1
|
Khera R, Aminorroaya A, Kennedy KF, Chan PS. Correlation between hospital rates of survival to discharge and long-term survival for in-hospital cardiac arrest: Insights from Get With The Guidelines®-Resuscitation registry. Resuscitation 2024; 202:110322. [PMID: 39029583 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
AIM Given challenges in collecting long-term outcomes for survivors of in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA), most studies have focused on in-hospital survival. We evaluated the correlation between a hospital's risk-standardized survival rate (RSSR) at hospital discharge for IHCA with its RSSR for long-term survival. METHODS We identified patients ≥65 years of age with IHCA at 472 hospitals in Get With The Guidelines®-Resuscitation registry during 2000-2012, who could be linked to Medicare files to obtain post-discharge survival data. We constructed hierarchical logistic regression models to compute RSSR at discharge, and 30-day, 1-year, and 3-year RSSRs for each hospital. The association between in-hospital and long-term RSSR was evaluated with weighted Kappa coefficients. RESULTS Among 56,231 Medicare beneficiaries (age 77.2 ± 7.5 years and 25,206 [44.8%] women), 10,536 (18.7%) survived to discharge and 8,485 (15.1%) survived to 30 days after discharge. Median in-hospital, 30-day, 1-year, and 3-year RSSRs were 18.6% (IQR, 16.7-20.4%), 14.9% (13.2-16.7%), 10.3% (9.1-12.1%), and 7.6% (6.8-8.8%), respectively. The weighted Kappa coefficient for the association between a hospital's RSSR at discharge with its 30-day, 1-year, and 3-year RSSRs were 0.72 (95% CI, 0.68-0.76), 0.56 (0.50-0.61), and 0.47 (0.41-0.53), respectively. CONCLUSIONS There was a strong correlation between a hospital's RSSR at discharge and its 30-day RSSR for IHCA, although this correlation weakens over time. Our findings suggest that a hospital's RSSR at discharge for IHCA may be a reasonable surrogate of its 30-day post-discharge survival and could be used by Medicare to benchmark hospital performance for this condition without collecting 30-day survival data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Khera
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Section of Health Informatics, Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arya Aminorroaya
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kevin F Kennedy
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Paul S Chan
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO, USA; University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Burns B, Marschner I, Eggins R, Buscher H, Morton RL, Bendall J, Keech A, Dennis M. A randomized trial of expedited intra-arrest transfer versus more extended on-scene resuscitation for refractory out of hospital cardiac arrest: Rationale and design of the EVIDENCE trial. Am Heart J 2024; 267:22-32. [PMID: 37871782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refractory Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (r-OHCA) is common and the benefit versus harm of intra-arrest transport of patients to hospital is not clear. OBJECTIVE To assess the rate of survival to hospital discharge in adult patients with r-OHCA, initial rhythm pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT)/ventricular fibrillation (VF) or Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA) treated with 1 of 2 locally accepted standards of care:1 expedited transport from scene; or2 ongoing advanced life support (ALS) resuscitation on-scene. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesize that expedited transport from scene in r-OHCA improves survival with favorable neurological status/outcome. METHODS/DESIGN Phase III, multi-center, partially blinded, prospective, intention-to-treat, safety and efficacy clinical trial with contemporaneous registry of patient ineligible for the clinical trial. Eligible patients for inclusion are adults with witnessed r-OHCA; estimated age 18 to 70, assumed medical cause with immediate bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR); initial rhythm of VF/pulseless VT, or PEA; no return of spontaneous circulation following 3 shocks and/or 15 minutes of professional on-scene resuscitation; with mechanical CPR available. Two hundred patients will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either expedited transport from scene or ongoing ALS at the scene of cardiac arrest. SETTING Two urban regions in NSW Australia. OUTCOMES Primary: survival to hospital discharge with cerebral performance category (CPC) 1 or 2. Secondary: safety, survival, prognostic factors, use of ECMO supported CPR and functional assessment at hospital discharge and 4 weeks and 6 months, quality of life, healthcare use and cost-effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS The EVIDENCE trial will determine the potential risks and benefits of an expedited transport from scene of cardiac arrest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Burns
- New South Wales Ambulance, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian Marschner
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney Australia
| | - Renee Eggins
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney Australia
| | - Hergen Buscher
- St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachael L Morton
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney Australia
| | | | - Anthony Keech
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Dennis
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bhat RA, Maqbool S, Rathi A, Ali SM, Hussenbocus YAAM, Wentao X, Qu Y, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Fu HX, Wang LY, Dwivedi A, Bhat JA, Iqbal RS, Islam MM, Tibrewal A, Gao C. The Effects of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus on the Cardiovascular System and Coagulation State Leading to Cardiovascular Diseases: A Narrative Review. INQUIRY : A JOURNAL OF MEDICAL CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION AND FINANCING 2022; 59:469580221093442. [PMID: 35613600 PMCID: PMC9149622 DOI: 10.1177/00469580221093442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus pandemic has led to morbidity and mortality throughout the
world. Until now, it is a highly virulent contagion attacking the respiratory
system in humans, especially people with chronic diseases and the elderly who
are most vulnerable. A majority of afflicted are those suffering from
cardiovascular and coronary diseases. In this review article, an attempt has
been made to discuss and thoroughly review the mode of therapies that alleviate
cardiac complications and complications due to hypercoagulation in patients
infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Presently a host of thrombolytic drugs are
in use like Prourokinase, Retelapse, RhTNK-tPA and Urokinase. However,
thrombolytic therapy, especially if given intravenously, is associated with a
serious risk of intracranial haemorrhage, systemic haemorrhage, immunologic
complications, hypotension and myocardial rupture. The effects of the SARS-CoV-2
virus upon the cardiovascular system and coagulation state of the body are being
closely studied. In connection to the same, clinical prognosis and complications
of thrombolytic therapy are being scrutinized. It is noteworthy to mention that
myocardial oxygen supply/demand mismatch, direct myocardial cells injury and
acute plaque rupture are the multiple mechanisms responsible for acute coronary
syndrome and cardiac complications in Covid-19 infection. However, this review
has limitations as data available in this context is limited, scattered and
heterogenous that questions the reliability of the same. So, more multi-centric
studies involving representative populations, carried out meticulously, could
further assist in responding better to cardiac complications among Covid-19
patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafiq A Bhat
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China; Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Syed Maqbool
- Department of Cardiology, Government Superspeciality Hospital, Srinagar, India
| | - Akanksha Rathi
- Department of Community Medicine, Vedanta Institute of Medical Sciences, Palghar, India
| | - Syed Manzoor Ali
- Department of Cardiology, Super Speciality Division, Government Medical College, Srinagar, India
| | | | - Xiao Wentao
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China; Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Qu
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China; Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - You Zhang
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China; Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiao Sun
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China; Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Xia Fu
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China; Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Yun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Atul Dwivedi
- Department of Clinical and Basic Sciences, Medical School of Hubei Polytechnic University, Hubei, China
| | - Javaid Akhter Bhat
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Raja Saqib Iqbal
- Department of Paediatrics, Batra Hospital and Medical Research Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Monowarul Islam
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Abhishek Tibrewal
- Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Gurgaon, India
| | - Chuanyu Gao
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China; Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.,Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Coronary Heart Disease, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Frigerio M. Fausto Rovelli (1918-2021): the father of Italian cardiology, pioneer of early reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction, and unforgettable master for his hospital colleagues. Eur Heart J 2021; 42:2038-2039. [PMID: 33778879 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Frigerio
- 2nd Section of Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplant Unit, DeGasperis CardioCenter, Niguarda Great Metropolitan Hospital, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, Milan 20162, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cortesi PA, Fornari C, Madotto F, Conti S, Naghavi M, Bikbov B, Briant PS, Caso V, Crotti G, Johnson C, Nguyen M, Palmieri L, Perico N, Profili F, Remuzzi G, Roth GA, Traini E, Voller F, Yadgir S, Mazzaglia G, Monasta L, Giampaoli S, Mantovani LG. Trends in cardiovascular diseases burden and vascular risk factors in Italy: The Global Burden of Disease study 1990-2017. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2020; 28:385-396. [PMID: 33966080 DOI: 10.1177/2047487320949414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS An exhaustive and updated estimation of cardiovascular disease burden and vascular risk factors is still lacking in European countries. This study aims to fill this gap assessing the global Italian cardiovascular disease burden and its changes from 1990 to 2017 and comparing the Italian situation with European countries. METHODS All accessible data sources from the 2017 Global Burden of Disease study were used to estimate the cardiovascular disease prevalence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years and cardiovascular disease attributable risk factors burden in Italy from 1990 to 2017. Furthermore, we compared the cardiovascular disease burden within the 28 European Union countries. RESULTS Since 1990, we observed a significant decrease of cardiovascular disease burden, particularly in the age-standardised prevalence (-12.7%), mortality rate (-53.8%), and disability-adjusted life years rate (-55.5%). Similar improvements were observed in the majority of European countries. However, we found an increase in all-ages prevalence of cardiovascular diseases from 5.75 m to 7.49 m Italian residents. Cardiovascular diseases still remain the first cause of death (34.8% of total mortality). More than 80% of the cardiovascular disease burden could be attributed to known modifiable risk factors such as high systolic blood pressure, dietary risks, high low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and impaired kidney function. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows a decline in cardiovascular mortality and disability-adjusted life years, which reflects the success in reducing disability, premature death and early incidence of cardiovascular diseases. However, the burden of cardiovascular diseases is still high. An approach that includes the cooperation and coordination of all stakeholders of the Italian National Health System is required to further reduce this burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo A Cortesi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Carla Fornari
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | | | - Sara Conti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Mohsen Naghavi
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, USA
| | - Boris Bikbov
- Department of Renal Medicine, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Italy
| | - Paul S Briant
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, USA
| | | | - Giacomo Crotti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Catherine Johnson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, USA
| | - Minh Nguyen
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, USA
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Cardiovascular Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Italy
| | - Norberto Perico
- Department of Renal Medicine, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, IRCSS, Italy
| | - Gregory A Roth
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, USA
| | - Eugenio Traini
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Italy
| | - Fabio Voller
- Epidemiology Unit, Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, Italy
| | - Simon Yadgir
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, USA
| | - Giampiero Mazzaglia
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Monasta
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Italy
| | - Simona Giampaoli
- Department of Cardiovascular Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Italy
| | - Lorenzo G Mantovani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy.,IRCCS Multimedica, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Patterson T, Perkins A, Perkins GD, Clayton T, Evans R, Nguyen H, Wilson K, Whitbread M, Hughes J, Fothergill RT, Nevett J, Mosweu I, McCrone P, Dalby M, Rakhit R, MacCarthy P, Perera D, Nolan JP, Redwood SR. Rationale and design of: A Randomized tRial of Expedited transfer to a cardiac arrest center for non-ST elevation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: The ARREST randomized controlled trial. Am Heart J 2018; 204:92-101. [PMID: 30092413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a global public health issue. There is wide variation in both regional and inter-hospital survival rates from OHCA and overall survival remains poor at 7%. Regionalization of care into cardiac arrest centers (CAC) improves outcomes following cardiac arrest from ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) through concentration of services and greater provider experience. The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) recommends delivery of all post-arrest patients to a CAC, but that randomized controlled trials are necessary in patients without ST elevation (STE). METHODS/DESIGN Following completion of a pilot randomized trial to assess safety and feasibility of conducting a large-scale randomized controlled trial in patients following OHCA of presumed cardiac cause without STE, we present the rationale and design of A Randomized tRial of Expedited transfer to a cardiac arrest center for non-ST elevation OHCA (ARREST). In total 860 patients will be enrolled and randomized (1:1) to expedited transfer to CAC (24/7 access to interventional cardiology facilities, cooling and goal-directed therapies) or to the current standard of care, which comprises delivery to the nearest emergency department. Primary outcome is 30-day all-cause mortality and secondary outcomes are 30-day and 3-month neurological status and 3, 6 and 12-month mortality. Patients will be followed up for one year after enrolment. CONCLUSION Post-arrest care is time-critical, requires a multi-disciplinary approach and may be more optimally delivered in centers with greater provider experience. This trial would help to demonstrate if regionalization of post-arrest care to CACs reduces mortality in patients without STE, which could dramatically reshape emergency care provision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Patterson
- Cardiovascular Division, The Rayne Institute BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Alexander Perkins
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Clinical Trials Unit, London, UK
| | - Gavin D Perkins
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit and Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Tim Clayton
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Clinical Trials Unit, London, UK
| | - Richard Evans
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Clinical Trials Unit, London, UK
| | - Hanna Nguyen
- Cardiovascular Division, The Rayne Institute BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Karen Wilson
- Cardiovascular Division, The Rayne Institute BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mark Whitbread
- Medical Directorate, London Ambulance Service, London, UK
| | - Johanna Hughes
- Medical Directorate, London Ambulance Service, London, UK
| | - Rachael T Fothergill
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit and Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Medical Directorate, London Ambulance Service, London, UK
| | - Joanne Nevett
- Medical Directorate, London Ambulance Service, London, UK
| | - Iris Mosweu
- King's Health Economics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Paul McCrone
- King's Health Economics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Miles Dalby
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - Roby Rakhit
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Philip MacCarthy
- Department of Cardiology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Divaka Perera
- Cardiovascular Division, The Rayne Institute BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jerry P Nolan
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol and Department of Anaesthesia, Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK
| | - Simon R Redwood
- Cardiovascular Division, The Rayne Institute BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bucholz EM, Butala NM, Normand SLT, Wang Y, Krumholz HM. Association of Guideline-Based Admission Treatments and Life Expectancy After Myocardial Infarction in Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 67:2378-2391. [PMID: 27199062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guideline-based admission therapies for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) significantly improve 30-day survival, but little is known about their association with long-term outcomes. OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the association of 5 AMI admission therapies (aspirin, beta-blockers, acute reperfusion therapy, door-to-balloon [D2B] time ≤90 min, and time to fibrinolysis ≤30 min) with life expectancy and years of life saved after AMI. METHODS We analyzed data from the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project, a study of Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized for AMI, with 17 years of follow-up. Life expectancy and years of life saved after AMI were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression with extrapolation using exponential models. RESULTS Survival for recipients and non-recipients of the 5 guideline-based therapies diverged early after admission and continued to diverge during 17-year follow-up. Receipt of aspirin, beta-blockers, and acute reperfusion therapy on admission was associated with longer life expectancy of 0.78 (standard error [SE]: 0.05), 0.55 (SE: 0.06), and 1.03 (SE: 0.12) years, respectively. Patients receiving primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) within 90 min lived 1.08 (SE: 0.49) years longer than patients with D2B times >90 min, and door-to-needle (D2N) times ≤30 min were associated with 0.55 (SE: 0.12) more years of life. A dose-response relationship was observed between longer D2B and D2N times and shorter life expectancy after AMI. CONCLUSIONS Guideline-based therapy for AMI admission is associated with both early and late survival benefits, and results in meaningful gains in life expectancy and large numbers of years of life saved in elderly patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Bucholz
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Yale School of Medicine and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Neel M Butala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sharon-Lise T Normand
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Harlan M Krumholz
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Section of Health Policy and Administration, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Patterson T, Perkins GD, Joseph J, Wilson K, Van Dyck L, Robertson S, Nguyen H, McConkey H, Whitbread M, Fothergill R, Nevett J, Dalby M, Rakhit R, MacCarthy P, Perera D, Nolan JP, Redwood SR. A Randomised tRial of Expedited transfer to a cardiac arrest centre for non-ST elevation ventricular fibrillation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: The ARREST pilot randomised trial. Resuscitation 2017; 115:185-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
9
|
Bucholz EM, Butala NM, Ma S, Normand SLT, Krumholz HM. Life Expectancy after Myocardial Infarction, According to Hospital Performance. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:1332-1342. [PMID: 27705249 PMCID: PMC5118048 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1513223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thirty-day risk-standardized mortality rates after acute myocardial infarction are commonly used to evaluate and compare hospital performance. However, it is not known whether differences among hospitals in the early survival of patients with acute myocardial infarction are associated with differences in long-term survival. METHODS We analyzed data from the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project, a study of Medicare beneficiaries who were hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction between 1994 and 1996 and who had 17 years of follow-up. We grouped hospitals into five strata that were based on case-mix severity. Within each case-mix stratum, we compared life expectancy among patients admitted to high-performing hospitals with life expectancy among patients admitted to low-performing hospitals. Hospital performance was defined by quintiles of 30-day risk-standardized mortality rates. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to calculate life expectancy. RESULTS The study sample included 119,735 patients with acute myocardial infarction who were admitted to 1824 hospitals. Within each case-mix stratum, survival curves of the patients admitted to hospitals in each risk-standardized mortality rate quintile separated within the first 30 days and then remained parallel over 17 years of follow-up. Estimated life expectancy declined as hospital risk-standardized mortality rate quintile increased. On average, patients treated at high-performing hospitals lived between 0.74 and 1.14 years longer, depending on hospital case mix, than patients treated at low-performing hospitals. When 30-day survivors were examined separately, there was no significant difference in unadjusted or adjusted life expectancy across hospital risk-standardized mortality rate quintiles. CONCLUSIONS In this study, patients admitted to high-performing hospitals after acute myocardial infarction had longer life expectancies than patients treated in low-performing hospitals. This survival benefit occurred in the first 30 days and persisted over the long term. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences Medical Scientist Training Program.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Neel M. Butala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Shuangge Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | - Sharon-Lise T. Normand
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Harlan M. Krumholz
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT; Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Medicine; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Huang KY, Tsai MC, Yeh CB, Ho SW. Spontaneous Rupture of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Mimicking ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J Emerg Med 2015; 48:e123-5. [PMID: 25843925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2014.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several medical conditions that mimic ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have been reported previously, but acute abdominal disease mimicking STEMI is rare. CASE REPORT We report on a 72-year-old man who presented to the emergency department (ED) with epigastric pain. Meanwhile, STEMI with shock developed. Anticoagulation medication and emergent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were arranged in a timely manner. However, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) rupture was the true cause of the ST-segment elevation. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: This case report highlights the fact that acute myocardial infarction is not the only cause of ST-segment elevation. HCC rupture should be one of the differential diagnoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yi Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan and Department of Emergency Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Che Tsai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan and Department of Emergency Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Bin Yeh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan and Department of Emergency Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sai-Wai Ho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan and Department of Emergency Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gilmour KM, Iversen L, Hannaford PC. Long-term survival benefits of thrombolysis: the Royal College of General Practitioners' myocardial infarction study. Fam Pract 2015; 32:192-7. [PMID: 25715964 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmv006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether there is a long-term survival benefit from receipt of thrombolysis in routine care particularly pre-hospital thrombolysis, using 20 year mortality data from the RCGP myocardial infarction (MI) cohort study. METHODS During 1991-92 the RCGP MI study assessed GP delivery of thrombolysis. Participants who received pre-hospital thrombolysis (n = 290), thrombolysis in hospital (n = 781) or no thrombolysis (n = 2021) were followed and mortality data collected to June 2012. The relationship between thrombolysis and survival time was analysed using Cox regression at 28 days, 1, 5, 10, 15 years post-AMI, and at end of follow-up (~20 years post-AMI). RESULTS Compared to those who did not receive it, participants who received thrombolysis had a significant survival benefit at 28 days [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.58-0.90]; 1 year (adjusted HR 0.69, 95% CI: 0.57-0.83); 5 years (adjusted HR 0.76, 95% CI: 0.66-0.86); 10 years (adjusted HR 0.85, 95% CI: 0.77-0.95) and 15 years (adjusted HR 0.88, 95% CI: 0.80-0.96) post-AMI until end of follow-up (adjusted HR 0.92, 95% CI: 0.84-1.00). Pre versus in-hospital thrombolysis did not appear beneficial, although there was evidence among the pre-hospital group that short symptom onset-to-needle times conferred greater benefit. CONCLUSIONS We found substantial long-term survival benefits associated with thrombolysis when used in routine care. Although primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) is now the choice treatment, thrombolysis remains an important option when pPCI cannot be delivered within 120 minutes of diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Iversen
- Academic Primary Care, Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Philip C Hannaford
- Academic Primary Care, Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Seifi A, Carr K, Maltenfort M, Moussouttas M, Birnbaum L, Parra A, Adogwa O, Bell R, Rincon F. The incidence and risk factors of associated acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in acute cerebral ischemic (ACI) events in the United States. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105785. [PMID: 25166915 PMCID: PMC4148319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine the association between myocardial infarction (AMI) and clinical outcome in patients with primary admissions diagnosis of acute cerebral ischemia (ACI) in the US. Methods Data from Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) was queried from 2002–2011 for inpatient admissions of patients with a primary diagnosis of ACI with and without AMI using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification coding (ICD-9). A multivariate stepwise regression analysis was performed to assess the correlation between identifiable risk factors and clinical outcomes. Results During 10 years the NIS recorded 886,094 ACI admissions with 17,526 diagnoses of AMI (1.98%). The overall cumulative mortality of cohort was 5.65%. In-hospital mortality was associated with AMI (aOR 3.68; 95% CI 3.49–3.88, p≤0.0001), rTPA administration (aOR 2.39 CI, 2.11–2.71, p<0.0001), older age (aOR 1.03, 95% CI, 1.03–1.03, P<0.0001) and women (aOR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03–1.08, P<0.0001). Overall, mortality risk declined over the course of study; from 20.46% in 2002 to 11.8% in 2011 (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.95–0.96, P<0.0001). Survival analysis demonstrated divergence between the AMI and non-AMI sub-groups over the course of study (log-rank p<0.0001). Conclusion Our study demonstrates that although the prevalence of AMI in patients hospitalized with primary diagnosis of ACI is low, it negatively impacts survival. Considering the high clinical burden of AMI on mortality of ACI patients, a high quality monitoring in the event of cardiac events should be maintained in this patient cohort. Whether prompt diagnosis and treatment of associated cardiovascular diseases may improve outcome, deserves further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Seifi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kevin Carr
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mitchell Maltenfort
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Moussouttas
- Division of Neuro Critical Care, Capital Institute for Neurosciences, Trenton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lee Birnbaum
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Augusto Parra
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Owoicho Adogwa
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rodney Bell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fred Rincon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gershlick AH, Banning AP, Myat A, Verheugt FWA, Gersh BJ. Reperfusion therapy for STEMI: is there still a role for thrombolysis in the era of primary percutaneous coronary intervention? Lancet 2013; 382:624-32. [PMID: 23953386 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the past ten years, primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has replaced thrombolysis as the revascularisation strategy for many patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, delivery of primary PCI within evidence-based timeframes is challenging, and health-care provision varies substantially worldwide. Consequently, even with the ideal circumstances of rapid initial diagnosis, long transfer delays to the catheter laboratory can occur. These delays are detrimental to outcomes for patients and can be exaggerated by variations in timing of patients' presentation and diagnosis. In this Series paper we summarise the value of immediate out-of-hospital thrombolysis for STEMI, and reconsider the potential therapeutic interface with a contemporary service for primary PCI. We review recent trial data, and explore opportunities for optimisation of STEMI outcomes with a pharmacoinvasive approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony H Gershlick
- Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, Bridges CR, Califf RM, Casey DE, Chavey WE, Fesmire FM, Hochman JS, Levin TN, Lincoff AM, Peterson ED, Theroux P, Wenger NK, Wright RS, Jneid H, Ettinger SM, Ganiats TG, Philippides GJ, Jacobs AK, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Creager MA, DeMets D, Guyton RA, Kushner FG, Ohman EM, Stevenson W, Yancy CW. 2012 ACCF/AHA focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61:e179-347. [PMID: 23639841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
17
|
Infarct artery distribution and clinical outcomes in occluded artery trial subjects presenting with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (from the long-term follow-up of Occluded Artery Trial [OAT]). Am J Cardiol 2013; 111:930-5. [PMID: 23351464 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that the insensitivity of the electrocardiogram in identifying acute circumflex occlusion would result in differences in the distribution of the infarct-related artery (IRA) between patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and STEMI enrolled in the Occluded Artery Trial. We also sought to evaluate the effect of percutaneous coronary intervention to the IRA on the clinical outcomes for patients with NSTEMI. Overall, those with NSTEMI constituted 13% (n = 283) of the trial population. The circumflex IRA was overrepresented in the NSTEMI group compared to the STEMI group (42.5 vs 11.2%; p <0.0001). The 7-year clinical outcomes for the patients with NSTEMI randomized to percutaneous coronary intervention and optimal medical therapy versus optimal medical therapy alone were similar for the primary composite of death, myocardial infarction, and class IV congestive heart failure (22.3% vs 20.2%, hazard ratio 1.20, 99% confidence interval 0.60 to 2.40; p = 0.51) and the individual end points of death (13.8% vs 17.0%, hazard ratio 0.82, 99% confidence interval 0.37 to 1.84; p = 0.53), myocardial infarction (6.1 vs 5.1%, hazard ratio 1.11, 99% confidence interval 0.28 to 4.41; p = 0.84), and class IV congestive heart failure (6.7% vs 6.0%, hazard ratio 1.50, 99% confidence interval 0.37 to 6.02; p = 0.45). No interaction was seen between the electrocardiographically determined myocardial infarction type and treatment effect (p = NS). In conclusion, the occluded circumflex IRA is overrepresented in the NSTEMI population. Consistent with the overall trial results, stable patients with NSTEMI and a totally occluded IRA did not benefit from randomization to percutaneous coronary intervention.
Collapse
|
18
|
Figueras J, Barrabés JA, Gruosso D, Cortadellas J, Lidon RM, Garcia-Dorado D. Long-term course of stemi complicated by a moderate to severe pericardial effusion. Frequency of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm. Int J Cardiol 2012; 154:212-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
19
|
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The rate of thromboembolic events has increased in women but not in men. Large clinical studies support the use of a variety of antithrombotic drugs for the treatment of patients with different cardiovascular diseases. The heterogeneous patient population included in these trials affects the attempt to generalize the study results to subgroups, which are not sufficiently represented in the study population, such as women and other minorities. Gender-related differences in the clinical presentation and outcome seem to relate to differences in platelet biology and coagulation reactions, resulting in different rates of thromboembolic and bleeding events. The effectiveness of antithrombotic therapies and the occurrence of adverse events define the clinical benefit of the treatment for each patient. This chapter gives an overview of the currently available data on gender-differences in anticoagulation and antithrombotic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Rauch
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Domburg RTV, Hendriks JM, Kamp O, Smits P, Melle MV, Schenkeveld L, Bax JJ, Simoons ML. Three life years gained after reperfusion therapy in acute myocardial infarction: 25−30 years after a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2011; 19:1316-23. [DOI: 10.1177/1741826711428064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Otto Kamp
- VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Smits
- Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jeroen J Bax
- Leids University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wright RS, Anderson JL, Adams CD, Bridges CR, Casey DE, Ettinger SM, Fesmire FM, Ganiats TG, Jneid H, Lincoff AM, Peterson ED, Philippides GJ, Theroux P, Wenger NK, Zidar JP, Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, Bridges CR, Califf RM, Casey DE, Chavey WE, Fesmire FM, Hochman JS, Levin TN, Lincoff AM, Peterson ED, Theroux P, Wenger NK, Zidar JP. 2011 ACCF/AHA focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed in collaboration with the American Academy of Family Physicians, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57:e215-367. [PMID: 21545940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
22
|
Orlando LA, Belasco EJ, Patel UD, Matchar DB. The chronic kidney disease model: a general purpose model of disease progression and treatment. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2011; 11:41. [PMID: 21679455 PMCID: PMC3132702 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6947-11-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the focus of recent national policy efforts; however, decision makers must account for multiple therapeutic options, comorbidities and complications. The objective of the Chronic Kidney Disease model is to provide guidance to decision makers. We describe this model and give an example of how it can inform clinical and policy decisions. METHODS Monte Carlo simulation of CKD natural history and treatment. Health states include myocardial infarction, stroke with and without disability, congestive heart failure, CKD stages 1-5, bone disease, dialysis, transplant and death. Each cycle is 1 month. Projections account for race, age, gender, diabetes, proteinuria, hypertension, cardiac disease, and CKD stage. Treatment strategies include hypertension control, diabetes control, use of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, nephrology specialty care, CKD screening, and a combination of these. The model architecture is flexible permitting updates as new data become available. The primary outcome is quality adjusted life years (QALYs). Secondary outcomes include health state events and CKD progression rate. RESULTS The model was validated for GFR change/year -3.0 ± 1.9 vs. -1.7 ± 3.4 (in the AASK trial), and annual myocardial infarction and mortality rates 3.6 ± 0.9% and 1.6 ± 0.5% vs. 4.4% and 1.6% in the Go study. To illustrate the model's utility we estimated lifetime impact of a hypothetical treatment for primary prevention of vascular disease. As vascular risk declined, QALY improved but risk of dialysis increased. At baseline, 20% and 60% reduction: QALYs = 17.6, 18.2, and 19.0 and dialysis = 7.7%, 8.1%, and 10.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The CKD Model is a valid, general purpose model intended as a resource to inform clinical and policy decisions improving CKD care. Its value as a tool is illustrated in our example which projects a relationship between decreasing cardiac disease and increasing ESRD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Orlando
- Assistant Professor of Medicine, Duke University, 3475 Erwin Rd, Wallace Clinic Ste #204, Durham NC, 27705, USA
| | - Eric J Belasco
- Texas Tech University, AAEC, MS 42132, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Journey in antithrombotic strategies for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Crit Pathw Cardiol 2010; 9:235-42. [PMID: 21119345 DOI: 10.1097/hpc.0b013e31820303ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding and treatment of the ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has led to a tremendous improvement in the care and preservation of life affecting millions yearly. As the medical community continues to discover novel strategies in therapeutics and innovations in prevention, it is imperative to understand the scientific journey the treatment of STEMI has traveled. Furthermore, the research pillars that led to our understanding of the current paradigm of STEMI will be highlighted in an effort to illuminate the foundation on which we now stand.
Collapse
|
24
|
Alfredsson J, Swahn E. Management of acute coronary syndromes from a gender perspective. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2010; 24:719-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2010.00837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
25
|
Ndrepepa G, Keta D, Byrne RA, Schulz S, Mehilli J, Seyfarth M, Schömig A, Kastrati A. Impact of body mass index on clinical outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes treated with percutaneous coronary intervention. Heart Vessels 2010; 25:27-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00380-009-1160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
26
|
Practical Implications of ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Unstable Angina/Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Am J Ther 2010; 17:e24-40. [DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0b013e3181727d06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
27
|
Lowering mortality in ST-elevation myocardial infarction and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: key prehospital and emergency room treatment strategies. Eur J Emerg Med 2009; 16:244-55. [DOI: 10.1097/mej.0b013e328329794e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
28
|
Comparison of long-term mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients treated for acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction versus those with unstable and stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 2009; 104:333-7. [PMID: 19616663 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 03/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Data remain limited regarding the comparative long-term mortality across the spectrum of patients with different indications for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We evaluated early and late mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with primary PCI compared with early and late mortality in patients undergoing PCI for unstable angina (UA) or non-STEMI (NSTEMI) and stable angina. A total of 10,549 consecutive patients undergoing PCI from 1997 to 2005 at a single institution were followed up prospectively (median 3.2 years, interquartile range 1.5 to 5.6) to assess all-cause mortality. The indication for PCI was STEMI in 28%, UA/NSTEMI in 32%, and stable angina in 40%. The mortality rate at 6 years was 18.9% in patients with STEMI, 16.2% in patients with UA/NSTEMI, and 11.7% in those with stable angina. During the initial 6 months, patients with STEMI had an increased risk of death compared with patients with UA/NSTEMI (relative risk [RR] 3.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.46 to 3.89) and stable angina (RR 5.82, 95% CI 4.45 to 7.62). However, between 6 months and 6 years, mortality accrued at an almost similar rate among patients with STEMI and those with stable angina (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.32) and mortality was greatest in patients with UA/NSTEMI (UA/NSTEMI vs stable angina: RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.58; STEMI vs UA/NSTEMI: RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.99). In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the inferior survival rates in patients with STEMI after primary PCI are mainly attributed to greater mortality in the first months after the event. These observations highlight that new adjunctive therapeutic strategies should aim at mortality reduction in the first months after primary PCI.
Collapse
|
29
|
Savonitto S, Morici N, Sacco A, Klugmann S. Target populations and relevant therapeutic end points to further improve outcomes in NSTEACS patients. Future Cardiol 2009; 5:27-41. [DOI: 10.2217/14796678.5.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An aggressive pharmaco-interventional approach has been shown to improve long-term outcome among high-risk patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation (NSTEACS). However, these patients continue to represent a minority among those enrolled in clinical trials, thus precluding the possibility to further improve therapeutic efficacy. Target populations that are not adequately addressed by the majority of therapeutic trials are mainly the elderly and those with reduced renal function, who all show unfavorable outcome after an episode of NSTEACS. In order to allow comparison among different studies, a prerequisite for the planning of meaningful trials should be a uniform definition of the study end points besides mortality, particularly with reference to recurrent myocardial infarction, and rehospitalization owing to cardiovascular instability or severe bleeding. In addition to trial design issues, improvements in the regulatory rules for drug development and in hospital networking conceal significant opportunities to improve treatment of NSTEACS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Savonitto
- Dipartimento Cardiologico ‘Angelo De Gasperis’, Ospedale Niguarda Ca’ Granda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milano, Italy
| | - Nuccia Morici
- ‘Angelo De Gasperis’ Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Niguarda Ca’ Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Sacco
- ‘Angelo De Gasperis’ Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Niguarda Ca’ Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvio Klugmann
- ‘Angelo De Gasperis’ Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Niguarda Ca’ Granda, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Goodman SG, Menon V, Cannon CP, Steg G, Ohman EM, Harrington RA. Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Chest 2008; 133:708S-775S. [PMID: 18574277 DOI: 10.1378/chest.08-0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun G Goodman
- Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, and Canadian Heart Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Venu Menon
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Acute Ischemic Coronary Artery Disease and Ischemic Stroke: Similarities and Differences. Am J Ther 2008; 15:137-49. [DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0b013e31816a61bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
32
|
Fu J, Ren J, Zou L, Bian G, Li R, Lu Q. The thrombolytic effect of miniplasmin in a canine model of femoral artery thrombosis. Thromb Res 2008; 122:683-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
33
|
Dib JG, Alameddine Y, Geitany R, Afiouni F. National Cholesterol Education Panel III performance in preventing myocardial infarction in young adults. Ann Saudi Med 2008; 28:22-7. [PMID: 18299654 PMCID: PMC6074227 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2008.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only one published trial has directly evaluated the utility of the new National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines in young adults and that study population consisted of young Americans. We examined the utility of the latest NCEP Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) guidelines in a group of young Lebanese adults. METHODS A group of 234 young adults admitted for myocardial infarction at a Lebanese teaching hospital over a 2-year period were evaluated retrospectively. The Framingham risk predictor model was used to calculate the 10-year risk for coronary events in all subjects. RESULTS Two hundred young Lebanese adults with a mean age of 49.7+/-7.6 years were included in the analysis. The majority of the study population had a history of smoking (67%) and LDL cholesterol <130 mg/dL (70.5%) and were considered overweight and obese (80.5%). As a group, 80% did not meet the criteria to qualify for antilipemic pharmacotherapy prior to their presentation. CONCLUSION The predictive model did not detect the majority of these patients. Clinicians should treat modifiable risk factors with the same intensity given to cholesterol even if the patient has a normal lipid profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean G Dib
- Pharmacy Services Divisions, Saudi Aramco Medical Services Organization, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lack of benefit with percutaneous intervention for late persistent occlusion after myocardial infarction: summary of the occluded artery trial. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2007; 23:30-3. [PMID: 18158504 DOI: 10.1097/01.jcn.0000305055.58129.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The clinical utility of establishing late patency of the persistently occluded infarct-related artery with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was uncertain. The Occluded Artery Trial was a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-supported, international, multicenter, randomized controlled trial comparing a test strategy of late PCI (3-28 days) of the occluded infarct-related artery and optimal medical therapy to optimal medical therapy alone. The primary end point of the trial was a centrally adjudicated composite of death, reinfarction, and New York Heart Association class IV heart failure over 4 years (mean follow-up, 1,059 +/- 11 days). The final study population of 2,166 patients gave the trial 94% power to detect the anticipated 25% reduction in event rate with PCI. The combined primary outcome occurred in 161 patients in the PCI group and in 140 subjects receiving medical therapy alone. The 4-year cumulative primary event rate was 17.2% in the PCI group and 15.6% in the medical therapy group (hazard ratio, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 0.92-1.45; P = .20; covariate-adjusted hazard ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 0.93 to 1.47; P = .18). Rates of New York Heart Association class IV heart failure and death were similar in both groups. A trend toward increased nonfatal myocardial infarction in the PCI group (hazard ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.96-2.16; P = .08) unrelated to periprocedural events was apparent. No significant interaction between treatment effect and prespecified subgroups was observed. This lack of clinical benefit supports optimal medical therapy alone for Occluded Artery Trial-eligible patients in current clinical practice.
Collapse
|
35
|
Long-Term Outcome and its Predictors Among Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Shock. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50:1752-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
36
|
Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, Bridges CR, Califf RM, Casey DE, Chavey WE, Fesmire FM, Hochman JS, Levin TN, Lincoff AM, Peterson ED, Theroux P, Wenger NK, Wright RS, Smith SC, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Halperin JL, Hunt SA, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lytle BW, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-Elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50:e1-e157. [PMID: 17692738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1285] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
37
|
Farooq M, Qureshi AS, Squire IB. Early management of ST elevation myocardial infarction: a review of practice. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007; 8:401-13. [PMID: 17309335 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.8.4.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The last two decades of the 20th century witnessed continuous evolution in the understanding of the pathophysiology of ST elevation myocardial infarction. In parallel, the management of these patients developed steadily throughout this time and into the early years of the 21st century. From humble beginnings involving oxygen therapy, bed rest and analgesia, the relative merits of different strategies to open 'infarct-related arteries' (IRAs) are now being debated: pharmacological reperfusion, mechanical reperfusion or a combination of both these modalities. The current understanding of the process of thrombotic occlusion of the coronary artery has led to the appreciation of the importance of not simply opening the IRA, but also maintaining its patency once opened. Considerable attention is now being afforded to the significant minority of patients who do not achieve early, complete myocardial reperfusion, despite restoration of adequate flow down the epicardial IRA. Those patients who fail to achieve myocardial reperfusion, either due to late presentation or failure of reperfusion therapy, and are left with permanent myocardial scarring can now be considered. This article critically appraises the recent and emerging evidence and clinical implications of the contemporary management of ST elevation myocardial infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Farooq
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Adesanya AO, de Lemos JA, Greilich NB, Whitten CW. Management of Perioperative Myocardial Infarction in Noncardiac Surgical Patients. Chest 2006; 130:584-96. [PMID: 16899865 DOI: 10.1016/s0012-3692(15)51881-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. The incidence of PMI varies depending on the method used for diagnosis and is likely to increase as the population ages. Studies have examined different methods for prevention of myocardial infarction (MI), including the use of perioperative beta-blockers, alpha(2)-agonists, and statin therapy. However, few studies have focused on the treatment of PMI. Current therapy for acute MI generally involves anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy, raising the potential for surgical site hemorrhage in this population. This article reviews the possible mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment options for MI in the surgical setting. We also suggest algorithms for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adebola O Adesanya
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Remijn JA, Da Costa Martins P, Ijsseldijk MJW, Sixma JJ, de Groot PG, Zwaginga JJ. Impaired platelet adhesion to lysed fibrin, whereas neutrophil adhesion remains intact under conditions of flow. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2006; 17:421-4. [PMID: 16788321 DOI: 10.1097/01.mbc.0000233375.56723.4a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vessel wall injury induces the formation of a haemostatic plug. Restoration of vascular integrity should involve cessation of further platelet and fibrin deposition and subsequent removal of these thrombi by both the fibrinolytic system and proteases delivered by infiltrating inflammatory cells. We hypothesized that adhesion of platelets and inflammatory cells [polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN)] to fibrin is differently supported after exposure of fibrin during fibrinolysis. Fibrin surfaces were exposed to fibrinolytic agents, and platelet and PMN adhesion was studied under conditions of flow. Specific adhesion of platelets to preformed fibrin was reduced by fibrinolytic treatment of the fibrin. PMN adhesion to fibrin was only slightly affected even after 180 min exposure to plasmin. With fibrin still present after fibrinolytic treatment, the impaired platelet adhesion seems explained by loss of the primary platelet adhesion site gamma400-411 on fibrin. PMN binding to fibrin clearly depends on other sites that are less degraded by fibrinolysis. We have shown that PMN adhesion in flowing blood to lysed fibrin was still present, whereas platelet adhesion was impaired due to the loss of the primary platelet adhesion site gamma400-411. Based on our in-vitro perfusion model, we conclude that fibrinolysis specifically interferes with the thrombogenicity of fibrin in the haemostatic plug, whereas the inflammatory response is preserved. The latter may participate in the long-term removal and restructuration of the plug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper A Remijn
- Thrombosis and Haemostasis Laboratory, Department of Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Improvements in the management of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI) have led to a reduction in the acute and long-term mortality rates. The first important decision in the care of patients who have STEMI is the method of reperfusion. Whether percutaneous intervention (PCI) or fibrinolytic therapy is chosen depends on a number of factors. This article reviews the data on PCI and fibrinolytics in the context of consensus guidelines, outlines adjunctive medical therapies important in the first 24 hours, and discusses a strategy for making the decisions and a hypothetical construct for evaluating new drugs and procedures in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amish C Sura
- Division of Cardiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Franzosi MG, Garattini S. Thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3:2807-8. [PMID: 16359520 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M G Franzosi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hochman JS, Lamas GA, Knatterud GL, Buller CE, Dzavik V, Mark DB, Reynolds HR, White HD. Design and methodology of the Occluded Artery Trial (OAT). Am Heart J 2005; 150:627-42. [PMID: 16209957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical studies have suggested that late opening of an infarct-related artery (IRA) after myocardial infarction (MI) could improve clinical outcome. However, the suggestive observational data are limited by selection biases. Indeed, most small randomized studies have not demonstrated benefit. Thus, there is no recommendation for routine late opening of the IRA in current national guidelines for management of stable post-MI patients. The OAT is designed to test the hypothesis that opening a totally occluded IRA 3 to 28 days after MI in high-risk asymptomatic patients will improve clinical outcome and be cost-effective. The primary end point is the first occurrence of recurrent MI, hospitalization/treatment of New York Heart Association class IV congestive heart failure, or death. Trial background, design, and preliminary baseline characteristics of 2027 randomized patients are presented. Eligible patients are randomly assigned in equal proportions to optimal evidence-based medical care or optimal care plus late opening of the IRA using percutaneous coronary intervention of the occluded IRA. Treatment groups will be compared using intent-to-treat analysis. The results of OAT should have broad clinical impact by defining an evidence-based approach to the asymptomatic, high-risk, post-MI patient with an occluded IRA. If the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of percutaneous coronary intervention are established, then a policy of routinely seeking and opening persistently occluded IRAs could be advocated. If not, this strategy should be avoided in this large subgroup of post-MI patients.
Collapse
|
43
|
van Domburg RT, Sonnenschein K, Nieuwlaat R, Kamp O, Storm CJ, Bax JJ, Simoons ML. Sustained Benefit 20 Years After Reperfusion Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46:15-20. [PMID: 15992629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Revised: 03/03/2005] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this research was to clarify whether the benefit of reperfusion therapy for myocardial infarction was sustained long-term and to assess the gain in life expectancy by reperfusion therapy. BACKGROUND Reperfusion therapy in acute myocardial infarction reduces infarct size and increases hospital survival. METHODS We analyzed the 20-year outcome of 533 patients (mean age 56 years; 82% men) who were randomized to either reperfusion therapy or conventional therapy during the years 1981 to 1985. RESULTS Mean follow-up was 21 years (range 19 to 23 years). At follow-up, 101 patients (36%) of the 269 patients allocated to reperfusion treatment and only 71 patients (26%) of the 264 conventionally treated patients were alive (p = 0.02). The cumulative 10-, 15-, and 20-year survival rates were 69%, 48%, and 37% after reperfusion therapy and 59%, 38%, and 27% in the control group, respectively (p = 0.005). Life expectancy of the reperfusion group was 15.2 years versus 12.4 years in the conventionally treated group (p < 0.0001). Myocardial re-infarction and subsequent coronary interventions were more frequent after reperfusion therapy, particularly during the first year. In multivariable analysis, reperfusion therapy was an important independent predictor of lower mortality at long-term follow-up (hazard ratio 0.7; 95% confidence interval 0.6 to 0.8). Other independent predictors of mortality were age, impaired left ventricular function, multivessel disease, infarct size, and inability to perform an exercise test at the time of discharge. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study demonstrating sustained (20-year) improved survival after reperfusion therapy. The gain in life expectancy was almost three years, representing about one-third of the life-years lost by myocardial infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ron T van Domburg
- Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Carpeggiani C, Emdin M, Bonaguidi F, Landi P, Michelassi C, Trivella MG, Macerata A, L'Abbate A. Personality traits and heart rate variability predict long-term cardiac mortality after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2005; 26:1612-7. [PMID: 15827060 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate personality traits and sympatho-vagal modulation of heart rate variability (HRV) during acute myocardial infarction (AMI), assessing their relationships and their long-term prognostic value. METHODS AND RESULTS Psychological traits and 24 h HRV were prospectively investigated in 246 patients at discharge of an AMI. Patients were followed-up to 8 years for the occurrence of cardiac death and non-fatal reinfarction. Low coping and anxiety traits associated with reduced HRV characterized the study population. At univariate analysis, low emotional sensitivity and insecurity, relative tachycardia, reduced high frequency (HF), and low frequency power and pNN50 were predictive of cardiac death at 8-year follow-up. At multivariable analysis, low emotional sensitivity and low HF power remained predictive, with a relative risk of 4.18 (P=0.003) and 2.76 (P=0.007), respectively; also the type of infarction (Q vs. non-Q) and hospital length of stay were independent predictive variables. CONCLUSION Anxiety and emotional sensitivity were significant predictors of 8-year cardiac mortality after AMI. Reduced HF power, a recognized marker of vagal withdrawal, increased the risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Carpeggiani
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Shah SU, Davies MK, Quinn T. Management of acute coronary syndromes, a questionnaire survey of the clinical practice of cardiologists and other medical physicians belonging to west midland hospitals. Int J Cardiol 2005; 99:71-5. [PMID: 15721502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2003] [Accepted: 11/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the management of acute coronary syndromes by cardiologists and other medical physicians in a clinical setting. DESIGN Questionnaire survey consisting of 10 hypothetical clinical scenarios and four possible therapeutic options for each scenario. SETTING Consultants and specialist registrars in Cardiology (with or without access to interventional facilities) and consultant physicians belonging to various hospitals in the west midland region of United Kingdom. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Respondents' ability to recognise high risk patients and their management of the hypothetical clinical cases. To establish any differences in management strategy between cardiologists and general physicians, and whether these differences, if any, relate to access to interventional cardiac facilities. RESULTS Overall no significant differences were found in the responses between cardiologists and general physicians with or without access to cardiac interventional facilities. However, cardiologists were more inclined to use percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) compared to other physicians (scenario 8, 18.4% vs. 6.7%, p = 0.05 and scenario 9, 44.9% vs. 26.7%, p = 0.01). In two other situations, physicians from institutions with access to interventional facilities were more inclined to use 'other' treatment strategies (intravenous nitrates, antiplatelet treatment, inotropes, Intra-aortic balloon pump) compared to their colleagues from non-tertiary hospitals with no interventional facility on site (scenario 3, 21.7% vs. 2.4%, p = 0.04) and more use of PTCA ( scenario 6, 52.2% vs. 26.8%, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS The management of acute coronary syndromes in this questionnaire survey was satisfactory and evidence based. No real differences were found between the management strategies adopted by cardiologists or non-cardiologists. Physicians working in centres with interventional facilities were no more inclined towards using primary PTCA or rescue angioplasty than those working in centres without such facilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S U Shah
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Birmingham, Selly Oak Hospital, Raddlebarn Road, Birmingham, B29 6JD, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Reperfusion treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is one of the medical interventions with the largest potential for saving human lives, independently of age and gender. An attempt to reopen an acutely occluded coronary artery can be done within a wide array of possibilities, from the simple administration of aspirin to the combination of drugs and complex coronary artery interventions. Fibrinolytic drugs and aspirin represent the easiest way to attempt reperfusion and together offer an acceptable compromise between opportunity for treatment and efficacy. Other drugs and the use of invasive revascularization alternatives yield further advantages, and in some high-risk subgroups may be the most rational treatment approach. Beyond investigator's bias and dedication to either form of reperfusion treatment, interventions and/or drugs should be used as needed (and as possible) to increase the overall impact of reperfusion treatment in the community, taking advantage of the best potential of each approach. Most resources have been directed toward the improvement of reperfusion rates with the combination of fibrinolytic and antiplatelet drugs or with angioplasty. These efforts have certainly raised costs, but have not decisively improved clinical outcome nor have they broadened the impact of reperfusion treatment in the community. Indeed, the main shortcoming of reperfusion therapy is that the cohort of untreated patients is still larger than the cohort of treated patients. At a time when mortality of patients with STEMI reaching the hospital and receiving treatment has decreased significantly, the prehospital diagnosis and treatment of STEMI with the objective of enlarging the treated population and shortening the pretreatment delays is likely the best strategy to further reduce mortality. The need for a population approach to treatment of STEMI is even more obvious when considering the expanding patient load that continuously worsens its clinical risk profile, together with the increasing incidence of diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and smoking habits. The target for improving reperfusion treatment of STEMI in the future, and thereby saving more lives, seems now to involve a cultural change and fulfillment of an organizational mission more than an incremental improvement in the current pharmacologic or interventional approach. These epidemiologic and social aspects of contemporary medicine deserve full attention at a time when researchers, clinicians, and health care providers tend to focus primarily on technological advances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Ribichini
- Division of Cardiology Universita del Piemonte Orientale, Ospedale Maggiore della Carita, Novara, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Menon V, Harrington RA, Hochman JS, Cannon CP, Goodman SD, Wilcox RG, Schünemann HJ, Ohman EM. Thrombolysis and Adjunctive Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Chest 2004; 126:549S-575S. [PMID: 15383484 DOI: 10.1378/chest.126.3_suppl.549s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This chapter about antithrombotic therapy for acute myocardial infarction (MI) is part of the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy: Evidence Based Guidelines. Grade 1 recommendations are strong and indicate that the benefits do, or do not, outweigh risks, burden, and costs. Grade 2 suggests that individual patients' values may lead to different choices (for a full understanding of the grading see Guyatt et al, CHEST 2004; 126:179S-187S). Among the key recommendations in this chapter are the following: For patients with ischemic symptoms characteristic of acute MI of < 12 h in duration, and ST-segment elevation or left bundle-branch block (of unknown duration) on the ECG, we recommend administration of any approved fibrinolytic agent (Grade 1A). We recommend the use of streptokinase, anistreplase, alteplase, reteplase, or tenecteplase over placebo (all Grade 1A). For patients with symptom duration < 6 h, we recommend the administration of alteplase over streptokinase (Grade 1A). For patients with known allergy or sensitivity to streptokinase, we recommend alteplase, reteplase, or tenecteplase (Grade 1A). For patients with acute posterior MI of < 12 h duration, we suggest fibrinolytic therapy (Grade 2C). In patients with any history of intracranial hemorrhage, closed head trauma, or ischemic stroke within past 3 months, we recommend against administration of fibrinolytic therapy (Grade 1C+). For patients with acute ST-segment elevation MI whether or not they receive fibrinolytic therapy, we recommend aspirin, 160 to 325 mg p.o., at initial evaluation by health-care personnel followed by indefinite therapy, 75 to 162 mg/d p.o. (both Grade 1A). In patients allergic to aspirin, we suggest use of clopidogrel as an alternative therapy to aspirin (Grade 2C). For patients receiving streptokinase, we suggest administration of either i.v. unfractionated heparin (UFH) [Grade 2C] or subcutaneous UFH (Grade 2A). For all patients at high risk of systemic or venous thromboembolism (anterior MI, pump failure, previous embolus, atrial fibrillation, or left ventricular thrombus), we recommend administration of IV UFH while receiving streptokinase (Grade 1C+).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venu Menon
- Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Orlando LA, Matchar DB. When to Stress Over Triptans: A Markov Analysis of Cardiovascular Risk in Migraine Treatment. Headache 2004; 44:652-60. [PMID: 15209686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2004.04123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraines affect 10% of the U.S. population and the episodes are frequently associated with significant disability. Triptans, 5HT1 receptor agonists, can be highly effective in treating pain and reducing disability. However, reports of cardiac events associated with triptan ingestion have led to concerns about its use in the face of possible cardiac disease. OBJECTIVE Should a patient without known cardiovascular disease (CAD) and moderately severe to severe migraines undergo cardiovascular testing prior to the initiation of triptan therapy? DESIGN A Markov model of migraine and cardiac disease using DATA 4.0. Three strategies were compared: (1) use triptans without further evaluation (TREAT); (2) test, then treat if negative (TEST); and (3) avoid triptans (NOTRIPTAN). Triptans were prohibited if a cardiac event occurred. DATA Model inputs were derived from the literature and subjected to sensitivity analyses across all possible values. TIME HORIZON Markov cycle is 1 week. OUTCOMES The primary outcomes of interest were quality-adjusted life expectancy, in years (QALYs) and the impact of various cardiovascular risk levels on the preferred strategy. RESULTS For the base case results were TREAT 19.4 QALYs, TEST 19.2, NOTRIPTAN 19.1. When altering CAD probability: TREAT dominated from 0 to 87%, TEST 87% to 97%, and NOTRIPTAN above 97%. Results were robust during sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS This analysis suggests that even for individuals with a relatively high risk of CAD it is not beneficial to perform cardiac testing, nor to avoid triptans. The exact level of cardiac risk at which testing should be considered is probably at or above 87%.
Collapse
|
49
|
Hogan DF, Ward MP. Effect of clopidogrel on tissue-plasminogen activator-induced in vitro thrombolysis of feline whole blood thrombi. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65:715-9. [PMID: 15198208 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if clopidogrel enhanced the thrombolytic rate of tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA) on an in vitro feline whole blood thrombosis model. ANIMALS 9 purpose-bred cats. PROCEDURE Blood obtained from cats before (baseline) and after treatment with clopidogrel (75 mg, p.o., q 24 h for 3 days) was anticoagulated with sodium citrate (9:1 volume-to-volume ratio) to which 1 microCi of I125-fibrinogen was added. Thrombi were formed by the addition of calcium chloride and bovine thrombin. Thrombi were placed into autologous plasma to which 0.1 mg of t-PA was added. Plasma samples were collected at different time points to determine the amount of released I125-fibrin split products. Thrombolytic rates were calculated by determining the time to 25%, 50%, and 75% thrombolysis (t25, t50, and t75, respectively). Confidence intervals for t25, t50, and t75 at baseline were compared with those after treatment. RESULTS There were no significant differences in thrombolytic rates between values obtained at baseline and after clopidogrel treatment (t25, 18.0 vs 18.5 minutes; t50, 63.3 vs 65.6 minutes; and t75, 163.0 vs 170.1 minutes, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Clopidogrel did not have an effect on the rate of thrombolysis of feline whole blood thrombi induced by t-PA in this in vitro model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Hogan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ho WK, Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW. Prevention of coronary heart disease with aspirin and clopidogrel: efficacy, safety, costs and cost-effectiveness. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2004; 5:493-503. [PMID: 15013918 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.5.3.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Atherothrombotic coronary artery disease is the single most common cause of death worldwide and a growing public health problem. Platelets play a central role in the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis and are therefore commonly targeted by one or more antiplatelet drugs as part of primary and secondary atherothrombosis prevention strategies. Aspirin reduces the risk of serious vascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular death) by approximately 20% in a broad range of high-risk patients and remains the first-line antiplatelet drug because of its relative safety, low cost and cost-effectiveness. Compared with aspirin alone, clopidogrel reduces the risk of serious vascular events by approximately 10% and the combination of aspirin and clopidogrel reduces the risk by approximately 20% in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Clopidogrel has a similar safety profile to aspirin but clopidogrel tablets are substantially more expensive. However, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of clopidogrel compared with aspirin is favourable, particularly in high-risk patients and is intermediate compared with a range of other effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of coronary heart disease. Clopidogrel should be considered as a replacement for aspirin in patients who are allergic to aspirin, cannot tolerate aspirin, have experienced a recurrent atherothrombotic vascular event whilst taking aspirin and are at very high absolute risk of a serious vascular event (e.g., > 20%/year). The combination of clopidogrel and aspirin should be considered in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome or undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Khoon Ho
- Department of Haematology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|