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Mohammed KAK, Madeddu P, Avolio E. MEK inhibitors: a promising targeted therapy for cardiovascular disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1404253. [PMID: 39011492 PMCID: PMC11247000 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1404253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the leading cause of mortality and disability all over the world. Identifying new targeted therapeutic approaches has become a priority of biomedical research to improve patient outcomes and quality of life. The RAS-RAF-MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase)-ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway is gaining growing interest as a potential signaling cascade implicated in the pathogenesis of CVD. This pathway is pivotal in regulating cellular processes like proliferation, growth, migration, differentiation, and survival, which are vital in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. In addition, ERK signaling is involved in controlling angiogenesis, vascular tone, myocardial contractility, and oxidative stress. Dysregulation of this signaling cascade has been linked to cell dysfunction and vascular and cardiac pathological remodeling, which contribute to the onset and progression of CVD. Recent and ongoing research has provided insights into potential therapeutic interventions targeting the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway to improve cardiovascular pathologies. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of targeted therapy with MEK inhibitors (MEKI) in attenuating ERK activation and mitigating CVD progression in animal models. In this article, we first describe how ERK signaling contributes to preserving cardiovascular health. We then summarize current knowledge of the roles played by ERK in the development and progression of cardiac and vascular disorders, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and aortic aneurysm. We finally report novel therapeutic strategies for these CVDs encompassing MEKI and discuss advantages, challenges, and future developments for MEKI therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled A K Mohammed
- Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Avolio
- Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Chen J, Wei JQ, Hong MN, Zhang Z, Zhou HD, Lu YY, Zhang J, Guo YT, Chen X, Wang JG, Gao PJ, Li XD. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Mediate Adventitial Fibroblast Activation and Neointima Formation via GATA4/Cyclin D1 Axis. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2024; 38:527-538. [PMID: 36652042 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-023-07428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) by pathological stimuli participates in cardiovascular diseases. Dysfunction of adventitial fibroblast has emerged as a critical regulator in vascular remodeling, while the potential mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we sought to determine the effect of different activation of MAPKs in adventitial fibroblast contributing to neointima formation. METHODS Balloon injury procedure was performed in male 12-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. After injury, MAPK inhibitors were applied to the adventitia of injured arteries to suppress MAPK activation. Adventitial fibroblasts were stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) with or without MAPK inhibitors. RNA sequencing was performed to investigate the change of pathway and cell function. Wound healing, transwell assay, and flow cytometry were used to analyze adventitial fibroblast function. RESULTS Phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) was increased in injured arteries after balloon injury. In primary culture of adventitial fibroblasts, PDGF-BB increased phosphorylation of p38, JNK, ERK1/2, and extracellular regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) in a short time, which was normalized by their inhibitors respectively. Compared with the injury group, perivascular administration of four MAPK inhibitors significantly attenuated neointima formation by quantitative analysis of neointimal area, intima to media (I/M) ratio, and lumen area. RNA sequencing of adventitial fibroblasts treated with PDGF-BB with or without four inhibitors demonstrated differentially expressed genes involved in multiple biological processes, including cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, and inflammatory response. Wound healing and transwell assays showed that four inhibitors suppressed PDGF-BB-induced adventitial fibroblast migration. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry demonstrated that JNK, ERK1/2, and ERK5 but not p38 inhibitor blocked PDGF-BB-induced G1 phase release associated with decrease expression of cell cycle protein Cyclin D1 and transcription factor GATA4. Moreover, four inhibitors decreased macrophage infiltration into adventitia and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression. CONCLUSION These results suggest that MAPKs differentially regulate activation of adventitial fibroblast through GATA4/Cyclin D1 axis that participates in neointima formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Qiu Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Mo-Na Hong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Han-Dan Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Tong Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Guang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-Jin Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, 200025, Shanghai, China.
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Kubota H, Yamada H, Sugimoto T, Wada N, Motoyama S, Saburi M, Miyawaki D, Wakana N, Kami D, Ogata T, Ibi M, Matoba S. Repeated Social Defeat Enhances CaCl 2-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Expansion by Inhibiting the Early Fibrotic Response via the MAPK-MKP-1 Pathway. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040732. [PMID: 35203381 PMCID: PMC8870675 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is significantly associated with the prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). We investigated the effect of repeated social defeat (RSD) on AAA development. Eight-week-old male wild-type mice were exposed to RSD by being housed with larger CD-1 mice in a shared cage. They were subjected to vigorous physical contact. After the confirmation of depressive-like behavior, calcium chloride was applied to the infrarenal aorta of the mice. At one week, AAA development was comparable between the defeated and control mice, without any differences being observed in the accumulated macrophages or in the matrix metalloproteinase activity. At two weeks, the maximum diameter and circumference of the aneurysm were significantly increased in the defeated mice, and a significant decrease in periaortic fibrosis was also observed. Consistently, the phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and the incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine in the primarily cultured aortic vascular smooth muscle cells were significantly reduced in the defeated mice, which was accompanied by a substantial increase in mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1). The MKP-1 mRNA and protein expression levels during AAA were much higher in the defeated mice than they were in the control mice. Our findings demonstrate that RSD enhances AAA development by suppressing periaortic fibrosis after an acute inflammatory response and imply novel mechanisms that are associated with depression-related AAA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kubota
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (H.K.); (T.S.); (N.W.); (S.M.); (M.S.); (D.M.); (N.W.); (S.M.)
| | - Hiroyuki Yamada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (H.K.); (T.S.); (N.W.); (S.M.); (M.S.); (D.M.); (N.W.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-251-5511
| | - Takeshi Sugimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (H.K.); (T.S.); (N.W.); (S.M.); (M.S.); (D.M.); (N.W.); (S.M.)
| | - Naotoshi Wada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (H.K.); (T.S.); (N.W.); (S.M.); (M.S.); (D.M.); (N.W.); (S.M.)
| | - Shinichiro Motoyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (H.K.); (T.S.); (N.W.); (S.M.); (M.S.); (D.M.); (N.W.); (S.M.)
| | - Makoto Saburi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (H.K.); (T.S.); (N.W.); (S.M.); (M.S.); (D.M.); (N.W.); (S.M.)
| | - Daisuke Miyawaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (H.K.); (T.S.); (N.W.); (S.M.); (M.S.); (D.M.); (N.W.); (S.M.)
| | - Noriyuki Wakana
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (H.K.); (T.S.); (N.W.); (S.M.); (M.S.); (D.M.); (N.W.); (S.M.)
| | - Daisuke Kami
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan;
| | - Takehiro Ogata
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan;
| | - Masakazu Ibi
- Department of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan;
| | - Satoaki Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (H.K.); (T.S.); (N.W.); (S.M.); (M.S.); (D.M.); (N.W.); (S.M.)
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Fatahian A, Haftcheshmeh SM, Azhdari S, Farshchi HK, Nikfar B, Momtazi-Borojeni AA. Promising Anti-atherosclerotic Effect of Berberine: Evidence from In Vitro, In Vivo, and Clinical Studies. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:83-110. [PMID: 32789786 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of plasma cholesterol, impaired vascular wall, and presence of inflammatory macrophages are important atherogenic risk factors contributing to atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression. The interventions modulating these risk factors have been found to protect against atherosclerosis development and to decrease atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disorders. Nutritional approaches involving supplements followed by improving dietary habits and lifestyle have become growingly attractive and acceptable methods used to control atherosclerosis risk factors, mainly high levels of plasma cholesterol. There are a large number of studies that show berberine, a plant bioactive compound, could ameliorate atherosclerosis-related risk factors. In the present literature review, we put together this studies and provide integrated evidence that exhibits berberine has the potential atheroprotective effect through reducing increased levels of plasma cholesterol, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDL-C) via LDL receptor (LDLR)-dependent and LDL receptor-independent mechanisms, inhibiting migration and inflammatory activity of macrophages, improving the functionality of endothelial cells via anti-oxidant activities, and suppressing proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. In conclusion, berberine can exert inhibitory effects on the atherosclerotic plaque development mainly through LDL-lowering activity and suppressing atherogenic functions of mentioned cells. As the second achievement of this review, among the signaling pathways through which berberine regulates intracellular processes, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has a central and critical role, showing that enhancing activity of AMPK pathway can be considered as a promising therapeutic approach for atherosclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Fatahian
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Sara Azhdari
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Helaleh Kaboli Farshchi
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Banafsheh Nikfar
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Abbas Momtazi-Borojeni
- Halal research center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Notoginsenoside R1 inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration and neointimal hyperplasia through PI3K/Akt signaling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7595. [PMID: 29765072 PMCID: PMC5953917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25874-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Restenosis caused by neointimal hyperplasia significantly decreases long-term efficacy of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), stenting, and by-pass surgery for managing coronary and peripheral arterial diseases. A major cause of pathological neointima formation is abnormal vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration. Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) is a novel saponin that is derived from Panax notoginseng and has reported cardioprotective, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. However, its role in modulating VSMC neointima formation remains unexplored. Herein, we report that NGR1 inhibits serum-induced VSMC proliferation and migration by regulating VSMC actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Using a mouse femoral artery endothelium denudation model, we further demonstrate that systemic administration of NGR1 had a potent therapeutic effect in mice, significantly reducing neointimal hyperplasia following acute vessel injury. Mechanistically, we show that NGR1’s mode of action is through inhibiting the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling. Taken together, this study identified NGR1 as a potential therapeutic agent for combating restenosis after PTA in cardiovascular diseases.
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Lightell DJ, Moss SC, Woods TC. Upregulation of miR-221 and -222 in response to increased extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 activity exacerbates neointimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 2017; 269:71-78. [PMID: 29276985 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Diabetes is associated with accelerated arterial intimal thickening that contributes to the increased cardiovascular disease seen in this population. In healthy arteries, intimal thickening is inhibited by elevated levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p27Kip1, and intimal thickening is promoted by activation of the mammalian Target of Rapamycin to promote degradation of p27Kip1 protein. Recently, we reported that two microRNAs, miR-221 and -222, which promote intimal thickening via down-regulation of mRNA encoding p27Kip1, are elevated in the arteries of diabetic patients. To determine if these miRNAs are critical to the increased intimal thickening under diabetic conditions, we examined the regulation of p27Kip1in a mouse model of diabetes. METHODS Comparisons of p27Kip1 signaling in NONcNZO10 mice fed a diabetogenic versus control diet were performed using immunochemistry and real-time PCR. RESULTS Vascular smooth muscle cells and arteries of diabetic mice exhibited decreased levels of p27Kip1 that derived from destabilization of p27Kip1 mRNA in an extracellular signal response kinase-1/2 (ERK-1/2) dependent manner. The activity of ERK-1/2 is increased in the arteries of diabetic mice and promotes an increase in miR-221 and -222. Inhibition of miR-221 and -222 restores normal levels of p27Kip1 mRNA and protein in the arteries of diabetic mice and reduces intimal thickening following wire injury. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest diabetes is accompanied by increases in arterial miR-221 and -222 expression that promotes intimal thickening. Inhibition of the increased miR-221 and -222 may be efficacious in the prevention of the cardiovascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Lightell
- Department of Physiology and the Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Stephanie C Moss
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - T Cooper Woods
- Department of Physiology and the Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Liu T, Zhou HJ, Min W. ASK family in cardiovascular biology and medicine. Adv Biol Regul 2017; 66:54-62. [PMID: 29107568 PMCID: PMC5705453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death worldwide. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal cascades signaling pathways play crucial roles in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) family members ASK1, ASK2 and ASK3 are the key molecules in MAPK signal cascades and are activated by various stresses. ASK1 is the most extensively studied MAPKKK and is involved in regulation of the cellular functions such as cell survival, proliferation, inflammation and apoptosis. The current review focuses on the relationship between ASK1 and cardiovascular disease, while exploring the novel therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular disease involved in the ASK1 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Huanjiao Jenny Zhou
- Department of Pathology and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wang Min
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Pathology and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Groeneveld ME, van Burink MV, Begieneman MPV, Niessen HWM, Wisselink W, Eringa EC, Yeung KK. Activation of extracellular signal-related kinase in abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Clin Invest 2016; 46:440-7. [PMID: 26988568 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular matrix degeneration, caused by matrix metalloproteinase-2, facilitates smooth muscle cell migration leading to medial layer decline and, ultimately, abdominal aortic aneurysm. It remains unclear what exactly causes aneurysms to rupture, which leads to death in most patients. The extracellular signal-related kinase may be linked to the latter process. We aimed to clarify the role of extracellular signal-related kinase in aortic aneurysm development and rupture in patients. DESIGN Aortic fragments were harvested during open repair of nonruptured (n = 20) and ruptured (n = 8) aneurysms. As control, nondilated aortas (n = 6) were obtained during autopsy. We determined levels of phosphorylated and total extracellular signal-related kinase by Western blot, matrix metalloproteinase-2 by immunohistochemistry and medial layer thickness by conventional microscopy. RESULTS Nonruptured aneurysms had 1·8 times higher activation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ratio: phosphorylated/total) than controls (P = 0·011). However, the ruptured aneurysms had only 0·9 times the activation of controls (ns). Both nonruptured and ruptured aneurysms showed significantly higher matrix metalloproteinase-2 than controls (3·8 and 4·0-times, respectively; P < 0·005). Of the medial layer thickness in controls, the median was 1·5 mm, in nonruptured 1·0 mm and in ruptured aneurysms 0·7 mm. Activation of extracellular signal-related kinase correlated positively to medial layer thickness (Rs = 0·48; P = 0·014), but not to matrix metalloproteinase-2 (Rs = -0·36; P = 0·10). CONCLUSIONS In this study, nonruptured aneurysms are associated with increased extracellular signal-related kinase activation while ruptured aneurysms are not. Extracellular signal-related kinase was not related to total matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression. We therefore speculate that increased extracellular signal-related kinase, in response to medial layer decline, could be protective against aneurysm rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno E Groeneveld
- Department of Vascular Surgery, ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Physiology, ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Max V van Burink
- Department of Vascular Surgery, ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark P V Begieneman
- Department of Pathology and Cardiac Surgery, ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Forensic Institute, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Hans W M Niessen
- Department of Pathology and Cardiac Surgery, ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Willem Wisselink
- Department of Vascular Surgery, ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ed C Eringa
- Department of Physiology, ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kak K Yeung
- Department of Vascular Surgery, ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Physiology, ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Liu Y, Liu Y, Liu X, Chen J, Zhang K, Huang F, Wang JF, Tang W, Huang H. Apocynin Attenuates Cardiac Injury in Type 4 Cardiorenal Syndrome via Suppressing Cardiac Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 With Oxidative Stress Inhibition. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:JAHA.114.001598. [PMID: 26109504 PMCID: PMC4608061 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Type 4 cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) refers to the cardiac injury induced by chronic kidney disease. We aimed to assess oxidative stress and cardiac injury in patients with type 4 CRS, determine whether the antioxidant apocynin attenuated cardiac injury in rats with type 4 CRS, and explore potential mechanisms. Methods and Results A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with type 4 CRS (n=17) and controls (n=16). Compared with controls, patients with type 4 CRS showed elevated oxidative stress, which was significantly correlated with cardiac hypertrophy and decreased ejection fraction. In vivo study, male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 5/6 subtotal nephrectomy and sham surgery, followed with apocynin or vehicle treatment for 8 weeks. Eight weeks after surgery, the 5/6 subtotal nephrectomy rats mimicked type 4 CRS, showing increased serum creatinine, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, and decreased ejection fraction compared with sham-operated animals. Cardiac malondialdehyde, NADPH oxidase activity, fibroblast growth factor-2, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation increased significantly in the 5/6 subtotal nephrectomy rats. These changes were significantly attenuated by apocynin. In vitro study showed that apocynin reduced angiotensin II–induced NADPH oxidase–dependent oxidative stress, upregulation of fibroblast growth factor-2 and fibrosis biomarkers, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in cardiac fibroblasts. Importantly, the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 reduced the upregulation of fibroblast growth factor-2 and fibrosis biomarkers in angiotensin II–treated fibroblasts. Conclusions Oxidative stress is a candidate mediator for type 4 CRS. Apocynin attenuated cardiac injury in type 4 CRS rats via inhibiting NADPH oxidase–dependent oxidative stress-activated ERK1/2 pathway and subsequent fibroblast growth factor-2 upregulation. Our study added evidence to the beneficial effect of apocynin in type 4 CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Y.L., J.C., K.Z., F.H., J.F.W., W.T., H.H.) Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China (Y.L., Y.L., J.C., K.Z., F.H., J.F.W., H.H.)
| | - Yu Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China (Y.L., Y.L., J.C., K.Z., F.H., J.F.W., H.H.) Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China (Y.L.)
| | - Xun Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.L.)
| | - Jie Chen
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Y.L., J.C., K.Z., F.H., J.F.W., W.T., H.H.) Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China (Y.L., Y.L., J.C., K.Z., F.H., J.F.W., H.H.)
| | - Kun Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Y.L., J.C., K.Z., F.H., J.F.W., W.T., H.H.) Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China (Y.L., Y.L., J.C., K.Z., F.H., J.F.W., H.H.)
| | - Feifei Huang
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Y.L., J.C., K.Z., F.H., J.F.W., W.T., H.H.) Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China (Y.L., Y.L., J.C., K.Z., F.H., J.F.W., H.H.)
| | - Jing-Feng Wang
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Y.L., J.C., K.Z., F.H., J.F.W., W.T., H.H.) Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China (Y.L., Y.L., J.C., K.Z., F.H., J.F.W., H.H.)
| | - Wanchun Tang
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Y.L., J.C., K.Z., F.H., J.F.W., W.T., H.H.) Weil Institute of Critical Care Medicine, Rancho Mirage, CA (W.T.)
| | - Hui Huang
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Y.L., J.C., K.Z., F.H., J.F.W., W.T., H.H.) Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China (Y.L., Y.L., J.C., K.Z., F.H., J.F.W., H.H.)
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10
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LI CHANGYI, YANG LINGCHAO, GUO KAI, WANG YUEPENG, LI YIGANG. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1: A critical phosphatase manipulating mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in cardiovascular disease (Review). Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1095-102. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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11
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Song MC, Kim EC, Kim WJ, Kim TJ. Meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid inhibits rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by suppressing phosphorylation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 744:36-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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12
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Gadang V, Konaniah E, Hui DY, Jaeschke A. Mixed-lineage kinase 3 deficiency promotes neointima formation through increased activation of the RhoA pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1429-36. [PMID: 24790140 PMCID: PMC4084683 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways play an important role in neointima formation secondary to vascular injury, in part by promoting proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Mixed-lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase that activates multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and has been implicated in regulating proliferation in several cell types. However, the role of MLK3 in VSMC proliferation and neointima formation is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the function of MLK3 in the development of neointimal hyperplasia and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. APPROACH AND RESULTS Neointima formation was analyzed after endothelial denudation of carotid arteries from wild-type and MLK3-deficient mice. MLK3 deficiency promoted injury-induced neointima formation and increased proliferation of primary VSMC derived from aortas isolated from MLK3-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, MLK3 deficiency increased the activation of p63Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor, RhoA, and Rho kinase in VSMC, a pathway known to promote neointimal hyperplasia, and reconstitution of MLK3 expression attenuated Rho kinase activation. Furthermore, cJun NH2-terminal kinase activation was decreased in MLK3-deficient VSMC, and proliferation of wild-type but not MLK3 knockout cells treated with a cJun NH2-terminal kinase inhibitor was attenuated. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that MLK3 limits RhoA activation and injury-induced neointima formation by binding to and inhibiting the activation of p63Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor, a RhoA activator. In MLK3-deficient cells, activation of p63Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor proceeds in an unchecked manner, leading to a net increase in RhoA pathway activation. Reconstitution of MLK3 expression restores MLK3/p63Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor interaction, which is attenuated by feedback from activated cJun NH2-terminal kinase.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carotid Arteries/enzymology
- Carotid Arteries/pathology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/enzymology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/genetics
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hyperplasia
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/deficiency
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- rho-Associated Kinases/metabolism
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase 11
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Gadang
- From the Department of Pathology, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Eddy Konaniah
- From the Department of Pathology, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - David Y Hui
- From the Department of Pathology, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Anja Jaeschke
- From the Department of Pathology, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, OH.
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13
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Rodriguez MP, Emond ZM, Varu VN, Ahanchi SS, Martinez J, Kibbe MR. Nitric oxide differentially affects ERK and Akt in type 1 and type 2 diabetic rats. J Surg Res 2013; 183:944-951. [PMID: 23608617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown that nitric oxide (NO) is more effective at inhibiting neointimal hyperplasia in type 2 diabetic rats than in nondiabetic rats, but is not effective in type 1 diabetic rats. Insulin signaling is mediated by the ERK and Akt pathways, and thus we hypothesized that NO differentially affects ERK and Akt activity in type 1 versus type 2 diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS To investigate this hypothesis, we induced type 2 diabetes in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats by feeding them Purina 5008 chow. To induce type 1 diabetes, lean Zucker (LZ) rats were injected with streptozotocin (STZ; 60 mg/kg). The carotid artery injury model was performed. Groups included injury and injury + PROLI/NO (20 mg/kg) (n = 6/group). RESULTS Three days following injury, all animal models exhibited an increase in pERK levels. Whereas NO reduced pERK levels in LZ and STZ rats, NO had no effect on pERK levels in ZDF rats. Following a similar pattern, NO reduced pAkt levels in LZ and STZ rats but increased pAkt levels in ZDF rats. Fourteen days following injury, NO increased total pERK levels throughout the arterial wall in both the STZ and ZDF rats. These changes were greatest in the adventitia. Interestingly, whereas NO decreased total pAkt levels in LZ and STZ rats, NO increased pAkt levels in ZDF rats. Evaluation of the pERK:pAkt ratio revealed that NO increased this ratio in LZ and STZ rats but decreased the ratio in ZDF rats. CONCLUSIONS We report that NO differentially affects the expression of pERK and pAkt in type 1 versus type 2 diabetic rats. Given that NO is more effective at inhibiting neointimal hyperplasia in type 2 diabetic animals, the pERK:pAkt ratio may be the best surrogate to predict efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica P Rodriguez
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Zachary M Emond
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Vinit N Varu
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sadaf S Ahanchi
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Janet Martinez
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Melina R Kibbe
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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14
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Chen Y, Jiang J, Miao H, Chen X, Sun X, Li Y. Hydrogen-rich saline attenuates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia by inhibiting reactive oxygen species production and inactivating the Ras-ERK1/2-MEK1/2 and Akt pathways. Int J Mol Med 2013; 31:597-606. [PMID: 23340693 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen-rich saline has been reported to prevent neointimal hyperplasia induced by carotid balloon injury. The purpose of the present study was to further investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. Daily injection of a hydrogen-rich saline solution (HRSS) in rats was employed to study the effect of hydrogen on balloon injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia and the neointima/media ratio was assessed. HRSS significantly decreased the neointima area and neointima/media ratio in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro effects of hydrogen on fetal bovine serum (FBS)-induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation were also investigated. Hydrogen-rich medium (HRM) inhibited rat VSMC proliferation and migration induced by 10% FBS. FBS-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and activation of intracellular Ras, MEK1/2, ERK1/2, proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Akt were significantly inhibited by HRM. In addition, HRM blocked FBS-induced progression from the G0/G1 to the S-phase and increased the apoptosis rate of VSMCs. These results showed that hydrogen-rich saline was able to attenuate FBS-induced VSMC proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia by inhibiting ROS production and inactivating the Ras-ERK1/2-MEK1/2 and Akt pathways. Thus, HRSS may have potential therapeutic relevance for the prevention of human restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, PR China
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15
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Proteomic analysis of aorta and protective effects of grape seed procyanidin B2 in db/db mice reveal a critical role of milk fat globule epidermal growth factor-8 in diabetic arterial damage. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52541. [PMID: 23285083 PMCID: PMC3528673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is one of the major complications of type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM), leading to morbidity and mortality. Grape seed procyanidin B2 (GSPB2) has demonstrated protective effect against atherosclerosis, which is believed to be, at least in part, a result of its antioxidative effects. The aim of this study is to identify the target protein of GSPB2 responsible for the protective effect against atherosclerosis in patients with DM. Methods and Results GSPB2 (30 mg/kg body weight/day) were administrated to db/db mice for 10 weeks. Proteomics of the aorta extracts by iTRAQ analysis was obtained from db/db mice. The results showed that expression of 557 proteins were either up- or down-regulated in the aorta of diabetic mice. Among those proteins, 139 proteins were normalized by GSPB2 to the levels comparable to those in control mice. Among the proteins regulated by GSPB2, the milk fat globule epidermal growth factor-8 (MFG-E8) was found to be increased in serum level in T2DM patients; the serum level of MFG-E8 was positively correlated with carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (CF-PWV). Inhibition of MFG-E8 by RNA interference significantly suppressed whereas exogenous recombinant MFG-E8 administration exacerbated atherogenesis the db/db mice. To gain more insights into the mechanism of action of MFG-E8, we investigated the effects of MFG-E8 on the signal pathway involving the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Treatment with recombinant MFG-E8 led to increased whereas inhibition of MFG-E8 to decreased expression of MCP-1 and phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Conclusion Our data suggests that MFG-E8 plays an important role in atherogenesis in diabetes through both ERK and MCP-1 signaling pathways. GSPB2, a well-studied antioxidant, significantly inhibited the arterial wall changes favoring atherogenesis in db/db mice by down-regulating MFG-E8 expression in aorta and its serum level. Measuring MFG-E8 serum level could be a useful clinical surrogate prognosticating atherogenesis in DM patients.
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Ginsenoside Rb1 inhibits the carotid neointimal hyperplasia induced by balloon injury in rats via suppressing the phenotype modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 685:126-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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17
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Wu JG, Tang H, Liu ZJ, Ma ZF, Tang AL, Zhang XJ, Gao XR, Ma H. Angiotensin-(1–7) Inhibits Vascular Remodelling in Rat Jugular Vein Grafts via Reduced ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK Activity. J Int Med Res 2011; 39:2158-68. [PMID: 22289531 DOI: 10.1177/147323001103900612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of angiotensin (Ang)-(1–7) on vascular remodelling in a rat autologous jugular vein graft model in which rats underwent autologous jugular vein graft transplantation (Ang-[1–7] and control groups) or sham surgery (sham group). The animals received continuous jugular infusion of Ang-(1–7) at 25 μg/kg per h (Ang-[1–7] group) or normal saline (control and sham groups) starting 3 days after surgery. Ang-(1–7) infusion reduced venous graft hyperplasia, vascular remodelling, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation and levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and α-smooth muscle actin compared with control animals. The vascular tissue Ang II level was higher in Ang-(1–7) and control rats than in sham animals. These findings suggest that Ang-(1–7) acts by inhibiting the activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK in vascular tissue. The use of exogenous Ang-(1–7) could improve the outcome of vein grafting through the attenuation of vascular remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-G Wu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H Tang
- Department of General Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Z-J Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Z-F Ma
- Department of General Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - A-L Tang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - X-J Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - X-R Gao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H Ma
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Gao Y, Deng J, Yu XF, Yang DL, Gong QH, Huang XN. Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits vascular intimal hyperplasia in balloon-injured rat carotid artery by down-regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:472-478. [PMID: 21964194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) is one of the main active components of Panax ginseng a well-known herbal medicine. It has been demonstrated to inhibit proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) induced by tumor necrosis factor-αin vitro. The present study is aimed to examine the possible effects of Rg1 on vascular neointimal hyperplasia in balloon-injured carotid artery of rats in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The animal model was established by rubbing the endothelia with a balloon catheter in the common carotid artery (CCA) of male Sprague Dawley rats. Then the rats were intraperitoneally injected with distilled water in model group and sham operation control, or with Rg1 4, 8 and 16mg/kg/d in other balloon injured groups. After consecutive 14 days, the vascular intimal hyperplasia was evidenced by histopathological alterations of the CCA and by changes observed in the marker of the proliferation of VSMCs-the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The protein expressions of PCNA and the phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase2 (p-ERK2) as well as mitogen-ativated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) were examined by immunohistochemistry; while the expressions of proto-oncogene (c-fos), ERK2 and smooth muscle α-actin (SM α-actin) mRNA were analyzed by Real-Time RT-PCR. RESULTS Rg1 administration could significantly ameliorate the histopathology of CCA and decrease the protein expression of PCNA induced by endothelia rubbing; and Rg1 medication also significantly decreased the expressions of p-ERK2 protein, ERK2 and c-fos mRNA in vessel wall, but up-regulated the MKP-1 expression, which was reported to inactivate mitogen-ativated protein kinase pathway. Furthermore, Rg1 could elevate the decreased SM α-actin mRNA expression induced by balloon injury. CONCLUSIONS Rg1 can suppress the vascular neointimal hyperplasia induced by balloon injury, the mechanism may be involved in the inhibition on ERK2 signaling, and related, at least partly, to the increase in MKP-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and the Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical College, No. 201 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, PR China
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19
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Ceramide 1-phosphate induces neointimal formation via cell proliferation and cell cycle progression upstream of ERK1/2 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:2041-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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20
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Lee JJ, Yu JY, Zhang WY, Kim TJ, Lim Y, Kwon JS, Kim DW, Myung CS, Yun YP. Inhibitory effect of fenofibrate on neointima hyperplasia via G0/G1 arrest of cell proliferation. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 650:342-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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21
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Willis AI, Sadowitz B, Fuse S, Maier KG, Lee TS, Wang XJ, Tuszynski GP, Sumpio BE, Gahtan V. Thrombospondin 1, Fibronectin, and Vitronectin are Differentially Dependent Upon RAS, ERK1/2, and p38 for Induction of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Chemotaxis. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2010; 45:55-62. [DOI: 10.1177/1538574410387677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1), fibronectin (Fn), and vitronectin (Vn) promote vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) chemotaxis through a variety of second messenger systems, including Ras, ERK1/2, and p38. Hypothesis: Ras, ERK1/2, and p38 differentially affect TSP-1-, Fn-, and Vn-induced VSMC chemotaxis. Methods: Bovine VSMCs were transfected with Ras N17 or treated with the following inhibitors: a farnesyl protein transferase (FPT) inhibitor, PD098059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor), or SB202190 (p38 inhibitor). Thrombospondin 1, Fn, and Vn were used as chemoattractants. Results were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc testing (P < .05). Results: Ras N17 transfection or FPT inhibitor treatment inhibited TSP-1-, Fn-, and Vn-induced chemotaxis. PD098059 or SB202190 resulted in more inhibition of VSMC migration to TSP-1 than to Fn or Vn. Conclusions: Ras appears equally relevant in the signal transduction pathways of TSP-1-, Fn-, and Vn-induced VSMC chemotaxis. Thrombospondin 1-induced migration is more dependent upon ERK1/2 and p38 than Fn- or Vn-included migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alliric I. Willis
- Yale University School of Medicine Section of Vascular Surgery, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Benjamin Sadowitz
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Services, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA, Department of Veterans Affairs VA Healthcare Network Upstate New York at Syracuse, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Shoichi Fuse
- Yale University School of Medicine Section of Vascular Surgery, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kristopher G. Maier
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Services, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA, Department of Veterans Affairs VA Healthcare Network Upstate New York at Syracuse, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Tae S. Lee
- Yale University School of Medicine Section of Vascular Surgery, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiu-Jie Wang
- Yale University School of Medicine Section of Vascular Surgery, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Bauer E. Sumpio
- Yale University School of Medicine Section of Vascular Surgery, New Haven, CT, USA, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vivian Gahtan
- Yale University School of Medicine Section of Vascular Surgery, New Haven, CT, USA, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Services, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA, Department of Veterans Affairs VA Healthcare Network Upstate New York at Syracuse, Syracuse, NY, USA, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA,
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Bu DX, Johansson ME, Ren J, Xu DW, Johnson FB, Edfeldt K, Yan ZQ. Nuclear factor {kappa}B-mediated transactivation of telomerase prevents intimal smooth muscle cell from replicative senescence during vascular repair. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:2604-10. [PMID: 20864668 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.213074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To gain insights into mechanisms by which intimal hyperplasia interferes with the repair process by investigating expression and function of the catalytic telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) subunit after vascular injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Functional telomerase is essential to the replicative longevity of vascular cells. We found that TERT was de novo activated in the intima of injured arteries, involving activation of the nuclear factor κB pathway. Stimulation of the isolated intimal smooth muscle cell (SMC) by basic fibroblast growth factor or tumor necrosis factor α resulted in increased TERT activity. This depends on the activation of c-Myc signaling because mutation of the E-box in the promoter or overexpression of mitotic arrest deficient 1 (MAD1), a c-Myc competitor, abrogated the transcriptional activity. Inhibition of nuclear factor κB in both intimal SMCs and the injured artery attenuated TERT transcriptional activity through reduction of c-Myc expression. Pharmacological blockade of TERT led to SMC senescence. Finally, depletion of telomerase function in mice resulted in severe intimal SMC senescence after vascular injury. CONCLUSIONS These results support a model in which vascular injury induces de novo expression of TERT in intimal SMCs via activation of nuclear factor κB and upregulation of c-Myc. The resumed TERT activity is critical for intimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-xiu Bu
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Yoo AR, Koh SH, Cho GW, Kim SH. Inhibitory effects of cilostazol on proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) through suppression of the ERK1/2 pathway. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010; 17:1009-18. [PMID: 20720374 DOI: 10.5551/jat.4309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in arterial walls is an important pathogenic factor of vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty. During atherogenesis or in response to vessel injury, VSMC proliferation is induced by a number of peptide growth factors released from platelets and VSMCs. Cilostazol is a phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3 inhibitor that increases intracellular cAMP levels and decreases intracellular Ca(2+) levels, inhibiting platelet aggregation and inducing vasodilatation. Cilostazol is also known to have an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of VSMCs, but the anti-proliferative mechanism of cilostazol in VSMCs has not yet been established. In the present study, we investigated whether the anti-proliferative mechanism of cilostazol is associated with the suppression of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways. METHODS To confirm the anti-proliferative effects of cilostazol on VSMCs, VSMCs were induced to proliferate by serum-induced mitogenesis and then were treated with cilostazol for 24 h. And, to investigate whether the anti-proliferative mechanism of cilostazol in VSMCs involves the suppression of the ERK and PI3K pathways, expression of the phosphorylated forms of ERK1/2, Raf, Akt, and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 were evaluated by western blot. RESULTS Cilostazol inhibited VSMC proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Phosphorylated ERK1/2 and Raf were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner, whereas phosphorylated Akt and GSK-3 were not changed. CONCLUSION These results suggest that suppression of the ERK pathway but not the PI3K pathway is an important mechanism in the anti-proliferative effect of cilostazol on VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rum Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 17 Haengdang-dong-dong, Seoul, Korea
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Spiguel LRP, Chandiwal A, Vosicky JE, Weichselbaum RR, Skelly CL. Concomitant proliferation and caspase-3 mediated apoptosis in response to low shear stress and balloon injury. J Surg Res 2010; 161:146-55. [PMID: 19482308 PMCID: PMC2906117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial remodeling occurs as a response to hemodynamic change and direct vessel wall injury through the process of neointimal hyperplasia (NH). A concomitant response of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and apoptosis exists. The purpose of this study is to assess the cellular response of vessels following exposure to low shear stress (tau) and balloon injury in order to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying vascular injury. Our hypothesis is that the combination of low tau and balloon injury results in NH approximating that seen in clinical arterial restenosis, and that quantitative analysis of VSMC proliferation and apoptosis correlates with the associated increase in arterial remodeling. METHODS AND RESULTS New Zealand White rabbits underwent surgery on the carotid artery creating low tau (n =11), balloon injury (n = 11), combined low tau and balloon injury (n =11), and sham (n = 13) groups. Experiments were terminated at 1, 3, and 28 d. Day 1 and 3 arteries were analyzed with immunohistochemistry for apoptotic markers, terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and activated caspase-3, and a cellular proliferation marker, accumulated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), as well as immunoblot analysis for activated caspase-3 and PCNA at day 3. There was significantly greater apoptosis in the combined group as compared with the other groups assessed by quantitative TUNEL and activated caspase-3 levels at both days 1 and 3. Similarly, an increase in cellular proliferation assessed by PCNA expression, was significantly greater in the combined group as compared with the other groups. At 28 d there was no difference in NH observed in the low tau (26 +/- 3 microm) and balloon injury (51 +/- 17 microm) groups. However, significantly more NH was observed in the combined group (151 +/- 35 microm) as compared with the other groups. CONCLUSIONS An increase in VSMC apoptosis via a caspase-3 dependent pathway is up-regulated by 24 h in the face of combined low shear stress and balloon-induced vessel wall injury. Paradoxically, this increase in VSMC apoptosis is associated with a significant increase in neointimal thickening at 28 d. The concomitant increase of both apoptosis and proliferation are indicative of a robust arterial remodeling response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R P Spiguel
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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Kaneto H, Katakami N, Matsuhisa M, Matsuoka TA. Role of reactive oxygen species in the progression of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:453892. [PMID: 20182627 PMCID: PMC2825658 DOI: 10.1155/2010/453892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is the most prevalent and serious metabolic disease all over the world, and its hallmarks are pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Under diabetic conditions, chronic hyperglycemia and subsequent augmentation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) deteriorate beta-cell function and increase insulin resistance which leads to the aggravation of type 2 diabetes. In addition, chronic hyperglycemia and ROS are also involved in the development of atherosclerosis which is often observed under diabetic conditions. Taken together, it is likely that ROS play an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kaneto
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Wilson AM, Brittenden J, Bachoo P, Ford I, Nixon GF. Randomized controlled trial of aspirin and clopidogrel versus aspirin and placebo on markers of smooth muscle proliferation before and after peripheral angioplasty. J Vasc Surg 2009; 50:861-9. [PMID: 19786240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patients, a limiting factor in the success of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is the development of restenosis secondary to vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation. Following endothelial damage and platelet activation, there is release of factors and adhesion molecules which affect SMC proliferation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of combination antiplatelet therapy (clopidogrel and aspirin compared with aspirin and placebo) on the ability of plasma from PAD patients undergoing PTA to stimulate SMCs in vitro. We further aimed to investigate the effect of combination treatment on the levels of circulating adhesion molecules and factors, which are known to mediate SMC proliferation in experimental models. METHODS Fifty patients were randomized to receive blinded clopidogrel or placebo, for thirty days, in addition to their daily 75 mg aspirin. To measure proliferative capacity, diluted plasma was incubated for 15 minutes with 24 hour-growth-arrested rat vascular smooth muscle cells, and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 activation was analyzed by Western blotting at baseline, one hour pre-PTA, one hour, 24 hours and 30 days post-PTA. Plasma platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), sE-selectin, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and von Willebrand factor (vWF) were measured by ELISA, at the same five timepoints. Platelet activation was measured by flow cytometry of ADP-stimulated platelet fibrinogen binding at baseline and one hour post-PTA. RESULTS ADP-stimulated platelet fibrinogen binding was significantly inhibited by clopidogrel before and after PTA. ERK 1/2 activation was significantly increased post-PTA in both the aspirin/clopidogrel and aspirin/placebo groups (P < .001). There was a statistically significant decrease in PDGF (P = .004), and increase in vWF (P = .026), following loading with clopidogrel. sICAM-1 levels significantly decreased (P = .016) in the aspirin/placebo group following PTA. There were no other significant changes and also there was no statistically significant difference between the two treatment groups for each of ERK 1/2, sICAM-1, sE-selectin, or vWF. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show in-vitro ERK 1/2 activation (a surrogate marker of SMC proliferation) increases post-PTA. Combination antiplatelet therapy had no significant effect on this, although it did reduce PDGF. Further work is required to evaluate potential therapeutic treatments, which may reduce peripheral PTA-induced smooth muscle cell activation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE High rates of restenosis remain the major limitation of peripheral arterial angioplasty and stenting.The restenotic lesion occurs secondary to platelet activation, released circulating factors, and subsequent smooth musclecell proliferation and migration into the intima. Methods to limit the restenotic lesion are poorly understood. This paperinvestigates the effect of PTA on smooth muscle cell activation and the release of factors in plasma which mediate SMCproliferation. It also examines the effect of combination antiplatelet therapy as a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair M Wilson
- Department of Surgery, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
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Fahrenholz M, Real R, Küken A, Saxena A, Orzechowski HD. Single low-dose administration of pharmacological inhibitor of mitogen-activated ERK kinase to the adventitia of the injured rat carotid artery suppresses neointima formation and inhibits nuclear ERK signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 617:90-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kim JE, Kang YJ, Lee KY, Choi HC. Isoproterenol inhibits angiotensin II-stimulated proliferation and reactive oxygen species production in vascular smooth muscle cells through heme oxygenase-1. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:1047-52. [PMID: 19483313 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is a well-known cytoprotectant against oxidative stress and exhibits an antiproliferative effect in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The purpose of the present study was to test whether isoproterenol, one of the synthetic catecholamines having beta-adrenergic activity, affected angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cell proliferation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Also, the presumptive underlying signaling pathways in VSMCs were studied. Aortic VSMCs from 11-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Isoproterenol dose-dependently increased HO-1 expression through beta(2)-adrenoceptor (AR) and protein kinase A (PKA) pathway, and isoproterenol concentration-dependently increased beta(2)-AR mRNA expression. Isoproterenol attenuated Ang II-induced cell proliferation, as evidenced by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. This effect of isoproterenol was inhibited by pretreatment of the cells with beta(2)-AR antagonist butoxamine, PKA inhibitor H-89 and HO inhibitor Tin Protoporphyrin IX (SnPP IX), respectively. Isoproterenol inhibited phosphorylation level of Ang II-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2). Isoproterenol significantly inhibited Ang II-induced ROS production through the ERK1/2 pathway. These findings suggest that isoproterenol, via induction of HO-1, inhibits Ang II-stimulated proliferation and ROS production in cultured VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
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MAPK signalling in cardiovascular health and disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Clin Sci (Lond) 2008; 115:203-18. [PMID: 18752467 DOI: 10.1042/cs20070430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signalling cascades probably play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiac and vascular disease. A substantial amount of basic science research has defined many of the details of MAPK pathway organization and activation, but the role of individual signalling proteins in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases is still being elucidated. In the present review, the role of the MAPKs ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and p38 MAPK in cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and vascular restenosis will be examined, with attention paid to genetically modified murine model systems and to the use of pharmacological inhibitors of protein kinases. Despite the complexities of this field of research, attractive targets for pharmacological therapy are emerging.
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Sommerville LJ, Xing C, Kelemen SE, Eguchi S, Autieri MV. Inhibition of allograft inflammatory factor-1 expression reduces development of neointimal hyperplasia and p38 kinase activity. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 81:206-15. [PMID: 18779232 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) is a calcium-binding, scaffold-signalling protein expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in response to injury. The effects of AIF-1 attenuation on development of intimal hyperplasia are unknown, and the molecular mechanisms of these effects remain uncharacterized. The goals of the present study were to determine whether AIF-1 knockdown reduced VSMC proliferation, migration, and intimal hyperplasia, and determine AIF-1 effects on signal transduction in VSMCs. METHODS AND RESULTS Balloon angioplasty-injured rat carotid arteries transduced with adenovirus to overexpress AIF-1 (AdAIF-1) significantly increased, and adenovirus to knock down AIF-1 (AdsiRNA) expression significantly decreased neointimal formation compared with green fluorescent protein (AdGFP) and Adscrambled controls (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, n = 6). Primary rat VSMCs transduced with AdAIF-1 displayed a significant increase in proliferation, and AdsiRNA-transduced VSMCs proliferated significantly more slowly than controls (P < 0.05). VSMCs transduced with AdAIF-1 show increased migration when compared with control VSMCs (P < 0.01). Rat VSMCs transduced with AdAIF-1 showed constitutive and prolonged activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38, whereas AdsiRNA-treated VSMCs showed decreased p38 activation compared with AdGFP (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis of AdAIF-1-transduced carotid arteries showed increased staining with a phospho-specific p38 antibody compared with AdGFP-transduced arteries. A specific p38 inhibitor abrogated AIF-1-induced VSMC proliferation, but not AIF-1-induced migration. CONCLUSION Taken together, AIF-1 expression plays a key role in the development of neointimal hyperplasia. AIF-1 expression enhances the activation of p38 MAP kinase. AIF-1-enhanced proliferation is p38 kinase dependent, but AIF-1-enhanced VSMC migration is p38 independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Sommerville
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 810, MRB, 3420 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Gulkarov I, Bohmann K, Cinnante KM, Pirelli L, Yu PJ, Grau JB, Pintucci G, Galloway AC, Mignatti P. Topical mitogen-activated protein kinases inhibition reduces intimal hyperplasia in arterialized vein grafts. J Surg Res 2008; 154:150-6. [PMID: 18805551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vein graft arterialization results in activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) extracellular signal-regulated kinases-1 and -2 (ERK1/2), which have been implicated in cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. The goal of our study was to characterize the effect of MAPK inhibition on intimal hyperplasia (IH) in arterialized vein grafts in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. METHODS Reversed bilateral jugular vein to common carotid artery interposition grafts were constructed in 16 New Zealand White rabbits. The veins were incubated for 30 min prior to grafting with either the synthetic ERK1/2 activation inhibitor UO126 or the control vehicle. Vein graft and control jugular vein were harvested 3 h, 1 d, and 28 d after arterialization for histological and biochemical analyses. RESULTS Treatment with UO126 was associated with 31% reduction in mean intimal area (1.68 +/- 0.78 mm(2)versus 2.44 +/- 1.65 mm(2); mean +/- SD; P = 0.036) relative to controls. The intima-to-media ratio of UO126-treated vein grafts decreased by 29% (0.53 +/- 0.04 versus 0.74 +/- 0.06; mean +/- SD; P < 0.01) compared to controls, vehicle-treated vein grafts. There was also significant increase in apoptosis in UO126-treated vein graft medial cell layer at 1 d. CONCLUSION Topical administration of UO126 before vein grafting significantly decreases IH in arterialized vein grafts in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. These results may have significant implications for the development of strategies aimed at blocking or reducing IH in bypass grafts. Therefore, further evaluation of this simple strategy to improve vein graft patency following coronary artery or peripheral vascular bypass surgery is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iosif Gulkarov
- The Seymour Cohn Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Cui P, Yu M, Luo Z, Dai M, Han J, Xiu R, Yang Z. Intracellular signaling pathways involved in cell growth inhibition of human umbilical vein endothelial cells by melatonin. J Pineal Res 2008; 44:107-14. [PMID: 18078456 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, an indolamine mainly produced in the pineal gland, has received a great deal of attention in the last decade because of its oncostatic effects, which are due to its immunomodulatory, antiproliferative, antioxidant and its possible antiangiogenesis properties. Herein, we document its antiproliferative action on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Moreover, the possible cell signaling pathways when melatonin inhibited HUVEC proliferation were explored in this study. Primary HUVECs were isolated, cultured, purified and identified before the studies were performed. HUVECs were found to possess G-protein-coupled membrane receptors for melatonin (MT1 and MT2) and also nuclear melatonin receptors (RORalpha and RORbeta, especially RORbeta). No obvious expression of RORgamma was found. We investigated the membrane receptors and several intracellular signaling pathways including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)/extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK), phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and protein kinases C (PKC) involved in antiproliferative action of melatonin on HUVECs. The blockade of these pathways using special inhibitors decreased cell growth. Furthermore, the constitutive activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) contributed to the proliferation of HUVECs. High concentrations of melatonin inhibited both NF-kappaB expression and its binding ability to DNA, possibly through inactivation of ERK/Akt /PKC pathways. Taken together, high concentrations of melatonin markedly reduced HUVEC proliferation; the antiproliferative action of melatonin was closely correlated with following pathway: melatonin receptors/ERK/PI3K/Akt/PKC/ NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Cui
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Presta M, Camozzi M, Salvatori G, Rusnati M. Role of the soluble pattern recognition receptor PTX3 in vascular biology. J Cell Mol Med 2007; 11:723-38. [PMID: 17760835 PMCID: PMC3823252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentraxins act as soluble pattern recognition receptors with a wide range of functions in various pathophysiological conditions. The long-pentraxin PTX3 shares the C-terminal pentraxin-domain with short-pentraxins C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component and possesses an unique N-terminal domain. These structural features suggest that PTX3 may have both overlapping and distinct biological/ligand recognition properties when compared to short-pentraxins. PTX3 serves as a mechanism of amplification of inflammation and innate immunity. Indeed, vessel wall elements produce high amounts of PTX3 during inflammation and the levels of circulating PTX3 increase in several pathological conditions affecting the cardiovascular system. PTX3 exists as a free or extracellular matrix-associated molecule and it binds the complement fraction C1q. PTX3 binds also apoptotic cells and selected pathogens, playing a role in innate immunity processes. In endothelial cells and macrophages, PTX3 upregulates tissue factor expression, suggesting its action as a regulator of endothelium during thrombogenesis and ischaemic vascular disease. Finally, PTX3 binds the angiogenic fibroblast growth factor-2, thus inhibiting its biological activity. Taken together, these properties point to a role for PTX3 during vascular damage, angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, and restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Presta
- Unit of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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Zou Y, Qi Y, Roztocil E, Nicholl SM, Davies MG. Patterns of kinase activation induced by injury in the murine femoral artery. J Surg Res 2007; 142:332-40. [PMID: 17631902 PMCID: PMC2048817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimal hyperplasia remains the principal lesion in the development of restenosis after vessel wall injury. Cell signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells remains a potential molecular target to modulate the development of intimal hyperplasia. The aim of this study was to define a baseline pattern of histological changes and kinase activation in a murine model. METHODS The murine femoral wire injury model was used in which a microwire was passed through a branch of the femoral artery and used to denude the common femoral artery. Pluronic gel was used to apply mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) inhibitors (PD98059, SB230580, and SP600125) on the exterior of the vessels. Specimens were perfusion-fixed and sections were stained for morphometry using an ImagePro system. Additional specimens of femoral artery were also harvested and snap frozen for Western blotting and zymography to allow for the study of kinase and protease activation. Contralateral vessels were used as controls. RESULTS The injured femoral arteries developed intimal hyperplasia, which is maximal at 28 days and does not change substantially between day 28 and day 56. Sham-operated vessels did not produce such a response. Cell apoptosis peaked within 3 days and cell proliferation peaked at 7 days after injury. There is a time-dependent increase in kinase activity immediately after injury. MEK1/2 activation peaks at 20 min after injury and is followed by a peak in extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 activation at 45 min. The stress kinases p38(MAPK) and JNK peak between 10 and 20 min. Activation of akt is later at 45 min and 120 min and activation of p70S6K was biphasic. There was a time-dependent increase in uPA/PAI-1 expression and activity after injury. Local application of MAPK inhibitors (PD98059, SB230580, and SP600125) within a pluronic gel reduced respective MAPK activity, decreased cell proliferation and enhanced cell apoptosis, increased PAI-1, and decreased uPA expression and activity; at 14 days there was a decrease in intimal hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that femoral wire injury in the mouse induces a consistent model of intimal hyperplasia and that it is associated with a time dependent increase in signaling kinase activity. Interruption of these pathways will interrupt the uPA/PAI-1 pathway and decrease intimal hyperplasia development. Accurate characterization of cell signaling is a necessary step in the development of molecular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Zou
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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Kim TJ, Han HJ, Hong SS, Hwang JH, Hwang BY, Yoo HS, Jin YR, Lee JJ, Yu JY, Lee KH, Kang BW, Yun YP. Cudratricusxanthone A isolated from the root bark of Cudrania tricuspidata inhibits the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells through the suppression of PDGF-receptor beta tyrosine kinase. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:805-9. [PMID: 17409526 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB is one of the most potent vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferative factors, and abnormal VSMC proliferation by PDGF-BB plays an important role in the development and progression of cardiovascular problems, including restenosis after coronary angioplasty and atherosclerosis. Previous phytochemical studies on the stems or root barks of Cudrania tricuspidata (Moraceae) resulted in the isolation of various isoprenylated xanthones and flavonoids, some of which have anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. In the present study, we investigated the antiproliferative effect of cudratricusxanthone A isolated from the root bark of C. tricuspidata and its underlying mechanism in VSMCs. Antiproliferative effects of cudratricusxanthone A on VSMCs were examined by direct cell counting and [3H]-thymidine incorporation assays. Cudratricusxanthone A inhibited [3H]-thymidine incorporations into DNA in VSMCs that occurred in response to treatment with 50 ng/ml PDGF-BB. PDGF-BB-stimulated DNA synthesis was significantly reduced to 86.1, 80.2, 64.2 and 25.1% at concentrations of 0.1, 1, 2 and 3 microM, respectively. Moreover, pre-treatment with cudratricusxanthone A (0.1-3 microM) suppressed this PDGF-BB-stimulated cell number in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibition percentages were 11.1, 22.7, 51.3 and 81.5% at the concentrations of 0.1, 1, 2 and 3 microM, respectively. We also investigated the mechanism of antiproliferative effects by cudratricusxanthone A in PDGF-BB-stimulated VSMCs. In Western blot analysis, 50 ng/ml PDGF-BB-stimulated phospholipase C (PLC)gamma1, Ras, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylations were inhibited by cudratricusxanthone A (0.1-3 microM). Consisted with these findings, cudratricusxanthone A inhibited PDGF-receptor beta chain (PDGF-Rbeta) phosphorylation induced by PDGF-BB in a concentration-dependent manner. These findings suggest that the inhibitory effects of cudratricusxanthone A on DNA synthesis and proliferation by PDGF-BB-stimulated VSMCs are mediated by the suppressions of the PDGF-Rbeta and its downstream signaling pathways. Our observation may explain in part mechanistic basis for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and restenosis after coronary angioplasty by cudratricusxanthone A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tack-Joong Kim
- Research Center for Bioresource and Health, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Korea
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Akagi D, Oba M, Koyama H, Nishiyama N, Fukushima S, Miyata T, Nagawa H, Kataoka K. Biocompatible micellar nanovectors achieve efficient gene transfer to vascular lesions without cytotoxicity and thrombus formation. Gene Ther 2007; 14:1029-38. [PMID: 17460721 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy, a promising treatment for vascular disease, requires appropriate gene vectors with high gene transfer efficiency, good biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity. To satisfy these requirements from the approach of nonviral vectors, a novel block copolymer, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-block-polycation, carrying ethylenediamine units in the side chain (PEG-b-P[Asp(DET)]) was prepared. PEG-b-P[Asp(DET)] formed a polyplex micelle through polyion complex formation with plasmid DNA (pDNA). The PEG-b-P[Asp(DET)] polyplex micelle showed efficient gene expression with low cytotoxicity against vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. It also showed reduced interactions with blood components, offering its feasibility of gene delivery via the vessel lumen. To evaluate in vivo gene transfer efficiency for vascular lesions, PEG-b-P[Asp(DET)] micelle was instilled into rabbit carotid artery with neointima by an intravascular method, and expression of the reporter gene in vascular lesions was assessed. Polyplexes from homopolymer P[Asp(DET)] and branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) were used as controls. Ultimately, only the polyplex micelle showed appreciable gene transfer into vascular lesions without any vessel occlusion by thrombus, which was in strong contrast to BPEI and P[Asp(DET)] polyplexes which frequently showed occlusion with thrombus. These findings suggest that the PEG-b-P[Asp(DET)] polyplex micelle may have promising potential as a nonviral vector for the treatment of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Akagi
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Kim TJ, Yun YP. Potent inhibition of serum-stimulated responses in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by 2-chloro-3-(4-hexylphenyl)-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone, a newly synthesized 1,4-naphthoquinone derivative. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:121-7. [PMID: 17202671 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a disease of the large arteries, is the primary cause of heart disease and stroke. The abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in arterial walls is an important pathogenetic factor of vascular disorders like atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty. In the present study, the possible anti-proliferative effect of a synthetic 1,4-naphthoquinone derivative, 2-chloro-3-(4-hexylphenyl)-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ304) was investigated on rat aortic VSMCs. NQ304 was shown to potently inhibit 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS)-induced the growth of VSMCs. Pre-treatment of VSMCs with NQ304 (1-10 microM) for 24 h resulted in significant cell number decreases, i.e., inhibition percentages were 44.75+/-10.77, 73.85+/-6.38 and 89.77+/-6.52% at NQ304 concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 microM, respectively. NQ304 was also found to significantly inhibit 5% FBS-induced DNA synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, NQ304 elevated p21(cip1) and p27(kip1) mRNA levels and caused G0/G1 phase arrest in cell cycle progression. However, no evidence of NQ304-induced apoptotic or necrotic cell death was obtained, as determined by flow cytometry analysis and DNA fragmentation assays. To investigate the mechanism underlying the anti-proliferative effect of NQ304, we examined the effects of NQ304 on c-fos mRNA expression, activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding activity and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) and Akt activation. Pre-treatment of VSMCs with NQ304 (1-10 microM) was found to significantly inhibit the 5% FBS-induced phosphorylations of ERK1/2 and Akt, the activation of AP-1 and the expression of c-fos. These data suggest that the anti-proliferative and cell cycle arresting effects of NQ304 on serum-induced VSMCs may be mediated by AP-1 activation downregulation via the suppression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways, and it may contribute to the prevention of atherosclerosis through inhibition of VSMC proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antimitotic Agents/pharmacology
- Antimitotic Agents/therapeutic use
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA/biosynthesis
- DNA/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Naphthoquinones/pharmacology
- Naphthoquinones/therapeutic use
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Serum/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tack-Joong Kim
- Research Center for Bioresource and Health, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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39
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Kaneto H, Katakami N, Kawamori D, Miyatsuka T, Sakamoto K, Matsuoka TA, Matsuhisa M, Yamasaki Y. Involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:355-66. [PMID: 17184181 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.1465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta-cell failure is the common characteristic of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is induced by pancreatic beta-cell destruction, which is mediated by an autoimmune mechanism and consequent inflammatory process. Various inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress produced by islet-infiltrating immune cells have been proposed to play an important role in mediating the destruction of beta cells. The JNK pathway is also activated by such cytokines and oxidative stress and is involved in beta-cell destruction. Type 2 diabetes is the most prevalent and serious metabolic disease affecting people all over the world. Pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are the hallmark of type 2 diabetes. Once hyperglycemia becomes apparent, beta-cell function gradually deteriorates, and insulin resistance is aggravated. This process is called "glucose toxicity." Under such conditions, oxidative stress is provoked, and the JNK pathway is activated, which is likely involved in pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. In addition, oxidative stress and activation of the JNK pathway are involved in the progression of atherosclerosis, which is often observed under diabetic conditions. Taken together, it is likely that oxidative stress and subsequent activation of the JNK pathway are involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kaneto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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40
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Li C, Xu Q. Mechanical stress-initiated signal transduction in vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and in vivo. Cell Signal 2007; 19:881-91. [PMID: 17289345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has been demonstrated that hypertension-initiated abnormal biomechanical stress is strongly associated with cardio-/cerebrovascular diseases e.g. atherosclerosis, stroke, and heart failure, which is main cause of morbidity and mortality. How the cells in the cardiovascular system sense and transduce the extracellular physical stimuli into intracellular biochemical signals is a crucial issue for understanding the mechanisms of the disease development. Recently, collecting data derived from our and other laboratories showed that many kinds of molecules in the cells such as receptors, ion channels, caveolin, G proteins, cell cytoskeleton, kinases and transcriptional factors could serve as mechanoceptors directly or indirectly in response to mechanical stimulation implying that the activation of mechanoceptors represents a non-specific manner. The sensed signals can be further sorted and/or modulated by processing of the molecules both on the cell surface and by the network of intracellular signaling pathways resulting in a sophisticated and dynamic set of cues that enable cardiovascular cell responses. The present review will summarise the data on mechanotransduction in vascular smooth muscle cells and formulate a new hypothesis, i.e. a non-specific activation of mechanoceptors followed by a variety of signal cascade activation. The hypothesis could provide us some clues for exploring new therapeutic targets for the disturbed mechanical stress-initiated diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohong Li
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
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41
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Kim TJ, Yun YP. Antiproliferative activity of NQ304, a synthetic 1,4-naphthoquinone, is mediated via the suppressions of the PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in PDGF-BB-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells. Vascul Pharmacol 2007; 46:43-51. [PMID: 16875883 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2006.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB is one of the most potent vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferative factors, and abnormal VSMC proliferation by PDGF-BB plays an important role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of NQ304 [2-chloro-3-(4-hexylphenyl)-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone], a newly synthesized 1,4-naphthoquinone derivative, on the proliferation of PDGF-BB-stimulated rat aortic VSMCs. Antiproliferative effects of NQ304 on rat aortic VSMCs were examined by direct cell counting and by using [(3)H] thymidine incorporation assays. It was found that NQ304 potently the growth of VSMCs. Preincubation with NQ304 (1-10 microM) significantly inhibited proliferation and DNA synthesis of 50 ng/ml PDGF-BB-stimulated rat aortic VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, we investigated the mechanism of proliferation suppression by NQ304 in PDGF-BB-stimulated rat aortic VSMCs, and found that PDGF-BB-stimulated immediate-early gene expression (c-fos), activator protein (AP)-1 activation, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation, and Akt kinase were significantly inhibited by NQ304. An examination of the suppressive effects of NQ304 on PDGF-BB-stimulated VSMC cycle progression showed that NQ304 (10 microM) induced the G1 phase arrest of PDGF-BB-stimulated cell cycle progression by elevating p21(cip1) mRNA expression. These findings suggest that the inhibitory effects of NQ304 on DNA synthesis, proliferation, and cell cycle progression on PDGF-BB-stimulated VSMCs are mediated via the downregulations of AP-1 activation and c-fos expression achieved in turn via the suppressions of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Becaplermin
- Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/metabolism
- DNA/biosynthesis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- G1 Phase/drug effects
- Growth Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Growth Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Naphthoquinones/pharmacology
- Naphthoquinones/therapeutic use
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tack-Joong Kim
- Research Center for Bioresource and Health, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 48 Gaesin-Dong, Heungduk-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
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42
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Han Y, Liang M, Kang J, Qi Y, Deng J, Xu K, Yan C. Estrogen-eluting stent implantation inhibits neointimal formation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2007; 70:647-53. [PMID: 17621663 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.21156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and the mechanism of 17beta-estradiol-eluting stents on inhibiting neointimal formation of abdominal aortas in rabbits fed with high fat diet. BACKGROUND Animal experiments have shown that local delivery of estrogen reduced neointimal formation after coronary angioplasty. Preliminary trial of estrogen-eluting stent implantation in patients with coronary disease also suggests a reduction in restenosis. METHODS We implanted 17beta-estradiol-eluting stents, or control phosphorylcholine- coated stents, or bare metal stents of abdominal aortas in rabbits fed with high fat diet. Histology, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis were used to assess the efficacy and mechanism of inhibiting neointimal formation of 17beta-estradiol-eluting stents. RESULTS Western blot analysis revealed marked increase in ERK phosphorylation in 30 min after deployment of phosphorylcholine-coated or bare metal stents, indicating activation of MAP kinase pathway. Immunohistochemistry showed intense staining of phospho-ERK in the medial smooth muscle cells in stent-implanted region. Extensive neointimal hyperplasia developed 12 weeks after stenting. In contrast, we observed significant inhibition of ERK phosphorylation and neointimal thickening in estrogen-eluting stent-implanted animals. Immunohistochemistry of factor VIII-related antigen demonstrated an accelerated reendothelialization as compared with the bare metal stent or phosphorylcholine-coated stent-implanted controls. CONCLUSIONS Current study suggests that estrogen-eluting stents reduce neointimal formation and hence prevent restenosis after angioplasty possibly by inhibiting ERK activation in smooth muscle cells and promoting reendothelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Han
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Shenyang, China.
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43
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Yan SF, Harja E, Andrassy M, Fujita T, Schmidt AM. Protein kinase C beta/early growth response-1 pathway: a key player in ischemia, atherosclerosis, and restenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48:A47-55. [PMID: 17084284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, restenosis, and the consequences of ischemia are the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Elucidation of key contributing pathways in animal models of ischemia-reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, and restenosis consequent to vascular injury may lead to great interest in determining if blocking these pathways could prevent vascular disease in human subjects. This review details the evidence that the protein kinase C (PKC) beta/early growth response-1 axis plays a central role in the response to both acute and chronic vascular stresses in animal models and also indicates the clinical implications of a specific inhibitor of PKCbeta, ruboxistaurin (LY333531).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Fang Yan
- Division of Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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44
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Ballyk PD. Intramural Stress Increases Exponentially with Stent Diameter: A Stress Threshold for Neointimal Hyperplasia. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2006; 17:1139-45. [PMID: 16868167 DOI: 10.1097/01.rvi.0000228361.23849.7f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Techniques designed to increase initial luminal diameter during stent implantation may ultimately lead to early restenosis by causing substantial vessel wall trauma and promoting neointimal hyperplasia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of stent oversizing on resultant arterial wall stress concentrations and examine the concept of a "stress threshold" for neointimal hyperplasia development. MATERIALS AND METHODS A previously described three-dimensional large-strain hyperelastic numeric model was used to examine the nonlinear isotropic behavior of a 6-mm-diameter artery during stent deployment. An in situ axial prestretch of 10% and a mean arterial pressure of 100 mm Hg (13.3 kPa) were applied before stepwise expansion of a simulated Palmaz-Schatz stent to a diameter 30% greater than that of the native artery. The variation of arterial wall von Mises stresses with percentage diameter inflation was then compared with the known distribution of stent-induced neointimal hyperplasia. RESULTS The order in which location-specific peak stresses exceeded a predetermined stress threshold was constant: the stent ends surpassed the threshold first, followed by the stent cross-links, then the stent struts, and finally the bare area between the stent struts. These locations corresponded in order to the most common locations of intimal proliferation after stent deployment. An exponential relationship between peak stress concentration and percent stent inflation was formulated. CONCLUSIONS Stent-induced intramural stress injury beyond a certain threshold may cause early restenosis by triggering neointimal hyperplasia. Maximum stress concentrations increase exponentially with stent deployment diameter, highlighting the importance of minimal stent overexpansion and novel stent designs that specifically address peak stress reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Ballyk
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, St. Joseph's Health Centre, 30 The Queensway, Toronto, Ontario M6R 1B5, Canada.
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45
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Miyahara T, Koyama H, Miyata T, Shigematsu H, Inoue JI, Takato T, Nagawa H. Inflammatory responses involving tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 contribute to in-stent lesion formation in a stent implantation model of rabbit carotid artery. J Vasc Surg 2006; 43:592-600. [PMID: 16520179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2005.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammatory responses are considered to represent a unique property after stent implantation, and we previously demonstrated that inflammatory signaling involving tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) contributes to neointimal formation in a balloon injury model of rabbit carotid artery. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of TRAF6 in in-stent lesion formation after stent implantation in the rabbit carotid artery. METHODS Rabbit carotid arteries were injured with a 2F Fogarty catheter, and 28 days later, the same arteries were implanted with a 3-mm-diameter Palmaz-Schatz stent. A dominant negative (DN) form of TRAF6 (pME-FLAG-T6deltaRZ5) was then transferred using a plasmid-based electroporation method. Its effects were evaluated compared with the findings in arteries treated with control plasmid (pME-FLAG). RESULTS Immunostaining with anti-FLAG tag antibody showed that an expression plasmid vector containing the DN-TRAF6 sequence was successfully transferred to the arterial intima and media. Morphometric analyses revealed that the increase of intimal area in in-stent lesions was significantly inhibited by DN-TRAF6 14 days after stent implantation (DN-TRAF6 group, 3.01 +/- 0.25 x 10(5) microm2 vs control group, 4.25 +/- 0.23 x 10(5) microm2, P < .01), and the cell density was increased compared with that in the control group. In the DN-TRAF6 plasmid-treated vessels, cell replication was prevented in both the intima and media, and fewer leukocytes adhered to the luminal surface. Moreover, DN-TRAF6 suppressed macrophage infiltration, activation of proteases, and proteoglycan accumulation in the in-stent intima. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that TRAF6 plays an important role in cell replication, inflammatory cell infiltration, protease activity, and extracellular matrix accumulation that contributes to in-stent lesion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Miyahara
- Department of Vascular Regeneration, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
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46
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Liang KW, Ting CT, Yin SC, Chen YT, Lin SJ, Liao JK, Hsu SL. Berberine suppresses MEK/ERK-dependent Egr-1 signaling pathway and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell regrowth after in vitro mechanical injury. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 71:806-17. [PMID: 16448624 PMCID: PMC2639653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Revised: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and post-angioplasty restenosis. Berberine is a well-known component of the Chinese herb medicine Huanglian (Coptis chinensis), and is capable of inhibiting SMC contraction and proliferation, yet the exact mechanism is unknown. We therefore investigated the effect of berberine on SMC growth after mechanic injury in vitro. DNA synthesis and cell proliferation assay were performed to show that berberine inhibited serum-stimulated rat aortic SMC growth in a concentration-dependent manner. Mechanical injury with sterile pipette tip stimulated the regrowth of SMCs. Treatment with berberine prevented the regrowth and migration of SMCs into the denuded trauma zone. Western blot analysis showed that activation of the MEK1/2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and up-regulation of early growth response gene (Egr-1), c-Fos and Cyclin D1 were observed sequentially after mechanic injury in vitro. Semi-quantitative reverse-transcription PCR assay further confirmed the increase of Egr-1, c-Fos, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and Cyclin D1 expression in a transcriptional level. However, berberine significantly attenuated MEK/ERK activation and downstream target (Egr-1, c-Fos, Cyclin D1 and PDGF-A) expression after mechanic injury in vitro. Our study showed that berberine blocked injury-induced SMC regrowth by inactivation of ERK/Egr-1 signaling pathway thereby preventing early signaling induced by injury in vitro. The anti-proliferative properties of berberine may be useful in treating disorders due to inappropriate SMC growth.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic
- Berberine/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- DNA/biosynthesis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal
- Early Growth Response Protein 1/genetics
- Early Growth Response Protein 1/metabolism
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/genetics
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/injuries
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Wound Healing/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae-Woei Liang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Tai Ting
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Chu Yin
- Department of Education & Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Tsung Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Jong Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - James K. Liao
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shih-Lan Hsu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Education & Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Corresponding author at: Department of Education & Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 160, Sec. 3, Chung-Gang Road, Taichung 407, Taiwan, Republic of China. Tel.: +886 4 23592525x4037; fax: +886 4 23592705. E-mail address: (S.-L. Hsu)
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Arakawa E, Hasegawa K. Benidipine, a Calcium Channel Blocker, Regulates Proliferation and Phenotype of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2006; 100:149-56. [PMID: 16474204 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fpj05024x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperproliferation of phenotypically modified vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is one of the major factors in the development of atherosclerosis and restenosis. Previously it was demonstrated that benidipine, a dihydropyridine-calcium channel antagonist, reduced neointimal formation in a rat balloon-injury model. In the present study, we examined the effect of benidipine on the phenotypic modulation and proliferation of VSMCs, using primary cultures of rat VSMCs. In the absence of drug treatment, protein levels of the smooth muscle specific markers, such as smooth muscle myosin heavy chain-1 (SM1), calponin 1, and alpha-actin, decreased during culture. However, treatment of VSMCs with benidipine (3 - 10 micromol/L) for 1 week reversed the effect in a concentration-related manner so that high levels of marker proteins were maintained. The expression of calponin mRNAs was reduced markedly during 1-week culture, and treatment with benidipine (3 micromol/L) significantly inhibited the reduction. Treatment with benidipine for 2 days increased the level of p21 protein and partially reduced p70 S6 kinase 1 (p70S6K1) activity. These data suggest that benidipine may arrest the growth of VSMCs, thereby preventing cell dedifferentiation. These additional properties of benidipine suggest that the drug should provide useful therapy for atherosclerosis and restenosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/cytology
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dihydropyridines/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa/analysis
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Arakawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan.
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48
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Allen TR, Krueger KD, Hunter WJ, Agrawal DK. Evidence that insulin-like growth factor-1 requires protein kinase C-epsilon, PI3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways to protect human vascular smooth muscle cells from apoptosis. Immunol Cell Biol 2005; 83:651-67. [PMID: 16266318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 has been implicated in the development of occlusive vascular lesions. Although its role in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth and migration are fairly well characterized, anti-apoptotic signals of IGF-1 in human VSMC remain largely unknown. In this study, we examined IGF-1 signals that protect human and rat VSMC from staurosporine (STAU)- and c-myc- induced apoptosis, respectively. Treatment with STAU resulted in apoptotic DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine externalization and cell shrinkage, but only occasional VSMC 'blebbing'. STAU-induced death and IGF-1-mediated survival were concentration dependent, while time-lapse video microscopy showed that IGF-1 inhibited c-myc-induced apoptosis by 90%. Pretreatment with mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal regulated kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors UO126 and PD098059, or with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitor wortmannin, reversed IGF-1-mediated human VSMC survival by 25-27% and 66%, respectively. Translocation studies showed that IGF-1 activated protein kinase C (PKC)-epsilon, but not PKC-alpha or PKC-delta, even in the presence of STAU, while pharmacological PKC inhibition (Ro-318220 or Go6976) implicated PKC-zeta or a novel PKC isozyme in IGF-1-mediated survival. Transient expression of activated PKC-epsilon but not activated PKC-zeta decreased myc-induced apoptosis in rat VSMC. In human VSMC, antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to PKC-epsilon partially reversed IGF-1-induced survival. In addition, IGF-1 elicited a mild but sustained activation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 in human VSMC that was abolished after 1 h in the presence of STAU. PKC downregulation reversed both IGF-1- and PMA-induced ERK activity, but platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced activity was unchanged. These results indicate for the first time that IGF-1 can protect human VSMC via multiple signals, including PKC-epsilon, PI3-K and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Shape/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Humans
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Kinase C-epsilon/metabolism
- Staurosporine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Allen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA
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49
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Pintucci G, Saunders PC, Gulkarov I, Sharony R, Kadian-Dodov DL, Bohmann K, Baumann FG, Galloway AC, Mignatti P. Anti‐proliferative and anti‐inflammatory effects of topical MAPK inhibition in arterialized vein grafts. FASEB J 2005; 20:398-400. [PMID: 16303874 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-4114fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Vein graft failure following bypass surgery is a frequent and important clinical problem. The vascular injury caused by arterialization is responsible for vein graft intimal hyperplasia, a lesion generated by medial smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration into the intima, increased extracellular matrix deposition, and formation of a thick neointima. Development of the neointima into a typical atherosclerotic lesion and consequent stenosis ultimately result in vein graft failure. Endothelial damage, inflammation, and intracellular signaling through mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have been implicated in the early stages of this process. We therefore investigated the effects of topical inhibition of ERK-1/2 MAPK activation on vascular cell proliferation and apoptosis, and on the inflammatory response in a canine model of vein graft arterialization. For this purpose, vein grafts were incubated with the MEK-1/2 inhibitor, UO126, ex vivo for 30 min before grafting. This treatment effectively abolished arterialization-induced ERK-1/2 activation, decreased medial cell proliferation, and increased apoptosis. UO126 treatment also inhibited the vein graft infiltration by myeloperoxidase-positive inflammatory cells that follows vein graft arterialization. Thus, topical ex vivo administration of MAPK inhibitors can provide a pharmacological tool to prevent or reduce the vascular cell responses that lead to vein graft intimal hyperplasia and graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pintucci
- The Seymour Cohn Cardiovascular Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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50
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Ohkawara S, Okuma Y, Uehara T, Yamagishi T, Nomura Y. Astrapterocarpan isolated from Astragalus membranaceus inhibits proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 525:41-7. [PMID: 16297381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of astrapterocarpan, formononetin, and calycosin isolated from Astragalus membraneceus on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced proliferative response in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (A10 cells) were investigated. Astrapterocarpan significantly inhibited PDGF-BB-induced cell proliferation and DNA synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner. This inhibition was not attributed to toxicity. In contrast, formononetin and calycosin had no effect. We next examined the effect of astrapterocarpan on PDGF-BB signal transduction. Astrapterocarpan inhibited PDGF-BB-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERIC1/2) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. However, this compound had no effect on phosphorylation of PDGF-beta-receptor, Akt kinase and p38 MAP kinase. These results indicated that astrapterocarpan inhibits PDGF-BB-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and that this effect may be mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of the ERK1/2 MAP kinase cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Ohkawara
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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