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Non-HLA Antibodies in Kidney Transplantation: Immunity and Genetic Insights. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071506. [PMID: 35884811 PMCID: PMC9312985 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The polymorphic human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system has been considered the main target for alloimmunity, but the non-HLA antibodies and autoimmunity have gained importance in kidney transplantation (KT). Apart from the endothelial injury, secondary self-antigen exposure and the presence of polymorphic alloantigens, respectively, auto- and allo- non-HLA antibodies shared common steps in their development, such as: antigen recognition via indirect pathway by recipient antigen presenting cells, autoreactive T cell activation, autoreactive B cell activation, T helper 17 cell differentiation, loss of self-tolerance and epitope spreading phenomena. Both alloimmunity and autoimmunity play a synergic role in the formation of non-HLA antibodies, and the emergence of transcriptomics and genome-wide evaluation techniques has led to important progress in understanding the mechanistic features. Among them, non-HLA mismatches between donors and recipients provide valuable information regarding the role of genetics in non-HLA antibody immunity and development.
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Ajmal M, Ajmal A, Huang L, Zeng L. The Potential Therapeutic Role of Celastrol in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:725602. [PMID: 34490381 PMCID: PMC8418197 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.725602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of left ventricular systolic dysfunction remained at the centre of heart failure research for many years (also known as heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, HFrEF). Although more than 50% of all heart failure patients experience a form of heart failure characterised by preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to this form of heart failure remain not well-understood. Several evidence-based treatments for HFrEF are in routine use, but there are limited evidence-based therapies for HFpEF. The effects of these remain controversial, with current treatment options being limited to managing the associated symptoms and conditions. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways play key roles in the development and progression of HFpEF, such as the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Celastrol, derived from medicinal plants, is a bioactive compound with strong anti-inflammatory properties, which could deem it as fruitful in overcoming the effects of such dysregulated UPR. This literature review therefore focuses on Celastrol's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, alongside its other potential therapeutic activities, and its ability to impede the pathways that are thought to be involved in the development of HFpEF, such as the JAK2/STAT pathway, to elucidate the potential therapeutic role of this bioactive compound, in the treatment of HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ajmal
- GKT School of Medical Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aisha Ajmal
- St. George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Heart Center, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingfang Zeng
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Reina-Couto M, Afonso J, Carvalho J, Morgado L, Ronchi FA, de Oliveira Leite AP, Dias CC, Casarini DE, Bettencourt P, Albino-Teixeira A, Morato M, Sousa T. Interrelationship between renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and oxidative stress in chronic heart failure patients with or without renal impairment. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:110938. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Sorohan BM, Ismail G, Leca N, Tacu D, Obrișcă B, Constantinescu I, Baston C, Sinescu I. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antibodies in kidney transplantation: An evidence-based comprehensive review. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2020; 34:100573. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2020.100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Mancini A, Fuvuzzi AMR, Bruno C, Nicolazzi MA, Vergani E, Ciferri N, Silvestrini A, Meucci E, Nicolotti N, D'Assante R, Cittadini A. Anabolic Hormone Deficiencies in Heart Failure with Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction and Correlation with Plasma Total Antioxidant Capacity. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:5798146. [PMID: 32411227 PMCID: PMC7199626 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5798146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While anabolic hormone deficit is a common finding in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), few data are available in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). METHODS Blood samples were collected for metabolic (total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, creatinine, and glucose) and hormonal (IGF-1, DHEA-S, TSH, fT3, fT4, and T) determination, comparing 30 patients with HFpEF and 20 patients with HFrEF. Total antioxidant capacity was evaluated by using the spectrophotometric method using the latency time in the appearance of the radical species of a chromogen (LAG, sec) as a parameter proportional to antioxidant content of the sample. Echocardiographic parameters were also assessed in the two groups. RESULTS A high prevalence of testosterone (32% in HFrEF and 72% in HFpEF, p < 0.05) and DHEA-S deficiencies was observed in HFpEF patients. Echocardiographic parameters did not correlate with hormone values. A significant direct correlation between T (r 2 = 0.25, p < 0.05) and DHEA-S (r 2 = 0.19, p < 0.05) with LAG was observed only in HFpEF. CONCLUSION Anabolic hormone deficiency is clearly shown in HFpEF, as already known in HFrEF. Although longitudinal studies are required to confirm the prognostic value of this observation, our data suggest different mechanisms in modulating antioxidants in the two conditions, with possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mancini
- Operative Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Maria Rita Fuvuzzi
- Operative Unit of Internal Medicine and Vascular Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Bruno
- Operative Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Anna Nicolazzi
- Operative Unit of Internal Medicine and Vascular Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vergani
- Operative Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Nunzia Ciferri
- Operative Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Silvestrini
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Meucci
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Nicolotti
- Medical Management, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta D'Assante
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Cittadini
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Fajar JK, Susanti M, Pikir BS, Saka PNB, Sidarta EP, Tamara F, Akbar RR, Hutama SA, Gunawan A, Heriansyah T. The association between angiotensin II type 1 receptor A1166C gene polymorphism and the risk of essential hypertension: a meta-analysis. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-019-0016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundSince first reported having the association with essential hypertension, angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) A1166C was globally investigated worldwide. However, controversy was found. Furthermore, previous meta-analyses did not adequate to clarify the precise correlation due to some limitations. Therefore, we aimed to perform a meta-analysis concerning the association between AT1R A1166C single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and the risk of essential hypertension with eliminating the limitations of previous studies.MethodsA meta-analysis was conducted from February to March 2019. Some information related to sample size of hypertension and control groups and genotype frequencies of hypertension and control groups were extracted from each study. Data were analyzed using fixed or random effect model to determine the overall correlation.ResultsA total of 45 papers consisting of 11911 cases and 1340 controls were enrolled for the study. Our overall analysis showed that C allele and AC genotype of AT1R A1166C was associated with 1.18-fold and 1.15-fold respectively increased risk of essential hypertension, while the decreased risk of essential hypertension was observed in A allele and AA genotype. In sub-group analysis, increased risk of essential hypertension was found in C allele, AC genotype, and CC genotype of both Asian population and PCR-RFLP sub-groups, while decreased risk was observed in A allele and AA genotype.ConclusionsOur meta-analysis reveals that AT1R A1166C remains a valuable SNP having an association with the risk of essential hypertension.
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Wilson MA, Liberzon I, Lindsey ML, Lokshina Y, Risbrough VB, Sah R, Wood SK, Williamson JB, Spinale FG. Common pathways and communication between the brain and heart: connecting post-traumatic stress disorder and heart failure. Stress 2019; 22:530-547. [PMID: 31161843 PMCID: PMC6690762 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1621283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric illnesses and cardiovascular disease (CVD) contribute to significant overall morbidity, mortality, and health care costs, and are predicted to reach epidemic proportions with the aging population. Within the Veterans Administration (VA) health care system, psychiatric illnesses such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and CVD such as heart failure (HF), are leading causes of hospital admissions, prolonged hospital stays, and resource utilization. Numerous studies have demonstrated associations between PTSD symptoms and CVD endpoints, particularly in the Veteran population. Not only does PTSD increase the risk of HF, but this relationship is bi-directional. Accordingly, a VA-sponsored conference entitled "Cardiovascular Comorbidities in PTSD: The Brain-Heart Consortium" was convened to explore potential relationships and common biological pathways between PTSD and HF. The conference was framed around the hypothesis that specific common systems are dysregulated in both PTSD and HF, resulting in a synergistic acceleration and amplification of both disease processes. The conference was not intended to identify all independent pathways that give rise to PTSD and HF, but rather identify shared systems, pathways, and biological mediators that would be modifiable in both disease processes. The results from this conference identified specific endocrine, autonomic, immune, structural, genetic, and physiological changes that may contribute to shared PTSD-CVD pathophysiology and could represent unique opportunities to develop therapies for both PTSD and HF. Some recommendations from the group for future research opportunities are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene A. Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and Research Service, Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia SC
- Corresponding author information: Marlene A. Wilson, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia SC 29208, Research Service, Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia SC 29209, ; 803-216-3507
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX
| | - Merry L. Lindsey
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, and Research Service, Omaha VA Medical Center, Omaha NE
| | - Yana Lokshina
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX
| | - Victoria B. Risbrough
- VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, La Jolla CA, Dept. of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego
| | - Renu Sah
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Susan K. Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and Research Service, Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia SC
| | - John B. Williamson
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville FL
| | - Francis G. Spinale
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and Research Service, Columbia VA Health Care System., Columbia SC
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Talla U, Bozonet SM, Parker HA, Hampton MB, Vissers MCM. Prolonged exposure to hypoxia induces an autophagy-like cell survival program in human neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1367-1379. [PMID: 31412152 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0319-079rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils contribute to low oxygen availability at inflammatory sites through the generation of reactive oxidants. They are also functionally affected by hypoxia, which delays neutrophil apoptosis. However, the eventual fate of neutrophils in hypoxic conditions is unknown and this is important for their effective clearance and the resolution of inflammation. We have monitored the survival and function of normal human neutrophils exposed to hypoxia over a 48 h period. Apoptosis was delayed, and the cells remained intact even at 48 h. However, hypoxia promoted significant changes in neutrophil morphology with the appearance of many new cytoplasmic vesicles, often containing cell material, within 5 hours of exposure to low O2 . This coincided with an increase in LC3B-II expression, indicative of autophagosome formation and an autophagy-like process. In hypoxic conditions, neutrophils preferentially lost myeloperoxidase, a marker of azurophil granules. Short-term (2 h) hypoxic exposure resulted in sustained potential to generate superoxide when O2 was restored, but the capacity for oxidant production was lost with longer periods of hypoxia. Phagocytic ability was unchanged by hypoxia, and bacterial killing by neutrophils in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions was substantially diminished after 24 hours. However, pre-exposure to hypoxia resulted in an enhanced ability to kill bacteria by oxidant-independent mechanisms. Our data provide the first evidence for hypoxia as a driver of neutrophil autophagy that can influence the function and ultimate fate of these cells, including their eventual clearance and the resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usharani Talla
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie M Bozonet
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Heather A Parker
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mark B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Margreet C M Vissers
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Ndrepepa G. Myeloperoxidase - A bridge linking inflammation and oxidative stress with cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 493:36-51. [PMID: 30797769 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a member of the superfamily of heme peroxidases that is mainly expressed in neutrophils and monocytes. MPO-derived reactive species play a key role in neutrophil antimicrobial activity and human defense against various pathogens primarily by participating in phagocytosis. Elevated MPO levels in circulation are associated with inflammation and increased oxidative stress. Multiple lines of evidence suggest an association between MPO and cardiovascular disease (CVD) including coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, arterial hypertension, pulmonary arterial hypertension, peripheral arterial disease, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-related injury, stroke, cardiac arrhythmia and venous thrombosis. Elevated MPO levels are associated with a poor prognosis including increased risk for overall and CVD-related mortality. Elevated MPO may signify an increased risk for CVD for at least 2 reasons. First, low-grade inflammation and increased oxidative stress coexist with many metabolic abnormalities and comorbidities and consequently an elevated MPO level may represent an increased cardiometabolic risk in general. Second, MPO produces a large number of highly reactive species which can attack, destroy or modify the function of every known cellular component. The most common MPO actions relevant to CVD are generation of dysfunctional lipoproteins with an increased atherogenicity potential, reduced NO availability, endothelial dysfunction, impaired vasoreactivity and atherosclerotic plaque instability. These actions strongly suggest that MPO is directly involved in the pathophysiology of CVD. In this regard MPO may be seen as a mediator or an instrument through which inflammation promotes CVD at molecular and cellular level. Clinical value of MPO therapeutic inhibition remains to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjin Ndrepepa
- Department of Adult Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany.
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Shamaa MM, Fouad H, Haroun M, Shamaa LA. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (A1166C) gene polymorphism and essential hypertension in Egyptian population. Egypt Heart J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ehj.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Singh A, Nunes JJ, Ateeq B. Role and therapeutic potential of G-protein coupled receptors in breast cancer progression and metastases. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 763:178-83. [PMID: 25981295 PMCID: PMC4784721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise a large family of cell-surface receptors, which have recently emerged as key players in tumorigenesis, angiogenesis and metastasis. In this review, we discussed our current understanding of the many roles played by GPCRs in general, and particularly Angiotensin II type I receptor (AGTR1), a member of the seven-transmembrane-spanning G-protein coupled receptor superfamily, and its significance in breast cancer progression and metastasis. We have also discussed different strategies for targeting AGTR1, and its ligand Angiotension II (Ang II), which might unravel unique opportunities for breast cancer prevention and treatment. For example, AGTR1 blockers (ARBs) which are already in clinical use for treating hypertension, merit further investigation as a therapeutic strategy for AGTR1-positive cancer patients and may have the potential to prevent Ang II-AGTR1 signalling mediated cancer pathogenesis and metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anukriti Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jessica J Nunes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bushra Ateeq
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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The protective effect of lipoic acid on selected cardiovascular diseases caused by age-related oxidative stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:313021. [PMID: 25949771 PMCID: PMC4407629 DOI: 10.1155/2015/313021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered to be the primary cause of many cardiovascular diseases, including endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and heart failure. Oxidative stress increases during the aging process, resulting in either increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production or decreased antioxidant defense. The increase in the incidence of cardiovascular disease is directly related to age. Aging is also associated with oxidative stress, which in turn leads to accelerated cellular senescence and organ dysfunction. Antioxidants may help lower the incidence of some pathologies of cardiovascular diseases and have antiaging properties. Lipoic acid (LA) is a natural antioxidant which is believed to have a beneficial effect on oxidative stress parameters in relation to diseases of the cardiovascular system.
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Green JN, Kettle AJ, Winterbourn CC. Protein chlorination in neutrophil phagosomes and correlation with bacterial killing. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 77:49-56. [PMID: 25236747 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils ingest and kill bacteria within phagocytic vacuoles. We investigated where they produce hypochlorous acid (HOCl) following phagocytosis by measuring conversion of protein tyrosine residues to 3-chlorotyrosine. We also examined how varying chloride availability affects the relationship between HOCl formation in the phagosome and bacterial killing. Phagosomal proteins, isolated following ingestion of opsonized magnetic beads, contained 11.4 Cl-Tyr per thousand tyrosine residues. This was 12 times higher than the level in proteins from the rest of the neutrophil and ~6 times higher than previously recorded for protein from ingested bacteria. These results indicate that HOCl production is largely localized to the phagosomes and a substantial proportion reacts with phagosomal protein before reaching the microbe. This will in part detoxify the oxidant but should also form chloramines which could contribute to the killing mechanism. Neutrophils were either suspended in chloride-free gluconate buffer or pretreated with formyl-Met-Leu-Phe, a procedure that has been reported to deplete intracellular chloride. These treatments, alone or in combination, decreased both chlorination in phagosomes and killing of Staphylococcus aureus by up to 50%. There was a strong positive correlation between the two effects. Killing was predominantly oxidant and myeloperoxidase dependent (88% inhibition by diphenylene iodonium and 78% by azide). These results imply that lowering the chloride concentration limits HOCl production and oxidative killing. They support a role for HOCl generation, rather than an alternative myeloperoxidase activity, in the killing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie N Green
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Christine C Winterbourn
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Salnikova LE, Smelaya TV, Vesnina IN, Golubev AM, Moroz VV. Genetic susceptibility to nosocomial pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome and poor outcome in patients at risk of critical illness. Inflammation 2014; 37:295-305. [PMID: 24127120 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility may partially explain the clinical variability observed during the course of similar infections. To establish the contribution of genetic host factors in the susceptibility to critical illness, we genotyped 750 subjects (419 at high risk of critical illness) for 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the xenobiotics detoxification/oxidative stress and vascular homeostasis metabolic pathways. In the group of nosocomial pneumonia (NP; 268 patients) the risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is significantly higher for the carriers of CYP1A1 rs2606345 T/T genotypes and AhR rs2066853 G/A-A/A genotypes. AGTR1 rs5186 allele C is more common among NP non-survivors. The duration of stay in intensive care units (ICU) is higher for NP patients with ABCB1 rs1045642-T allele. The cumulative effect of the risk alleles in the genes comprising two sets of genes partners (xenobiotics detoxification: CYP1A1, AhR and RAS family: ACE, AGT, AGTR1) is associated with the development of both NP and ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyubov E Salnikova
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Gubkin Street, Moscow, 117971, Russia,
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Chen WJ, Huang YL, Shiue HS, Chen TW, Lin YF, Huang CY, Lin YC, Han BC, Hsueh YM. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system related gene polymorphisms and urinary total arsenic is related to chronic kidney disease. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 279:95-102. [PMID: 24907556 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A recent study demonstrated that an increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was associated with high urinary total arsenic levels. However, whether genomic instability is related to CKD remains unclear. An association between CKD and genetic polymorphisms of regulation enzymes of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensinogen (AGT), angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R), and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) has not been shown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between arsenic, genetic polymorphisms of RAAS enzymes and CKD. A total of 233 patients and 449 age- and gender-matched controls were recruited from the Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Municipal Wan Fang Hospital and the Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital. Concentrations of urinary arsenic were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography-linked hydride generator, and atomic absorption spectrometry. Polymorphisms of ACE(I/D), AGT(A[-20]C), (T174M), (M235T), AT1R(A1166C) and CYP11B2(C[-344]T) were examined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Subjects carrying the CYP11B2 TT genotype had a higher odds ratio (OR), 1.39 (0.96-2.01), of CKD; while those with the AGT(A[-20]C) CC genotype had an inverse OR of CKD (0.20 (0.05-0.81)), and a high-risk genotype was defined as A/A+A/C for AGT(A[-20C]) and T/T for CYP11B2(C[-344]T). The trend test showed a higher OR for CKD in patients who had either high urinary total arsenic levels or carried the high-risk genotype, or both, compared to patients with low urinary total arsenic levels, who carried the low-risk genotype, and could also be affected by the hypertension or diabetes status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jen Chen
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Li Huang
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Sheng Shiue
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzen-Wen Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Feng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yuan Huang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Lin
- Department of Family Medicine, Shung Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Health Examination, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Cheng Han
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Mei Hsueh
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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16
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Benetos A, Giron A, Joly L, Temmar M, Nzietchueng R, Pannier B, Bean K, Thomas F, Labat C, Lacolley P. Influence of the AGTR1 A1166C genotype on the progression of arterial stiffness: A 16-year longitudinal study. Am J Hypertens 2013; 26:1421-7. [PMID: 23942655 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpt141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the influence of the AGTR1 A1166C genotype on the 16-year evolution of pulse wave velocity (PWV) in a middle-aged population. In a cross-sectional study, we reported that the presence of the AGTR1 1166C allele was associated with higher aortic stiffness compared with the AGTR1 1166AA genotype. METHODS The study was conducted in 259 subjects who underwent 3 health check-ups over 16 years at the Centre IPC-Paris: an initial visit in 1992-1993, an intermediate visit in 1998-1999, and a final visit in 2007-2008. Aortic stiffness was assessed during the 3 visits by measuring carotid-femoral PWV. AGTR1 A1166C polymorphism was assayed by allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization. RESULTS AGTR1 1166C allele carriers (AC + CC genotypes) had a 35% more pronounced increase in PWV over this 16-year period when compared with the AGTR1 1166AA subjects (3.01 ± 0.32 vs. 1.92 ± 0.23 m/s; P < 0.001). This increase remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, initial PWV values, and changes in blood pressure (+37%; P < 0.05). The genotype-related differences in PWV were only observed at the last visit (i.e., later in life, after the age of 55 years). The effects of this genotype on PWV were not related to the presence of antihypertensive treatment. CONCLUSIONS This is the first long-term longitudinal study indicating that AT1 1166C carriers are at increased risk of pronounced arterial stiffening during aging especially after the age of 55.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanase Benetos
- Department of Geriatrics, University Hospital of France, Nancy, France
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Despite recent medical advances, cardiovascular disease and heart failure (HF) continue to be major health concerns, and related mortality remains high. As a result, investigation of the mechanisms involved in the development of HF continues to be an active field of study. RECENT ADVANCES The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and its effector molecule, angiotensin (Ang) II, affect cardiac function through both systemic and local actions, and have been shown to play a major role in cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in the failing heart. Many of the downstream effects of AngII signaling are mediated by elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, which have also been implicated in the pathology of HF. CRITICAL ISSUES Inhibitors of the RAS have proven beneficial in the treatment of patients at risk for and suffering from HF, but remain only partially effective. ROS can be generated from several different sources, and the oxidative state is normally tightly regulated in the heart. How AngII increases ROS levels and causes dysregulation of the cardiac oxidative state has been the subject of considerable interest in recent years. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A better understanding of this process and the mechanisms involved should lead to the development of more effective HF therapies and improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zablocki
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey , Newark, New Jersey
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18
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Anestopoulos I, Kavo A, Tentes I, Kortsaris A, Panayiotidis M, Lazou A, Pappa A. Silibinin protects H9c2 cardiac cells from oxidative stress and inhibits phenylephrine-induced hypertrophy: potential mechanisms. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:586-94. [PMID: 22818713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is the main response of the heart to various extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli, and it is characterized by specific molecular and phenotypic changes. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies indicate the involvement of reactive oxygen species in the hypertrophic response. In this study, silibinin, a plant flavonolignan extracted from milk thistle with potent antioxidant activity, was evaluated for its effects in (a) preventing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cellular damage and (b) blocking the phenylephrine-induced hypertrophic response. Using the in vitro model of embryonic rat heart-derived H9c2 cells, we showed that silibinin has a rather safe profile as concentrations up to 200μM did not affect cell viability. Pretreatment of H9c2 cells with silibinin resulted in better protection of H9c2 cells under conditions of H2O2-induced cellular stress compared to untreated cells as indicated by cell viability and DNA fragmentation assays. Furthermore, silibinin attenuated the phenylephrine-induced hypertrophic response as evidenced by the measurement of cell surface, up-regulation of atrial natriuretic peptide and increase of cellular protein levels. Moreover, silibinin repressed the phenylephrine-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 kinases, while it appeared to inhibit the weakly activated by phenylephrine phosphorylation of Akt. Based on our results, silibinin may attenuate the phenylephrine-induced hypertrophic response of H9c2 cells via antioxidant mechanisms involving mainly the inhibition of the intracellular signaling pathways mediated by ERK1/2 MAPKs and Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Anestopoulos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
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19
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Dragun D, Catar R, Kusch A, Heidecke H, Philippe A. Non-HLA-antibodies targeting Angiotensin type 1 receptor and antibody mediated rejection. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:1282-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Kumar V, Calamaras TD, Haeussler D, Colucci WS, Cohen RA, McComb ME, Pimentel D, Bachschmid MM. Cardiovascular redox and ox stress proteomics. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:1528-59. [PMID: 22607061 PMCID: PMC3448941 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative post-translational modifications (OPTMs) have been demonstrated as contributing to cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. These modifications have been identified using antibodies as well as advanced proteomic methods, and the functional importance of each is beginning to be understood using transgenic and gene deletion animal models. Given that OPTMs are involved in cardiovascular pathology, the use of these modifications as biomarkers and predictors of disease has significant therapeutic potential. Adequate understanding of the chemistry of the OPTMs is necessary to determine what may occur in vivo and which modifications would best serve as biomarkers. RECENT ADVANCES By using mass spectrometry, advanced labeling techniques, and antibody identification, OPTMs have become accessible to a larger proportion of the scientific community. Advancements in instrumentation, database search algorithms, and processing speed have allowed MS to fully expand on the proteome of OPTMs. In addition, the role of enzymatically reversible OPTMs has been further clarified in preclinical models. CRITICAL ISSUES The identification of OPTMs suffers from limitations in analytic detection based on the methodology, instrumentation, sample complexity, and bioinformatics. Currently, each type of OPTM requires a specific strategy for identification, and generalized approaches result in an incomplete assessment. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Novel types of highly sensitive MS instrumentation that allow for improved separation and detection of modified proteins and peptides have been crucial in the discovery of OPTMs and biomarkers. To further advance the identification of relevant OPTMs in advanced search algorithms, standardized methods for sample processing and depository of MS data will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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21
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Chan JYY, Yuen ACY, Chan RYK, Chan SW. A Review of the Cardiovascular Benefits and Antioxidant Properties of Allicin. Phytother Res 2012; 27:637-46. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Yan-Yan Chan
- Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong SAR PR China
| | - Ailsa Chui-Ying Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology; Shenzhen PR China
| | - Robbie Yat-Kan Chan
- Programme of Food Science and Technology, Division of Science and Technology; BNU-HKBU United International College; Zhuhai PR China
| | - Shun-Wan Chan
- Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong SAR PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology; Shenzhen PR China
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22
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Polac I, Borowiecka M, Wilamowska A, Nowak P. Oxidative stress measured by carbonyl groups level in postmenopausal women after oral and transdermal hormone therapy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2012; 38:1177-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2011.01842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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23
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Cellular dysfunction in diabetes as maladaptive response to mitochondrial oxidative stress. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:696215. [PMID: 22253615 PMCID: PMC3255456 DOI: 10.1155/2012/696215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in diabetes long-term complications. In this paper, we summarize the growing evidence suggesting that hyperglycemia-induced overproduction of superoxide by mitochondrial electron transport chain triggers a maladaptive response by affecting several metabolic and signaling pathways involved in the pathophysiology of cellular dysfunction and diabetic complications. In particular, it is our goal to describe physiological mechanisms underlying the mitochondrial free radical production and regulation to explain the oxidative stress derived from a high intracellular glucose concentration and the resulting maladaptive response that leads to a cellular dysfunction and pathological state. Finally, we outline potential therapies for diabetes focused to the prevention of mitochondrial oxidative damage.
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Kelly M, Bagnall RD, Peverill RE, Donelan L, Corben L, Delatycki MB, Semsarian C. A polymorphic miR-155 binding site in AGTR1 is associated with cardiac hypertrophy in Friedreich ataxia. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 51:848-54. [PMID: 21771600 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative condition with a heterogeneous cardiac phenotype caused primarily by an expanded GAA trinucleotide repeat in the frataxin gene (FXN). FXN is important in mitochondrial iron efflux, sensitivity to oxidative stress, and cell death. The number of GAA repeats on the smaller FXN allele (GAA1) only accounts for a portion of the observed variability in cardiac phenotype. Genetic modifying factors, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (RAAS), may contribute to phenotype variability. This study investigated genetic variability in the angiotensin-II type-1 receptor (AGTR1), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and ACE2 genes as cardiac phenotype modifying factors in FRDA patients. Comprehensive review of the AGTR1, ACE and ACE2 genes identified twelve haplotype tagging SNPs. Correlation of these SNPs with left ventricular internal diameter in diastole (LVIDd), interventricular septal wall thickness (SWT) and left ventricular mass (LVM) was examined in a large Australian FRDA cohort (n=79) with adjustments performed for GAA repeats, age, sex, body surface area and diastolic blood pressure. A significant inverse relationship was observed between GAA1 and LVIDd (p=0.010) but not with SWT or LVM after adjustment for covariates. The AGTR1 polymorphism rs5186 was more common in FRDA patients than in a control population (p=0.002). Using a recessive model of inheritance, the C allele of rs5186 was associated with a significant increase in SWT (p=0.003) and LVM (p=0.001). This functional polymorphism increases expression of AGTR1 by altering the binding site for miR-155, a regulatory microRNA. No significant associations with left ventricular structure were observed for the remaining RAAS polymorphisms. The AGTR1 polymorphism rs5186 appears to modify the FRDA cardiac phenotype independently of GAA1. This study supports the role of RAAS polymorphisms as modifiers of cardiac phenotype in FRDA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kelly
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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25
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Liu C, Cao F, Tang QZ, Yan L, Dong YG, Zhu LH, Wang L, Bian ZY, Li H. Allicin protects against cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis via attenuating reactive oxygen species-dependent signaling pathways. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 21:1238-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2009] [Revised: 10/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Elton TS, Sansom SE, Martin MM. Trisomy-21 gene dosage over-expression of miRNAs results in the haploinsufficiency of specific target proteins. RNA Biol 2010; 7:540-7. [PMID: 21081842 PMCID: PMC3073250 DOI: 10.4161/rna.7.5.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) or Trisomy 21 (Ts21) is caused by the presence of an extra copy of all or part of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) and is the most frequent survivable congenital chromosomal abnormality. Bioinformatic annotation has established that Hsa21 harbors more than 400 genes, including five microRNA (miRNA) genes (miR-99a, let-7c, miR-125b-2, miR-155, and miR-802). MiRNAs are endogenous, single-stranded, small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by interacting with specific recognition elements harbored within the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of mRNAs and subsequently target these mRNAs for translational repression or destabilization. MiRNA expression profiling, miRNA RT-PCR, and miRNA in situ hybridization experiments have demonstrated that Hsa21-derived miRNAs were over-expressed in fetal brain and heart specimens isolated from individuals with DS. We now propose that Ts21 gene dosage over-expression of Hsa21-derived miRNAs in DS individuals result in the decreased expression of specific target proteins (i.e. haploinsufficiency) that contribute, in part, to the DS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry S Elton
- Division of Pharmacology, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Elton TS, Sansom SE, Martin MM. Cardiovascular Disease, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms; and the Renin Angiotensin System: Is There a MicroRNA Connection? Int J Hypertens 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20948563 PMCID: PMC2949081 DOI: 10.4061/2010/281692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential hypertension is a complex disorder, caused by the interplay between many genetic variants, gene-gene interactions, and environmental factors. Given that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in blood pressure (BP) control, cardiovascular regulation, and cardiovascular remodeling, special attention has been devoted to the investigation of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) harbored in RAS genes that may be associated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of small, ∼21-nucleotide long, and nonprotein-coding RNAs that recognize target mRNAs through partial complementary elements in the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of mRNAs and inhibit gene expression by targeting mRNAs for translational repression or destabilization. Since miRNA SNPs (miRSNPs) can create, destroy, or modify miRNA binding sites, this review focuses on the hypothesis that transcribed target SNPs harbored in RAS mRNAs, that alter miRNA gene regulation and consequently protein expression, may contribute to cardiovascular disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry S Elton
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, DHLRI 515, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Sõber S, Laan M, Annilo T. MicroRNAs miR-124 and miR-135a are potential regulators of the mineralocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C2) expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 391:727-32. [PMID: 19944075 PMCID: PMC2806518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) comprise a post-transcriptional layer of gene regulation shown to be involved in diverse physiological processes. We aimed to study whether regulatory networks that determine susceptibility to hypertension may involve a miRNA component. Screening of loci, involved in renal water–salt balance regulation, highlighted the mineralocorticoid receptor gene NR3C2 as a potential target for several miRNAs. A luciferase assay demonstrated that miR-124 and miR-135a suppress NR3C2 3′UTR reporter construct activity 1.5- and 2.2-fold, respectively. As the tested miRNAs did not reduce the levels of target mRNA, we suggest that the binding of miR-124 and miR-135a to NR3C2 3′UTR contributes to the translational, not transcriptional regulation of the gene. Co-expression of two different miRNAs did not increase the repression of the reporter gene, indicating no additive or synergistic effects between the tested miRNAs. Our results demonstrate that by repressing the mineralocorticoid receptor gene NR3C2, miR-124 and miR-135a could participate in the regulation of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and thereby might be involved in blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siim Sõber
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia.
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29
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Genetic polymorphisms of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene and diastolic heart failure. J Hypertens 2009; 27:502-7. [PMID: 19330904 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32831fda3a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate the association between angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AGTR1) gene polymorphisms and diastolic heart failure (DHF) in a case controlled study. METHODS Of 1752 consecutive patients analyzed, 176 diagnosed with DHF and confirmed by echocardiography were recruited. Controls were matched one-to-one by age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, renal function, and medication use. We genotyped 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) according to the HapMap Han Chinese Beijing databank across the AGTR1 gene to capture 96% of the haplotype variance in all SNPs with minor allele frequencies at least 5%. We also genotyped A1166C (rs5186) SNP with known associations with cardiovascular disease and analyzed associations of SNPs and haplotypes with DHF and linkage disequilibrium structure of the AGTR1 gene. RESULTS In a single locus analysis, SNP rs16860760, rs389566, and rs5186 were associated with DHF (allele specific P = 0.004, 0.002, 0.002, respectively; permuted P = 0.045, 0.022, 0.027, respectively). SNP rs389566, with a minor allele frequency of 20.17%, had an odds ratio (OR) 2.03 for the autosomal dominant model [AA + AT: TT, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29-3.19; P = 0.0012] and 1.73 for the additive model (95% CI 1.21-2.48; P = 0.0018) corresponding to a population attributable risk fraction of 27.21%. The haplotypes in a linkage disequilibrium block of rs389566 (T-A-G and A-A-G) were also significantly associated with DHF (permuted P = 0.0125 and 0.0105, respectively). CONCLUSION We identified risk-conferring genetic variants of the AGTR1 gene for DHF in a Chinese population.
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Fenty-Stewart N, Park JY, Roth SM, Hagberg JM, Basu S, Ferrell RE, Brown MD. Independent and combined influence of AGTR1 variants and aerobic exercise on oxidative stress in hypertensives. Blood Press 2009; 18:204-12. [PMID: 19593696 DOI: 10.1080/08037050903118706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Angiotensin II (AngII), via the AngII type 1 receptor (AT(1)R), contributes to oxidative stress. Aerobic exercise training (AEXT) reduces the risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease, presumably by reducing the grade of oxidative stress. We investigated the independent and combined influence of the AGTR1 A1166C and -825 T/A polymorphisms on oxidative stress and plasma AngII responses to AEXT in pre- and stage 1 hypertensives. Urinary 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) significantly increased with AEXT (p=0.002); however, there were no significant changes in superoxide dismutase activity or AngII levels. There was a significant difference in the change in AngII levels with AEXT between A1166C genotype groups (p=0.04) resulting in a significant interactive effect of the A1166C polymorphism and AEXT on the change in AngII (p<0.05). Only the TT genotype group of the -825 T/A polymorphism had a significant reduction in plasma AngII (p=0.02). Risk allele analysis revealed a significant reduction in plasma AngII (p=0.04) and a significant increase in urinary 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) (p=0.01) with AEXT in individuals with two risk alleles only. Our findings suggest that variation in the AGTR1 gene is associated with differential changes in plasma AngII but not oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Fenty-Stewart
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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Palmer BR, Devereaux CL, Dhamrait SS, Mocatta TJ, Pilbrow AP, Frampton CM, Skelton L, Yandle TG, Winterbourn CC, Richards AM, Montgomery HE, Cameron VA. The common G-866A polymorphism of the UCP2 gene and survival in diabetic patients following myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2009; 8:31. [PMID: 19527523 PMCID: PMC2702310 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-8-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A variant in the promoter of the human uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) gene, the G-866A polymorphism, has been associated with future risk of coronary heart disease events, in those devoid of traditional risk factors and in those suffering from diabetes. We thus examined the impact of the G-866A polymorphism on 5-year survival in a cohort of 901 post-myocardial infarction patients, and the impact of type-2 diabetes on this relationship. The association of UCP2 with baseline biochemical and hormonal measurements, including levels of the inflammatory marker myeloperoxidase, was also examined. Methods UCP2 G-866A genotypes were determined using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) protocol. Myeloperoxidase levels were measured in plasma samples taken from 419 cohort patients 24–96 hours after admission. Results Genotypes were obtained for 901 patients with genotype frequencies AA 15.5%, GA 45.5%, and GG 39.0%. Genotype was not associated with survival in the overall cohort (mortality: AA 15.6%, GA 16.8%, GG 19.4%, p = 0.541). However, amongst diabetics, AA and GA genotype groups had significantly worse survival than GG diabetic patients (p < 0.05) with an attributable risk of 23.3% and 18.7% for those of AA and GA genotype respectively. Multivariate analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model confirmed that the interaction of diabetes with genotype was significantly predictive of survival (p = 0.031). In the cohort's diabetic subgroup AA/GA patients had higher myeloperoxidase levels than their GG counterparts (GA/AA, n = 51, 63.9 ± 5.23; GG, n = 34, 49.1 ± 3.72 ng/ml, p = 0.041). Further analysis showed that this phenomenon was confined to male patients (GA/AA, n = 36, 64.3 ± 6.23; GG, n = 29, 44.9 ± 3.72 ng/ml, p = 0.015). Conclusion Diabetic patients in this post-myocardial infarction cohort with UCP2 -866 AA/GA genotype have poorer survival and higher myeloperoxidase levels than their GG counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry R Palmer
- Christchurch Cardioendocrine Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Effects of oral contraception with ethinylestradiol and drospirenone on oxidative stress in women 18-35 years old. Contraception 2009; 80:187-93. [PMID: 19631796 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2009.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral contraceptives (OCs) with estrogens and progestins may affect oxidative stress (OS) status. STUDY DESIGN A group of 32 women using oral contraceptives (OCU) containing 0.03 mg ethinylestradiol and 3 mg drospirenone have been compared to a matched control group of 30 noncontraception users (NCU). Blood levels of antioxidants, trace elements and markers of lipid peroxidation were assessed by biochemical methods. A microarray analysis of whole blood mRNA levels of 200 genes involved in OS-dependant pathway was also performed. RESULTS Levels of zinc, vitamin E and antibodies to oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) were not significantly different between the two groups. On the other hand, significant increases in the mean levels of lipid peroxides (+176%, p<.001), oxidized LDLs (+145%, p<.002), copper (+103%, p<.001), Cu/Zn ratio (+100%, p<.001) and a significant decrease in the mean level of beta-carotene (-41%, p<.01) were observed in the OCU compared to NCU. There was a highly significant positive correlation between the lipid peroxide levels and the copper-to-zinc ratio. From the 200 genes tested by microarray, one coding for HSP70 was significantly up-regulated (log(2) fold change=+ 0.45, p<.02) and one coding for inducible nitric oxide synthase significantly down-regulated (log(2) fold change=-0.24, p<.05) in the OCU compared to the NCU. CONCLUSIONS The recently introduced combination of ethinylestradiol and drospirenone induced the heightening of lipid peroxidation correlated with high levels of copper, a situation that could be associated with increased cardiovascular risk.
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Parissis JT, Kourea K, Andreadou I, Ikonomidis I, Markantonis S, Ioannidis K, Paraskevaidis I, Iliodromitis E, Filippatos G, Kremastinos DT. Effects of Darbepoetin Alfa on plasma mediators of oxidative and nitrosative stress in anemic patients with chronic heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2009; 103:1134-8. [PMID: 19361602 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2008] [Revised: 12/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Increased oxidative and nitrosative stress are important mediators of left ventricular (LV) and vascular dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). This study investigated the effects of darbepoetin alfa on plasma markers of oxidative and nitrosative stress in patients with CHF with anemia. Thirty patients with CHF (LV ejection fraction [LVEF] <40%, hemoglobin <12.5 g/dl, and serum creatinine <2.5 mg/dl) were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either a 3-month darbepoetin alfa regimen at 1.5 microg/kg every 20 days plus oral iron or placebo plus oral iron. Plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), markers of oxidative (oxidative, malondialdehyde, carbonyl proteins; antioxidative, glutathione) and nitrosative (nitrotyrosine) stress, LVEF, and 6-minute walked distance were assessed at baseline and after treatment. A significant improvement in LVEF and 6-minute walked distance was observed in only darbepoetin-treated patients. Plasma BNP (F = 14.8, p = 001), malondialdehyde (F = 9.4, p = 0.006), protein carbonyl (F = 9.2, p = 0.006), and nitrotyrosine (F = 4.4, p = 0.045) were significantly decreased, along with an increase in antioxidative glutathione (F = 4.2, p = 0.049) after darbepoetin alfa treatment. These factors were unaffected in placebo-treated patients. Darbepoetin-induced percentages of change in carbonyl protein significantly correlated with respective changes in plasma BNP (r = 0.55, p <0.05) and LVEF (r = -0.46, p <0.05). Finally, a drug-induced percentage of decrease in nitrotyrosine significantly correlated with the respective improvement in 6-minute walked distance (r = -0.63, p <0.05). In conclusion, darbepoetin alfa attenuated deleterious effects of oxidative and nitrosative stress into the cardiovascular system of anemic patients with CHF, improving also cardiac function and exercise capacity.
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Sinning C, Schnabel R, Peacock WF, Blankenberg S. Up-and-coming markers: myeloperoxidase, a novel biomarker test for heart failure and acute coronary syndrome application? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 14:46-8. [PMID: 18772634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7133.2008.tb00012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a mammalian enzyme responsible for generation of hypochlorite. The advantage of myeloperoxidase for use as a biomarker in the setting of heart failure and acute coronary syndrome is the early increase of MPO concentration in response to the acute event. In the setting of heart failure the reported independency of coronary artery disease and general inflammation, as indicated by MPO concentration in comparison to other inflammatory markers or in subgroups of patients with ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, has to be highlighted. In terms of ACS, inclusion of MPO into a multiple marker strategy might add to enhance diagnosis and therapy decision making. Therefore, MPO is a biomarker worthwhile of further evaluation in the setting of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Sinning
- Department of Medicine II, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
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Stephens JW, Bain SC, Humphries SE. Gene–environment interaction and oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2008; 200:229-38. [PMID: 18490019 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Sinning C, Schnabel R, Peacock WF, Blankenberg S. Up-and-Coming Markers: Myeloperoxidase, a Novel Biomarker Test for Heart Failure and Acute Coronary Syndrome Application? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7133.2008.08334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wheeler MT, Ho M, Knowles JW, Pavlovic A, Ashley EA. Pharmacogenetics of heart failure: evidence, opportunities, and challenges for cardiovascular pharmacogenomics. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2008; 1:25-36. [PMID: 20559955 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-007-9007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is a significant medical problem affecting more than five million people in the USA alone. Although clinical trials of pharmacological agents have demonstrated significant reductions in the relative risk of mortality across populations, absolute mortality remains high. In addition, individual variation in response is great. Some of this variation may be explained by genetic polymorphism. In this paper, we review the key studies to date in heart failure pharmacogenetics, setting this against a background of recent progress in the genetics of warfarin metabolism. Several polymorphisms that have supporting molecular and clinical data in the heart failure literature are reviewed, among them the beta1-adrenergic receptor variant Arg389Gly and the angiotensin converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism. These variants and others are responsible for a fraction of the total variation seen in the treatment response to heart failure. With the dawn of the genomic age, further pharmacogenetic and new pharmacogenomic studies will advance our ability to tailor the treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Wheeler
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC MC 5406, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Kiliszek M, Burzyńska B, Styczyński G, Maciag M, Rabczenko D, Opolski G. A1166C polymorphism of the angiotensin AT1 receptor (AT1R) gene alters endothelial response to statin treatment. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007; 45:839-42. [PMID: 17617024 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2007.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The function of vascular endothelium is influenced by several factors: low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, oxidative stress and the reninangiotensin system. METHODS We tested the hypothesis that polymorphisms A1166C of the angiotensin AT1 receptor (AT1R) gene, C242T and A640G of the pphox22 gene (p22 phox is an essential component of NADH/NADPH oxidases) and G894T of the endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) gene influence endothelial function and its reaction to statin treatment. In 44 patients with coronary artery disease or hypercholesterolemia (not on lipid-lowering treatment), lipid profile and endothelial function (brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, FMD) were measured at baseline and after treatment with statins for 8-12 weeks. All subjects were genotyped for the above-mentioned polymorphisms. RESULTS None of the polymorphisms significantly predicted baseline FMD. Patients with the C allele of A1166C showed smaller changes in FMD in comparison with patients with the AA genotype (-0.044+/-0.439% vs. 0.386+/-0.599%; p=0.016). None of the other polymorphisms significantly influenced changes in FMD. CONCLUSIONS The C allele of AT1R A1166C is associated with significantly lower endothelial response to statin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Kiliszek
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Martin MM, Buckenberger JA, Jiang J, Malana GE, Nuovo GJ, Chotani M, Feldman DS, Schmittgen TD, Elton TS. The human angiotensin II type 1 receptor +1166 A/C polymorphism attenuates microRNA-155 binding. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:24262-9. [PMID: 17588946 PMCID: PMC2413065 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701050200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The adverse effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) are primarily mediated through the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R). A silent polymorphism (+1166 A/C) in the human AT1R gene has been associated with cardiovascular disease, possibly as a result of enhanced AT(1)R activity. Because this polymorphism occurs in the 3'-untranslated region of the human AT1R gene, the biological importance of this mutation has always been questionable. Computer alignment demonstrated that the +1166 A/C polymorphism occurred in a cis-regulatory site, which is recognized by a specific microRNA (miRNA), miR-155. miRNAs are noncoding RNAs that silence gene expression by base-pairing with complementary sequences in the 3'-untranslated region of target RNAs. When the +1166 C-allele is present, base-pairing complementarity is interrupted, and the ability of miR-155 to interact with the cis-regulatory site is decreased. As a result, miR-155 no longer attenuates translation as efficiently as demonstrated by luciferase reporter and Ang II radioreceptor binding assays. In situ hybridization experiments demonstrated that mature miR-155 is abundantly expressed in the same cell types as the AT1R (e.g. endothelial and vascular smooth muscle). Finally, when human primary vascular smooth muscle cells were transfected with an antisense miR-155 inhibitor, endogenous human AT1R expression and Ang II-induced ERK1/2 activation were significantly increased. Taken together, our study demonstrates that the AT1R and miR-155 are co-expressed and that miR-155 translationally represses the expression of AT1R in vivo. Therefore, our study provides the first feasible biochemical mechanism by which the +1166 A/C polymorphism can lead to increased AT1R densities and possibly cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickey M. Martin
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | | | - Jinmai Jiang
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Geraldine E. Malana
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Gerard J. Nuovo
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Maqsood Chotani
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - David S. Feldman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Thomas D. Schmittgen
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Terry S. Elton
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Mocatta TJ, Pilbrow AP, Cameron VA, Senthilmohan R, Frampton CM, Richards AM, Winterbourn CC. Plasma Concentrations of Myeloperoxidase Predict Mortality After Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49:1993-2000. [PMID: 17512353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated relationships between plasma myeloperoxidase (MPO), protein oxidation markers, and clinical outcome retrospectively in patients after acute myocardial infarction (MI). BACKGROUND Reactive oxidants are implicated in cardiovascular disease, and elevated plasma MPO is reported to predict adverse outcome in acute coronary syndromes. METHODS Detailed demographic information, radionuclide ventriculography, neurohormone measurements, and clinical history were obtained for 512 acute MI patients at hospital admission. Plasma levels of MPO and protein carbonyls were measured in patients and 156 heart-healthy control subjects. 3-chlorotyrosine was measured in selected patients. Patient mortality was followed for 5 years. RESULTS Plasma MPO and protein carbonyl concentrations were higher in MI patients 24 h to 96 h after admission than in control subjects (medians: MPO 55 ng/ml vs. 39 ng/ml, and protein carbonyls 48 pmol/mg vs. 17 pmol/mg protein, p < 0.001 for each). Both markers were significantly correlated with each other and with cardiovascular hormone levels. Chlorotyrosine was not elevated in patients with high MPO or carbonyl levels. Above-median levels of MPO but not protein carbonyls were independently predictive of mortality (odds ratio 1.8, 95% confidence interval 1.0 to 3.0, p = 0.034). Patients with above-median MPO levels in combination with above-median plasma amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) or below-median left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) had significantly greater mortality compared with other patients. CONCLUSIONS Myeloperoxidase and protein carbonyl levels are elevated in plasma after acute MI, apparently via independent mechanisms. High MPO is a risk factor for long-term mortality and adds prognostic value to LVEF and plasma NT-proBNP measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa J Mocatta
- Department of Pathology, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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