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Carciero L, Di Giuseppe G, Di Piazza E, Parand E, Soldovieri L, Ciccarelli G, Brunetti M, Gasbarrini A, Nista EC, Pani G, Pontecorvi A, Giaccari A, Mezza T. The interplay of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of metabolic impairment and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2024:111837. [PMID: 39173679 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) involves dysfunction in multiple organs, including the liver, muscle, adipose tissue, and pancreas, leading to insulin resistance and β cell failure. Recent studies highlight the significant role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in mediating inter-organ communication in T2D. This review investigates the role of EVs, focusing on their presence and biological significance in human plasma and tissues affected by T2D. We explore specific EV cargo, such as miRNAs and proteins, which affect insulin signaling and glucose metabolism, emphasizing their potential as biomarkers. By highlighting the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of EVs, we aim to provide new insights into their role in early detection, disease monitoring, and innovative treatment strategies for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Carciero
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Di Giuseppe
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Di Piazza
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Erfan Parand
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Soldovieri
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gea Ciccarelli
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Brunetti
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Pancreas Unit, CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico C Nista
- Pancreas Unit, CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Pani
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Giaccari
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Mezza
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Pancreas Unit, CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
This article represents a republication of an article originally published in STH in 2005. This republication is to help celebrate 50 years of publishing for STH. The original abstract follows.Platelets are specialized blood cells that play central roles in physiologic and pathologic processes of hemostasis, inflammation, tumor metastasis, wound healing, and host defense. Activation of platelets is crucial for platelet function that includes a complex interplay of adhesion and signaling molecules. This article gives an overview of the activation processes involved in primary and secondary hemostasis, for example, platelet adhesion, platelet secretion, platelet aggregation, microvesicle formation, and clot retraction/stabilization. In addition, activated platelets are predominantly involved in cross-talk to other blood and vascular cells. Stimulated "sticky" platelets enable recruitment of leukocytes at sites of vascular injury under high shear conditions. Platelet-derived microparticles as well as soluble adhesion molecules, sP-selectin and sCD40L, shed from the surface of activated platelets, are capable of activating, in turn, leukocytes and endothelial cells. This article focuses further on the new view of receptor-mediated thrombin generation of human platelets, necessary for the formation of a stable platelet-fibrin clot during secondary hemostasis. Finally, special emphasis is placed on important stimulatory and inhibitory signaling pathways that modulate platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Jurk
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Experimental and Clinical Haemostasis, University-Hospital Munster, Munster, Germany
| | - Beate E Kehrel
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Experimental and Clinical Haemostasis, University-Hospital Munster, Munster, Germany
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Shen H, He Q, Li W, Zhu G, Wang X, Liu J, Zhang Y, Li S, Zhou Z. Thrombocytopenia developed in intensive care unit for congenital heart disease: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes. J Thromb Haemost 2024:S1538-7836(24)00361-1. [PMID: 38908831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2024.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombocytopenia is common for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) and is associated with adverse outcomes. ICU thrombocytopenia in pediatric patients who underwent cardiac surgeries with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is inadequately studied. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the incidence, risk factors, and prognostic role of ICU thrombocytopenia after congenital cardiac surgeries with CPB. METHODS A retrospective study involving 11 761 patients was conducted. Patients were categorized into 4 groups of thrombocytopenia based on platelet counts tested during ICU: non (>150 × 109/L), mild (100-150 × 109/L), moderate (50-100 × 109/L), and severe (<50 × 109/L). Logistic and Cox regression analyses were utilized to explore the risk factors of thrombocytopenia and the association of ICU thrombocytopenia with 30-day mortality. RESULTS ICU thrombocytopenia was observed in 4007 patients (34.1%), with mild, moderate, and severe thrombocytopenia occurring in 2773 (23.6%), 987 (8.4%), and 247 (2.1%) patients, respectively. Younger age, cyanotic congenital heart disease, CPB duration, and preoperative laboratory findings (red blood cell, thrombocytopenia, red cell distribution width, hematocrit, and coagulation disorder) were identified as independent risk factors of ICU thrombocytopenia. Patients with moderate (hazard ratio [95% CI]: 11.38 [3.02-42.87]; P < .001) and severe thrombocytopenia (hazard ratio [95% CI]: 49.54 [13.11-187.14]; P < .001) had a significantly higher risk of 30-day mortality. Furthermore, with the increase in the severity of ICU thrombocytopenia, there was an incremental increase in the incidence of postoperative critical bleeding and thrombosis, perioperative blood transfusions, length of ICU stays, and duration of mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSION ICU thrombocytopenia occurred in one-third of children after congenital cardiac surgery with CPB, and it was associated with multiple adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayan Shen
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College/National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyu He
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College/National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wenke Li
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College/National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyan Zhu
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College/National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College/National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jinping Liu
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College/National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College/National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Shoujun Li
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College/National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College/National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China.
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Gong T, Liu YT, Fan J. Exosomal mediators in sepsis and inflammatory organ injury: unraveling the role of exosomes in intercellular crosstalk and organ dysfunction. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:24. [PMID: 38644472 PMCID: PMC11034107 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00527-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, a severe systemic inflammatory response to infection, remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Exosomes, as mediators of intercellular communication, play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of sepsis through modulating immune responses, metabolic reprogramming, coagulopathy, and organ dysfunction. This review highlights the emerging significance of exosomes in these processes. Initially, it provides an in-depth insight into exosome biogenesis and characterization, laying the groundwork for understanding their diverse and intricate functions. Subsequently, it explores the regulatory roles of exosomes in various immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells. This analysis elucidates how exosomes are pivotal in modulating immune responses, thus contributing to the complexity of sepsis pathophysiology. Additionally, this review delves into the role of exosomes in the regulation of metabolism and subsequent organ dysfunction in sepsis. It also establishes a connection between exosomes and the coagulation cascade, which affects endothelial integrity and promotes thrombogenesis in sepsis. Moreover, the review discusses the dual role of exosomes in the progression and resolution of sepsis, exploring their complex involvement in inflammation and healing processes. Furthermore, it underscores their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Understanding these mechanisms presents new opportunities for novel interventions to mitigate the severe outcomes of sepsis, emphasizing the therapeutic promise of exosome research in critical care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Gong
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, 518110, China.
| | - You-Tan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, 518110, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
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Meknas D, Brækkan SK, Hansen JB, Morelli VM. Surgery As a Trigger for Incident Venous Thromboembolism: Results from a Population-Based Case-Crossover Study. TH OPEN 2023; 7:e244-e250. [PMID: 37736074 PMCID: PMC10511275 DOI: 10.1055/a-2159-9957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Surgery is a major transient risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, the impact of major surgery as a VTE trigger has been scarcely investigated using a case-crossover design. Aim To investigate the role of major surgery as a trigger for incident VTE in a population-based case-crossover study while adjusting for other concomitant VTE triggers. Methods We conducted a case-crossover study with 531 cancer-free VTE cases derived from the Tromsø Study cohort. Triggers were registered during the 90 days before a VTE event (hazard period) and in four preceding 90-day control periods. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for VTE according to major surgery and after adjustment for other VTE triggers. Results Surgery was registered in 85 of the 531 (16.0%) hazard periods and in 38 of the 2,124 (1.8%) control periods, yielding an OR for VTE of 11.40 (95% CI: 7.42-17.51). The OR decreased to 4.10 (95% CI: 2.40-6.94) after adjustment for immobilization and infection and was further attenuated to 3.31 (95% CI: 1.83-5.96) when additionally adjusted for trauma, blood transfusion, and central venous catheter. In a mediation analysis, 51.4% (95% CI: 35.5-79.7%) of the effect of surgery on VTE risk could be mediated through immobilization and infection. Conclusions Major surgery was a trigger for VTE, but the association between surgery and VTE risk was in part explained by other VTE triggers often coexisting with surgery, particularly immobilization and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Meknas
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Thrombosis Research Group, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sigrid K. Brækkan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Thrombosis Research Group, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Internal Medicine, Thrombosis Research Center, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - John-Bjarne Hansen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Thrombosis Research Group, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Internal Medicine, Thrombosis Research Center, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Vânia M. Morelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Thrombosis Research Group, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Internal Medicine, Thrombosis Research Center, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Santoyo JM, Noguera JA, Avilés F, Hernández-Caselles T, de Paco-Matallana C, Delgado JL, Cuevas S, Llinás MT, Hernández I. Pravastatin reduces plasma levels of extracellular vesicles in pregnancies at high risk of term preeclampsia. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1166123. [PMID: 37426825 PMCID: PMC10323224 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1166123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Elevated plasma levels of extracellular vesicles have been associated with impaired placentation, angiogenesis imbalance, intravascular inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction in women with preeclampsia, thus suggesting that circulating vesicles may be a good therapeutic target for the treatment of the disease. Recently, statins have been considered a potential treatment for the prevention of preeclampsia because of their pleiotropic effects, including the improvement of endothelial dysfunction and inhibition of inflammatory responses. However, the effects of these drugs on circulating vesicles concentration in women at risk of preeclampsia have not been established. Herein, we aimed to assess the effects of pravastatin on circulating extracellular vesicle generation in women at high risk of term preeclampsia. Methods: In a sample of 68 singleton pregnant women participating in the multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled STATIN trial (Nº EducraCT 2016-005206-19 ISRCTN), 35 women received a placebo and 33 women received a 20 mg/day dose of pravastatin for approximately 3 weeks (from 35 to 37 weeks of gestation until delivery). Large extracellular vesicles were characterized and quantified by flow cytometry using annexin V and cell-specific antibodies directed against platelet, endothelial, leukocyte, and syncytiotrophoblast cell surface markers. Results: In women who received the placebo, a significant increase in the plasma levels of large extracellular vesicles from platelets (34%, p < 0.01), leukocytes (33%, p < 0.01), monocytes (60%, p < 0.01), endothelial cells (40%, p < 0.05), and syncytiotrophoblast cells (22%, p < 0.05) were observed. However, treatment with pravastatin significantly reduced the plasma levels of large extracellular vesicles from platelets (42%, p < 0.001), leukocytes (25%, p < 0.001), monocytes (61%, p < 0.001), endothelial cells (69%, p < 0.001), activated endothelial cells (55%, p < 0.001), and syncytiotrophoblast cells (44%, p < 0.001). Discussion: These results indicate that pravastatin reduces the levels of activated cell-derived membrane vesicles from the maternal vasculature, blood, and placental syncytiotrophoblast of women at high risk of term preeclampsia, suggesting that this statin may be beneficial in reducing endothelial dysfunction and pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulatory state characteristics of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Michell Santoyo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Antonio Noguera
- Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Avilés
- Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Trinidad Hernández-Caselles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology “B” and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Catalina de Paco-Matallana
- Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Delgado
- Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Santiago Cuevas
- Molecular Inflammation Group, Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - M. Teresa Llinás
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel Hernández
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Hu Y, Repa A, Lisman T, Yerlikaya‐Schatten G, Hau C, Pabinger I, Ay C, Nieuwland R, Thaler J. Extracellular vesicles from amniotic fluid, milk, saliva, and urine expose complexes of tissue factor and activated factor VII. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:2306-2312. [PMID: 35748324 PMCID: PMC9795922 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue factor (TF) is expressed in the adventitia of the vessel wall and on extracellular vesicles (EVs) in body fluids. TF and activated coagulation factor (F) VII(a) together form the so-called extrinsic tenase complex, which initiates coagulation. AIM We investigated whether EVs in amniotic fluid, milk, saliva, and urine expose functional extrinsic tenase complexes that can trigger coagulation. METHODS Milk, saliva, and urine were collected from healthy breastfeeding women (n = 6), and amniotic fluid was collected from healthy women undergoing routine amniocentesis (n = 7). EVs were isolated from body fluids by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and clotting experiments were performed in the presence and absence of antibodies against TF and FVIIa in normal plasma and in FVII-deficient plasma. The ability of body fluids to generate FXa also was determined. RESULTS Amniotic fluid, milk, saliva, and urine triggered clotting of normal plasma and of FVII-deficient plasma, which was almost completely inhibited by an anti-FVII antibody and to a lesser extent by an anti-TF antibody. Fractionation of body fluids by SEC showed that only the fractions containing EVs triggered clotting in normal plasma and FVII-deficient plasma and generated FXa, which again was almost completely inhibited by an anti-FVII antibody and partially by an anti-TF antibody. CONCLUSION Here we show that EVs from amniotic fluid, milk, saliva, and urine expose complexes of TF and FVIIa (i.e., extrinsic tenase complexes) that directly activate FX. Based on our present findings we propose that these EVs from normal body fluids provide hemostatic protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hu
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation CenterAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & PhysicsAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Andreas Repa
- Clinical Division of Neonatology, Paediatric Intensive Care & NeuropaediatricsDepartment of Paediatrics and Adolescent MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Ton Lisman
- Surgical Research LaboratoryDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Centre GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyDivision of Obstetrics and Feto‐Maternal Medicine; Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Guelen Yerlikaya‐Schatten
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyDivision of Obstetrics and Feto‐Maternal Medicine; Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Chi Hau
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation CenterAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Pabinger
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine IMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Cihan Ay
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine IMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation CenterAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Johannes Thaler
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine IMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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Neurovascular Unit-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: From Their Physiopathological Roles to Their Clinical Applications in Acute Brain Injuries. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092147. [PMID: 36140248 PMCID: PMC9495841 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) form a heterogeneous group of membrane-enclosed structures secreted by all cell types. EVs export encapsulated materials composed of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, making them a key mediator in cell–cell communication. In the context of the neurovascular unit (NVU), a tightly interacting multicellular brain complex, EVs play a role in intercellular communication and in maintaining NVU functionality. In addition, NVU-derived EVs can also impact peripheral tissues by crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) to reach the blood stream. As such, EVs have been shown to be involved in the physiopathology of numerous neurological diseases. The presence of NVU-released EVs in the systemic circulation offers an opportunity to discover new diagnostic and prognostic markers for those diseases. This review outlines the most recent studies reporting the role of NVU-derived EVs in physiological and pathological mechanisms of the NVU, focusing on neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Then, the clinical application of EVs-containing molecules as biomarkers in acute brain injuries, such as stroke and traumatic brain injuries (TBI), is discussed.
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Aberrant stromal tissue factor localisation and mycolactone-driven vascular dysfunction, exacerbated by IL-1β, are linked to fibrin formation in Buruli ulcer lesions. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010280. [PMID: 35100311 PMCID: PMC8846541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Buruli ulcer (BU) is a neglected tropical disease caused by subcutaneous infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans and its exotoxin mycolactone. BU displays coagulative necrosis and widespread fibrin deposition in affected skin tissues. Despite this, the role of the vasculature in BU pathogenesis remains almost completely unexplored. We hypothesise that fibrin-driven ischemia can be an ‘indirect’ route to mycolactone-dependent tissue necrosis by a mechanism involving vascular dysfunction. Here, we tracked >900 vessels within contiguous tissue sections from eight BU patient biopsies. Our aim was to evaluate their vascular and coagulation biomarker phenotype and explore potential links to fibrin deposition. We also integrated this with our understanding of mycolactone’s mechanism of action at Sec61 and its impact on proteins involved in maintaining normal vascular function. Our findings showed that endothelial cell dysfunction is common in skin tissue adjacent to necrotic regions. There was little evidence of primary haemostasis, perhaps due to mycolactone-dependent depletion of endothelial von Willebrand factor. Instead, fibrin staining appeared to be linked to the extrinsic pathway activator, tissue factor (TF). There was significantly greater than expected fibrin staining around vessels that had TF staining within the stroma, and this correlated with the distance it extended from the vessel basement membrane. TF-induced fibrin deposition in these locations would require plasma proteins outside of vessels, therefore we investigated whether mycolactone could increase vascular permeability in vitro. This was indeed the case, and leakage was further exacerbated by IL-1β. Mycolactone caused the loss of endothelial adherens and tight junctions by the depletion of VE-cadherin, TIE-1, TIE-2 and JAM-C; all Sec61-dependent proteins. Taken together, our findings suggest that both vascular and lymphatic vessels in BU lesions become “leaky” during infection, due to the unique action of mycolactone, allowing TF-containing structures and plasma proteins into skin tissue, ultimately leading to local coagulopathy and tissue ischemia. To date, the debilitating skin disease Buruli ulcer remains a public health concern and financial burden in low or middle-income countries, especially in tropical regions. Late diagnosis is frequent in remote areas, perhaps due to the painlessness of the disease. Hence patients often present with large, destructive opened ulcers leading to delayed wound closure or even lifelong disability. The infectious agent produces a toxin called mycolactone that drives the disease. We previously found evidence that the vascular system is disrupted by mycolactone in these lesions, and now we have further explored potential explanations for these findings by looking at the expression of vascular markers in BU. In a detailed analysis of patient skin punch biopsies, we identified distinct expression patterns of certain proteins and found that tissue factor, which initiates the so-called extrinsic pathway of blood clotting, is particularly important. Mycolactone is able to disrupt the barrier function of the endothelium, further aggravating the diseased phenotype, which may explain how clotting factors access the tissue. Altogether, such localised hypercoagulation in Buruli ulcer skin lesions may contribute to the development of the lesion.
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Che Mohd Nassir CMN, Hashim S, Wong KK, Abdul Halim S, Idris NS, Jayabalan N, Guo D, Mustapha M. COVID-19 Infection and Circulating Microparticles-Reviewing Evidence as Microthrombogenic Risk Factor for Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4188-4215. [PMID: 34176095 PMCID: PMC8235918 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) due to novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected the global society in numerous unprecedented ways, with considerable morbidity and mortality. Both direct and indirect consequences from COVID-19 infection are recognized to give rise to cardio- and cerebrovascular complications. Despite current limited knowledge on COVID-19 pathogenesis, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and coagulopathy appear to play critical roles in COVID-19-associated cerebrovascular disease (CVD). One of the major subtypes of CVD is cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) which represents a spectrum of pathological processes of various etiologies affecting the brain microcirculation that can trigger subsequent neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Prevalent with aging, CSVD is a recognized risk factor for stroke, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. In the background of COVID-19 infection, the heightened cellular activations from inflammations and oxidative stress may result in elevated levels of microthrombogenic extracellular-derived circulating microparticles (MPs). Consequently, MPs could act as pro-coagulant risk factor that may serve as microthrombi for the vulnerable microcirculation in the brain leading to CSVD manifestations. This review aims to appraise the accumulating body of evidence on the plausible impact of COVID-19 infection on the formation of microthrombogenic MPs that could lead to microthrombosis in CSVD manifestations, including occult CSVD which may last well beyond the pandemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sabarisah Hashim
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Kah Keng Wong
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sanihah Abdul Halim
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nur Suhaila Idris
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nanthini Jayabalan
- Translational Neuroscience Lab, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, the University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
| | - Dazhi Guo
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, 6 Fucheng Rd, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Muzaimi Mustapha
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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11
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Ristovski M, Farhat D, Bancud SEM, Lee JY. Lipid Transporters Beam Signals from Cell Membranes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:562. [PMID: 34436325 PMCID: PMC8399137 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipid composition in cellular membranes plays an important role in maintaining the structural integrity of cells and in regulating cellular signaling that controls functions of both membrane-anchored and cytoplasmic proteins. ATP-dependent ABC and P4-ATPase lipid transporters, two integral membrane proteins, are known to contribute to lipid translocation across the lipid bilayers on the cellular membranes. In this review, we will highlight current knowledge about the role of cholesterol and phospholipids of cellular membranes in regulating cell signaling and how lipid transporters participate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miliça Ristovski
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
- Translational and Molecular Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Danny Farhat
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 6N5, Canada
| | - Shelly Ellaine M. Bancud
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
- Translational and Molecular Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jyh-Yeuan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
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12
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Protective Role of Platelets in Myocardial Infarction and Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Cardiol Res Pract 2021; 2021:5545416. [PMID: 34123416 PMCID: PMC8169247 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5545416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombotic occlusion of the coronary artery is a key component in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction (MI). The standard therapy for ischemia is revascularization and restoration of blood flow to previously ischemic myocardium. Paradoxically, reperfusion may result in further tissue damage called ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Platelets play a major role in the pathogenesis of MI and IRI, since they contribute to the thrombus and microthrombi formation, inflammation, release of immunomodulatory mediators, and vasoconstrictive molecules. Antiplatelet therapies have proven efficacy in the prevention of thrombosis and play a protective role in cardiac IRI. Beyond the deterioration effect of platelets in MI and IRI, in the 90s the first reports on a protective effect of molecules released from platelets during MI appeared. However, the role of platelets in cardioprotection is still poorly understood. This review describes the involvement of platelets in MI, IRI, and inflammation. It mainly focuses on the protective role of platelets in MI and IRI. Platelets are involved in cardioprotection based on platelet-releasing molecules and antiplatelet therapy, apart from antiaggregatory effects. Additionally, the use of platelet-derived microparticles as possible markers of MI, with and without comorbidities, and their role in cardioprotection are discussed. This review is aimed at illustrating the present knowledge on the role of platelets in MI and IRI, especially in a context of cardioprotection.
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13
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A modified clot-based assay to measure negatively charged procoagulant phospholipids. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9341. [PMID: 33927323 PMCID: PMC8085201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88835-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports a role for extracellular vesicles (EVs) in haemostasis and thrombosis due to exposure of negatively charged procoagulant phospholipids (PPL). Current commercial PPL-dependent clotting assays use chemically phospholipid depleted plasma to measure PPL activity. The purpose of our study was to modify the PPL assay by substituting the chemically phospholipid depleted plasma with PPL depleted plasma obtained by ultracentrifugation This in order to get readily access to a sensitive and reliable assay to measure PPL activity in human plasma and cell supernatants. The performance of the assay was tested, including the influence of individual coagulation factors and postprandial lipoproteins and compared to a commercial PPL assay (STA-Procoag-PPL). The two PPL assays displayed similar sensitivity to exogenously added standardized phospholipids. The PPL activity measured by the modified assay strongly correlates with the results from the commercial assay. The intraday- and between-days coefficients of variation ranged from 2–4% depending on the PPL activity in the sample. The modified PPL assay was insensitive to postprandial lipoprotein levels in plasma, as well as to tissue factor (TF) positive EVs from stimulated whole blood. Our findings showed that the modified assay performed equal to the comparator, and was insensitive to postprandial lipoproteins and TF+ EVs.
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14
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Bongiovanni L, Andriessen A, Wauben MHM, Hoen ENMN', de Bruin A. Extracellular Vesicles: Novel Opportunities to Understand and Detect Neoplastic Diseases. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:453-471. [PMID: 33813952 PMCID: PMC8064535 DOI: 10.1177/0300985821999328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With a size range from 30 to 1000 nm, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are one of the smallest cell components able to transport biologically active molecules. They mediate intercellular communications and play a fundamental role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and pathogenesis in several types of diseases. In particular, EVs actively contribute to cancer initiation and progression, and there is emerging understanding of their role in creation of the metastatic niche. This fact underlies the recent exponential growth in EV research, which has improved our understanding of their specific roles in disease and their potential applications in diagnosis and therapy. EVs and their biomolecular cargo reflect the state of the diseased donor cells, and can be detected in body fluids and exploited as biomarkers in cancer and other diseases. Relatively few studies have been published on EVs in the veterinary field. This review provides an overview of the features and biology of EVs as well as recent developments in EV research including techniques for isolation and analysis, and will address the way in which the EVs released by diseased tissues can be studied and exploited in the field of veterinary pathology. Uniquely, this review emphasizes the important contribution that pathologists can make to the field of EV research: pathologists can help EV scientists in studying and confirming the role of EVs and their molecular cargo in diseased tissues and as biomarkers in liquid biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bongiovanni
- 90051Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Present address: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Alain de Bruin
- 90051Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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15
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Nassir CMNCM, Ghazali MM, Hashim S, Idris NS, Yuen LS, Hui WJ, Norman HH, Gau CH, Jayabalan N, Na Y, Feng L, Ong LK, Abdul Hamid H, Ahamed HN, Mustapha M. Diets and Cellular-Derived Microparticles: Weighing a Plausible Link With Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:632131. [PMID: 33718454 PMCID: PMC7943466 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.632131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) represents a spectrum of pathological processes of various etiologies affecting the brain microcirculation that can trigger neuroinflammation and the subsequent neurodegenerative cascade. Prevalent with aging, CSVD is a recognized risk factor for stroke, vascular dementia, Alzheimer disease, and Parkinson disease. Despite being the most common neurodegenerative condition with cerebrocardiovascular axis, understanding about it remains poor. Interestingly, modifiable risk factors such as unhealthy diet including high intake of processed food, high-fat foods, and animal by-products are known to influence the non-neural peripheral events, such as in the gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular stress through cellular inflammation and oxidation. One key outcome from such events, among others, includes the cellular activations that lead to elevated levels of endogenous cellular-derived circulating microparticles (MPs). MPs can be produced from various cellular origins including leukocytes, platelets, endothelial cells, microbiota, and microglia. MPs could act as microthrombogenic procoagulant that served as a plausible culprit for the vulnerable end-artery microcirculation in the brain as the end-organ leading to CSVD manifestations. However, little attention has been paid on the potential role of MPs in the onset and progression of CSVD spectrum. Corroboratively, the formation of MPs is known to be influenced by diet-induced cellular stress. Thus, this review aims to appraise the body of evidence on the dietary-related impacts on circulating MPs from non-neural peripheral origins that could serve as a plausible microthrombosis in CSVD manifestation as a precursor of neurodegeneration. Here, we elaborate on the pathomechanical features of MPs in health and disease states; relevance of dietary patterns on MP release; preclinical studies pertaining to diet-based MPs contribution to disease; MP level as putative surrogates for early disease biomarkers; and lastly, the potential of MPs manipulation with diet-based approach as a novel preventive measure for CSVD in an aging society worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mazira Mohamad Ghazali
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Sabarisah Hashim
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Nur Suhaila Idris
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Lee Si Yuen
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Wong Jia Hui
- Neurobiology of Aging and Disease Laboratory, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haziq Hazman Norman
- Anatomy Unit, International Medical School (IMS), Management and Science University (MSU), Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Chuang Huei Gau
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Nanthini Jayabalan
- Translational Neuroscience Lab, University of Queensland (UQ), Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Yuri Na
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Linqing Feng
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Hafizah Abdul Hamid
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Haja Nazeer Ahamed
- Crescent School of Pharmacy, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Muzaimi Mustapha
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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16
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Wang S, Griffith BP, Wu ZJ. Device-Induced Hemostatic Disorders in Mechanically Assisted Circulation. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2021; 27:1076029620982374. [PMID: 33571008 PMCID: PMC7883139 DOI: 10.1177/1076029620982374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanically assisted circulation (MAC) sustains the blood circulation in the body of a patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) or on ventricular assistance with a ventricular assist device (VAD) or on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) with a pump-oxygenator system. While MAC provides short-term (days to weeks) support and long-term (months to years) for the heart and/or lungs, the blood is inevitably exposed to non-physiological shear stress (NPSS) due to mechanical pumping action and in contact with artificial surfaces. NPSS is well known to cause blood damage and functional alterations of blood cells. In this review, we discussed shear-induced platelet adhesion, platelet aggregation, platelet receptor shedding, and platelet apoptosis, shear-induced acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS), shear-induced hemolysis and microparticle formation during MAC. These alterations are associated with perioperative bleeding and thrombotic events, morbidity and mortality, and quality of life in MCS patients. Understanding the mechanism of shear-induce hemostatic disorders will help us develop low-shear-stress devices and select more effective treatments for better clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigang Wang
- Department of Surgery, 12264University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bartley P Griffith
- Department of Surgery, 12264University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhongjun J Wu
- Department of Surgery, 12264University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Fischell Department of Bioengineering, A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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17
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Li SS, Gao S, Chen Y, Bao H, Li ZT, Yao QP, Liu JT, Wang Y, Qi YX. Platelet-derived microvesicles induce calcium oscillations and promote VSMC migration via TRPV4. Theranostics 2021; 11:2410-2423. [PMID: 33500733 PMCID: PMC7797689 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Abnormal migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the media to the interior is a critical process during the intimal restenosis caused by vascular injury. Here, we determined the role of platelet-derived microvesicles (PMVs) released by activated platelets in VSMC migration. Methods: A percutaneous transluminal angioplasty balloon dilatation catheter was used to establish vascular intimal injury. Collagen I was used to activate PMVs, mimicking collagen exposure during intimal injury. To determine the effects of PMVs on VSMC migration in vitro, scratch wound healing assays were performed. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer was used to detect variations of calcium dynamics in VSMCs. Results: Morphological results showed that neointimal hyperplasia was markedly increased after balloon injury of the carotid artery in rats, and the main component was VSMCs. PMVs significantly promoted single cell migration and wound closure in vitro. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer revealed that PMVs induced temporal and dynamic calcium oscillations in the cytoplasms of VSMCs. The influx of extracellular calcium, but not calcium from intracellular stores, was involved in the process described above. The channel antagonist GSK219 and specific siRNA revealed that a membrane calcium channel, transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), participated in the calcium oscillations and VSMC migration induced by PMVs. Conclusions: TRPV4 participated in the calcium oscillations and VSMC migration induced by PMVs. PMVs and the related molecules might be novel therapeutic targets for vascular remodeling during vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Li
- Institute of Mechanobiology& Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences &Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Institute of Mechanobiology& Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences &Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Institute of Mechanobiology& Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences &Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Bao
- Institute of Mechanobiology& Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences &Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Tong Li
- Institute of Mechanobiology& Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences &Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Ping Yao
- Institute of Mechanobiology& Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences &Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Ting Liu
- Institute of Mechanobiology& Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences &Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Ying-Xin Qi
- Institute of Mechanobiology& Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences &Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
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18
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Kuiper M, van de Nes A, Nieuwland R, Varga Z, van der Pol E. Reliable measurements of extracellular vesicles by clinical flow cytometry. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 85:e13350. [PMID: 32966654 PMCID: PMC7900981 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell‐derived particles with a phospholipid membrane present in all body fluids. Because EV properties change in health and disease, EVs have excellent potential to become biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, or monitoring of disease. The only technique capable of detecting, sizing, and phenotyping a million of EVs within minutes is (clinical) flow cytometry. A flow cytometer measures light scattering and fluorescence signals of single EVs. Although these signals contain valuable information about the presence and composition of EVs, the signals are expressed in arbitrary units, which make the comparison of measurement results impossible between instruments and laboratories. Additionally, unintended and undocumented variations in the source, preparation, and analysis of the sample lead to orders of magnitude variations in the measured EV concentrations. Here, we will explain the basics, challenges, and common misconceptions of EV flow cytometry. In addition, we provide an overview of recent standardization initiatives, which are a prerequisite for comparison of clinical data and thus for clinical biomarker exploration of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Kuiper
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Dutch Metrology Institute, VSL, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zoltan Varga
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Influence of hemoadsorption during cardiopulmonary bypass on blood vesicle count and function. J Transl Med 2020; 18:202. [PMID: 32414386 PMCID: PMC7229608 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracorporeal circulation during major cardiac surgery triggers a systemic inflammatory response affecting the clinical course and outcome. Recently, extracellular vesicle (EV) research has shed light onto a novel cellular communication network during inflammation. Hemoadsorption (HA) systems have shown divergent results in modulating the systemic inflammatory response during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery. To date, the effect of HA on circulating microvesicles (MVs) in patients undergoing CPB surgery is unknown. Methods Count and function of MVs, as part of the extracellular vesicle fraction, were assessed in a subcohort of a single-center, blinded, controlled study investigating the effect of the CytoSorb device during CPB. A total of 18 patients undergoing elective CPB surgery with (n = 9) and without (n = 9) HA device were included in the study. MV phenotyping and counting was conducted via flow cytometry and procoagulatory potential was measured by tissue factor-dependent MV assays. Results Both study groups exhibited comparable counts and post-operative kinetics in MV subsets. Tissue factor-dependent procoagulatory potential was not detectable in plasma at any timepoint. Post-operative course and laboratory parameters showed no correlation with MV counts in patients undergoing CPB surgery. Conclusion Additional artificial surfaces to the CPB-circuit introduced by the use of the HA device showed no effect on circulating MV count and function in these patients. Larger studies are needed to assess and clarify the effect of HA on circulating vesicle counts and function. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.Gov Identifier: NCT01879176; registration date: June 17, 2013; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01879176
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20
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de Souza W, Barrias ES. Membrane-bound extracellular vesicles secreted by parasitic protozoa: cellular structures involved in the communication between cells. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2005-2023. [PMID: 32394001 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06691-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this review is a group of structures/organelles collectively known as extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are secreted by most, if not all, cells, varying from mammalian cells to protozoa and even bacteria. They vary in size: some are small (100-200 nm) and others are larger (> 200 nm). In protozoa, however, most of them are small or medium in size (200-400 nm). These include vesicles from different origins. We briefly review the biogenesis of this distinct group that includes (a) exosome, which originates from the multivesicular bodies, an important component of the endocytic pathway; (b) ectosome, formed from a budding process that takes place in the plasma membrane of the cells; (c) vesicles released from the cell surface following a process of patching and capping of ligand/receptor complexes; (d) other processes where tubules secreted by the parasite subsequently originate exosome-like structures. Here, special emphasis is given to EVs secreted by parasitic protozoa such as Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Trichomonas, and Giardia. Most of them have been characterized as exosomes that were isolated using several approaches and characterized by electron microscopy, proteomic analysis, and RNA sequencing. The results obtained show clearly that they present several proteins and different types of RNAs. From the functional point of view, it is now clear that the secreted exosomes can be incorporated by the parasite itself as well as by mammalian cells with which they interact. As a consequence, there is interference both with the parasite (induction of differentiation, changes in infectivity, etc.) and with the host cell. Therefore, the EVs constitute a new system of transference of signals among cells. On the other hand, there are suggestions that exosomes may constitute potential biotechnology tools and are important players of what has been designated as nanobiotechnology. They may constitute an important delivery system for gene therapy and molecular-displaying cell regulation capabilities when incorporated into other cells and even by interfering with the exosomal membrane during its biogenesis, targeting the vesicles via specific ligands to different cell types. These vesicles may reach the bloodstream, overflow through intercellular junctions, and even pass through the central nervous system blood barrier. There is evidence that it is possible to interfere with the composition of the exosomes by interfering with multivesicular body biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-900, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia and Núcleo de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, CENABIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Emile S Barrias
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia and Núcleo de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, CENABIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratorio de Metrologia Aplicada à Ciências da Vida, Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada à Ciências da Vida - Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Surman M, Drożdż A, Stępień E, Przybyło M. Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery Systems - Methods of Production and Potential Therapeutic Applications. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:132-154. [PMID: 30848183 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190306153318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems are created to achieve the desired therapeutic effect of a specific pharmaceutical compound. Numerous drawbacks and side effects such as unfavorable pharmacokinetics, lack of tissue selectivity, immunogenicity, increased systemic clearance and toxicity, have been observed for currently available drug delivery systems (DDSs). The use of natural and artificial extracellular vesicles (EVs) in drug delivery may help to solve the aforementioned problems faced by different DDSs. Due to their self-origin, small size, flexibility, the presence of multiple adhesive molecules on their surfaces as well as their function as biomolecules carriers, EVs are the perfect candidates for DDSs. Currently, several drug delivery systems based on EVs have been proposed. While the great potential of these particles in targeted drug delivery has been recognized in cancer, hepatitis C, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory states etc., this field is still in the early stage of development. Unfortunately, the use of EVs from natural sources (cell cultures, body fluids) results in numerous problems in terms of the heterogeneity of isolated vesicle population as well as the method of isolation thereof, which may influence vesicle composition and properties. Therefore, there is a significant need for the synthesis of artificial EV-based DDSs under strictly controlled laboratory conditions and from well-defined biomolecules (proteins and lipids). Vesicle-mimetic delivery systems, characterized by properties similar to natural EVs, will bring new opportunities to study the mechanisms of DDS internalization and their biological activity after delivering their cargo to a target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Surman
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Drożdż
- Department of Medical Physics, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Stępień
- Department of Medical Physics, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Przybyło
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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22
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Božič D, Hočevar M, Kononenko V, Jeran M, Štibler U, Fiume I, Pajnič M, Pađen L, Kogej K, Drobne D, Iglič A, Pocsfalvi G, Kralj-Iglič V. Pursuing mechanisms of extracellular vesicle formation. Effects of sample processing. ADVANCES IN BIOMEMBRANES AND LIPID SELF-ASSEMBLY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.abl.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Exosomes and ectosomes, two distinct types of extracellular vesicles generated by all types of cell, play key roles in intercellular communication. The formation of these vesicles depends on local microdomains assembled in endocytic membranes for exosomes and in the plasma membrane for ectosomes. These microdomains govern the accumulation of proteins and various types of RNA associated with their cytosolic surface, followed by membrane budding inward for exosome precursors and outward for ectosomes. A fraction of endocytic cisternae filled with vesicles - multivesicular bodies - are later destined to undergo regulated exocytosis, leading to the extracellular release of exosomes. In contrast, the regulated release of ectosomes follows promptly after their generation. These two types of vesicle differ in size - 50-150 nm for exosomes and 100-500 nm for ectosomes - and in the mechanisms of assembly, composition, and regulation of release, albeit only partially. For both exosomes and ectosomes, the surface and luminal cargoes are heterogeneous when comparing vesicles released by different cell types or by single cells in different functional states. Upon release, the two types of vesicle navigate through extracellular fluid for varying times and distances. Subsequently, they interact with recognized target cells and undergo fusion with endocytic or plasma membranes, followed by integration of vesicle membranes into their fusion membranes and discharge of luminal cargoes into the cytosol, resulting in changes to cellular physiology. After fusion, exosome/ectosome components can be reassembled in new vesicles that are then recycled to other cells, activating effector networks. Extracellular vesicles also play critical roles in brain and heart diseases and in cancer, and are useful as biomarkers and in the development of innovative therapeutic approaches.
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Coagulation System Disorders and Thrombosis Prophylaxis During Laparoscopic Fundoplications. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2019; 29:433-440. [PMID: 31517745 DOI: 10.1097/sle.0000000000000709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess and recommend the optimal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis regimen during and after laparoscopic fundoplication according to the blood coagulation disorders and the rate of DVT in 2 patient groups, receiving different DVT prophylaxis regimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a prospective randomized, single-center clinical study. The study population, 121 patients, were divided into 2 groups: group I received low-molecular-weight heparin 12 hours before the operation; group II received low-molecular-weight heparin only 1 hour before the laparoscopic fundoplication. Both groups received intermittent pneumatic compression during the entire procedure. Bilateral Doppler ultrasound to exclude DVT was performed before the surgery. Venous phase computed tomographic images were acquired from the ankle to the iliac tubercles on the third postoperative day to determine the presence and location of DVT. Hypercoagulation state was assessed by measuring the prothrombin fragment F1+2 (F1+2), the thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), and tissue factor microparticles activity (MP-TF) in plasma. The hypocoagulation effect was evaluated by measuring plasma free tissue factor pathway inhibitor (fTFPI). RESULTS F1+2, TAT, and MP-TF indexes increased significantly, whereas fTFPI levels decreased significantly during and after laparoscopic fundoplication, when molecular-weight heparin was administered 12 hours before the operation. Computed tomography venography revealed peroneal vein thrombosis in 2 group I patients on the third postoperative day. Total postsurgical DVT frequency was 1.65%: 3.6% in group I, with no DVT in group II. CONCLUSION Molecular-weight heparin and intraoperative intermittent pneumatic compression controls the hypercoagulation effect more efficiently when it is administered 1 hour before surgery: it causes significant reduction of F1+2, TAT, and MP-TF indexes and significant increases of fTFPI levels during and after laparoscopic fundoplication.
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25
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Braschi A. Acute exercise-induced changes in hemostatic and fibrinolytic properties: analogies, similarities, and differences between normotensive subjects and patients with essential hypertension. Platelets 2019; 30:675-689. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2019.1615611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Synthetic anionic surfaces can replace microparticles in stimulating burst coagulation of blood plasma. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 175:596-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Takov K, Yellon DM, Davidson SM. Comparison of small extracellular vesicles isolated from plasma by ultracentrifugation or size-exclusion chromatography: yield, purity and functional potential. J Extracell Vesicles 2018; 8:1560809. [PMID: 30651940 PMCID: PMC6327926 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2018.1560809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest in small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) as functional carriers of proteins and nucleic acids is growing continuously. There are large numbers of sEVs in the blood, but lack of standardised methods for sEV isolation greatly limits our ability to study them. In this report, we use rat plasma to systematically compare two commonly used techniques for isolation of sEVs: ultracentrifugation (UC-sEVs) and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC-sEVs). SEC-sEVs had higher particle number, protein content, particle/protein ratios and sEV marker signal than UC-sEVs. However, SEC-sEVs also contained greater amounts of APOB+ lipoproteins and large quantities of non-sEV protein. sEV marker signal correlated very well with both particle number and protein content in UC-sEVs but not in all of the SEC-sEV fractions. Functionally, both UC-sEVs and SEC-sEVs isolates contained a variety of proangiogenic factors (with endothelin-1 being the most abundant) and stimulated migration of endothelial cells. However, there was no evident correlation between the promigratory potential and the quantity of sEVs added, indicating that non-vesicular co-isolates may contribute to the promigratory effects. Overall, our findings suggest that UC provides plasma sEVs of lower yields, but markedly higher purity compared to SEC. Furthermore, we show that the functional activity of sEVs can depend on the isolation method used and does not solely reflect the sEV quantity. These findings are of importance when working with sEVs isolated from plasma- or serum-containing conditioned medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaloyan Takov
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Derek M. Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sean M. Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK
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McVey MJ, Kuebler WM. Extracellular vesicles: biomarkers and regulators of vascular function during extracorporeal circulation. Oncotarget 2018; 9:37229-37251. [PMID: 30647856 PMCID: PMC6324688 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are generated at increased rates from parenchymal and circulating blood cells during exposure of the circulation to abnormal flow conditions and foreign materials associated with extracorporeal circuits (ExCors). This review describes types of EVs produced in different ExCors and extracorporeal life support (ECLS) systems including cardiopulmonary bypass circuits, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R), apheresis, dialysis and ventricular assist devices. Roles of EVs not only as biomarkers of adverse events during ExCor/ECLS use, but also as mediators of vascular dysfunction are explored. Manipulation of the number or subtypes of circulating EVs may prove a means of improving vascular function for individuals requiring ExCor/ECLS support. Strategies for therapeutic manipulation of EVs during ExCor/ECLS use are discussed such as accelerating their clearance, preventing their genesis or pharmacologic options to reduce or select which and how many EVs circulate. Strategies to reduce or select for specific types of EVs may prove beneficial in preventing or treating other EV-related diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J McVey
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, SickKids, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany
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29
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Rank A, Nieuwland R, Köhler A, Franz C, Waidhauser J, Toth B. Human bone marrow contains high levels of extracellular vesicles with a tissue-specific subtype distribution. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207950. [PMID: 30521543 PMCID: PMC6283575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extracellular vesicles (EV) are shed from a broad variety of cells and play an important role in activation of coagulation, cell to cell interaction and transport of membrane components. They are usually measured as circulating EV in peripheral blood (PB) and other body fluids. However, little is known about the distribution, presence and impact of EV and their subpopulations in bone marrow (BM). In our study, we focused on the analysis of different EV subtypes in human BM as compared to EV subsets in PB. Methods EV in BM and PB from 12 healthy stem cell donors were measured by flow-cytometry using Annexin V and cell-specific antibodies for hematopoietic stem cells, leucocytes, platelets, red blood cells, and endothelial cells. Additionally, concentrations of tissue factor-bearing EV were evaluated. Results High numbers of total EV were present in BM (median value [25–75 percentile]: 14.8 x109/l [8.5–19.3]). Non-significantly lower numbers of total EV were measured in PB (9.2 x109/l [3.8–14.5]). However, distribuation of EV subtypes showed substantial differences between BM and PB: In PB, distribution of EV fractions was similar as previously described. Most EV originated from platelets (93.9%), and only few EV were derived from leucocytes (4.5%), erythrocytes (1.8%), endothelial cells (1.0%), and hematopoietic stem cells (0.7%). In contrast, major fractions of BM-EV were derived from red blood cells or erythropoietic cells (43.2%), followed by megacaryocytes / platelets (27.6%), and by leucocytes as well as their progenitor cells (25,7%); only low EV proportions originated from endothelial cells and hematopoietic stem cells (2.0% and 1.5%, respectively). Similar fractions of tissue factor—bearing EV were found in BM and PB (1.3% and 0.9%). Conculsion Taken together, we describe EV numbers and their subtype distribution in the BM compartment for the first time. The tissue specific EV distribution reflects BM cell composition and favours the idea of a BM–PB barrier existing not only for cells, but also for EV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Rank
- 2. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, and Vesicle Observation Centre, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Köhler
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Cordula Franz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Bettina Toth
- Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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30
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Hosseini-Beheshti E, Grau GER. Extracellular vesicles and microvascular pathology: Decoding the active dialogue. Microcirculation 2018; 26:e12485. [PMID: 29923276 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are a heterogeneous collection of membrane-surrounded structures released from all studied cells, under both physiological and pathological conditions. These nano-size vesicles carry complex cargoes including different classes of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids and are known to act as a communication and signalling vesicles in various cellular process. In addition to their role in development and progression of pathological disorders which make them potentially great biomarkers, EV have beneficial effects, as they take part in homeostasis. In this review we have analysed the evidence for the role of microvesicles and exosomes secreted from other cells on microvascular endothelium (EV uptake) as well as the role of endothelial-derived vesicles on their neighbouring and distant cells (EV release).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hosseini-Beheshti
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Marie Bashir Institute and The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Georges E R Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Marie Bashir Institute and The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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31
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Yu Y, Gool E, Berckmans RJ, Coumans FAW, Barendrecht AD, Maas C, van der Wel NN, Altevogt P, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. Extracellular vesicles from human saliva promote hemostasis by delivering coagulant tissue factor to activated platelets. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:1153-1163. [PMID: 29658195 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Human salivary extracellular vesicles (EVs) expose coagulant tissue factor (TF). Salivary EVs expose CD24, a ligand of P-selectin. CD24 and coagulant TF co-localize on salivary EVs. TF+ /CD24+ salivary EVs bind to activated platelets and trigger coagulation. SUMMARY Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from human saliva expose coagulant tissue factor (TF). Whether such TF-exposing EVs contribute to hemostasis, however, is unknown. Recently, in a mice model, tumor cell-derived EVs were shown to deliver coagulant TF to activated platelets at a site of vascular injury via interaction between P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) and P-selectin. Objectives We hypothesized that salivary EVs may deliver coagulant TF to activated platelets via interaction with P-selectin. Methods We investigated the presence of two ligands of P-selectin on salivary EVs, PSGL-1 and CD24. Results Salivary EVs expose CD24 but PSGL-1 was not detected. Immune depletion of CD24-exposing EVs completely abolished the TF-dependent coagulant activity of cell-free saliva, showing that coagulant TF and CD24 co-localize on salivary EVs. In a whole blood perfusion model, salivary EVs accumulated at the surface of activated platelets and promoted fibrin generation, which was abolished by an inhibitory antibody against human CD24. Conclusions A subset of EVs in human saliva expose coagulant TF and CD24, a ligand of P-selectin, suggesting that such EVs may facilitate hemostasis at a site of skin injury where the wound is licked in a reflex action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yu
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre (AMC) of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Centre, AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E Gool
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre (AMC) of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Centre, AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R J Berckmans
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre (AMC) of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Centre, AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F A W Coumans
- Vesicle Observation Centre, AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A D Barendrecht
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - C Maas
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - N N van der Wel
- Department of Medical Biology, Electron Microscopy Centre Amsterdam, AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P Altevogt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Sturk
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre (AMC) of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Centre, AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre (AMC) of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Centre, AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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32
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Wilson ME, Holz CL, Kopec AK, Dau JJ, Luyendyk JP, Soboll Hussey G. Coagulation parameters following equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in horses. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:102-107. [PMID: 29658149 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is the cause of respiratory disease, abortion storms, and outbreaks of herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). Infection of the spinal cord is characterised by multifocal regions of virally infected vascular endothelium, associated with vasculitis, thrombosis and haemorrhage that result in ischaemia and organ dysfunction. However, the mechanism of thrombosis in affected horses is unknown. OBJECTIVES To evaluate tissue factor (TF) procoagulant activity and thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) levels in horses following infection with EHV-1. STUDY DESIGN In vitro and in vivo studies following experimental EHV-1 infection. METHODS Horses were infected with EHV-1 and levels of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-associated TF activity; plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-derived microvesicle (MV)-associated TF activity and TAT complexes in plasma were examined. RESULTS EHV-1 infection increased PBMC TF procoagulant activity in vitro and in vivo. In infected horses, this increase was observed during the acute infection and was most marked at the onset and end of viraemia. However, no significant differences were observed between the horses that showed signs of EHM and the horses that did not develop EHM. Significant changes in MV-associated TF procoagulant activity and TAT complexes were not observed in infected horses. MAIN LIMITATIONS A small number of horses typically exhibit clinical EHM following experimental infection. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that EHV-1 infection increases PBMC-associated TF procoagulant activity in vivo and in vitro. Additional in vivo studies are needed to better understand the role of TF-dependent coagulation during EHM pathogenesis in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Wilson
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - C L Holz
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - A K Kopec
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - J J Dau
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - J P Luyendyk
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - G Soboll Hussey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Peters AL, Vlaar APJ, van Bruggen R, de Korte D, Meijers JCM, Nieuwland R, Juffermans NP. Transfusion of autologous extracellular vesicles from stored red blood cells does not affect coagulation in a model of human endotoxemia. Transfusion 2018; 58:1486-1493. [PMID: 29577324 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion has been related to thromboembolic events. Microvesicles in the RBC product may support coagulation because they have procoagulant effects in vitro. We investigated whether transfusion of RBCs containing extracellular vesicles promotes coagulation in human recipients. As transfusion is mostly administered to ill patients, we used a model of endotoxemia. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Eighteen healthy volunteers were randomized to receive either saline or fresh (2 days stored) or stored autologous (35 days stored) RBC transfusion (Dutch Trial Register: NTR4455). Two hours after infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, from Escherichia coli, 2 ng/kg body weight), subjects received either saline or fresh or stored RBCs. Blood was sampled every 2 hours up to 8 hours after LPS infusion. Vesicles were measured with a flow cytometer (A50-Micro, Apogee Flow Systems). RESULTS LPS resulted in increased thrombin generation compared to baseline. During storage, the total number of extracellular vesicles increased from 1.4 × 108 /mL (interquartile range [IQR], 8.3 × 107 -1.9 × 108 /mL) in the fresh product to 1.7 × 1010 /mL (IQR, 7.9 × 109 -2.3 × 1010 /mL; p < 0.01) in the stored product (p < 0.001). Vesicles appeared to be mostly RBC derived. CONCLUSION After transfusion, extracellular vesicles from stored RBC products, but not from fresh products, could be detected in the circulation of healthy volunteers. However, infusion of stored RBC extracellular vesicles did not augment thrombin generation compared to endotoxemic controls. Also, levels of d-dimer and thrombin-antithrombin complex were unaffected. In conclusion, transfusion of autologous RBCs containing high levels of extracellular vesicles does not enhance coagulation in human volunteers with endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Peters
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesia, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander P J Vlaar
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesia, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin van Bruggen
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk de Korte
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Product and Process Development, Sanquin Blood Bank, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost C M Meijers
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory for Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole P Juffermans
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesia, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van der Pol E, Harrison P. From platelet dust to gold dust: physiological importance and detection of platelet microvesicles. Platelets 2018; 28:211-213. [PMID: 28467294 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1282781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin van der Pol
- a Biomedical Engineering & Physics , Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,b Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry , Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,c Vesicle Observation Centre, Academic Medical Centre , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Paul Harrison
- d Institute of Inflammation and Ageing , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N Aronis
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Elaine M Hylek
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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36
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Menter DG, Kanikarla-Marie P, Lam M, Davis JS, Kopetz S. Platelet microparticles: small payloads with profound effects on tumor growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 1. [PMID: 31218277 DOI: 10.21037/ncri.2017.11.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David G Menter
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Preeti Kanikarla-Marie
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Lam
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer S Davis
- Departments of Epidemiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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37
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Seyfried TF, Gruber M, Pawlik MT, Kasper S, Mandle RJ, Hansen E. A new approach for fat removal in a discontinuous autotransfusion device-concept and evaluation. Vox Sang 2017; 112:759-766. [PMID: 28960338 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fat present during blood salvage in orthopaedic or cardiac surgery can pose a risk of fat embolism and should be eliminated before transfusion. Based on observations of central fat accumulation at the bottom of Latham bowls, a fat reduction program was developed using two volume displacements, where blood temporarily is removed and respun in the bowl to force the fat through the RBC sediment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pooled ABO-matched RBC and FFP were adjusted to a haematocrit of 10%, and human fat tissue added to a concentration of 1·25 vol%. In six experiments, blood was processed with the new-generation cell salvage device CS Elite in a newly developed fat reduction program in bowls of three sizes. Volumetric quantification of fat was performed after centrifugation of blood samples in Pasteur pipettes. From volumes, haematocrits and the concentrations of fat, RBC recovery and fat elimination rates were calculated. RESULTS Fat removal rates of 93·2 ± 2·8, 97·0 ± 2·1 and 99·6 ± 0·3% were observed with a 70-ml, 125-ml and 225-ml bowl, respectively, and even higher rates when removal rates were calculated one cycle. At the same time, high RBC recovery and plasma elimination rates were maintained, not significantly different to the default program mode. CONCLUSION Modifications in process parameters and sequence led to a fat reduction program that significantly improves fat removal with the Cell Saver Elite from 77·4 ± 5·1% in the default mode to an average of 98·6 ± 1·1%, yielding results equivalent to the continuous cell salvage system (C.A.T.S).
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Seyfried
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Gruber
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M T Pawlik
- Department of Anesthesiology, St. Josef Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Kasper
- Haemonetics Corporation, Braintree, MA, USA
| | - R J Mandle
- BioSciences Research Associates Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - E Hansen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Poon KS, Palanisamy K, Chang SS, Sun KT, Chen KB, Li PC, Lin TC, Li CY. Plasma exosomal miR-223 expression regulates inflammatory responses during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10807. [PMID: 28883474 PMCID: PMC5589826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09709-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induces inflammatory responses, and effective endogenous homeostasis is important for preventing systemic inflammation. We assessed whether plasma exosomal microRNAs in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB are involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses. Plasma samples were isolated from CPB patients (n = 21) at 5 specified time points: pre-surgery, pre-CPB and 2 hours (h), 4 h and 24 h after CPB began. Plasma TNF-α expression was increased after CPB began compared to that in the pre-surgery samples. Plasma IL-8 and IL-6 expression peaked at 4 h after CPB began but was downregulated at 24 h. The number of plasma exosomes collected at 2 h (55.1 ± 8.3%), 4 h (63.8 ± 10.1%) and 24 h (83.5 ± 3.72%) after CPB began was significantly increased compared to that in the pre-CPB samples (42.8 ± 0.11%). These exosomes had a predominantly parental cellular origin from RBCs and platelets. Additionally, the plasma exosomal miR-223 levels were significantly increased after CPB began compared to those in the pre-CPB samples. Further, exosomal miR-223 from plasma collected after CPB began downregulated IL-6 and NLRP3 expression in the monocytes. Here, we present the novel findings that increased plasma exosomal miR-223 expression during cardiac surgery with CPB might play homeostatic roles in downregulating inflammatory responses through intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Shing Poon
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kalaiselvi Palanisamy
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Sheng Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ting Sun
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Bao Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chun Li
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tso-Chou Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Sobroza ÂO, Pillat MM, Dorneles GL, Machado MS, Silva CB, Petry L, Schafer A, França RT, de Andrade CM, Antoniazzi AQ, Tonin AA, Lopes ST. Anti-erythrocyte IgG in hamsters with acute experimental infection by Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola. Microb Pathog 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Feng W, Valiyaveettil M, Dudiki T, Mahabeleshwar GH, Andre P, Podrez EA, Byzova TV. β 3 phosphorylation of platelet α IIbβ 3 is crucial for stability of arterial thrombus and microparticle formation in vivo. Thromb J 2017; 15:22. [PMID: 28860945 PMCID: PMC5576334 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-017-0145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is well accepted that functional activity of platelet integrin αIIbβ3 is crucial for hemostasis and thrombosis. The β3 subunit of the complex undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation shown to be critical for outside-in integrin signaling and platelet clot retraction ex vivo. However, the role of this important signaling event in other aspects of prothrombotic platelet function is unknown. Method Here, we assess the role of β3 tyrosine phosphorylation in platelet function regulation with a knock-in mouse strain, where two β3 cytoplasmic tyrosines are mutated to phenylalanine (DiYF). We employed platelet transfusion technique and intravital microscopy for observing the cellular events involved in specific steps of thrombus growth to investigate in detail the role of β3 tyrosine phosphorylation in arterial thrombosis in vivo. Results Upon injury, DiYF mice exhibited delayed arterial occlusion and unstable thrombus formation. The mean thrombus volume in DiYF mice formed on collagen was only 50% of that in WT. This effect was attributed to DiYF platelets but not to other blood cells and endothelium, which also carry these mutations. Transfusion of isolated DiYF but not WT platelets into irradiated WT mice resulted in reversal of the thrombotic phenotype and significantly prolonged blood vessel occlusion times. DiYF platelets exhibited reduced adhesion to collagen under in vitro shear conditions compared to WT platelets. Decreased platelet microparticle release after activation, both in vitro and in vivo, were observed in DiYF mice compared to WT mice. Conclusion β3 tyrosine phosphorylation of platelet αIIbβ3 regulates both platelet pro-thrombotic activity and the formation of a stable platelet thrombus, as well as arterial microparticle release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Feng
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, 44195 OH USA.,The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Manojkumar Valiyaveettil
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, 44195 OH USA.,US Army Medical Materiel Development Activity, 1430 Veterans Drive, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Tejasvi Dudiki
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, 44195 OH USA
| | | | | | - Eugene A Podrez
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, 44195 OH USA
| | - Tatiana V Byzova
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, 44195 OH USA
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41
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Piccin A, Steurer M, Feistritzer C, Murphy C, Eakins E, Van Schilfgaarde M, Corvetta D, Di Pierro AM, Pusceddu I, Marcheselli L, Gambato R, Langes M, Veneri D, Perbellini O, Pacquola E, Gottardi M, Gherlinzoni F, Mega A, Tauber M, Mazzoleni G, Piva E, Plebani M, Krampera M, Gastl G. Observational retrospective study of vascular modulator changes during treatment in essential thrombocythemia. Transl Res 2017; 184:21-34. [PMID: 28259616 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Essential thrombocythemia (ET) patients are at risk of developing thrombotic events. Qualitative platelet (PLT) abnormalities and activation of endothelial cells (ECs) and PLTs are thought to be involved. Microparticles (MPs) can originate from PLTs (PMPs), ECs (EMPs), or red cells (RMPs). Previous studies have indicated that MPs contribute to ET pathophysiology. Endothelial modulators (eg, nitric oxide [NO], adrenomedullin [ADM], and endothelin-1 [ET-1]) are also involved in the pathophysiology of this condition. We hypothesized that treatments for reducing PLT count might also indirectly affect MP generation and endothelial activity by altering endothelial modulator production. The rationale of this study was that hydroxyurea (HU), a cytostatic drug largely used in ET, induces the production of a potent vasoactive agent NO in ECs. An observational retrospective study was designed to investigate the relationship between MPs, NO, ADM, and ET-1 in ET patients on treatment with HU, anagrelide (ANA), aspirin (ASA), and a group of patients before treatment. A total of 63 patients with ET diagnosis: 18 on HU + ASA, 15 on ANA + ASA, 19 on ASA only, and 11 untreated patients, and 18 healthy controls were included in this study. Blood samples were analyzed for MP (absolute total values) and functional markers (percentage values) by flow cytometry. PLT-derived MPs were studied using CD61, CD62P, CD36, and CD63, whereas endothelial-derived MPs were studied using CD105, CD62E, and CD144. Endothelial modulator markers (NO, ADM, and ET-1) were measured by ELISA. Total MP count was higher in the group treated with ANA + ASA (P < 0.01). MP markers modified in ET patients returned to levels of healthy controls following treatment, in particular, in patients on ANA treatment. NO and ADM values were higher in the HU group (P < 0.001). HU and ANA treatment also affected MP production in a cell origin-specific manner. HU and ANA, although acting via different pathways, have similar final effects. For instance, HU causes vasodilatation by increasing NO and ADM levels, whereas ANA impairs vasoconstriction by reducing ET-1. In conclusion, therapy with HU cytostatic drugs and ANA can reduce PLT count in ET, and also affect endothelial modulatory agents, with HU sustaining vasodilation and prothrombotic MP concentration, whereas ANA decreases vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Piccin
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Haematology, San Maurizio Regional Hospital, Bolzano/Bozen, South Tyrol, Italy; Irish Blood Transfusion Service, Dublin, Ireland; IMREST Interdisciplinary Medical Research Center South Tyrol, Italy.
| | - Michael Steurer
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Clemens Feistritzer
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Elva Eakins
- Irish Blood Transfusion Service, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Daisy Corvetta
- Department of Haematology, San Maurizio Regional Hospital, Bolzano/Bozen, South Tyrol, Italy; IMREST Interdisciplinary Medical Research Center South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Angela Maria Di Pierro
- IMREST Interdisciplinary Medical Research Center South Tyrol, Italy; Central Laboratory, San Maurizio Regional Hospital, Bolzano/Bozen, South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Irene Pusceddu
- IMREST Interdisciplinary Medical Research Center South Tyrol, Italy; Central Laboratory, San Maurizio Regional Hospital, Bolzano/Bozen, South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Luigi Marcheselli
- Department of Diagnostic, Medicine University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambato
- Department of Haematology, San Maurizio Regional Hospital, Bolzano/Bozen, South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Martin Langes
- Department of Haematology, San Maurizio Regional Hospital, Bolzano/Bozen, South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Dino Veneri
- Department of Haematology, University of Medicine, Verona, Italy
| | - Omar Perbellini
- Department of Haematology, University of Medicine, Verona, Italy
| | - Enrica Pacquola
- Department of Haematology, Cà Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Mega
- IMREST Interdisciplinary Medical Research Center South Tyrol, Italy; Department of Gastroenterology, San Maurizio Regional Hospital, Bolzano/Bozen, South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Martina Tauber
- Department of Pathology, San Maurizio Regional Hospital, Bolzano/Bozen, South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Guido Mazzoleni
- Department of Pathology, San Maurizio Regional Hospital, Bolzano/Bozen, South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Elisa Piva
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Plebani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Krampera
- Department of Haematology, University of Medicine, Verona, Italy
| | - Günther Gastl
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Menter DG, Kopetz S, Hawk E, Sood AK, Loree JM, Gresele P, Honn KV. Platelet "first responders" in wound response, cancer, and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2017; 36:199-213. [PMID: 28730545 PMCID: PMC5709140 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-017-9682-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Platelets serve as "first responders" during normal wounding and homeostasis. Arising from bone marrow stem cell lineage megakaryocytes, anucleate platelets can influence inflammation and immune regulation. Biophysically, platelets are optimized due to size and discoid morphology to distribute near vessel walls, monitor vascular integrity, and initiate quick responses to vascular lesions. Adhesion receptors linked to a highly reactive filopodia-generating cytoskeleton maximizes their vascular surface contact allowing rapid response capabilities. Functionally, platelets normally initiate rapid clotting, vasoconstriction, inflammation, and wound biology that leads to sterilization, tissue repair, and resolution. Platelets also are among the first to sense, phagocytize, decorate, or react to pathogens in the circulation. These platelet first responder properties are commandeered during chronic inflammation, cancer progression, and metastasis. Leaky or inflammatory reaction blood vessel genesis during carcinogenesis provides opportunities for platelet invasion into tumors. Cancer is thought of as a non-healing or chronic wound that can be actively aided by platelet mitogenic properties to stimulate tumor growth. This growth ultimately outstrips circulatory support leads to angiogenesis and intravasation of tumor cells into the blood stream. Circulating tumor cells reengage additional platelets, which facilitates tumor cell adhesion, arrest and extravasation, and metastasis. This process, along with the hypercoagulable states associated with malignancy, is amplified by IL6 production in tumors that stimulate liver thrombopoietin production and elevates circulating platelet numbers by thrombopoiesis in the bone marrow. These complex interactions and the "first responder" role of platelets during diverse physiologic stresses provide a useful therapeutic target that deserves further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Menter
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Room#: FC10.3004, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard--Unit 0426, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Room#: FC10.3004, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard--Unit 0426, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ernest Hawk
- Office of the Vice President Cancer Prevention & Population Science, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1370, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- Gynocologic Oncology & Reproductive Medicine, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1362, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1362, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Jonathan M Loree
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Room#: FC10.3004, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard--Unit 0426, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Paolo Gresele
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Via E. Dal Pozzo, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Kenneth V Honn
- Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, 431 Chemistry Bldg, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, 431 Chemistry Bldg, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Cancer Biology Division, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 431 Chemistry Bldg, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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Circulating microparticle subpopulations in systemic lupus erythematosus are affected by disease activity. Int J Cardiol 2017; 236:138-144. [PMID: 28279502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.02.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune cells under chronic inflammation shed microparticles (MPs) that could fuel the inflammatory responses and atherosclerosis typically presented in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study analyzes total and subset-specific MPs from SLE patients and their possible influence on clinical features, leukocyte activation and serum cytokines. METHODS Total MPs and those derived from platelets, endothelial cells, monocytes, granulocytes and T-cells were quantified in plasma of 106 SLE patients and 33 healthy controls by flow cytometry. MP amounts were analyzed according to clinical manifestations, blood leukocyte populations and circulating cytokines (IFNα, TNFα, IL-10, BLyS, IL-17, IL-1β, CXCL10, CCL-2, CCL3, leptin). Finally, the in vitro effect of SLE-isolated MPs on the leukocyte activation status was analyzed. RESULTS Total circulating MPs in SLE patients were related to increased disease duration and the presence of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, patients displayed increased counts of MPs from platelets, monocytes and T-lymphocytes, especially in SLE patients with disease activity or with TNFαhigh-profile. Accordingly, MPs were associated with increased expression of activation markers in blood T-cells and monocytes. Finally, analyses propose a role of glucocorticoids in MPs generation and leukocyte activation since both fresh and cultured T-cells under this treatment presented higher IL-10 and CD25 production. CONCLUSIONS The altered profile of subset-specific SLE-MPs was influenced by the disease activity and altered status of leukocyte native cells, also associated with a TNFαhigh-profile. TRANSLATIONAL RESULTS SLE patients, especially those with disease activity, displayed increased counts of MPs derived from platelets, monocytes and T-lymphocytes, which were more frequently found in TNFαhigh-type patients. The origin of such SLE-MP subsets seems to be related to the over-activated status of T-cells and monocytes characteristic of these patients. Ex vivo and in vitro analyses propose a role of glucocorticoids in the generation of circulating MPs and leukocyte activation in SLE patients.
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O’Dea KP, Porter JR, Tirlapur N, Katbeh U, Singh S, Handy JM, Takata M. Circulating Microvesicles Are Elevated Acutely following Major Burns Injury and Associated with Clinical Severity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167801. [PMID: 27936199 PMCID: PMC5148002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvesicles are cell-derived signaling particles emerging as important mediators and biomarkers of systemic inflammation, but their production in severe burn injury patients has not been described. In this pilot investigation, we measured circulating microvesicle levels following severe burns, with severe sepsis patients as a comparator group. We hypothesized that levels of circulating vascular cell-derived microvesicles are elevated acutely following burns injury, mirroring clinical severity due to the early onset and prevalence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in these patients. Blood samples were obtained from patients with moderate to severe thermal injury burns, with severe sepsis, and from healthy volunteers. Circulating microvesicles derived from total leukocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and endothelial cells were quantified in plasma by flow cytometry. All circulating microvesicle subpopulations were elevated in burns patients on day of admission (day 0) compared to healthy volunteers (leukocyte-microvesicles: 3.5-fold, p = 0.005; granulocyte-microvesicles: 12.8-fold, p<0.0001; monocyte-microvesicles: 20.4-fold, p<0.0001; endothelial- microvesicles: 9.6-fold, p = 0.01), but decreased significantly by day 2. Microvesicle levels were increased with severe sepsis, but less consistently between patients. Leukocyte- and granulocyte-derived microvesicles on day 0 correlated with clinical assessment scores and were higher in burns ICU non-survivors compared to survivors (leukocyte MVs 4.6 fold, p = 0.002; granulocyte MVs 4.8 fold, p = 0.003). Mortality prediction analysis of area under receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.92 (p = 0.01) for total leukocyte microvesicles and 0.85 (p = 0.04) for granulocyte microvesicles. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, acute increases in circulating microvesicles following burns injury in patients and point to their potential role in propagation of sterile SIRS-related pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran P. O’Dea
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John R. Porter
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Intensive Care Unit, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikhil Tirlapur
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Umar Katbeh
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suveer Singh
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Intensive Care Unit, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Handy
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Intensive Care Unit, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Masao Takata
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Woei-A-Jin FJSH, Tesselaar MET, Garcia Rodriguez P, Romijn FPHTM, Bertina RM, Osanto S. Tissue factor-bearing microparticles and CA19.9: two players in pancreatic cancer-associated thrombosis? Br J Cancer 2016; 115:332-8. [PMID: 27404454 PMCID: PMC4973148 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancer-related venous thromboembolism (VTE) heralds a poor prognosis, especially in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC). Tissue factor (TF) is implicated as one of the main culprits in PAC-associated VTE and disease progression. Methods: In a prospective cohort study of 79 PAC patients, we measured plasma CA19–9 and microparticle-associated TF activity (MP-TF activity). In addition, we enumerated TF+MPs and MUC1+MPs in plasma (n=55), and studied the expression of TF, MUC1, CD31 and CD68 in tumour tissue (n=44). Results: Plasma MP-TF activity was markedly elevated in PAC patients with VTE compared with those without (median: 1925 vs 113 fM Xa min−1; P<0.001) and correlated with the extent of thromboembolic events, metastatic disease and short survival. Similar results were found for CA19–9. Patients with massively progressing thrombosis and cerebral embolisms despite anticoagulant therapy (n=3) had the highest MP-TF activities (12 118–40 188 fM Xa min−1) and CA19–9 (40 730–197 000 kU l−1). All tumours expressed MUC1 and TF. MP-TF activity did not correlate with intensity of TF expression in adenocarcinoma cells, but corresponded with numbers of TF+ macrophages in the surrounding stroma. Conclusions: Circulating TF+MPs and mucins may concertedly aggravate coagulopathy in PAC. Understanding of underlying mechanisms may result in new treatment strategies for VTE prevention and improvement of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Sherida H Woei-A-Jin
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Margot E T Tesselaar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrica Garcia Rodriguez
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fred P H T M Romijn
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier M Bertina
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Osanto
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
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46
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Bevers EM, Williamson PL. Getting to the Outer Leaflet: Physiology of Phosphatidylserine Exposure at the Plasma Membrane. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:605-45. [PMID: 26936867 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00020.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a major component of membrane bilayers whose change in distribution between inner and outer leaflets is an important physiological signal. Normally, members of the type IV P-type ATPases spend metabolic energy to create an asymmetric distribution of phospholipids between the two leaflets, with PS confined to the cytoplasmic membrane leaflet. On occasion, membrane enzymes, known as scramblases, are activated to facilitate transbilayer migration of lipids, including PS. Recently, two proteins required for such randomization have been identified: TMEM16F, a scramblase regulated by elevated intracellular Ca(2+), and XKR8, a caspase-sensitive protein required for PS exposure in apoptotic cells. Once exposed at the cell surface, PS regulates biochemical reactions involved in blood coagulation, and bone mineralization, and also regulates a variety of cell-cell interactions. Exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells, PS controls their recognition and engulfment by other cells. This process is exploited by parasites to invade their host, and in specialized form is used to maintain photoreceptors in the eye and modify synaptic connections in the brain. This review discusses what is known about the mechanism of PS exposure at the surface of the plasma membrane of cells, how actors in the extracellular milieu sense surface exposed PS, and how this recognition is translated to downstream consequences of PS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard M Bevers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick L Williamson
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts
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Briens A, Gauberti M, Parcq J, Montaner J, Vivien D, de lizarrondo SM. Nano-zymography Using Laser-Scanning Confocal Microscopy Unmasks Proteolytic Activity of Cell-Derived Microparticles. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:610-26. [PMID: 27022410 PMCID: PMC4805657 DOI: 10.7150/thno.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-derived microparticles (MPs) are nano-sized vesicles released by activated cells in the extracellular milieu. They act as vectors of biological activity by carrying membrane-anchored and cytoplasmic constituents of the parental cells. Although detection and characterization of cell-derived MPs may be of high diagnostic and prognostic values in a number of human diseases, reliable measurement of their size, number and biological activity still remains challenging using currently available methods. In the present study, we developed a protocol to directly image and functionally characterize MPs using high-resolution laser-scanning confocal microscopy. Once trapped on annexin-V coated micro-wells, we developed several assays using fluorescent reporters to measure their size, detect membrane antigens and evaluate proteolytic activity (nano-zymography). In particular, we demonstrated the applicability and specificity of this method to detect antigens and proteolytic activities of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), urokinase and plasmin at the surface of engineered MPs from transfected cell-lines. Furthermore, we were able to identify a subset of tPA-bearing fibrinolytic MPs using plasma samples from a cohort of ischemic stroke patients who received thrombolytic therapy and in an experimental model of thrombin-induced ischemic stroke in mice. Overall, this method is promising for functional characterization of cell-derived MPs.
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Tempo JA, Englyst NA, Holloway JA, Smith DC. Platelet Microvesicles (Microparticles) in Cardiac Surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2016; 30:222-8. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Linares R, Tan S, Gounou C, Arraud N, Brisson AR. High-speed centrifugation induces aggregation of extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:29509. [PMID: 26700615 PMCID: PMC4689953 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.29509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma and other body fluids contain cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), which participate in physiopathological processes and have potential biomedical applications. In order to isolate, concentrate and purify EVs, high-speed centrifugation is often used. We show here, using electron microscopy, receptor-specific gold labelling and flow cytometry, that high-speed centrifugation induces the formation of EV aggregates composed of a mixture of EVs of various phenotypes and morphologies. The presence of aggregates made of EVs of different phenotypes may lead to erroneous interpretation concerning the existence of EVs harbouring surface antigens from different cell origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Linares
- Molecular Imaging and NanoBioTechnology, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Sisareuth Tan
- Molecular Imaging and NanoBioTechnology, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Céline Gounou
- Molecular Imaging and NanoBioTechnology, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Nicolas Arraud
- Molecular Imaging and NanoBioTechnology, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Alain R Brisson
- Molecular Imaging and NanoBioTechnology, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France;
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Ghazi L, Schwann TA, Engoren MC, Habib RH. Role of blood transfusion product type and amount in deep vein thrombosis after cardiac surgery. Thromb Res 2015; 136:1204-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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