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Rabia B, Thanigaimani S, Golledge J. The potential involvement of glycocalyx disruption in abdominal aortic aneurysm pathogenesis. Cardiovasc Pathol 2024; 70:107629. [PMID: 38461960 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2024.107629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a weakening and expansion of the abdominal aorta. Currently, there is no drug treatment to limit abdominal aortic aneurysm growth. The glycocalyx is the outermost layer of the cell surface, mainly composed of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to identify a potential relationship between glycocalyx disruption and abdominal aortic aneurysm pathogenesis. METHODS A narrative review of relevant published research was conducted. RESULTS Glycocalyx disruption has been reported to enhance vascular permeability, impair immune responses, dysregulate endothelial function, promote extracellular matrix remodeling and modulate mechanotransduction. All these effects are implicated in abdominal aortic aneurysm pathogenesis. Glycocalyx disruption promotes inflammation through exposure of adhesion molecules and release of proinflammatory mediators. Glycocalyx disruption affects how the endothelium responds to shear stress by reducing nitric oxide availabilty and adversely affecting the storage and release of several antioxidants, growth factors, and antithromotic proteins. These changes exacerbate oxidative stress, stimulate vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction, and promote thrombosis, all effects implicated in abdominal aortic aneurysm pathogenesis. Deficiency of key component of the glycocalyx, such as syndecan-4, were reported to promote aneurysm formation and rupture in the angiotensin-II and calcium chloride induced mouse models of abdominal aortic aneurysm. CONCLUSION This review provides a summary of past research which suggests that glycocalyx disruption may play a role in abdominal aortic aneurysm pathogenesis. Further research is needed to establish a causal link between glycocalyx disruption and abdominal aortic aneurysm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Rabia
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | - Shivshankar Thanigaimani
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; The Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; The Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; The Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia.
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2
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Zhao J, Wu S, Zhang M, Hong X, Zhao M, Xu S, Ji J, Ren K, Fu G, Fu J. Adventitial delivery of miR-145 to treat intimal hyperplasia post vascular injuries through injectable and in-situ self-assembling peptide hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2024; 173:247-260. [PMID: 37939818 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Intimal hyperplasia is a common lesion that can be observed in diverse vascular diseases. Drug-eluting stents and drug-coated balloons, which can release anti-proliferative agents to inhibit smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, are developed to prevent intimal hyperplasia. However, these intervention devices still cannot achieve satisfactory clinical outcomes. In contrast to endovascular drug delivery, vascular adventitial drug delivery is a new strategy. To develop a vascular adventitial drug delivery system to treat intimal hyperplasia post vascular injuries, we loaded miR-145-5p-agomir (miR-145) into an injectable and in-situ self-assembling RAD peptide hydrogel. In vitro data showed that the miR-145 could be well incorporated into the RAD peptide hydrogels and released in a slow and controlled manner. The released miR-145 could transfect SMCs successfully, and the transfected SMCs exhibited a reduced migration capacity and higher expressions of SMC contractile biomarkers as compared to the non-transfected SMCs. In vivo data showed that the retention of the miR-145 was greatly elongated by the RAD peptide hydrogels. In addition, the application of the miR-145-loaded RAD peptide hydrogels surrounding injured arteries decreased the proliferative SMCs, promoted the regeneration of endothelium, reduced the macrophage infiltration, inhibited the neointimal formation and prevented adverse ECM remodeling via downregulation of KLF4 expression. The RAD peptide hydrogels loaded with miR-145 can successfully inhibit intimal hyperplasia after vascular injuries and thus hold great potential as an innovative extravascular drug delivery approach to treat vascular diseases. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Intimal hyperplasia is a common lesion that can be observed in diverse vascular diseases. Drug-eluting stents and drug-coated balloons, which can release anti-proliferative agents to inhibit smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, are developed to prevent intimal hyperplasia. However, these intervention devices still cannot achieve satisfactory clinical outcomes. In contrast to endovascular drug delivery, vascular adventitial drug delivery is a new strategy. Our work here demonstrates that the RAD peptide hydrogels loaded with miR-145-5p-agomir (miR-145) can successfully reverse intimal hyperplasia after vascular injuries and thus hold great potential as an innovative vascular adventitial drug delivery approach to treat vascular diseases. Our work proposes a possible paradigm shift from endovascular drug delivery to extravascular drug delivery for vascular disorder treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shaofei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Mingqi Zhang
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Xulin Hong
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Shihui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Jian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kefeng Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Guosheng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China.
| | - Jiayin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China.
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3
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Xu P, Cai X, Guan X, Xie W. Sulfoconjugation of protein peptides and glycoproteins in physiology and diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 251:108540. [PMID: 37777160 PMCID: PMC10842354 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein sulfoconjugation, or sulfation, represents a critical post-translational modification (PTM) process that involves the attachment of sulfate groups to various positions of substrates within the protein peptides or glycoproteins. This process plays a dynamic and complex role in many physiological and pathological processes. Here, we summarize the importance of sulfation in the fields of oncology, virology, drug-induced liver injury (DILI), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and atherosclerosis. In oncology, sulfation is involved in tumor initiation, progression, and migration. In virology, sulfation influences viral entry, replication, and host immune response. In DILI, sulfation is associated with the incidence of DILI, where altered sulfation affects drug metabolism and toxicity. In IBD, dysregulation of sulfation compromises mucosal barrier and immune response. In atherosclerosis, sulfation influences the development of atherosclerosis by modulating the accumulation of lipoprotein, and the inflammation, proliferation, and migration of smooth muscle cells. The current review underscores the importance of further research to unravel the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic potential of targeting sulfoconjugation in various diseases. A better understanding of sulfation could facilitate the emergence of innovative diagnostic or therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xinran Cai
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xiuchen Guan
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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4
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He C, Ye P, Zhang X, Esmaeili E, Li Y, Lü P, Cai C. The Role of TGF-β Signaling in Saphenous Vein Graft Failure after Peripheral Arterial Disease Bypass Surgery. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10381. [PMID: 37373529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Saphenous vein bypass grafting is an effective technique used to treat peripheral arterial disease (PAD). However, restenosis is the major clinical challenge for the graft vessel among people with PAD postoperation. We hypothesize that there is a common culprit behind arterial occlusion and graft restenosis. To investigate this hypothesis, we found TGF-β, a gene specifically upregulated in PAD arteries, by bioinformatics analysis. TGF-β has a wide range of biological activities and plays an important role in vascular remodeling. We discuss the molecular pathway of TGF-β and elucidate its mechanism in vascular remodeling and intimal hyperplasia, including EMT, extracellular matrix deposition, and fibrosis, which are the important pathways contributing to stenosis. Additionally, we present a case report of a patient with graft restenosis linked to the TGF-β pathway. Finally, we discuss the potential applications of targeting the TGF-β pathway in the clinic to improve the long-term patency of vein grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhuai He
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Pin Ye
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xuecheng Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Elham Esmaeili
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ping Lü
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chuanqi Cai
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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5
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Sameti M, Shojaee M, Saleh BM, Moore LK, Bashur CA. Peritoneal pre-conditioning impacts long-term vascular graft patency and remodeling. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 148:213386. [PMID: 36948108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
There are questions about how well small-animal models for tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) translate to clinical patients. Most TEVG studies used grafting times ≤6 months where conduits from generally biocompatible materials like poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) perform well. However, longer grafting times can result in significant intimal hyperplasia and calcification. This study tests the hypothesis that differences in pro-inflammatory response from pure PCL conduits will be consequential after long-term grafting. It also tests the long-term benefits of a peritoneal pre-implantation strategy on rodent outcomes. Electrospun conduits with and without peritoneal pre-implantation, and with 0 % and 10 % (w/w) collagen/PCL, were grafted into abdominal aortae of rats for 10 months. This study found that viability of control grafts without pre-implantation was reduced unlike prior studies with shorter grafting times, confirming the relevance of this model. Importantly, pre-implanted grafts had a 100 % patency rate. Further, pre-implantation reduced intimal hyperplasia within the graft. Differences in response between pure PCL and collagen/PCL conduits were observed (e.g., fewer CD80+ and CD3+ cells for collagen/PCL), but only pre-implantation had an effect on the overall graft viability. This study demonstrates how long-term grafting in rodent models can better evaluate viability of different TEVGs, and the benefits of the peritoneal pre-implantation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahyar Sameti
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical Engineering, and Science, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, United States
| | - Mozhgan Shojaee
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical Engineering, and Science, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, United States
| | - Bayan M Saleh
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical Engineering, and Science, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, United States
| | - Lisa K Moore
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical Engineering, and Science, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, United States
| | - Chris A Bashur
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical Engineering, and Science, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, United States.
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6
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Seime T, van Wanrooij M, Karlöf E, Kronqvist M, Johansson S, Matic L, Gasser TC, Hedin U. Biomechanical Assessment of Macro-Calcification in Human Carotid Atherosclerosis and Its Impact on Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype. Cells 2022; 11:3279. [PMID: 36291144 PMCID: PMC9600867 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Intimal calcification and vascular stiffening are predominant features of end-stage atherosclerosis. However, their role in atherosclerotic plaque instability and how the extent and spatial distribution of calcification influence plaque biology remain unclear. We recently showed that extensive macro calcification can be a stabilizing feature of late-stage human lesions, associated with a reacquisition of more differentiated properties of plaque smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Here, we hypothesized that biomechanical forces related to macro-calcification within plaques influence SMC phenotype and contribute to plaque stabilization. We generated a finite element modeling (FEM) pipeline to assess plaque tissue stretch based on image analysis of preoperative computed tomography angiography (CTA) of carotid atherosclerotic plaques to visualize calcification and soft tissues (lipids and extracellular matrix) within the lesions. Biomechanical stretch was significantly reduced in tissues in close proximity to macro calcification, while increased levels were observed within distant soft tissues. Applying this data to an in vitro stretch model on primary vascular SMCs revealed upregulation of typical markers for differentiated SMCs and contractility under low stretch conditions but also impeded SMC alignment. In contrast, high stretch conditions in combination with calcifying conditions induced SMC apoptosis. Our findings suggest that the load bearing capacities of macro calcifications influence SMC differentiation and survival and contribute to atherosclerotic plaque stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Seime
- Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Max van Wanrooij
- Solid Mechanics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Karlöf
- Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Kronqvist
- Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Staffan Johansson
- Biochemistry & Cell & Tumor Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ljubica Matic
- Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T. Christian Gasser
- Solid Mechanics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Regulation of FGF-2, FGF-18 and Transcription Factor Activity by Perlecan in the Maturational Development of Transitional Rudiment and Growth Plate Cartilages and in the Maintenance of Permanent Cartilage Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041934. [PMID: 35216048 PMCID: PMC8872392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to highlight the roles of perlecan in the regulation of the development of the rudiment developmental cartilages and growth plate cartilages, and also to show how perlecan maintains permanent articular cartilage homeostasis. Cartilage rudiments are transient developmental templates containing chondroprogenitor cells that undergo proliferation, matrix deposition, and hypertrophic differentiation. Growth plate cartilage also undergoes similar changes leading to endochondral bone formation, whereas permanent cartilage is maintained as an articular structure and does not undergo maturational changes. Pericellular and extracellular perlecan-HS chains interact with growth factors, morphogens, structural matrix glycoproteins, proteases, and inhibitors to promote matrix stabilization and cellular proliferation, ECM remodelling, and tissue expansion. Perlecan has mechanotransductive roles in cartilage that modulate chondrocyte responses in weight-bearing environments. Nuclear perlecan may modulate chromatin structure and transcription factor access to DNA and gene regulation. Snail-1, a mesenchymal marker and transcription factor, signals through FGFR-3 to promote chondrogenesis and maintain Acan and type II collagen levels in articular cartilage, but prevents further tissue expansion. Pre-hypertrophic growth plate chondrocytes also express high Snail-1 levels, leading to cessation of Acan and CoI2A1 synthesis and appearance of type X collagen. Perlecan differentially regulates FGF-2 and FGF-18 to maintain articular cartilage homeostasis, rudiment and growth plate cartilage growth, and maturational changes including mineralization, contributing to skeletal growth.
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Granath C, Noren H, Björck H, Simon N, Olesen K, Rodin S, Grinnemo KH, Österholm C. Characterization of Laminins in Healthy Human Aortic Valves and a Modified Decellularized Rat Scaffold. Biores Open Access 2020; 9:269-278. [PMID: 33376633 PMCID: PMC7757704 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2020.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases in western countries and can only be treated by replacement with a prosthetic valve. Tissue engineering is an emerging and promising treatment option, but in-depth knowledge about the microstructure of native heart valves is lacking, making the development of tissue-engineered heart valves challenging. Specifically, the basement membrane (BM) of heart valves remains incompletely characterized, and decellularization protocols that preserve BM components are necessary to advance the field. This study aims to characterize laminin isoforms expressed in healthy human aortic valves and establish a small animal decellularized aortic valve scaffold for future studies of the BM in tissue engineering. Laminin isoforms were assessed by immunohistochemistry with antibodies specific for individual α, β, and γ chains. The results indicated that LN-411, LN-421, LN-511, and LN-521 are expressed in human aortic valves (n = 3), forming a continuous monolayer in the endothelial BM, whereas sparsely found in the interstitium. Similar results were seen in rat aortic valves (n = 3). Retention of laminin and other BM components, concomitantly with effective removal of cells and residual DNA, was achieved through 3 h exposure to 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and 30 min exposure to 1% Triton X-100, followed by nuclease processing in rat aortic valves (n = 3). Our results provide crucial data on the microenvironment of valvular cells relevant for research in both tissue engineering and heart valve biology. We also describe a decellularized rat aortic valve scaffold useful for mechanistic studies on the role of the BM in heart valve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Granath
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hunter Noren
- Cell Therapy Institute, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, Florida, USA
| | - Hanna Björck
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nancy Simon
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim Olesen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sergey Rodin
- Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl-Henrik Grinnemo
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Österholm
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Address correspondence to: Cecilia Österholm Corbascio, PhD, Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171 64, Sweden
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Che Man R, Sulaiman N, Ishak MF, Bt Hj Idrus R, Abdul Rahman MR, Yazid MD. The Effects of Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Agents for the Suppression of Intimal Hyperplasia: An Evidence-Based Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217825. [PMID: 33114632 PMCID: PMC7672569 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anti-atherogenic therapy is crucial in halting the progression of inflammation-induced intimal hyperplasia. The aim of this concise review was to methodically assess the recent findings of the different approaches, mainly on the recruitment of chemokines and/or cytokine and its effects in combating the intimal hyperplasia caused by various risk factors. Pubmed and Scopus databases were searched, followed by article selection based on pre-set inclusion and exclusion criteria. The combination of keywords used were monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 OR MCP-1 OR TNF-alpha OR TNF-α AND hyperplasia OR intimal hyperplasia OR neointimal hyperplasia AND in vitro. These keywords combination was incorporated in the study and had successfully identified 77 articles, with 22 articles were acquired from Pubmed, whereas 55 articles were obtained from Scopus. However, after title screening, only twelve articles meet the requirements of defined inclusion criteria. We classified the data into 4 different approaches, i.e., utilisation of natural product, genetic manipulation and protein inhibition, targeted drugs in clinical setting, and chemokine and cytokines induction. Most of the articles are working on genetic manipulation targeted on specific pathway to inhibit the pro-inflammatory factors expression. We also found that the utilisation of chemokine- and cytokine-related treatments are emerging throughout the years. However, there is no study utilising the combination of approaches that might give a better outcome in combating intimal hyperplasia. Hopefully, this concise review will provide an insight regarding the usage of different novel approaches in halting the progression of intimal hyperplasia, which serves as a key factor for the development of atherosclerosis in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohaina Che Man
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (R.C.M.); (N.S.); (M.F.I.); (R.B.H.I.)
| | - Nadiah Sulaiman
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (R.C.M.); (N.S.); (M.F.I.); (R.B.H.I.)
| | - Mohamad Fikeri Ishak
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (R.C.M.); (N.S.); (M.F.I.); (R.B.H.I.)
| | - Ruszymah Bt Hj Idrus
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (R.C.M.); (N.S.); (M.F.I.); (R.B.H.I.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ramzisham Abdul Rahman
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
| | - Muhammad Dain Yazid
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (R.C.M.); (N.S.); (M.F.I.); (R.B.H.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-9145-6995
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Röhl S, Rykaczewska U, Seime T, Suur BE, Diez MG, Gådin JR, Gainullina A, Sergushichev AA, Wirka R, Lengquist M, Kronqvist M, Bergman O, Odeberg J, Lindeman JHN, Quertermous T, Hamsten A, Eriksson P, Hedin U, Razuvaev A, Matic LP. Transcriptomic profiling of experimental arterial injury reveals new mechanisms and temporal dynamics in vascular healing response. JVS Vasc Sci 2020; 1:13-27. [PMID: 34617037 PMCID: PMC8489224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvssci.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Endovascular interventions cause arterial injury and induce a healing response to restore vessel wall homeostasis. Complications of defective or excessive healing are common and result in increased morbidity and repeated interventions. Experimental models of intimal hyperplasia are vital for understanding the vascular healing mechanisms and resolving the clinical problems of restenosis, vein graft stenosis, and dialysis access failure. Our aim was to systematically investigate the transcriptional, histologic, and systemic reaction to vascular injury during a prolonged time. Methods Balloon injury of the left common carotid artery was performed in male rats. Animals (n = 69) were euthanized before or after injury, either directly or after 2 hours, 20 hours, 2 days, 5 days, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. Both injured and contralateral arteries were subjected to microarray profiling, followed by bioinformatic exploration, histologic characterization of the biopsy specimens, and plasma lipid analyses. Results Immune activation and coagulation were key mechanisms in the early response, followed by cytokine release, tissue remodeling, and smooth muscle cell modulation several days after injury, with reacquisition of contractile features in later phases. Novel pathways related to clonal expansion, inflammatory transformation, and chondro-osteogenic differentiation were identified and immunolocalized to neointimal smooth muscle cells. Analysis of uninjured arteries revealed a systemic component of the reaction after local injury, underlined by altered endothelial signaling, changes in overall tissue bioenergy metabolism, and plasma high-density lipoprotein levels. Conclusions We demonstrate that vascular injury induces dynamic transcriptional landscape and metabolic changes identifiable as early, intermediate, and late response phases, reaching homeostasis after several weeks. This study provides a temporal “roadmap” of vascular healing as a publicly available resource for the research community. Endovascular intervention causes an injury to the arterial wall that subsequently induces a healing response to restore the vessel wall homeostasis. Complications after vascular interventions related to defective or excessive healing response, such as thrombosis or restenosis, are common and result in increased morbidity, suffering of the patient, need for repeated interventions, and possibly death. Thus, there is a need for better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms during vascular injury and healing response to identify and to assess the risk of complications in patients. Using an experimental model of vascular injury, this study demonstrates the full landscape of dynamic transcriptional changes in the resolution of vascular injury, accompanied also by systemic variations in plasma lipid levels and reaching homeostasis several weeks after injury. These results can guide the development of new strategies and molecular targets for modulation of the intimal response on endovascular interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Röhl
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Urszula Rykaczewska
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Till Seime
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Bianca E Suur
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Jesper R Gådin
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | - Robert Wirka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Mariette Lengquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Malin Kronqvist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Otto Bergman
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jacob Odeberg
- Department of Protein Science, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Sweden and the Department of Haematology, Coagulation Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Per Eriksson
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anton Razuvaev
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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11
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Trout AL, Rutkai I, Biose IJ, Bix GJ. Review of Alterations in Perlecan-Associated Vascular Risk Factors in Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E679. [PMID: 31968632 PMCID: PMC7013765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Perlecan is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan protein in the extracellular matrix that structurally and biochemically supports the cerebrovasculature by dynamically responding to changes in cerebral blood flow. These changes in perlecan expression seem to be contradictory, ranging from neuroprotective and angiogenic to thrombotic and linked to lipid retention. This review investigates perlecan's influence on risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and amyloid that effect Vascular contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID). VCID, a comorbidity with diverse etiology in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), is thought to be a major factor that drives the overall clinical burden of dementia. Accordingly, changes in perlecan expression and distribution in response to VCID appears to be injury, risk factor, location, sex, age, and perlecan domain dependent. While great effort has been made to understand the role of perlecan in VCID, additional studies are needed to increase our understanding of perlecan's role in health and in cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Trout
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
| | - Ibolya Rutkai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (I.R.); (I.J.B.)
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Ifechukwude J. Biose
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (I.R.); (I.J.B.)
| | - Gregory J. Bix
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (I.R.); (I.J.B.)
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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12
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Rykaczewska U, Suur BE, Röhl S, Razuvaev A, Lengquist M, Sabater-Lleal M, van der Laan SW, Miller CL, Wirka RC, Kronqvist M, Gonzalez Diez M, Vesterlund M, Gillgren P, Odeberg J, Lindeman JH, Veglia F, Humphries SE, de Faire U, Baldassarre D, Tremoli E, Lehtiö J, Hansson GK, Paulsson-Berne G, Pasterkamp G, Quertermous T, Hamsten A, Eriksson P, Hedin U, Matic L. PCSK6 Is a Key Protease in the Control of Smooth Muscle Cell Function in Vascular Remodeling. Circ Res 2020; 126:571-585. [PMID: 31893970 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.316063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE PCSKs (Proprotein convertase subtilisins/kexins) are a protease family with unknown functions in vasculature. Previously, we demonstrated PCSK6 upregulation in human atherosclerotic plaques associated with smooth muscle cells (SMCs), inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and mitogens. OBJECTIVE Here, we applied a systems biology approach to gain deeper insights into the PCSK6 role in normal and diseased vessel wall. METHODS AND RESULTS Genetic analyses revealed association of intronic PCSK6 variant rs1531817 with maximum internal carotid intima-media thickness progression in high-cardiovascular risk subjects. This variant was linked with PCSK6 mRNA expression in healthy aortas and plaques but also with overall plaque SMA+ cell content and pericyte fraction. Increased PCSK6 expression was found in several independent human cohorts comparing atherosclerotic lesions versus healthy arteries, using transcriptomic and proteomic datasets. By immunohistochemistry, PCSK6 was localized to fibrous cap SMA+ cells and neovessels in plaques. In human, rat, and mouse intimal hyperplasia, PCSK6 was expressed by proliferating SMA+ cells and upregulated after 5 days in rat carotid balloon injury model, with positive correlation to PDGFB (platelet-derived growth factor subunit B) and MMP (matrix metalloprotease) 2/MMP14. Here, PCSK6 was shown to colocalize and cointeract with MMP2/MMP14 by in situ proximity ligation assay. Microarrays of carotid arteries from Pcsk6-/- versus control mice revealed suppression of contractile SMC markers, extracellular matrix remodeling enzymes, and cytokines/receptors. Pcsk6-/- mice showed reduced intimal hyperplasia response upon carotid ligation in vivo, accompanied by decreased MMP14 activation and impaired SMC outgrowth from aortic rings ex vivo. PCSK6 silencing in human SMCs in vitro leads to downregulation of contractile markers and increase in MMP2 expression. Conversely, PCSK6 overexpression increased PDGFBB (platelet-derived growth factor BB)-induced cell proliferation and particularly migration. CONCLUSIONS PCSK6 is a novel protease that induces SMC migration in response to PDGFB, mechanistically via modulation of contractile markers and MMP14 activation. This study establishes PCSK6 as a key regulator of SMC function in vascular remodeling. Visual Overview: An online visual overview is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Rykaczewska
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (U.R., B.E.S., S.R., A.R., M.L., M.K., U.H., L.M.)
| | - Bianca E Suur
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (U.R., B.E.S., S.R., A.R., M.L., M.K., U.H., L.M.)
| | - Samuel Röhl
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (U.R., B.E.S., S.R., A.R., M.L., M.K., U.H., L.M.)
| | - Anton Razuvaev
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (U.R., B.E.S., S.R., A.R., M.L., M.K., U.H., L.M.)
| | - Mariette Lengquist
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (U.R., B.E.S., S.R., A.R., M.L., M.K., U.H., L.M.)
| | - Maria Sabater-Lleal
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (M.S.-L., M.G.D., G.P.-B., G.K.H., A.H., P.E., J.O.).,Unit of Genomics of Complex Diseases, Institut de Recerca Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain (M.S.-L.)
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (S.v.d.L.)
| | - Clint L Miller
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (C.L.M.).,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (C.L.M., R.C.W., T.Q.)
| | - Robert C Wirka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (C.L.M., R.C.W., T.Q.)
| | - Malin Kronqvist
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (U.R., B.E.S., S.R., A.R., M.L., M.K., U.H., L.M.)
| | - Maria Gonzalez Diez
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (M.S.-L., M.G.D., G.P.-B., G.K.H., A.H., P.E., J.O.)
| | - Mattias Vesterlund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Sweden (M.V., J.L.)
| | - Peter Gillgren
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Vascular Surgery, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden (P.G.)
| | - Jacob Odeberg
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (M.S.-L., M.G.D., G.P.-B., G.K.H., A.H., P.E., J.O.).,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Proteomics, School of Chemistry Biotechnology and Health (CBH), KTH, Stockholm, Sweden (J.O.)
| | - Jan H Lindeman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (J.H.N.L.)
| | - Fabrizio Veglia
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (F.V., D.B., E.T.)
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute Cardiovascular Science, University College of London, Department of Medicine, Rayne Building, United Kingdom (S.E.H.)
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden (H.d.F.)
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (F.V., D.B., E.T.).,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy (D.B.)
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (F.V., D.B., E.T.)
| | | | - Janne Lehtiö
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Sweden (M.V., J.L.)
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (M.S.-L., M.G.D., G.P.-B., G.K.H., A.H., P.E., J.O.)
| | - Gabrielle Paulsson-Berne
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (M.S.-L., M.G.D., G.P.-B., G.K.H., A.H., P.E., J.O.)
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (G.P.)
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (C.L.M., R.C.W., T.Q.)
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (M.S.-L., M.G.D., G.P.-B., G.K.H., A.H., P.E., J.O.)
| | - Per Eriksson
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (M.S.-L., M.G.D., G.P.-B., G.K.H., A.H., P.E., J.O.)
| | - Ulf Hedin
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (U.R., B.E.S., S.R., A.R., M.L., M.K., U.H., L.M.)
| | - Ljubica Matic
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (U.R., B.E.S., S.R., A.R., M.L., M.K., U.H., L.M.)
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13
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Karlöf E, Seime T, Dias N, Lengquist M, Witasp A, Almqvist H, Kronqvist M, Gådin JR, Odeberg J, Maegdefessel L, Stenvinkel P, Matic LP, Hedin U. Correlation of computed tomography with carotid plaque transcriptomes associates calcification with lesion-stabilization. Atherosclerosis 2019; 288:175-185. [PMID: 31109707 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Unstable carotid atherosclerosis causes stroke, but methods to identify patients and lesions at risk are lacking. We recently found enrichment of genes associated with calcification in carotid plaques from asymptomatic patients. Here, we hypothesized that calcification represents a stabilising feature of plaques and investigated how macro-calcification, as estimated by computed tomography (CT), correlates with gene expression profiles in lesions. METHODS Plaque calcification was measured in pre-operative CT angiographies. Plaques were sorted into high- and low-calcified, profiled with microarrays, followed by bioinformatic analyses. Immunohistochemistry and qPCR were performed to evaluate the findings in plaques and arteries with medial calcification from chronic kidney disease patients. RESULTS Smooth muscle cell (SMC) markers were upregulated in high-calcified plaques and calcified plaques from symptomatic patients, whereas macrophage markers were downregulated. The most enriched processes in high-calcified plaques were related to SMCs and extracellular matrix (ECM) organization, while inflammation, lipid transport and chemokine signaling were repressed. These findings were confirmed in arteries with high medial calcification. Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) was identified as the most upregulated gene in association with plaque calcification and found in the ECM, SMA+ and CD68+/TRAP + cells. CONCLUSIONS Macro-calcification in carotid lesions correlated with a transcriptional profile typical for stable plaques, with altered SMC phenotype and ECM composition and repressed inflammation. PRG4, previously not described in atherosclerosis, was enriched in the calcified ECM and localized to activated macrophages and smooth muscle-like cells. This study strengthens the notion that assessment of calcification may aid evaluation of plaque phenotype and stroke risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Karlöf
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Till Seime
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nuno Dias
- Vascular Center, Department of Vascular Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mariette Lengquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Witasp
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Almqvist
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Kronqvist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper R Gådin
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacob Odeberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Proteomics, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum Klinikum rechts der Isar Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ljubica Perisic Matic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Wight TN. A role for proteoglycans in vascular disease. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:396-420. [PMID: 29499356 PMCID: PMC6110991 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The content of proteoglycans (PGs) is low in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of vascular tissue, but increases dramatically in all phases of vascular disease. Early studies demonstrated that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), keratan sulfate (KS) and heparan sulfate (HS) accumulate in vascular lesions in both humans and in animal models in areas of the vasculature that are susceptible to disease initiation (such as at branch points) and are frequently coincident with lipid deposits. Later studies showed the GAGs were covalently attached to specific types of core proteins that accumulate in vascular lesions. These molecules include versican (CSPG), biglycan and decorin (DS/CSPGs), lumican and fibromodulin (KSPGs) and perlecan (HSPG), although other types of PGs are present, but in lesser quantities. While the overall molecular design of these macromolecules is similar, there is tremendous structural diversity among the different PG families creating multiple forms that have selective roles in critical events that form the basis of vascular disease. PGs interact with a variety of different molecules involved in disease pathogenesis. For example, PGs bind and trap serum components that accumulate in vascular lesions such as lipoproteins, amyloid, calcium, and clotting factors. PGs interact with other ECM components and regulate, in part, ECM assembly and turnover. PGs interact with cells within the lesion and alter the phenotypes of both resident cells and cells that invade the lesion from the circulation. A number of therapeutic strategies have been developed to target specific PGs involved in key pathways that promote vascular disease. This review will provide a historical perspective of this field of research and then highlight some of the evidence that defines the involvement of PGs and their roles in the pathogenesis of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, United States.
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15
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Tannenberg P, Chang YT, Muhl L, Laviña B, Gladh H, Genové G, Betsholtz C, Folestad E, Tran-Lundmark K. Extracellular retention of PDGF-B directs vascular remodeling in mouse hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 314:L593-L605. [PMID: 29212800 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00054.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a lethal condition, and current vasodilator therapy has limited effect. Antiproliferative strategies targeting platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors, such as imatinib, have generated promising results in animal studies. Imatinib is, however, a nonspecific tyrosine kinase inhibitor and has in clinical studies caused unacceptable adverse events. Further studies are needed on the role of PDGF signaling in PH. Here, mice expressing a variant of PDGF-B with no retention motif ( Pdgfbret/ret), resulting in defective binding to extracellular matrix, were studied. Following 4 wk of hypoxia, right ventricular systolic pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, and vascular remodeling were examined. Pdgfbret/ret mice did not develop PH, as assessed by hemodynamic parameters. Hypoxia did, however, induce vascular remodeling in Pdgfbret/ret mice; but unlike the situation in controls where the remodeling led to an increased concentric muscularization of arteries, the vascular remodeling in Pdgfbret/ret mice was characterized by a diffuse muscularization, in which cells expressing smooth muscle cell markers were found in the interalveolar septa detached from the normally muscularized intra-acinar vessels. Additionally, fewer NG2-positive perivascular cells were found in Pdgfbret/ret lungs, and mRNA analyses showed significantly increased levels of Il6 following hypoxia, a known promigratory factor for pericytes. No differences in proliferation were detected at 4 wk. This study emphasizes the importance of extracellular matrix-growth factor interactions and adds to previous knowledge of PDGF-B in PH pathobiology. In summary, Pdgfbret/ret mice have unaltered hemodynamic parameters following chronic hypoxia, possibly secondary to a disorganized vascular muscularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Tannenberg
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ya-Ting Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Lars Muhl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Bàrbara Laviña
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Hanna Gladh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Guillem Genové
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden.,Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Erika Folestad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Karin Tran-Lundmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
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16
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Lord MS, Tang F, Rnjak-Kovacina J, Smith JGW, Melrose J, Whitelock JM. The multifaceted roles of perlecan in fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:150-166. [PMID: 29475023 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Perlecan, or heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 (HSPG2), is a ubiquitous heparan sulfate proteoglycan that has major roles in tissue and organ development and wound healing by orchestrating the binding and signaling of mitogens and morphogens to cells in a temporal and dynamic fashion. In this review, its roles in fibrosis are reviewed by drawing upon evidence from tissue and organ systems that undergo fibrosis as a result of an uncontrolled response to either inflammation or traumatic cellular injury leading to an over production of a collagen-rich extracellular matrix. This review focuses on examples of fibrosis that occurs in lung, liver, kidney, skin, kidney, neural tissues and blood vessels and its link to the expression of perlecan in that particular organ system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Fengying Tang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - James G W Smith
- University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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17
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Gubbiotti MA, Neill T, Iozzo RV. A current view of perlecan in physiology and pathology: A mosaic of functions. Matrix Biol 2016; 57-58:285-298. [PMID: 27613501 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Perlecan, a large basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan, is expressed in a wide array of tissues where it regulates diverse cellular processes including bone formation, inflammation, cardiac development, and angiogenesis. Here we provide a contemporary review germane to the biology of perlecan encompassing its genetic regulation as well as an analysis of its modular protein structure as it pertains to function. As perlecan signaling from the extracellular matrix converges on master regulators of autophagy, including AMPK and mTOR, via a specific interaction with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, we specifically focus on the mechanism of action of perlecan in autophagy and angiogenesis and contrast the role of endorepellin, the C-terminal fragment of perlecan, in these cellular and morphogenic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Gubbiotti
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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18
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Nakamura R, Nakamura F, Fukunaga S. Perlecan Diversely Regulates the Migration and Proliferation of Distinct Cell Types in vitro. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 200:374-93. [PMID: 26562025 DOI: 10.1159/000440950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Perlecan is a multifunctional component of the extracellular matrix. It shows different effects on distinct cell types, and therefore it is thought to show potential for therapies targeting multiple cell types. However, the full range of multifunctionality of perlecan remains to be elucidated. We cultured various cell types, which were derived from epithelial/endothelial, connective and muscle tissues, in the presence of either antiserum against perlecan or exogenous perlecan, and examined the effects of perlecan on cell migration and proliferation. Cell migration was determined using a scratch assay. Blocking of perlecan by anti-perlecan antiserum inhibited the migration of vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and exogenous perlecan added to the culture medium promoted the migration of these cell types. The migration of other cell types was inhibited or was not promoted by exogenous perlecan. Cell proliferation was measured using a water-soluble tetrazolium dye. When cells were cultured at low densities, perlecan blocking inhibited the proliferation of VECs, and exogenous perlecan promoted the proliferation of keratinocytes. In contrast, the proliferation of fibroblasts, pre-adipocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells cultured at low densities was inhibited by exogenous perlecan. When cells were cultured at high densities, perlecan blocking promoted the proliferation of most cell types, with the exception of skeletal system-derived cells (chondrocytes and osteoblasts), which were inhibited by exogenous perlecan. Our results provide an overview of the multiple functions of perlecan in various cell types, and implicate a potential role of perlecan to inhibit undesirable activities, such as fibrosis, obesity and intimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Nakamura
- Laboratory of Animal By-Product Science, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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19
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Tran-Lundmark K, Tannenberg P, Rauch BH, Ekstrand J, Tran PK, Hedin U, Kinsella MG. Perlecan Heparan Sulfate Is Required for the Inhibition of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by All-trans-Retinoic Acid. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:482-7. [PMID: 25078760 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation is a key process in stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques, and during restenosis after interventions. A clearer understanding of SMC growth regulation is therefore needed to design specific anti-proliferative therapies. Retinoic acid has been shown to inhibit proliferation of SMCs both in vitro and in vivo and to affect the expression of extracellular matrix molecules. To explore the mechanisms behind the growth inhibitory activity of retinoic acid, we hypothesized that retinoids may induce the expression of perlecan, a large heparan sulfate proteoglycan with anti-proliferative properties. Perlecan expression and accumulation was induced in murine SMC cultures by all-trans-retinoic acid (AtRA). Moreover, the growth inhibitory effect of AtRA on wild-type cells was greatly diminished in SMCs from transgenic mice expressing heparan sulfate-deficient perlecan, indicating that the inhibition is perlecan heparan sulfate-dependent. In addition, AtRA influenced activation and phosphorylation of PTEN and Akt differently in wild-type and mutant SMCs, consistent with previous studies of perlecan-dependent SMC growth inhibition. We demonstrate that AtRA regulates perlecan expression in SMCs and that the inhibition of SMC proliferation by AtRA is, at least in part, secondary to an increased expression of perlecan and dependent upon its heparan sulfate-chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Tran-Lundmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip Tannenberg
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernhard H Rauch
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Johan Ekstrand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Phan-Kiet Tran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Preil SAR, Kristensen LP, Beck HC, Jensen PS, Nielsen PS, Steiniche T, Bjørling-Poulsen M, Larsen MR, Hansen ML, Rasmussen LM. Quantitative Proteome Analysis Reveals Increased Content of Basement Membrane Proteins in Arteries From Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Lower Levels Among Metformin Users. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:727-35. [PMID: 26371159 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.115.001165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in type 2 diabetes mellitus has been extensively documented, but the origins of the association remain largely unknown. We sought to determine changes in protein expressions in arterial tissue from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and moreover hypothesized that metformin intake influences the protein composition. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed nonatherosclerotic repair arteries gathered at coronary bypass operations from 30 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and from 30 age- and sex-matched nondiabetic individuals. Quantitative proteome analysis was performed by isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation-labeling and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry analysis on individual arterial samples. The amounts of the basement membrane components, α1-type IV collagen and α2-type IV collagen, γ1-laminin and β2-laminin, were significantly increased in patients with diabetes mellitus. Moreover, the expressions of basement membrane components and other vascular proteins were significantly lower among metformin users when compared with nonusers. Patients treated with or without metformin had similar levels of hemoglobin A1c, cholesterol, and blood pressure. In addition, quantitative histomorphometry showed increased area fractions of collagen-stainable material in tunica intima and media among patients with diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS The distinct accumulation of arterial basement membrane proteins in type 2 diabetes mellitus discloses a similarity between the diabetic macroangiopathy and microangiopathy and suggests a molecular explanation behind the alterations in vascular remodeling, biomechanical properties, and aneurysm formation described in diabetes mellitus. The lower amounts of basement membrane components in metformin-treated individuals are compatible with the hypothesis of direct beneficial drug effects on the matrix composition in the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A R Preil
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.L.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Center for Clinical Proteomics (CCP), Odense Patient Explorative Network (OPEN) (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (M.L.H.), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (P.S.N., T.S.)
| | - Lars P Kristensen
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.L.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Center for Clinical Proteomics (CCP), Odense Patient Explorative Network (OPEN) (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (M.L.H.), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (P.S.N., T.S.)
| | - Hans C Beck
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.L.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Center for Clinical Proteomics (CCP), Odense Patient Explorative Network (OPEN) (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (M.L.H.), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (P.S.N., T.S.)
| | - Pia S Jensen
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.L.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Center for Clinical Proteomics (CCP), Odense Patient Explorative Network (OPEN) (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (M.L.H.), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (P.S.N., T.S.)
| | - Patricia S Nielsen
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.L.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Center for Clinical Proteomics (CCP), Odense Patient Explorative Network (OPEN) (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (M.L.H.), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (P.S.N., T.S.)
| | - Torben Steiniche
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.L.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Center for Clinical Proteomics (CCP), Odense Patient Explorative Network (OPEN) (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (M.L.H.), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (P.S.N., T.S.)
| | - Marina Bjørling-Poulsen
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.L.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Center for Clinical Proteomics (CCP), Odense Patient Explorative Network (OPEN) (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (M.L.H.), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (P.S.N., T.S.)
| | - Martin R Larsen
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.L.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Center for Clinical Proteomics (CCP), Odense Patient Explorative Network (OPEN) (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (M.L.H.), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (P.S.N., T.S.)
| | - Maria L Hansen
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.L.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Center for Clinical Proteomics (CCP), Odense Patient Explorative Network (OPEN) (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (M.L.H.), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (P.S.N., T.S.)
| | - Lars M Rasmussen
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.L.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Center for Clinical Proteomics (CCP), Odense Patient Explorative Network (OPEN) (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (M.L.H.), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (P.S.N., T.S.).
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21
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Chang YT, Tseng CN, Tannenberg P, Eriksson L, Yuan K, de Jesus Perez VA, Lundberg J, Lengquist M, Botusan IR, Catrina SB, Tran PK, Hedin U, Tran-Lundmark K. Perlecan heparan sulfate deficiency impairs pulmonary vascular development and attenuates hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 107:20-31. [PMID: 25952902 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Excessive vascular cell proliferation is an important component of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Perlecan is the major heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan in the vascular extracellular matrix. It binds growth factors, including FGF2, and either restricts or promotes cell proliferation. In this study, we have explored the effects of perlecan HS deficiency on pulmonary vascular development and in hypoxia-induced PH. METHODS AND RESULTS In normoxia, Hspg2(Δ3/Δ3) mice, deficient in perlecan HS, had reduced pericytes and muscularization of intra-acinar vessels. Pulmonary angiography revealed a peripheral perfusion defect. Despite these abnormalities, right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and myocardial mass remained normal. After 4 weeks of hypoxia, increases in the proportion of muscularized vessels, RVSP, and right ventricular hypertrophy were significantly less in Hspg2(Δ3/Δ3) compared with wild type. The early phase of hypoxia induced a significantly lower increase in fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1) protein level and receptor phosphorylation, and reduced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation in Hspg2(Δ3/Δ3). At 4 weeks, FGF2 mRNA and protein were also significantly reduced in Hspg2(Δ3/Δ3) lungs. Ligand and carbohydrate engagement assay showed that perlecan HS is required for HS-FGF2-FGFR1 ternary complex formation. In vitro, proliferation assays showed that PASMC proliferation is reduced by selective FGFR1 inhibition. PASMC adhesion to fibronectin was higher in Hspg2(Δ3/Δ3) compared with wild type. CONCLUSIONS Perlecan HS chains are important for normal vascular arborization and recruitment of pericytes to pulmonary vessels. Perlecan HS deficiency also attenuates hypoxia-induced PH, where the underlying mechanisms involve impaired FGF2/FGFR1 interaction, inhibition of PASMC growth, and altered cell-matrix interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chi-Nan Tseng
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip Tannenberg
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linnéa Eriksson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ke Yuan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vinicio A de Jesus Perez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Johan Lundberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mariette Lengquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sergiu-Bogdan Catrina
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Phan-Kiet Tran
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Tran-Lundmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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22
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Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Proteoglycan form and function: A comprehensive nomenclature of proteoglycans. Matrix Biol 2015; 42:11-55. [PMID: 25701227 PMCID: PMC4859157 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 784] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We provide a comprehensive classification of the proteoglycan gene families and respective protein cores. This updated nomenclature is based on three criteria: Cellular and subcellular location, overall gene/protein homology, and the utilization of specific protein modules within their respective protein cores. These three signatures were utilized to design four major classes of proteoglycans with distinct forms and functions: the intracellular, cell-surface, pericellular and extracellular proteoglycans. The proposed nomenclature encompasses forty-three distinct proteoglycan-encoding genes and many alternatively-spliced variants. The biological functions of these four proteoglycan families are critically assessed in development, cancer and angiogenesis, and in various acquired and genetic diseases where their expression is aberrant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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23
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Douglass S, Goyal A, Iozzo RV. The role of perlecan and endorepellin in the control of tumor angiogenesis and endothelial cell autophagy. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 56:381-91. [PMID: 26181327 PMCID: PMC4769797 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1045297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During tumor growth and angiogenesis there is a dynamic remodeling of tissue architecture often accompanied by the release of extracellular matrix constituents full of biological activity. One of the key constituents of the tumor microenvironment is the large heparan sulfate proteoglycan perlecan. This proteoglycan, strategically located at cell surfaces and within basement membranes, is a well-defined pro-angiogenic molecule when intact. However, when partially processed by proteases released during cancer remodeling and invasion, the C-terminal fragment of perlecan, known as endorepellin, has opposite effects than its parent molecule. Endorepellin is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis by exerting a dual receptor antagonism by simultaneously engaging VEGFR2 and α2β1 integrin. Signaling through the α2β1 integrin leads to actin disassembly and block of endothelial cell migration, necessary for capillary morphogenesis. Signaling through the VEGFR2 induces dephosphorylation of the receptor via activation of SHP-1 and suppression of downstream proangiogenic effectors, especially attenuating VEGFA expression. A novel and emerging role of endorepellin is its ability to evoke autophagy by activating Peg3 and various canonical autophagic markers. This effect is specific for endothelial cells as these are the primary cells expressing both VEGFR2 and α2β1 integrin. Thus, an endogenous fragment of a ubiquitous proteoglycan can regulate both angiogenesis and autophagy through a dual receptor antagonism. The biological properties of this natural endogenous protein place endorepellin as a potential therapeutic agent against cancer or diseases where angiogenesis is prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Douglass
- a Department of Pathology , Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signalling Program, Kimmel Cancer Centre, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Atul Goyal
- a Department of Pathology , Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signalling Program, Kimmel Cancer Centre, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- a Department of Pathology , Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signalling Program, Kimmel Cancer Centre, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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24
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Perlecan Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Is a Critical Determinant of Angiogenesis in Response to Mouse Hind-Limb Ischemia. Can J Cardiol 2014; 30:1444-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Chuang CY, Degendorfer G, Davies MJ. Oxidation and modification of extracellular matrix and its role in disease. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:970-89. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.920087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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26
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Gotha L, Lim SY, Osherov AB, Wolff R, Qiang B, Erlich I, Nili N, Pillarisetti S, Chang YT, Tran PK, Tryggvason K, Hedin U, Tran-Lundmark K, Advani SL, Gilbert RE, Strauss BH. Heparan sulfate side chains have a critical role in the inhibitory effects of perlecan on vascular smooth muscle cell response to arterial injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H337-45. [PMID: 24858854 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00654.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Perlecan is a proteoglycan composed of a 470-kDa core protein linked to three heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycan chains. The intact proteoglycan inhibits the smooth muscle cell (SMC) response to vascular injury. Hspg2(Δ3/Δ3) (MΔ3/Δ3) mice produce a mutant perlecan lacking the HS side chains. The objective of this study was to determine differences between these two types of perlecan in modifying SMC activities to the arterial injury response, in order to define the specific role of the HS side chains. In vitro proliferative and migratory activities were compared in SMC isolated from MΔ3/Δ3 and wild-type mice. Proliferation of MΔ3/Δ3 SMC was 1.5× greater than in wild type (P < 0.001), increased by addition of growth factors, and showed a 42% greater migratory response than wild-type cells to PDGF-BB (P < 0.001). In MΔ3/Δ3 SMC adhesion to fibronectin, and collagen types I and IV was significantly greater than wild type. Addition of DRL-12582, an inducer of perlecan expression, decreased proliferation and migratory response to PDGF-BB stimulation in wild-type SMC compared with MΔ3/Δ3. In an in vivo carotid artery wire injury model, the medial thickness, medial area/lumen ratio, and macrophage infiltration were significantly increased in the MΔ3/Δ3 mice, indicating a prominent role of the HS side chain in limiting vascular injury response. Mutant perlecan that lacks HS side chains had a marked reduction in the inhibition of in vitro SMC function and the in vivo arterial response to injury, indicating the critical role of HS side chains in perlecan function in the vessel wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Gotha
- Schulich Heart Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sang Yup Lim
- Schulich Heart Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Azriel B Osherov
- Schulich Heart Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rafael Wolff
- Schulich Heart Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beiping Qiang
- Schulich Heart Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ilana Erlich
- Schulich Heart Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nafiseh Nili
- Schulich Heart Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ya-Ting Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Phan-Kiet Tran
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karl Tryggvason
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Karin Tran-Lundmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Suzanne L Advani
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard E Gilbert
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bradley H Strauss
- Schulich Heart Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
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Lord MS, Chuang CY, Melrose J, Davies MJ, Iozzo RV, Whitelock JM. The role of vascular-derived perlecan in modulating cell adhesion, proliferation and growth factor signaling. Matrix Biol 2014; 35:112-22. [PMID: 24509440 PMCID: PMC5030467 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell proliferation can be inhibited by heparan sulfate proteoglycans whereas the removal or digestion of heparan sulfate from perlecan promotes their proliferation. In this study we characterized the glycosaminoglycan side chains of perlecan isolated from either primary human coronary artery smooth muscle or endothelial cells and determined their roles in mediating cell adhesion and proliferation, and in fibroblast growth factor (FGF) binding and signaling. Smooth muscle cell perlecan was decorated with both heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, whereas endothelial perlecan contained exclusively heparan sulfate chains. Smooth muscle cells bound to the protein core of perlecan only when the glycosaminoglycans were removed, and this binding involved a novel site in domain III as well as domain V/endorepellin and the α2β1 integrin. In contrast, endothelial cells adhered to the protein core of perlecan in the presence of glycosaminoglycans. Smooth muscle cell perlecan bound both FGF1 and FGF2 via its heparan sulfate chains and promoted the signaling of FGF2 but not FGF1. Also endothelial cell perlecan bound both FGF1 and FGF2 via its heparan sulfate chains, but in contrast, promoted the signaling of both growth factors. Based on this differential bioactivity, we propose that perlecan synthesized by smooth muscle cells differs from that synthesized by endothelial cells by possessing different signaling capabilities, primarily, but not exclusively, due to a differential glycanation. The end result is a differential modulation of cell adhesion, proliferation and growth factor signaling in these two key cellular constituents of blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Christine Y Chuang
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042 Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Research Laboratories, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Michael J Davies
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042 Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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28
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Adhikari N, Billaud M, Carlson M, Lake SP, Montaniel KRC, Staggs R, Guan W, Walek D, Desir S, Isakson BE, Barocas VH, Hall JL. Vascular biomechanical properties in mice with smooth muscle specific deletion of Ndst1. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 385:225-38. [PMID: 24101444 PMCID: PMC4853023 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1831-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans act as co-receptors for many chemokines and growth factors. The sulfation pattern of the heparan sulfate chains is a critical regulatory step affecting the binding of chemokines and growth factors. N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase1 (Ndst1) is one of the first enzymes to catalyze sulfation. Previously published work has shown that HSPGs alter tangent moduli and stiffness of tissues and cells. We hypothesized that loss of Ndst1 in smooth muscle would lead to significant changes in heparan sulfate modification and the elastic properties of arteries. In line with this hypothesis, the axial tangent modulus was significantly decreased in aorta from mice lacking Ndst1 in smooth muscle (SM22αcre(+)Ndst1(-/-), p < 0.05, n = 5). The decrease in axial tangent modulus was associated with a significant switch in myosin and actin types and isoforms expressed in aorta and isolated aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. In contrast, no changes were found in the compliance of smaller thoracodorsal arteries of SM22αcre(+)Ndst1(-/-) mice. In summary, the major findings of this study were that targeted ablation of Ndst1 in smooth muscle cells results in altered biomechanical properties of aorta and differential expression of myosin and actin types and isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Adhikari
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Marie Billaud
- Robert M Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Marjorie Carlson
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Spencer P. Lake
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Kim Ramil C. Montaniel
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Rod Staggs
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Weihua Guan
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Dinesha Walek
- Biomedical Genomics Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Snider Desir
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Brant E. Isakson
- Robert M Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Victor H. Barocas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Jennifer L. Hall
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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29
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Perisic L, Hedin E, Razuvaev A, Lengquist M, Osterholm C, Folkersen L, Gillgren P, Paulsson-Berne G, Ponten F, Odeberg J, Hedin U. Profiling of atherosclerotic lesions by gene and tissue microarrays reveals PCSK6 as a novel protease in unstable carotid atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2432-43. [PMID: 23908247 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Carotid plaque instability is a major cause of ischemic stroke, but detailed knowledge about underlying molecular pathways is still lacking. Here, we evaluated large-scale transcriptomic and protein expression profiling in a biobank of carotid endarterectomies followed by characterization of identified candidates, as a platform for discovery of novel proteins differentially regulated in unstable carotid lesions. APPROACH AND RESULTS Genes highly upregulated in symptomatic versus asymptomatic plaques were selected from Affymetrix microarray analyses (n=127 plaques), and tissue microarrays constructed from 34 lesions were assayed for 21 corresponding proteins by immunohistochemistry. Quantification of stainings demonstrated differential expression of CD36, CD137, and DOCK7 (P<0.05) in unstable versus stable lesions and the most significant upregulation of a proprotein convertase, PCSK6 (P<0.0001). Increased expression of PCSK6 in symptomatic lesions was verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (n=233), and the protein was localized to smooth muscle α-actin positive cells and extracellular matrix of the fibrous cap by immunohistochemistry. PCSK6 expression positively correlated to genes associated with inflammation, matrix degradation, and mitogens in microarrays. Stimulation of human carotid smooth muscle cells in vitro with cytokines caused rapid induction of PCSK6 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS Using a combination of transcriptomic and tissue microarray profiling, we demonstrate a novel approach to identify proteins differentially expressed in unstable carotid atherosclerosis. The proprotein convertase PCSK6 was detected at increased levels in the fibrous cap of symptomatic carotid plaques, possibly associated with key processes in plaque rupture such as inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of PCSK6 in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubica Perisic
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (L.P., E.H., A.R., M.L., C.O., U.H.), and Department of Medicine (G.P.-B., J.O.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Genetics, Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.F.); Department of Surgery, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden (P.G.); Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (F.P.); and Department of Proteomics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (J.O.)
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30
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31
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The mutational landscape of adenoid cystic carcinoma. Nat Genet 2013; 45:791-8. [PMID: 23685749 PMCID: PMC3708595 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACCs) are among the most enigmatic of human malignancies. These aggressive salivary cancers frequently recur and metastasize despite definitive treatment, with no known effective chemotherapy regimen. Here, we determined the ACC mutational landscape and report the exome or whole genome sequences of 60 ACC tumor/normal pairs. These analyses revealed a low exonic somatic mutation rate (0.31 non-silent events/megabase) and wide mutational diversity. Interestingly, mutations selectively involved chromatin state regulators, such as SMARCA2, CREBBP, and KDM6A, suggesting aberrant epigenetic regulation in ACC oncogenesis. Mutations in genes central to DNA damage and protein kinase A signaling also implicate these processes. We observed MYB-NFIB translocations and somatic mutations in MYB-associated genes, solidifying these aberrations as critical events. Lastly, we identified recurrent mutations in the FGF/IGF/PI3K pathway that may potentially offer new avenues for therapy (30%). Collectively, our observations establish a molecular foundation for understanding and exploring new treatments for ACC.
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32
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Gustafsson E, Almonte-Becerril M, Bloch W, Costell M. Perlecan maintains microvessel integrity in vivo and modulates their formation in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53715. [PMID: 23320101 PMCID: PMC3540034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Perlecan is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan assembled into the vascular basement membranes (BMs) during vasculogenesis. In the present study we have investigated vessel formation in mice, teratomas and embryoid bodies (EBs) in the absence of perlecan. We found that perlecan was dispensable for blood vessel formation and maturation until embryonic day (E) 12.5. At later stages of development 40% of mutant embryos showed dilated microvessels in brain and skin, which ruptured and led to severe bleedings. Surprisingly, teratomas derived from perlecan-null ES cells showed efficient contribution of perlecan-deficient endothelial cells to an apparently normal tumor vasculature. However, in perlecan-deficient EBs the area occupied by an endothelial network and the number of vessel branches were significantly diminished. Addition of FGF-2 but not VEGF(165) rescued the in vitro deficiency of the mutant ES cells. Furthermore, in the absence of perlecan in the EB matrix lower levels of FGFs are bound, stored and available for cell surface presentation. Altogether these findings suggest that perlecan supports the maintenance of brain and skin subendothelial BMs and promotes vasculo- and angiogenesis by modulating FGF-2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Gustafsson
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maylin Almonte-Becerril
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México Distrito Federal, México
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mercedes Costell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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33
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O'Riordan E, Orlova TN, Mendelev N, Patschan D, Kemp R, Chander PN, Hu R, Hao G, Gross SS, Iozzo RV, Delaney V, Goligorsky MS. Urinary proteomic analysis of chronic allograft nephropathy. Proteomics Clin Appl 2012; 2:1025-35. [PMID: 21136903 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200780137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of progressive renal allograft injury, which is termed chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN), remains obscure and is currently defined by histology. Prospective protocol-biopsy trials have demonstrated that clinical and standard laboratory tests are insufficiently sensitive indicators of the development and progression of CAN. The study aim was to determine if CAN could be characterized by urinary proteomic data and identify the proteins associated with disease. The urinary proteome of 75 renal transplant recipients and 20 healthy volunteers was analyzed using surface enhanced laser desorption and ionization MS. Patients could be classified into subgroups with normal histology and Banff CAN grades 2-3 with a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 92% by applying the classification algorithm Adaboost to urinary proteomic data. Several urinary proteins associated with advanced CAN were identified including α1-microglobulin, β2-microglobulin, prealbumin, and endorepellin, the antiangiogenic C-terminal fragment of perlecan. Increased urinary endorepellin was confirmed by ELISA and increased tissue expression of the endorepellin/perlecan ratio by immunofluoresence analysis of renal biopsies. In conclusion, analysis of urinary proteomic data has further characterized the more severe CAN grades and identified urinary endorepellin, as a potential biomarker of advanced CAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond O'Riordan
- Department of Renal Medicine, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford, UK; Department of Medicine, Renal Institute and Division of Nephrology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA. edmond.o'
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34
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Wise SG, Waterhouse A, Michael P, Ng MKC. Extracellular matrix molecules facilitating vascular biointegration. J Funct Biomater 2012; 3:569-87. [PMID: 24955633 PMCID: PMC4031001 DOI: 10.3390/jfb3030569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
All vascular implants, including stents, heart valves and graft materials exhibit suboptimal biocompatibility that significantly reduces their clinical efficacy. A range of biomolecules in the subendothelial space have been shown to play critical roles in local regulation of thrombosis, endothelial growth and smooth muscle cell proliferation, making these attractive candidates for modulation of vascular device biointegration. However, classically used biomaterial coatings, such as fibronectin and laminin, modulate only one of these components; enhancing endothelial cell attachment, but also activating platelets and triggering thrombosis. This review examines a subset of extracellular matrix molecules that have demonstrated multi-faceted vascular compatibility and accordingly are promising candidates to improve the biointegration of vascular biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Wise
- The Heart Research Institute, Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
| | - Anna Waterhouse
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Praveesuda Michael
- The Heart Research Institute, Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
| | - Martin K C Ng
- The Heart Research Institute, Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
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35
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Goligorsky MS. Microvascular rarefaction: the decline and fall of blood vessels. Organogenesis 2012; 6:1-10. [PMID: 20592859 DOI: 10.4161/org.6.1.10427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The goals of this presentation are two-fold: (1) to briefly sketch the field of vascular rarefaction as a key component of various fibrotic diseases and (2) to illustrate it with four vignettes depicting diverse mechanisms of microvascular rarefaction. Specifically, I shall describe migratory and angiogenic incompetence of endothelial cells under conditions of reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide, role of endothelial-to-mesenchymal cell and mesenchymal stem cell-to-endothelial reprogramming, and potential role of antiangiogenic peptides in the development of graft vascular disease as exemplified by chronic allograft nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Goligorsky
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
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36
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Rauch U, Shami A, Zhang F, Carmignac V, Durbeej M, Hultgårdh-Nilsson A. Increased neointimal thickening in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29904. [PMID: 22238670 PMCID: PMC3251593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dystrophin gene, which is mutated in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), encodes a large cytoskeletal protein present in muscle fibers. While dystrophin in skeletal muscle has been extensively studied, the function of dystrophin in vascular smooth muscle is less clear. Here, we have analyzed the role of dystrophin in injury-induced arterial neointima formation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We detected a down-regulation of dystrophin, dystroglycan and β-sarcoglycan mRNA expression when vascular smooth muscle cells de-differentiate in vitro. To further mimic development of intimal lesions, we performed a collar-induced injury of the carotid artery in the mdx mouse, a model for DMD. As compared with control mice, mdx mice develop larger lesions with increased numbers of proliferating cells. In vitro experiments demonstrate increased migration of vascular smooth muscle cells from mdx mice whereas the rate of proliferation was similar in cells isolated from wild-type and mdx mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results show that dystrophin deficiency stimulates neointima formation and suggest that expression of dystrophin in vascular smooth muscle cells may protect the artery wall against injury-induced intimal thickening.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Dystrophin/deficiency
- Dystrophin/genetics
- Dystrophin/metabolism
- Dystrophin/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/complications
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/complications
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima/genetics
- Neointima/metabolism
- Neointima/pathology
- Organ Size
- Up-Regulation
- Vascular System Injuries/genetics
- Vascular System Injuries/metabolism
- Vascular System Injuries/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Rauch
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annelie Shami
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Virginie Carmignac
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Durbeej
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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37
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Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) impact many aspects of kidney health and disease. Models that permit genetic dissection of PG core protein and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) function have been instrumental to understanding their roles in the kidney. Matrix-associated PGs do not serve critical structural roles in the organ, nor do they contribute significantly to the glomerular barrier under normal conditions, but their abnormal expression influences fibrosis, inflammation, and progression of kidney disease. Most core proteins are dispensable for nephrogenesis (glypican-3 being an exception) and for maintenance of function in adult life, but their loss alters susceptibility to experimental kidney injury. In contrast, kidney development is exquisitely sensitive to GAG expression and fine structure as evidenced by the severe phenotypes of mutants for genes involved in GAG biosynthesis. This article reviews PG expression in normal kidney and the abnormalities caused by their disruption in mice and man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Harvey
- INSERM Avenir U983, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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38
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Goyal A, Pal N, Concannon M, Paul M, Doran M, Poluzzi C, Sekiguchi K, Whitelock JM, Neill T, Iozzo RV. Endorepellin, the angiostatic module of perlecan, interacts with both the α2β1 integrin and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2): a dual receptor antagonism. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:25947-62. [PMID: 21596751 PMCID: PMC3138248 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.243626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endorepellin, the C-terminal module of perlecan, negatively regulates angiogenesis counter to its proangiogenic parental molecule. Endorepellin (the C-terminal domain V of perlecan) binds the α2β1 integrin on endothelial cells and triggers a signaling cascade that leads to disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we show that both perlecan and endorepellin bind directly and with high affinity to both VEGF receptors 1 and 2, in a region that differs from VEGFA-binding site. In both human and porcine endothelial cells, this interaction evokes a physical down-regulation of both the α2β1 integrin and VEGFR2, with concurrent activation of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 and downstream attenuation of VEGFA transcription. We demonstrate that endorepellin requires both the α2β1 integrin and VEGFR2 for its angiostatic activity. Endothelial cells that express α2β1 integrin but lack VEGFR2, do not respond to endorepellin treatment. Thus, we provide a new paradigm for the activity of an antiangiogenic protein and mechanistically explain the specificity of endorepellin for endothelial cells, the only cells that simultaneously express both receptors. We hypothesize that a mechanism such as dual receptor antagonism could operate for other angiostatic fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Goyal
- From the Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Nutan Pal
- From the Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Matthew Concannon
- From the Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Matthew Paul
- From the Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Mike Doran
- From the Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Chiara Poluzzi
- From the Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Kiyotoshi Sekiguchi
- the Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, and
| | - John M. Whitelock
- the Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas Neill
- From the Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- From the Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
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39
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Rensen S, Doevendans P, van Eys G. Regulation and characteristics of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic diversity. Neth Heart J 2011; 15:100-8. [PMID: 17612668 PMCID: PMC1847757 DOI: 10.1007/bf03085963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 637] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells can perform both contractile and synthetic functions, which are associated with and characterised by changes in morphology, proliferation and migration rates, and the expression of different marker proteins. The resulting phenotypic diversity of smooth muscle cells appears to be a function of innate genetic programmes and environmental cues, which include biochemical factors, extracellular matrix components, and physical factors such as stretch and shear stress. Because of the diversity among smooth muscle cells, blood vessels attain the flexibility that is necessary to perform efficiently under different physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we discuss recent literature demonstrating the extent and nature of smooth muscle cell diversity in the vascular wall and address the factors that affect smooth muscle cell phenotype. (Neth Heart J 2007;15:100-8.).
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Affiliation(s)
- S.S.M. Rensen
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - P.A.F.M. Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Centre Utrecht, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute, the Netherlands
| | - G.J.J.M. van Eys
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, the Netherlands
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40
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Ikesue M, Matsui Y, Ohta D, Danzaki K, Ito K, Kanayama M, Kurotaki D, Morimoto J, Kojima T, Tsutsui H, Uede T. Syndecan-4 Deficiency Limits Neointimal Formation After Vascular Injury by Regulating Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Vascular Progenitor Cell Mobilization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:1066-74. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.217703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Syndecan-4 (Syn4) is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan and works as a coreceptor for various growth factors. We examined whether Syn4 could be involved in the development of neointimal formation in vivo.
Methods and Results—
Wild-type (WT) and Syn4-deficient (Syn4
−/−
) mice were subjected to wire-induced femoral artery injury.
Syn4
mRNA was upregulated after vascular injury in WT mice. Neointimal formation was attenuated in Syn4
−/−
mice, concomitantly with the reduction of Ki67-positive vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Basic-fibroblast growth factor– or platelet-derived growth factor-BB–induced proliferation, extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation, and expression of cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 were impaired in VSMCs from Syn4
−/−
mice. To examine the role of Syn4 in bone marrow (BM)–derived vascular progenitor cells (VPCs) and vascular walls, we generated chimeric mice by replacing the BM cells of WT and Syn4
−/−
mice with those of WT or Syn4
−/−
mice. Syn4 expressed by both vascular walls and VPCs contributed to the neointimal formation after vascular injury. Although the numbers of VPCs were compatible between WT and Syn4
−/−
mice, mobilization of VPCs from BM after vascular injury was defective in Syn4
−/−
mice.
Conclusion—
Syn4 deficiency limits neointimal formation after vascular injury by regulating VSMC proliferation and VPC mobilization. Therefore, Syn4 may be a novel therapeutic target for preventing arterial restenosis after angioplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ikesue
- From the Division of Molecular Immunology (M.I., D.O., K.D., K.I., M.K., J.M., T.U.) and Department of Matrix Medicine (Y.M., D.K., T.U.), Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan (T.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan (H.T.)
| | - Yutaka Matsui
- From the Division of Molecular Immunology (M.I., D.O., K.D., K.I., M.K., J.M., T.U.) and Department of Matrix Medicine (Y.M., D.K., T.U.), Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan (T.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan (H.T.)
| | - Daichi Ohta
- From the Division of Molecular Immunology (M.I., D.O., K.D., K.I., M.K., J.M., T.U.) and Department of Matrix Medicine (Y.M., D.K., T.U.), Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan (T.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan (H.T.)
| | - Keiko Danzaki
- From the Division of Molecular Immunology (M.I., D.O., K.D., K.I., M.K., J.M., T.U.) and Department of Matrix Medicine (Y.M., D.K., T.U.), Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan (T.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan (H.T.)
| | - Koyu Ito
- From the Division of Molecular Immunology (M.I., D.O., K.D., K.I., M.K., J.M., T.U.) and Department of Matrix Medicine (Y.M., D.K., T.U.), Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan (T.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan (H.T.)
| | - Masashi Kanayama
- From the Division of Molecular Immunology (M.I., D.O., K.D., K.I., M.K., J.M., T.U.) and Department of Matrix Medicine (Y.M., D.K., T.U.), Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan (T.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan (H.T.)
| | - Daisuke Kurotaki
- From the Division of Molecular Immunology (M.I., D.O., K.D., K.I., M.K., J.M., T.U.) and Department of Matrix Medicine (Y.M., D.K., T.U.), Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan (T.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan (H.T.)
| | - Junko Morimoto
- From the Division of Molecular Immunology (M.I., D.O., K.D., K.I., M.K., J.M., T.U.) and Department of Matrix Medicine (Y.M., D.K., T.U.), Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan (T.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan (H.T.)
| | - Tetsuhito Kojima
- From the Division of Molecular Immunology (M.I., D.O., K.D., K.I., M.K., J.M., T.U.) and Department of Matrix Medicine (Y.M., D.K., T.U.), Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan (T.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan (H.T.)
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsui
- From the Division of Molecular Immunology (M.I., D.O., K.D., K.I., M.K., J.M., T.U.) and Department of Matrix Medicine (Y.M., D.K., T.U.), Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan (T.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan (H.T.)
| | - Toshimitsu Uede
- From the Division of Molecular Immunology (M.I., D.O., K.D., K.I., M.K., J.M., T.U.) and Department of Matrix Medicine (Y.M., D.K., T.U.), Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan (T.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan (H.T.)
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Brewster LP, Ucuzian AA, Brey EM, Liwanag M, Samarel AM, Greisler HP. FRNK overexpression limits the depth and frequency of vascular smooth muscle cell invasion in a three-dimensional fibrin matrix. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:562-8. [PMID: 20506497 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pathological vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) behavior after vascular interventions such as angioplasty or bypass is initiated within the 3D environment of the vessel media. Here VSMCs proliferate, invade the surrounding matrix, migrate adluminally, and deposit substantial amounts of matrix, leading to myointimal hyperplasia and decreased blood flow to critical organs and tissue. Since focal adhesion kinase (FAK) mediates many of the VSMC responses to these pathologic events, it provides a reasonable pharmacologic target to limit this invasive VSMC behavior and to better understand the cellular pathophysiology of this disease. Here we quantified the effectiveness of disabling FAK in VSMCs with its dominant-negative inhibitor, FAK-related nonkinase (FRNK), in a clinically relevant 3D assay. We found that FRNK overexpression decreased VSMC invasion (both the length and frequency) in this matrix. These effects were demonstrated in the presence and absence of chemical mitotic inhibition, suggesting that FAK's effect on cellular matrix invasion, migration, and proliferation utilize separate and/or redundant signaling cascades. Mechanistically, FAK inhibition decreased its localization to focal adhesions which led to a significant decrease in FAK autophosphorylation and the phosphorylation of the serine/threonine kinase, AKT. Together these findings suggest that disruption of FAK signaling may provide a pharmaceutical tool that limits pathological VSMC cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Brewster
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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42
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Puccinelli TJ, Bertics PJ, Masters KS. Regulation of keratinocyte signaling and function via changes in epidermal growth factor presentation. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3415-25. [PMID: 20398806 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by the need for bioactive materials that can accelerate dermal wound healing, this work describes the responses of keratinocytes to covalently immobilized epidermal growth factor (EGF) and how differences in the physical presentation of this growth factor affect cell function. Specifically, human keratinocytes were cultured with EGF delivered in soluble form, immobilized in a homogeneous pattern or immobilized in a gradient pattern, followed by analysis of cellular signaling, proliferation and migration. By changing the manner in which EGF was presented, keratinocyte behavior was dramatically altered. Keratinocytes responded to immobilized EGF patterns with high EGF receptor (EGFR) but low ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation, accompanied by low proliferation, high migratory activity and coordinated cell alignment. In contrast, keratinocytes treated with soluble EGF experienced lower EGFR but higher ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation and displayed a highly proliferative, rather than migratory, phenotype. Keratinocytes also responded to differences in immobilized EGF patterns, as migration was fastest upon immobilized gradients of EGF. A better understanding the interaction of cells with soluble vs. immobilized growth factors can help elucidate native healing events and achieve greater control over cell function, which may be useful in the development of wound repair treatments for many types of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy J Puccinelli
- Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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43
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Adhikari N, Basi DL, Townsend D, Rusch M, Mariash A, Mullegama S, Watson A, Larson J, Tan S, Lerman B, Esko JD, Selleck SB, Hall JL. Heparan sulfate Ndst1 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, vessel size and vascular remodeling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 49:287-93. [PMID: 20206635 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are abundant molecules in the extracellular matrix and at the cell surface. Heparan sulfate chains are composed of groups of disaccharides whose side chains are modified through a series of enzymatic reactions. Deletion of these enzymes alters heparan sulfate fine structure and leads to changes in cell proliferation and tissue development. The role of heparan sulfate modification has not been explored in the vessel wall. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that altering heparan sulfate fine structure would impact vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, vessel structure, and remodeling in response to injury. A heparan sulfate modifying enzyme, N-deacetylase N-sulfotransferase1 (Ndst1) was deleted in smooth muscle resulting in decreased N- and 2-O sulfation of the heparan sulfate chains. Smooth muscle specific deletion of Ndst1 led to a decrease in proliferating VSMCs and the circumference of the femoral artery in neonatal and adult mice. In response to vascular injury, mice lacking Ndst1 exhibited a significant reduction in lesion formation. Taken together, these data provide new evidence that modification of heparan sulfate fine structure through deletion of Ndst1 is sufficient to decrease VSMC proliferation and alter vascular remodeling.
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44
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Arroyo AG, Iruela-Arispe ML. Extracellular matrix, inflammation, and the angiogenic response. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 86:226-35. [PMID: 20154066 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and angiogenesis are frequently coupled in pathological situations such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and arthritis. The inflammatory response increases capillary permeability and induces endothelial activation, which, when persistent, results in capillary sprouting. This inflammation-induced angiogenesis and the subsequent remodelling steps are in large part mediated by extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and proteases. The focal increase in capillary permeability is an early consequence of inflammation, and results in the deposition of a provisional fibrin matrix. Subsequently, ECM turnover by proteases permits an invasive program by specialized endothelial cells whose phenotype can be regulated by inflammatory stimuli. ECM activity also provides specific mechanical forces, exposes cryptic adhesion sites, and releases biologically active fragments (matrikines) and matrix-sequestered growth factors, all of which are critical for vascular morphogenesis. Further matrix remodelling and vascular regression contribute to the resolution of the inflammatory response and facilitate tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia G Arroyo
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain.
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45
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Rienstra H, Katta K, Celie JWAM, van Goor H, Navis G, van den Born J, Hillebrands JL. Differential expression of proteoglycans in tissue remodeling and lymphangiogenesis after experimental renal transplantation in rats. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9095. [PMID: 20140097 PMCID: PMC2816722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic transplant dysfunction explains the majority of late renal allograft loss and is accompanied by extensive tissue remodeling leading to transplant vasculopathy, glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. Matrix proteoglycans mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and play key roles in tissue remodeling. The aim of this study was to characterize differential heparan sulfate proteoglycan and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expression in transplant vasculopathy, glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis in renal allografts with chronic transplant dysfunction. Methods Renal allografts were transplanted in the Dark Agouti-to-Wistar Furth rat strain combination. Dark Agouti-to-Dark Agouti isografts and non-transplanted Dark Agouti kidneys served as controls. Allograft and isograft recipients were sacrificed 66 and 81 days (mean) after transplantation, respectively. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan (collXVIII, perlecan and agrin) and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (versican) expression, as well as CD31 and LYVE-1 (vascular and lymphatic endothelium, respectively) expression were (semi-) quantitatively analyzed using immunofluorescence. Findings Arteries with transplant vasculopathy and sclerotic glomeruli in allografts displayed pronounced neo-expression of collXVIII and perlecan. In contrast, in interstitial fibrosis expression of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan versican dominated. In the cortical tubular basement membranes in both iso- and allografts, induction of collXVIII was detected. Allografts presented extensive lymphangiogenesis (p<0.01 compared to isografts and non-transplanted controls), which was associated with induced perlecan expression underneath the lymphatic endothelium (p<0.05 and p<0.01 compared to isografts and non-transplanted controls, respectively). Both the magnitude of lymphangiogenesis and perlecan expression correlated with severity of interstitial fibrosis and impaired graft function. Interpretation Our results reveal that changes in the extent of expression and the type of proteoglycans being expressed are tightly associated with tissue remodeling after renal transplantation. Therefore, proteoglycans might be potential targets for clinical intervention in renal chronic transplant dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Rienstra
- Immunology Section, Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kirankumar Katta
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna W. A. M. Celie
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Pathology Division, Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjan Navis
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob van den Born
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Pathology Division, Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Kirn-Safran C, Farach-Carson MC, Carson DD. Multifunctionality of extracellular and cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3421-34. [PMID: 19629389 PMCID: PMC11115568 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are a remarkably diverse family of glycosaminoglycan-bearing protein cores that include the syndecans, the glypicans, perlecan, agrin, and collagen XVIII. Members of this protein class play key roles during normal processes that occur during development, tissue morphogenesis, and wound healing. As key components of basement membranes in organs and tissues, they also participate in selective filtration of biological fluids, in establishing cellular barriers, and in modulation of angiogenesis. The ability to perform these functions is provided both by the features of the protein cores as well as by the unique properties of heparan sulfate, which is assembled as a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid and modified by specific enzymes to generate specialized biologically active structures. This article discusses the structures and functions of this amazing family of proteoglycans and provides a platform for further study of the individual members.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary C. Farach-Carson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19707 USA
- Present Address: Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Weiss School of Natural Sciences, Rice University, MS-102, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251-1892 USA
| | - Daniel D. Carson
- Present Address: Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Weiss School of Natural Sciences, Rice University, MS-102, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251-1892 USA
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Abstract
In 1990, the role of basement membranes in human disease was established by the identification of COL4A5 mutations in Alport's syndrome. Since then, the number of diseases caused by mutations in basement membrane components has steadily increased as has our understanding of the roles of basement membranes in organ development and function. However, many questions remain as to the molecular and cellular consequences of these mutations and the way in which they lead to the observed disease phenotypes. Despite this, exciting progress has recently been made with potential treatment options for some of these so far incurable diseases.
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48
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Cai WW, Gu YJ, Wang XN, Chen CZ. Heparin coating of small-caliber decellularized xenografts reduces macrophage infiltration and intimal hyperplasia. Artif Organs 2009; 33:448-55. [PMID: 19473140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2009.00748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Small-caliber decellularized xenografts with surface heparin coating are known to reduce in vivo thrombogenicity. This study was performed to examine whether heparin coating on the small-caliber decellularized xenografts would reduce macrophage infiltration and intimal hyperplasia. In a rabbit model of bilateral carotid implantation, each of the animals (n = 18) received a heparin-coated decellularized xenograft from a canine carotid artery on one side and a nonheparin-coated one on the other side. These experiments were terminated respectively at 1 week (n = 6), 3 weeks (n = 6), and 12 weeks (n = 6). Results showed that, compared with the nonheparin-coated grafts, the heparin-coated grafts had significantly less macrophage infiltration 1 week after implantation, identified by the mouse antirabbit macrophage antibody (RAM11)-positive cells on the vascular wall, covering all the proximal, middle, and distal parts of the grafts (P < 0.01). Moreover, the heparin-coated grafts also showed less deposition of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells on the vascular wall, indicating less cell proliferation, which was significant not only at 1 week (P < 0.01) but also at 12 weeks (P < 0.01). Intimal hyperplasia, measured by the intimal : media (I : M) ratio, was found similar in both groups at 1 and 3 weeks. However, the I : M ratio was significantly lower in the heparin-coated group than in the nonheparin-coated group at 12 weeks, especially in the proximal anastomosis area (0.76 +/- 0.12 vs. 0.345 +/- 0.06, P < 0.01). Heparin coating of small-caliber decellularized xenografts is associated with an early reduction of macrophage infiltration and intimal hyperplasia in a rabbit model of bilateral carotid artery implantation for 12 weeks. Thus, heparin coating appears to deliver not only the antithrombogeneity but also the antiproliferative property for small-caliber decellularized xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Cai
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical School, Shanghai, China
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49
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Kirn-Safran C, Farach-Carson MC, Carson DD. Multifunctionality of extracellular and cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0096-1 doi:dx.doi.org] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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50
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Fukai N, Kenagy RD, Chen L, Gao L, Daum G, Clowes AW. Syndecan-1: an inhibitor of arterial smooth muscle cell growth and intimal hyperplasia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:1356-62. [PMID: 19592464 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.190132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Arterial injury induces smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, migration, and intimal accumulation of cells and extracellular matrix. These processes are regulated by the administration of the glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate, but little is known about the role of endogenous heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the vessel wall. We investigated the response to carotid injury of syndecan-1-null mice to assess the function of one of a conserved family of transmembrane heparan and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. METHODS AND RESULTS Syndecan-1-null mice developed a large neointimal lesion after injury, whereas wild-type mice made little or none. This was accompanied by a significant increase in both medial and intimal SMC replication. Cultured syndecan-1-null SMCs showed a significant increase in proliferation in response to PDGF-BB, thrombin, FGF2, EGF, and serum. In response to thrombin, PDGF-BB, and serum syndecan-1-null SMCs expressed more PDGF-B chain message than did wild-type SMCs. Downregulation of PDGF-BB or PDGFRbeta inhibited thrombin-, PDGF-BB-, and serum-induced DNA synthesis in syndecan-1-null SMCs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the possibility that syndecan-1 may limit intimal thickening in injured arteries by suppressing SMC activation through inhibition of SMC PDGF-B chain expression and PDGFRbeta activation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Becaplermin
- Carotid Artery Injuries/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Carotid Artery, Common/metabolism
- Carotid Artery, Common/pathology
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA Replication
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Hyperplasia
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis/metabolism
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Syndecan-1/deficiency
- Syndecan-1/genetics
- Syndecan-1/metabolism
- Thrombin/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
- Tunica Intima/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Fukai
- Department of Surgery and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6410, USA
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