Robert Zietse
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
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Dietary restriction but not angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade improves DNA damage-related vasodilator dysfunction in rapidly aging Ercc1Δ/− mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1941-1953. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20170026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage is an important contributor to endothelial dysfunction and age-related vascular disease. Recently, we demonstrated in a DNA repair-deficient, prematurely aging mouse model (Ercc1Δ/− mice) that dietary restriction (DR) strongly increases life- and health span, including ameliorating endothelial dysfunction, by preserving genomic integrity. In this mouse mutant displaying prominent accelerated, age-dependent endothelial dysfunction we investigated the signaling pathways involved in improved endothelium-mediated vasodilation by DR, and explore the potential role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Ercc1Δ/− mice showed increased blood pressure and decreased aortic relaxations to acetylcholine (ACh) in organ bath experiments. Nitric oxide (NO) signaling and phospho-Ser1177-eNOS were compromised in Ercc1Δ/−. DR improved relaxations by increasing prostaglandin-mediated responses. Increase of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and decrease of phosphodiesterase 4B were identified as potential mechanisms. DR also prevented loss of NO signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells and normalized angiotensin II (Ang II) vasoconstrictions, which were increased in Ercc1Δ/− mice. Ercc1Δ/− mutants showed a loss of Ang II type 2 receptor-mediated counter-regulation of Ang II type 1 receptor-induced vasoconstrictions. Chronic losartan treatment effectively decreased blood pressure, but did not improve endothelium-dependent relaxations. This result might relate to the aging-associated loss of treatment efficacy of RAS blockade with respect to endothelial function improvement. In summary, DR effectively prevents endothelium-dependent vasodilator dysfunction by augmenting prostaglandin-mediated responses, whereas chronic Ang II type 1 receptor blockade is ineffective.
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Shamansurova Z, Tan P, Ahmed B, Pepin E, Seda O, Lavoie JL. Adipose tissue (P)RR regulates insulin sensitivity, fat mass and body weight. Mol Metab 2016; 5:959-969. [PMID: 27689008 PMCID: PMC5034688 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously demonstrated that the handle-region peptide, a prorenin/renin receptor [(P)RR] blocker, reduces body weight and fat mass and may improve insulin sensitivity in high-fat fed mice. We hypothesized that knocking out the adipose tissue (P)RR gene would prevent weight gain and insulin resistance. METHODS An adipose tissue-specific (P)RR knockout (KO) mouse was created by Cre-loxP technology using AP2-Cre recombinase mice. Because the (P)RR gene is located on the X chromosome, hemizygous males were complete KO and had a more pronounced phenotype on a normal diet (ND) diet compared to heterozygous KO females. Therefore, we challenged the female mice with a high-fat diet (HFD) to uncover certain phenotypes. Mice were maintained on either diet for 9 weeks. RESULTS KO mice had lower body weights compared to wild-types (WT). Only hemizygous male KO mice presented with lower total fat mass, higher total lean mass as well as smaller adipocytes compared to WT mice. Although food intake was similar between genotypes, locomotor activity during the active period was increased in both male and female KO mice. Interestingly, only male KO mice had increased O2 consumption and CO2 production during the entire 24-hour period, suggesting an increased basal metabolic rate. Although glycemia during a glucose tolerance test was similar, KO males as well as HFD-fed females had lower plasma insulin and C-peptide levels compared to WT mice, suggesting improved insulin sensitivity. Remarkably, all KO animals exhibited higher circulating adiponectin levels, suggesting that this phenotype can occur even in the absence of a significant reduction in adipose tissue weight, as observed in females and, thus, may be a specific effect related to the (P)RR. CONCLUSIONS (P)RR may be an important therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and its associated complications such as type 2 diabetes.
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Key Words
- (P)RR, prorenin/renin receptor
- (Pro)renin receptor
- ANG, Angiotensin
- Adipose tissue
- Adipose tissue knock-out mice
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- BB, beam break
- HACT, horizontal activity
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HRP, handle-region peptide
- Insulin resistance
- KO, knock-out
- ND, normal diet
- OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- Obesity
- PGF, perigonadal fat
- PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ
- PRA, plasma renin activity
- PRF, perirenal fat
- RAS, renin-angiotensin system
- Renin-angiotensin system
- SE, standard error
- SFC, abdominal subcutaneous fat
- SM, skeletal muscle
- SMG, submandibular gland
- TG, triglycerides
- V-ATPase, vacuolar proton pump H+-ATPase
- VCO2, carbon dioxide production
- VO2, oxygen consumption
- WT, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulaykho Shamansurova
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul Tan
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Quebec, Canada
| | - Basma Ahmed
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emilie Pepin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ondrej Seda
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Julie L Lavoie
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Kinesiology, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Quebec, Canada.
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Danser AHJ. The Role of the (Pro)renin Receptor in Hypertensive Disease. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28:1187-96. [PMID: 25890829 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue angiotensin generation depends on the uptake of circulating (kidney-derived) renin and/or its precursor prorenin (together denoted as (pro)renin). Since tissue renin levels are usually higher than expected based upon the amount of (renin-containing) blood in tissue, an active uptake mechanism has been proposed. The (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR), discovered in 2002, appeared a promising candidate, although its nanomolar affinity for renin/prorenin is many orders of magnitude above their levels in blood. This review discusses (P)RR-related research since its discovery. First, encouraging in vitro findings supported detrimental effects of (pro)renin-(P)RR interaction, even resulting in angiotensin-independent signaling. Moreover, the putative (P)RR blocker "handle region peptide" (HRP) yielded beneficial effects in various cardiovascular animal models. Then doubt arose whether such interaction truly occurs in vivo, and (P)RR deletion unexpectedly turned out to be lethal. Moreover, HRP results could not be confirmed. Finally, it was discovered that the (P)RR actually is a component of vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase, a multisubunit protein found in virtually every cell type which is essential for vesicle trafficking, protein degradation, and coupled transport. Nevertheless, selective (P)RR blockade in the brain with the putative antagonist PRO20 (corresponding with the first 20 amino acids of prorenin's prosegment) reduced blood pressure in the deoxycorticosteroneacetate (DOCA)-salt model, and (P)RR gene single nucleotide polymorphisms associate with hypertension. To what degree this relates to (pro)renin remains uncertain. The concept of (P)RR blockade in hypertension, if pursued, requires rigorous testing of any newly designed antagonist, and may not hold promise given the early death of tissue-specific (P)RR knockout animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Jan Danser
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ellmers LJ, Rademaker MT, Charles CJ, Yandle TG, Richards AM. (Pro)renin Receptor Blockade Ameliorates Cardiac Injury and Remodeling and Improves Function After Myocardial Infarction. J Card Fail 2015; 22:64-72. [PMID: 26362519 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.08.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] is implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. We investigated the effects of (P)RR blockade after myocardial infarction (MI) in a mouse coronary-ligation model. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice underwent sham control surgeries (n = 8) or induction of MI followed by 28 days' treatment with a vehicle control (n = 8) or (P)RR antagonist (n = 8). Compared with sham control subjects, MI + vehicle mice demonstrated reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF: P < .001) and fractional shortening (P < .001), and increased LV end-systolic and -diastolic volumes (LVESV: P < .001; LVEDV: P < .001) 28 days after MI. In addition, MI decreased LV posterior wall and septal diameters (both P < .001), increased heart weight-body weight ratios (P < .05), LV collagen deposition, and cardiomyocyte diameter (both P < .001), and up-regulated collagen 1 (P < .01) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC: P < .05) mRNA. Compared with MI + vehicle mice, (P)RR antagonism after MI reduced infarct size (P < .01), improved LVEF (P < .001), fractional shortening (P < .001), and stroke volume (P < .05), and decreased LVESV (P < .001) and LVEDV (P < .001). (P)RR antagonism also reversed MI-induced transmural thinning (P < .001) and reduced LV fibrosis (P < .01), cardiomyocyte size (P < .001), and ventricular collagen 1 (P < .01), β-MHC (P = .06), transforming growth factor β1 (P < .01), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (P < .05) expression. CONCLUSIONS The present study found that (P)RR blockade after MI in mice ameliorates infarct size, cardiac fibrosis/hypertrophy, and cardiac dysfunction and identifies the receptor as a potential therapeutic target in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh J Ellmers
- Department of Medicine, Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Miriam T Rademaker
- Department of Medicine, Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Christopher J Charles
- Department of Medicine, Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Tim G Yandle
- Department of Medicine, Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - A Mark Richards
- Department of Medicine, Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Chronobiology and Pharmacologic Modulation of the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System in Dogs: What Have We Learned? Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 169:43-69. [DOI: 10.1007/112_2015_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Colombo ES, Davis J, Makvandi M, Aragon M, Lucas SN, Paffett ML, Campen MJ. Effects of nicotine on cardiovascular remodeling in a mouse model of systemic hypertension. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2014; 13:364-9. [PMID: 23959951 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-013-9217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Usage of nicotine-only formulations, such as transdermal patches, nicotine gum, or electronic nicotine delivery systems is increasing, as they are perceived as healthier alternatives to traditional cigarettes. Unfortunately, there is little data available on the effect of isolated nicotine on myocardial and aortic remodeling, especially in the setting of cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as hypertension. We hypothesized that nicotine would exacerbate cardiovascular remodeling induced by angiotensin-II (Ang II) treatment. Subcutaneous osmotic minipumps were implanted to administer Ang II, Nic, nicotine plus Ang II or saline to C57Bl/6 mice for 4 weeks. Heart weights were increased by all treatments, with control < nicotine < Ang II < nicotine + Ang II. Activity levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 mirrored these changes and demonstrated clear additivity between nicotine and Ang II. Histopathological analysis of aortas revealed that mice receiving combined nicotine and Ang II treatment induced significant hypertrophy compared to all other groups. This study reveals possible cardiotoxic interactions between nicotine and a common model of systemic hypertension. Safety testing of novel nicotine delivery devices should consider that hypertension is a common impetus to begin smoking cessation therapy, and potential interactions should be more thoroughly studied.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Urinary levels of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) components may reflect renal RAAS activity and/or the renal efficacy of RAAS inhibition. Our aim was to determine whether urinary angiotensinogen and renin are circulating RAAS-independent markers during RAAS blockade. METHODS Urinary and plasma levels of angiotensinogen, renin, and albumin were measured in 22 patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and albuminuria, during 2-month treatment periods with placebo, aliskiren, irbesartan, or their combination in random order in a crossover study. RESULTS Aliskiren and irbesartan both increased plasma renin 3-4-fold, and above 10-fold when combined. Irbesartan decreased plasma angiotensinogen by approximately 25%, and no changes in plasma angiotensinogen were observed during the combination. Urine contained aliskiren at micromolar levels, blocking urinary renin by above 90%. Both blockers reduced urinary angiotensinogen, significant for irbesartan only. Combination blockade reduced urinary angiotensinogen even further. Reductions in urinary angiotensinogen paralleled albuminuria changes, and the urine/plasma concentration ratio of angiotensinogen was identical to that of albumin under all conditions. In contrast, urinary renin did not follow albumin, and remained unaltered after all treatments. Yet, the urine/plasma concentration ratio of renin was more than 100-fold higher than that of angiotensinogen and albumin, and approximately 4-fold reduced by single RAAS blockade, and more than 10-fold by dual RAAS blockade. CONCLUSIONS Aliskiren filters into urine and influences urinary renin measurements. The urine/plasma renin ratio, but not urinary renin alone, may reflect the renal efficacy of RAAS blockade. Urinary angiotensinogen is a marker of filtration barrier damage rather than intrarenal RAAS activity.
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van der Pas R, van Esch JHM, de Bruin C, Danser AHJ, Pereira AM, Zelissen PM, Netea-Maier R, Sprij-Mooij DM, van den Berg-Garrelds IM, van Schaik RHN, Lamberts SWJ, van den Meiracker AH, Hofland LJ, Feelders RA. Cushing's disease and hypertension: in vivo and in vitro study of the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and effects of medical therapy. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 170:181-91. [PMID: 24165019 DOI: 10.1530/eje-13-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/METHODS Cushing's disease (CD) is often accompanied by hypertension. CD can be treated surgically and, given the expression of somatostatin subtype 5 and dopamine 2 receptors by corticotroph pituitary adenomas, pharmacologically. Indeed, we recently observed that stepwise medical combination therapy with the somatostatin-analog pasireotide, the dopamine-agonist cabergoline, and ketoconazole (which directly suppresses steroidogenesis) biochemically controlled CD patients and lowered their blood pressure after 80 days. Glucocorticoids (GC) modulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) among others by increasing hepatic angiotensinogen expression and stimulating mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). This study therefore evaluated plasma RAAS components in CD patients before and after drug therapy. In addition, we studied whether cabergoline/pasireotide have direct relaxant effects in angiotensin II (Ang II)-constricted iliac arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats, with and without concomitant GR/MR stimulation with dexamethasone or hydrocortisone. RESULTS Baseline concentrations of angiotensinogen were elevated, while renin and aldosterone were low and suppressed, respectively, even in patients treated with RAAS-blockers. This pattern did not change after 80 days of treatment, despite blood pressure normalization, nor after 4 years of remission. In the presence of dexamethasone, pasireotide inhibited Ang II-mediated vasoconstriction. CONCLUSIONS The low plasma renin concentrations, even under RAAS blockade, in CD may be the consequence of increased GC-mediated MR stimulation and/or the elevated angiotensinogen levels in such patients. The lack of change in RAAS-parameters despite blood pressure and cortisol normalization suggests persisting consequences of long-term exposure to cortisol excess. Finally, pasireotide may have a direct vasodilating effect contributing to blood pressure lowering.
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Abstract
Recent interest focuses on urinary renin and angiotensinogen as markers of renal renin-angiotensin system activity. Before concluding that these components are independent markers, we need to exclude that their presence in urine, like that of albumin (a protein of comparable size), is due to (disturbed) glomerular filtration. This review critically discusses their filtration, reabsorption and local release. Given the close correlation between urinary angiotensinogen and albumin in human studies, it concludes that, in humans, urinary angiotensinogen is a filtration barrier damage marker with the same predictive power as urinary albumin. In contrast, in animals, tubular angiotensinogen release may occur, although tubulus-specific knockout studies do not support a functional role for such angiotensinogen. Urinary renin levels, relative to albumin, are >200-fold higher and unrelated to albumin. This may reflect release of renin from the urinary tract, but could also be attributed to activation of filtered, plasma-derived prorenin and/or incomplete tubular reabsorption.
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de Boer RA, Azizi M, Danser AJ, Nguyen G, Nussberger J, Ruilope LM, Schmieder RE, Volpe M. Dual RAAS suppression: recent developments and implications in light of the ALTITUDE study. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2013; 13:409-12. [PMID: 22930101 DOI: 10.1177/1470320312455271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) affects vascular tone, cardiac output and kidney function. By these means the RAS plays a key role in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension. As a result, RAS inhibition is highly effective not only in lowering blood pressure but also in reducing kidney disease progression (particularly when associated with proteinuria) and cardiovascular events. Among RAS blocking agents, direct renin inhibitors have shown not only excellent efficacy in hypertension control but also pharmacologic tolerance that is comparable with other renin–angiotensin suppressors. Indeed, aliskiren, the only direct renin inhibitor available is effective in controlling blood pressure as monotherapy or in combination with other antihypertensive drugs, irrespective of patient’s age, ethnicity or sex. It is also effective in patients with metabolic syndrome, obesity and diabetes. Long-term studies comparing ‘hard endpoints’ of aliskiren therapy versus treatment with other RAS inhibitors, including cardiac and kidney protection, are currently ongoing. Combined with other antihypertensive agents, aliskiren not only improves their hypotensive response but may also lessen the adverse effects of other drugs. In high-risk patients, however, precautions should be taken when combining two or more renin–angiotensin inhibiting agents, as tissue perfusion may be highly renin-dependent in these patients and serious adverse side effects could take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Juncos
- Fundación Robert Cade, Pedro de Oñate 253, Cordoba 5003, Argentina
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review examines the evidence that plasma renin and/or prorenin level may be used to guide therapy in hypertension and as an independent risk factor for future cardiovascular events. RECENT FINDINGS A large number of retrospective analyses of patient populations in clinical trials, in whom 'baseline' renin measurements were available, supports that high renin, but not high prorenin levels, are indicative of future cardiovascular disease and death, particularly in patients with kidney dysfunction and/or hypertension. The relationship is not affected by the use of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers. High renin levels also tend to support the use of RAS inhibitors as first-choice antihypertensive agents. However, the added value of a renin measurement on top of traditional risk factors is modest, and the pressure response to RAS blockade, even in high-renin patients, varies widely. SUMMARY Measuring 'baseline' renin as a marker of future cardiovascular events or to determine the choice of drug is of limited value in an individual patient.
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Tu W, Eckert GJ, Pratt JH, Jan Danser A. Plasma levels of prorenin and renin in blacks and whites: their relative abundance and associations with plasma aldosterone concentration. Am J Hypertens 2012; 25:1030-4. [PMID: 22695510 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2012.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND All renin arises from prorenin. The proportion of renin relative to prorenin could influence overall renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activity. We sought to determine whether prorenin levels were related to extracellular volume, as reflected by the levels of plasma renin activity (PRA), and to aldosterone. METHODS We analyzed plasma levels of prorenin, renin, and aldosterone, as well as their interactions, in 129 young blacks and whites. RESULTS Blacks had lower plasma renin concentration (PRC) and PRA, but had prorenin levels similar to whites (69 pg/ml in blacks vs. 62 pg/ml in whites, P = 0.41). As a result, the renin-to-total renin ratio was significantly lower in blacks (11.5% in blacks as compared to 19.8% in whites; P = 0.0001). Because prorenin also resides in tissues including the adrenal where it can bind to a specific receptor to generate angiotensin II, we examined the relationship of prorenin levels to plasma aldosterone concentrations (PAC). While a positive association between PRC and PAC was found in both blacks and whites, PAC was positively related to prorenin in whites (P = 0.04) but negatively in blacks, an observation that we hypothesize was due to reduced prorenin-to-renin conversion in blacks. CONCLUSIONS We observed a disproportionately high level of prorenin in blacks. These high circulating prorenin levels however do not result in greater adrenal angiotensin II and aldosterone production in healthy young blacks.
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Abstract
Tissue angiotensin generation depends on the uptake of circulating (kidney-derived) renin and/or its precursor prorenin [together denoted as (pro)renin]. Since tissue renin levels are usually somewhat higher than expected based upon the amount of (renin-containing) blood in tissue, an active uptake mechanism has been proposed. Several candidates have been evaluated in the past three decades, including a renin-binding protein, the mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor and the (pro)renin receptor. Although the latter seemed the most promising, its nanomolar affinity for renin and prorenin is several orders of magnitude above their actual (picomolar) levels in blood, raising doubt on whether (pro)renin–(pro)renin receptor interaction will ever occur in vivo. A wide range of in vitro studies have now demonstrated (pro)renin-receptor-induced effects at nanomolar renin and prorenin concentrations, resulting in a profibrotic phenotype. In addition, beneficial in vivo effects of the putative (pro)renin receptor blocker HRP (handle region peptide) have been observed, particularly in diabetic animal models. Despite these encouraging results, many other studies have reported either no or even contrasting effects of HRP, and (pro)renin-receptor-knockout studies revealed lethal consequences that are (pro)renin-independent, most probably due to the fact that the (pro)renin receptor co-localizes with vacuolar H+-ATPase and possibly determines the stability of this vital enzyme. The present review summarizes all of the recent findings on the (pro)renin receptor and its blockade, and critically compares it with the other candidates that have been proposed to mediate (pro)renin uptake from blood. It ends with the conclusion that the (pro)renin–(pro)renin receptor interaction, if it occurs in vivo, is limited to (pro)renin-synthesizing organs such as the kidney.
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Bristow MR. Pharmacogenetic targeting of drugs for heart failure. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 134:107-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Tsukamoto O, Kitakaze M. It is Time to Reconsider the Cardiovascular Protection Afforded by RAAS Blockade - Overview of RAAS Systems. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2011; 27:133-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-011-6361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Urinary renin, but not angiotensinogen or aldosterone, reflects the renal renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system activity and the efficacy of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system blockade in the kidney. J Hypertens 2011; 29:2147-55. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32834bbcbf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Left ventricular assist device unloading effects on myocardial structure and function: current status of the field and call for action. Curr Opin Cardiol 2011; 26:245-55. [PMID: 21451407 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0b013e328345af13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Myocardial remodeling driven by excess pressure and volume load is believed to be responsible for the vicious cycle of progressive myocardial dysfunction in chronic heart failure. Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs), by providing significant volume and pressure unloading, allow a reversal of stress-related compensatory responses of the overloaded myocardium. Herein, we summarize and integrate insights from studies which investigated how LVAD unloading influences the structure and function of the failing human heart. RECENT FINDINGS Recent investigations have described the impact of LVAD unloading on key structural features of cardiac remodeling - cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, microvasculature changes, adrenergic pathways and sympathetic innervation. The effects of LVAD unloading on myocardial function, electrophysiologic properties and arrhythmias have also been generating significant interest. We also review information describing the extent and sustainability of the LVAD-induced myocardial recovery, the important advances in understanding of the pathophysiology of heart failure derived from such studies, and the implications of these findings for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Special emphasis is given to the great variety of fundamental questions at the basic, translational and clinical levels that remain unanswered and to specific investigational strategies aimed at advancing the field. SUMMARY Structural and functional reverse remodeling associated with LVADs continues to inspire innovative research. The ultimate goal of these investigations is to achieve sustained recovery of the failing human heart.
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Patil J, Stucki S, Nussberger J, Schaffner T, Gygax S, Bohlender J, Imboden H. Angiotensinergic and noradrenergic neurons in the rat and human heart. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 167:31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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Abstract
Despite an extensive literature defining the mechanisms and significance of pathological myocardial remodeling, there has been no comprehensive review of the inverse process, often labeled reverse remodeling. Accordingly, the goal of this review is to overview the varied settings in which clinically significant reverse remodeling has been well documented. When available, we reviewed relevant randomized, controlled clinical trials, and meta-analyses with sufficient cardiac imaging data to permit conclusions about reverse remodeling. When these types of studies were not available, relevant case-control studies and case series that employed appropriate methodology were reviewed. Regression of pathological myocardial hypertrophy, chamber shape distortions, and dysfunction occurs in a wide variety of settings. Although reverse remodeling occurs spontaneously in some etiologies of myocardial dysfunction and failure, remodeling is more commonly observed in response to medical, device-based, or surgical therapies, including β-blockers, revascularization, cardiac resynchronization therapy, and valve surgery. Indeed, reverse remodeling following pathophysiologically targeted interventions helps validate that the targeted mechanisms are propelling and/or sustaining pathological remodeling. The diverse clinical settings in which reverse remodeling has been observed demonstrates that myocardial remodeling is bidirectional and occurs across the full spectrum of myocardial disease severity, duration, and etiology. Observations in several settings suggest that recovered hearts are not truly normal despite parallel improvements at organ, tissue, and cellular level. Nevertheless, the link between reverse remodeling and improved outcomes should inspire further research to better understand the mechanisms responsible for both reverse remodeling and persistent deviations from normalcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Hellawell
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- A. H. Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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43
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Jonathan R Dalzell, Colette E Jackson. Novel neurohormonal insights with therapeutic potential in chronic heart failure. Future Cardiol 2010; 6:361-72. [DOI: 10.2217/fca.10.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable therapeutic advances over recent years, chronic heart failure remains associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Further improvements in the treatment of this syndrome are therefore needed and this will require advances in the understanding of its underlying pathophysiology. This article reviews the literature regarding recently identified neurohormonal pathways that are declaring themselves as potential therapeutic targets in chronic heart failure.
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44
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Yarows SA. Aliskiren/valsartan combination for the treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2010; 8:19-33. [PMID: 20030022 DOI: 10.1586/erc.09.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chronic activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a key role in the development of hypertension, and cardiac and renal diseases. RAAS inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), improve cardiovascular and renal outcomes. However, studies have shown that residual morbidity and mortality remains high, despite current optimal treatment. More comprehensive control of the RAAS might provide additional reductions in morbidity and mortality. Direct renin inhibitors offer the potential for enhanced RAAS control as they target the system at the point of activation, thereby reducing plasma renin activity (PRA); by contrast, ARBs and ACE inhibitors increase PRA. Elevated PRA is independently associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A single-pill combination of the direct renin inhibitor, aliskiren, and the ARB, valsartan, at once-daily doses of 150/160 mg and 300/320 mg, has recently been approved by the US FDA for the treatment of hypertension in patients not adequately controlled on aliskiren or ARB monotherapy, and as initial therapy in patients likely to need multiple drugs to achieve their blood pressure goals. This article examines the efficacy, safety and tolerability of aliskiren/valsartan combination therapy, and considers the evidence for the potential organ-protection benefits of this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Yarows
- Chelsea Internal Medicine, 128 van Buren, Chelsea, MI 48118, USA.
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45
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Kar S, Gao L, Zucker IH. Exercise training normalizes ACE and ACE2 in the brain of rabbits with pacing-induced heart failure. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 108:923-32. [PMID: 20093667 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00840.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training (EX) normalizes sympathetic outflow and plasma ANG II in chronic heart failure (CHF). The central mechanisms by which EX reduces this sympathoexcitatory state are unclear, but EX may alter components of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) may mediate an increase in sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). ACE2 metabolizes ANG II to ANG-(1-7), which may have antagonistic effects to ANG II. Little is known concerning the regulation of ACE and ACE2 in the brain and the effect of EX on these enzymes, especially in the CHF state. This study aimed to investigate the effects of EX on the regulation of ACE and ACE2 in the brain in an animal model of CHF. We hypothesized that the ratio of ACE to ACE2 would increase in CHF and would be reduced by EX. Experiments were performed on New Zealand White rabbits divided into the following groups: sham, sham + EX, CHF, and CHF + EX (n = 5 rabbits/group). The cortex, cerebellum, medulla, hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus (PVN), nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) were analyzed. ACE protein and mRNA expression in the cerebellum, medulla, hypothalamus, PVN, NTS, and RVLM were significantly upregulated in CHF rabbits (ratio of ACE to GAPDH: 0.3 +/- 0.03 to 0.8 +/- 0.10 in the RVLM, P < 0.05). EX normalized this upregulation compared with CHF (0.8 +/- 0.1 to 0.4 +/- 0.1 in the RVLM). ACE2 protein and mRNA expression decreased in CHF (ratio of ACE2 to GAPDH: 0.3 +/- 0.02 to 0.1 +/- 0.01 in the RVLM). EX increased ACE2 expression compared with CHF (0.1 +/- 0.01 to 0.8 +/- 0.1 in the RVLM). ACE2 was present in the cytoplasm of neurons and ACE in endothelial cells. These data suggest that the activation of the central RAS in animals with CHF involves an imbalance of ACE and ACE2 in regions of the brain that regulate autonomic function and that EX can reverse this imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kar
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5850, USA
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Sever PS, Gradman AH, Azizi M. Managing cardiovascular and renal risk: the potential of direct renin inhibition. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2009; 10:65-76. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320309104662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aliskiren is the first direct renin inhibitor for the treatment of hypertension. Clinical experience from studies in over 14,000 patients has shown that aliskiren, alone or in combination with other antihypertensive therapies, provides effective blood pressure lowering with a good safety and tolerability profile.The ultimate aim of antihypertensive therapy, however, is to reduce the risk of adverse cardiovascular and renal outcomes.The effect of aliskiren on surrogate markers of organ damage and clinical outcomes is being assessed in the ongoing ASPIRE HIGHER programme, the largest clinical trials programme in the cardio-renal disease area. Results from the ALOFT, AVOID and ALLAY studies suggest that aliskiren has positive effects on markers of cardiovascular and renal damage in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy, heart failure and left ventricular hypertrophy.ASPIRE HIGHER also includes four large-scale studies assessing the potential outcome benefits of aliskiren, and the results of these trials will help define the clinical utility of aliskiren in the treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases. In this article, we review the antihypertensive efficacy of aliskiren and explore its potential in the management of cardiovascular and renal risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Sever
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, UK,
| | - Alan H Gradman
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Western Pennsylvania Hospital and Temple University School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michel Azizi
- Clinical Investigation Center, Hospital European Georges Pompidou and the Paris-Descartes University School of Medicine, Paris, France
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Klotz S, Burkhoff D, Garrelds IM, Boomsma F, Danser AHJ. The impact of left ventricular assist device-induced left ventricular unloading on the myocardial renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: therapeutic consequences? Eur Heart J 2009; 30:805-12. [PMID: 19223317 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) prevent the rise in myocardial angiotensin II that occurs after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation, but do not fully normalize cardiac function. Here, we determined the effect of LVAD implantation, with or without ACE-Is, on cardiac renin, aldosterone, and norepinephrine, since these hormones, like angiotensin II, are likely determinants of myocardial recovery during LVAD support. METHODS AND RESULTS Biochemical measurements were made in paired LV myocardial samples obtained from 20 patients before and after LVAD support in patients with and without ACE-I therapy. Pre-LVAD renin levels were 100x normal and resulted in almost complete cardiac angiotensinogen depletion. In non-ACE-I users, LVAD support, by normalizing blood pressure, reversed this situation. Cardiac aldosterone decreased in parallel with cardiac renin, in agreement with the concept that cardiac aldosterone is blood-derived. Cardiac norepinephrine increased seven-fold, possibly due to the rise in angiotensin II. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy prevented these changes: renin and aldosterone remained high, and no increase in norepinephrine occurred. CONCLUSION Although LV unloading lowers renin and aldosterone, it allows cardiac angiotensin generation to increase and thus to activate the sympathetic nervous system. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors prevent the latter, but do not affect aldosterone. Thus, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist therapy during LVAD support may play a role in further promoting recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Klotz
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
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48
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Imboden H, Patil J, Nussberger J, Nicoud F, Hess B, Ahmed N, Schaffner T, Wellner M, Müller D, Inagami T, Senbonmatsu T, Pavel J, Saavedra JM. Endogenous angiotensinergic system in neurons of rat and human trigeminal ganglia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 154:23-31. [PMID: 19323983 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the role of Angiotensin II (Ang II) in the sensory system and especially in the trigeminal ganglia, we studied the expression of angiotensinogen (Ang-N)-, renin-, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)- and cathepsin D-mRNA, and the presence of Ang II and substance P in the rat and human trigeminal ganglia. The rat trigeminal ganglia expressed substantial amounts of Ang-N- and ACE mRNA as determined by quantitative real time PCR. Renin mRNA was untraceable in rat samples. Cathepsin D was detected in the rat trigeminal ganglia indicating the possibility of existence of pathways alternative to renin for Ang I formation. In situ hybridization in rat trigeminal ganglia revealed expression of Ang-N mRNA in the cytoplasm of numerous neurons. By using immunocytochemistry, a number of neurons and their processes in both the rat and human trigeminal ganglia were stained for Ang II. Post in situ hybridization immunocytochemistry reveals that in the rat trigeminal ganglia some, but not all Ang-N mRNA-positive neurons marked for Ang II. In some neurons Substance P was found colocalized with Ang II. Angiotensins from rat trigeminal ganglia were quantitated by radioimmunoassay with and without prior separation by high performance liquid chromatography. Immunoreactive angiotensin II (ir-Ang II) was consistently present and the sum of true Ang II (1-8) octapeptide and its specifically measured metabolites were found to account for it. Radioimmunological and immunocytochemical evidence of ir-Ang II in neuronal tissue is compatible with Ang II as a neurotransmitter. In conclusion, these results suggest that Ang II could be produced locally in the neurons of rat trigeminal ganglia. The localization and colocalization of neuronal Ang II with Substance P in the trigeminal ganglia neurons may be the basis for a participation and function of Ang II in the regulation of nociception and migraine pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Imboden
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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49
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Shen D, Tang Q, Huang Z, Chen Y, Xiong R, Wu H, Huang J, Feng S, Yan L, Bian Z. The effects of NK4 on viral myocarditis mice. Cardiovasc Pathol 2009; 18:323-31. [PMID: 19150247 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2007] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
NK4 may be a promising agent to inhibit tumor invasion and metastasis. To observe the effects of NK4 on the cardiovascular system with pathological injury and to discuss the mechanism, we established an experimental model of viral myocarditis (VCM) by coxsackievirus B3 infection in Balb/c mice on Day 0 and administered NK4 twice daily to the VCM and control mice from Day 20 to Day 45. We then evaluated the cardiac function by means of ultrasonic inspection. Hepatocyte growth factor, TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-alpha, and angiotensin II levels in the myocardial tissue were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Myocardium histopathology was examined with hematoxylin and eosin stain. Collagen deposition of the myocardium was detected through Masson staining. Microvessel staining with the RECA antibody and apoptosis detection with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin end labeling were performed in the myocardium. The changes in MMP3 (matrix metalloproteinase 3), MMP9, TIMP1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1), and TGF (transforming growth factor)-beta1 expression in the myocardium were measured by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. We found that NK4 intervention increased TGF-beta and angiotensin II expression, suppressed MMPs, improved the activities of TIMPs, and then promoted collagen deposition in the myocardium. NK4 intervention also decreased the microvessels' density and increased the apoptotic cell count in the myocardia of VCM mice. However, we did not observe the obvious changes in the myocardia of control mice after NK4 intervention. These data suggest that NK4 made negative impacts on the restoration of cardiac function and the recovery from VCM in the experimental mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Difei Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
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50
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Questions & answers--understanding the renin system. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2009; 9:247-9. [PMID: 19126667 DOI: 10.1177/14703203080090040902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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