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Li H, Tang Q, Yang T, Wang Z, Li D, Wang L, Li L, Chen Y, Huang H, Zhang Y, Chen Y. Segregation of morphogenetic regulatory function of Shox2 from its cell fate guardian role in sinoatrial node development. Commun Biol 2024; 7:385. [PMID: 38553636 PMCID: PMC10980793 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Shox2 plays a vital role in the morphogenesis and physiological function of the sinoatrial node (SAN), the primary cardiac pacemaker, manifested by the formation of a hypoplastic SAN and failed differentiation of pacemaker cells in Shox2 mutants. Shox2 and Nkx2-5 are co-expressed in the developing SAN and regulate the fate of the pacemaker cells through a Shox2-Nkx2-5 antagonistic mechanism. Here we show that simultaneous inactivation of Nkx2-5 in the SAN of Shox2 mutants (dKO) rescued the pacemaking cell fate but not the hypoplastic defects, indicating uncoupling of SAN cell fate determination and morphogenesis. Single-cell RNA-seq revealed that the presumptive SAN cells of Shox2-/- mutants failed to activate pacemaking program but remained in a progenitor state preceding working myocardium, while both wildtype and dKO SAN cells displayed normal pacemaking cell fate with similar cellular state. Shox2 thus acts as a safeguard but not a determinant to ensure the pacemaking cell fate through the Shox2-Nkx2-5 antagonistic mechanism, which is segregated from its morphogenetic regulatory function in SAN development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Fujian Province University, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350122, PR China.
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350108, PR China.
| | - Qinghuang Tang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Tianfang Yang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Zhengsen Wang
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350108, PR China
| | - Dainan Li
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Linyan Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
- Department of Stomatology, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610021, PR China
| | - Liwen Li
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Yaoyi Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Yanding Zhang
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350108, PR China
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.
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van der Valk WH, van Beelen ESA, Steinhart MR, Nist-Lund C, Osorio D, de Groot JCMJ, Sun L, van Benthem PPG, Koehler KR, Locher H. A single-cell level comparison of human inner ear organoids with the human cochlea and vestibular organs. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112623. [PMID: 37289589 PMCID: PMC10592453 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inner ear disorders are among the most common congenital abnormalities; however, current tissue culture models lack the cell type diversity to study these disorders and normal otic development. Here, we demonstrate the robustness of human pluripotent stem cell-derived inner ear organoids (IEOs) and evaluate cell type heterogeneity by single-cell transcriptomics. To validate our findings, we construct a single-cell atlas of human fetal and adult inner ear tissue. Our study identifies various cell types in the IEOs including periotic mesenchyme, type I and type II vestibular hair cells, and developing vestibular and cochlear epithelium. Many genes linked to congenital inner ear dysfunction are confirmed to be expressed in these cell types. Additional cell-cell communication analysis within IEOs and fetal tissue highlights the role of endothelial cells on the developing sensory epithelium. These findings provide insights into this organoid model and its potential applications in studying inner ear development and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter H van der Valk
- OtoBiology Leiden, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Edward S A van Beelen
- OtoBiology Leiden, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew R Steinhart
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Medical Neuroscience Graduate Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Carl Nist-Lund
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Osorio
- Research Computing, Department of Information Technology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John C M J de Groot
- OtoBiology Leiden, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Liang Sun
- Research Computing, Department of Information Technology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Paul G van Benthem
- OtoBiology Leiden, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Karl R Koehler
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Heiko Locher
- OtoBiology Leiden, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Rawat H, Kornherr J, Zawada D, Bakhshiyeva S, Kupatt C, Laugwitz KL, Bähr A, Dorn T, Moretti A, Nowak-Imialek M. Recapitulating porcine cardiac development in vitro: from expanded potential stem cell to embryo culture models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1111684. [PMID: 37261075 PMCID: PMC10227949 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1111684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) share many genetic, anatomical, and physiological traits with humans and therefore constitute an excellent preclinical animal model. Fundamental understanding of the cellular and molecular processes governing early porcine cardiogenesis is critical for developing advanced porcine models used for the study of heart diseases and new regenerative therapies. Here, we provide a detailed characterization of porcine cardiogenesis based on fetal porcine hearts at various developmental stages and cardiac cells derived from porcine expanded pluripotent stem cells (pEPSCs), i.e., stem cells having the potential to give rise to both embryonic and extraembryonic tissue. We notably demonstrate for the first time that pEPSCs can differentiate into cardiovascular progenitor cells (CPCs), functional cardiomyocytes (CMs), epicardial cells and epicardial-derived cells (EPDCs) in vitro. Furthermore, we present an enhanced system for whole-embryo culture which allows continuous ex utero development of porcine post-implantation embryos from the cardiac crescent stage (ED14) up to the cardiac looping (ED17) stage. These new techniques provide a versatile platform for studying porcine cardiac development and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilansi Rawat
- First Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Regenerative Medicine in Cardiovascular Diseases, First Department of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica Kornherr
- First Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Regenerative Medicine in Cardiovascular Diseases, First Department of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dorota Zawada
- First Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Regenerative Medicine in Cardiovascular Diseases, First Department of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sara Bakhshiyeva
- First Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Regenerative Medicine in Cardiovascular Diseases, First Department of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Kupatt
- First Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Ludwig Laugwitz
- First Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Bähr
- First Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tatjana Dorn
- First Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Regenerative Medicine in Cardiovascular Diseases, First Department of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alessandra Moretti
- First Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Regenerative Medicine in Cardiovascular Diseases, First Department of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Monika Nowak-Imialek
- First Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Regenerative Medicine in Cardiovascular Diseases, First Department of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Folkerts EJ, Snihur KN, Zhang Y, Martin JW, Alessi DS, Goss GG. Embryonic cardio-respiratory impairments in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following exposure to hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119886. [PMID: 35934150 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During hydraulic fracturing, wastewaters - termed flowback and produced water (FPW) - are created as a by-product during hydrocarbon extraction. Given the large volumes of FPW that a single well can produce, and the history of FPW release to surface water bodies, it is imperative to understand the hazards that hydraulic fracturing and FPW pose to aquatic biota. Using rainbow trout embryos as model organisms, we investigated impacts to cardio-respiratory system development and function following acute (48 h) and sub-chronic (28-day) FPW exposure by examining occurrences of developmental deformities, rates of embryonic respiration (MO2), and changes in expression of critical cardiac-specific genes. FPW-exposed embryos had significantly increased rates of pericardial edema, yolk-sac edema, and tail/trunk curvatures at hatch. Furthermore, when exposed at three days post-fertilization (dpf), acute 5% FPW exposures significantly increased embryonic MO2 through development until 15 dpf, where a switch to significantly reduced MO2 rates was subsequently recorded. A similar trend was observed during sub-chronic 1% FPW exposures. Interestingly, at certain specific developmental timepoints, previous salinity exposure seemed to affect embryonic MO2; a result not previously observed. Following acute FPW exposures, embryonic genes for cardiac development and function were significantly altered, although at termination of sub-chronic exposures, significant changes to these same genes were not found. Together, our evidence of induced developmental deformities, modified embryonic MO2, and altered cardiac transcript expression suggest that cardio-respiratory tissues are toxicologically targeted following FPW exposure in developing rainbow trout. These results may be helpful to regulatory bodies when developing hazard identification and risk management protocols concerning hydraulic fracturing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Folkerts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Katherine N Snihur
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G3, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G3, Alberta, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada; NRC- University of Alberta Nanotechnology Initiative, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M9, Canada
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5
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Hesselbarth R, Esser TU, Roshanbinfar K, Schrüfer S, Schubert DW, Engel FB. CHIR99021 Promotes hiPSC-Derived Cardiomyocyte Proliferation in Engineered 3D Microtissues. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100926. [PMID: 34499814 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac tissue engineering is a promising strategy to generate human cardiac tissues for modeling cardiac diseases, screening for therapeutic drugs, and repairing the injured heart. Yet, several issues remain to be resolved including the generation of tissues with high cardiomyocyte density. Here, it is shown that the integration of the glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor CHIR99021 in collagen I hydrogels promotes proliferation of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived (hiPSC) cardiomyocytes post-fabrication improving contractility of and calcium flow in engineered 3D cardiac microtissues. CHIR99021 has no effect on the gelation kinetics or the mechanical properties of collagen I hydrogels. Analysis of cell density and proliferation based on Ki-67 staining indicates that integration of CHIR99021 together with external CHIR99021 stimulation increases hiPSC-cardiomyocyte number by ≈2-fold within 7 d post-fabrication. Analysis of the contractility of engineered cardiac tissues after another 3 d in the absence of external CHIR99021 shows that CHIR99021-induced hiPSC-cardiomyocyte proliferation results in synchronized calcium flow, rhythmic beating, increased speed of contraction and contraction amplitude, and reduced peak-to-peak time. The CHIR99021-stimulated engineered cardiac microtissues exhibit spontaneous rhythmic contractions for at least 35 d. Collectively, the data demonstrate the potential of induced cardiomyocyte proliferation to enhance engineered cardiac microtissues by increasing cardiomyocyte density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Hesselbarth
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research Department of Nephropathology Institute of Pathology Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE) Erlangen 91054 Germany
| | - Tilman U. Esser
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research Department of Nephropathology Institute of Pathology Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE) Erlangen 91054 Germany
| | - Kaveh Roshanbinfar
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research Department of Nephropathology Institute of Pathology Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE) Erlangen 91054 Germany
| | - Stefan Schrüfer
- Institute of Polymer Materials Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Martensstraße 7 Erlangen 91058 Germany
| | - Dirk W. Schubert
- Institute of Polymer Materials Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Martensstraße 7 Erlangen 91058 Germany
| | - Felix B. Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research Department of Nephropathology Institute of Pathology Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE) Erlangen 91054 Germany
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Dixit R, Narasimhan C, Balekundri VI, Agrawal D, Kumar A, Mohapatra B. Functional analysis of novel genetic variants of NKX2-5 associated with nonsyndromic congenital heart disease. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:3644-3663. [PMID: 34214246 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
NKX2-5, a master cardiac regulatory transcription factor was the first known genetic cause of congenital heart diseases (CHDs). To further investigate its role in CHD pathogenesis, we performed mutational screening of 285 CHD probands and 200 healthy controls. Five coding sequence variants were identified in six CHD cases (2.1%), including three in the N-terminal region (p.A61G, p.R95L, and p.E131K) and one each in homeodomain (HD) (p.A148E) and tyrosine-rich domain (p.P247A). Variant-p.A148E showed tertiary structure changes and differential DNA binding affinity of mutant compared to wild type. Two N-terminal variants-p.A61G and p.E131K along with HD variant p.A148E demonstrated significantly reduced transcriptional activity of Nppa and Actc1 promoters in dual luciferase promoter assay supported by their reduced expression in qRT-PCR. Nonetheless, variant p.R95L affected the synergy of NKX2-5 with serum response factor and TBX5 leading to significantly decreased Actc1 promoter activity depicting a distinctive role of this region. The aberrant expression of other target genes-Irx4, Mef2c, Bmp10, Myh6, Myh7, and Myocd is also observed in response to NKX2-5 variants, possibly due to the defective gene regulatory network. Severely impaired downstream promoter activities and abnormal expression of target genes due to N-terminal variants supports the emerging role of this region during cardiac-developmental pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Dixit
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chitra Narasimhan
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi I Balekundri
- Super Speciality Hospital, Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY), Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Damyanti Agrawal
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhagyalaxmi Mohapatra
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Doll CF, Pereira NJ, Hashimi MS, Grindrod TJ, Alkassis FF, Cai LX, Milovanovic U, Sandino AI, Kasahara H. Gestational intermittent hyperoxia rescues murine genetic congenital heart disease in part. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6608. [PMID: 33758249 PMCID: PMC7988122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85569-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac development is a dynamic process, temporally and spatially. When disturbed, it leads to congenital cardiac anomalies that affect approximately 1% of live births. Genetic variants in several loci lead to anomalies, with the transcription factor NKX2-5 being one of the largest. However, there are also non-genetic factors that influence cardiac malformations. We examined the hypothesis that hyperoxia may be beneficial and can rescue genetic cardiac anomalies induced by an Nkx2-5 mutation. Intermittent mild hyperoxia (40% PO2) was applied for 10 h per day to normal wild-type female mice mated with heterozygous Nkx2-5 mutant males from gestational day 8.5 to birth. Hyperoxia therapy reduced excessive trabeculation in Nkx2-5 mutant mice compared to normoxic conditions (ratio of trabecular layer relative to compact layer area, normoxia 1.84 ± 0.07 vs. hyperoxia 1.51 ± 0.04) and frequency of muscular ventricular septal defects per heart (1.53 ± 0.32 vs. 0.68 ± 0.15); however, the incidence of membranous ventricular septal defects in Nkx2-5 mutant hearts was not changed. Nkx2-5 mutant embryonic hearts showed defective coronary vessel organization, which was improved by intermittent mild hyperoxia. The results of our study showed that mild gestational hyperoxia therapy rescued genetic cardiac malformation induced by Nkx2-5 mutation in part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra F Doll
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Rd. M543, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0274, USA
| | - Natalia J Pereira
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Rd. M543, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0274, USA
| | - Mustafa S Hashimi
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Rd. M543, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0274, USA
| | - Tabor J Grindrod
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Rd. M543, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0274, USA
| | - Fariz F Alkassis
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Rd. M543, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0274, USA
| | - Lawrence X Cai
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Rd. M543, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0274, USA
| | - Una Milovanovic
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Rd. M543, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0274, USA
| | - Adriana I Sandino
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Rd. M543, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0274, USA
| | - Hideko Kasahara
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Rd. M543, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0274, USA. .,International University of Health and Welfare, School of Medicine, 852 Hatakeda, Narita, Chiba, Japan.
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Abstract
Cardiac development is a complex developmental process that is initiated soon after gastrulation, as two sets of precardiac mesodermal precursors are symmetrically located and subsequently fused at the embryonic midline forming the cardiac straight tube. Thereafter, the cardiac straight tube invariably bends to the right, configuring the first sign of morphological left–right asymmetry and soon thereafter the atrial and ventricular chambers are formed, expanded and progressively septated. As a consequence of all these morphogenetic processes, the fetal heart acquired a four-chambered structure having distinct inlet and outlet connections and a specialized conduction system capable of directing the electrical impulse within the fully formed heart. Over the last decades, our understanding of the morphogenetic, cellular, and molecular pathways involved in cardiac development has exponentially grown. Multiples aspects of the initial discoveries during heart formation has served as guiding tools to understand the etiology of cardiac congenital anomalies and adult cardiac pathology, as well as to enlighten novels approaches to heal the damaged heart. In this review we provide an overview of the complex cellular and molecular pathways driving heart morphogenesis and how those discoveries have provided new roads into the genetic, clinical and therapeutic management of the diseased hearts.
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Maternal obesity persistently alters cardiac progenitor gene expression and programs adult-onset heart disease susceptibility. Mol Metab 2020; 43:101116. [PMID: 33212270 PMCID: PMC7720025 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Heart disease risk can be programmed by intrauterine exposure to obesity. Dysregulating key transcription factors in cardiac progenitors can cause subsequent adult-onset heart disease. In this study, we investigated the transcriptional pathways that are altered in the embryonic heart and linked to heart disease risk in offspring exposed to obesity during pregnancy. Methods Female mice were fed an obesogenic diet and mated with males fed a control diet. Heart function and genome-wide gene expression were analyzed in adult offspring born to obese and lean mice at baseline and in response to stress. Cross-referencing with genes dysregulated genome-wide in cardiac progenitors from embryos of obese mice and human fetal hearts revealed the transcriptional events associated with adult-onset heart disease susceptibility. Results We found that adult mice born to obese mothers develop mild heart dysfunction consistent with early stages of disease. Accordingly, hearts of these mice dysregulated genes controlling extracellular matrix remodeling, metabolism, and TGF-β signaling, known to control heart disease progression. These pathways were already dysregulated in cardiac progenitors in embryos of obese mice. Moreover, in response to cardiovascular stress, the heart of adults born to obese dams developed exacerbated myocardial remodeling and excessively activated regulators of cell-extracellular matrix interactions but failed to activate metabolic regulators. Expression of developmentally regulated genes was altered in cardiac progenitors of embryos of obese mice and human hearts of fetuses of obese donors. Accordingly, the levels of Nkx2-5, a key regulator of heart development, inversely correlated with maternal body weight in mice. Furthermore, Nkx2-5 target genes were dysregulated in cardiac progenitors and persistently in adult hearts born to obese mice and human hearts from pregnancies affected by obesity. Conclusions Obesity during pregnancy alters Nkx2-5-controlled transcription in differentiating cardiac progenitors and persistently in the adult heart, making the adult heart vulnerable to dysregulated stress responses. Maternal obesity programs progressive heart dysfunction in adult offspring. Offspring of obese dams are prone to dysregulated stress responses in the heart. Nkx2-5-controlled transcription is dysregulated in hearts exposed to obesity in utero. Obesity during pregnancy broadly affects gene expression in the embryonic heart.
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10
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Sontayananon N, Redwood C, Davies B, Gehmlich K. Fluorescent PSC-Derived Cardiomyocyte Reporter Lines: Generation Approaches and Their Applications in Cardiovascular Medicine. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9110402. [PMID: 33207727 PMCID: PMC7697758 DOI: 10.3390/biology9110402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances have made pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived cardiomyocytes an attractive option to model both normal and diseased cardiac function at the single-cell level. However, in vitro differentiation yields heterogeneous populations of cardiomyocytes and other cell types, potentially confounding phenotypic analyses. Fluorescent PSC-derived cardiomyocyte reporter systems allow specific cell lineages to be labelled, facilitating cell isolation for downstream applications including drug testing, disease modelling and cardiac regeneration. In this review, the different genetic strategies used to generate such reporter lines are presented with an emphasis on their relative technical advantages and disadvantages. Next, we explore how the fluorescent reporter lines have provided insights into cardiac development and cardiomyocyte physiology. Finally, we discuss how exciting new approaches using PSC-derived cardiomyocyte reporter lines are contributing to progress in cardiac cell therapy with respect to both graft adaptation and clinical safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeramit Sontayananon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (N.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Charles Redwood
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (N.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Benjamin Davies
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Correspondence: (B.D.); (K.G.)
| | - Katja Gehmlich
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (N.S.); (C.R.)
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Correspondence: (B.D.); (K.G.)
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11
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Lucendo-Villarin B, Nell P, Hellwig B, Filis P, Feuerborn D, O'Shaughnessy PJ, Godoy P, Rahnenführer J, Hengstler JG, Cherianidou A, Sachinidis A, Fowler PA, Hay DC. Genome-wide expression changes induced by bisphenol A, F and S in human stem cell derived hepatocyte-like cells. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:1459-1476. [PMID: 33312107 PMCID: PMC7726493 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-2934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The debate about possible adverse effects of bisphenol A (BPA) has been ongoing for decades. Bisphenol F (BPF) and S (BPS) have been suggested as “safer” alternatives. In the present study we used hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) derived from the human embryonic stem cell lines Man12 and H9 to compare the three bisphenol derivatives. Stem cell-derived progenitors were produced using an established system and were exposed to BPA, BPF and BPS for 8 days during their transition to HLCs. Subsequently, we examined cell viability, inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity, and genome-wide RNA profiles. Sub-cytotoxic, inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of CYP3A were 20, 9.5 and 25 µM for BPA, BPF and BPS in Man12 derived HLCs, respectively. The corresponding concentrations for H9-derived HLCs were 19, 29 and 31 µM. These IC50 concentrations were used to study global expression changes in this in vitro study and are higher than unconjugated BPA in serum of the general population. A large overlap of up- as well as downregulated genes induced by the three bisphenol derivatives was seen. This is at least 28-fold higher compared to randomly expected gene expression changes. Moreover, highly significant correlations of expression changes induced by the three bisphenol derivatives were obtained in pairwise comparisons. Dysregulated genes were associated with reduced metabolic function, cellular differentiation, embryonic development, cell survival and apoptosis. In conclusion, no major differences in cytochrome inhibitory activities of BPA, BPF and BPS were observed and gene expression changes showed a high degree of similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lucendo-Villarin
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P Nell
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - B Hellwig
- Department of Statistics, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - P Filis
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - D Feuerborn
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - P J O'Shaughnessy
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - P Godoy
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Rahnenführer
- Department of Statistics, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - J G Hengstler
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - A Cherianidou
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne (UKK), Cologne, Germany
| | - A Sachinidis
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne (UKK), Cologne, Germany
| | - P A Fowler
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - D C Hay
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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12
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Kolomenski JE, Delea M, Simonetti L, Fabbro MC, Espeche LD, Taboas M, Nadra AD, Bruque CD, Dain L. An update on genetic variants of the NKX2-5. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:1187-1208. [PMID: 32369864 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NKX2-5 is a homeodomain transcription factor that plays a crucial role in heart development. It is the first gene where a single genetic variant (GV) was found to be associated with congenital heart diseases in humans. In this study, we carried out a comprehensive survey of NKX2-5 GVs to build a unified, curated, and updated compilation of all available GVs. We retrieved a total of 1,380 unique GVs. From these, 970 had information on their frequency in the general population and 143 have been linked to pathogenic phenotypes in humans. In vitro effect was ascertained for 38 GVs. The homeodomain had the biggest cluster of pathogenic variants in the protein: 49 GVs in 60 residues, 23 in its third α-helix, where 11 missense variants may affect protein-DNA interaction or the hydrophobic core. We also pinpointed the likely location of pathogenic GVs in four linear motifs. These analyses allowed us to assign a putative explanation for the effect of 90 GVs. This study pointed to reliable pathogenicity for GVs in helix 3 of the homeodomain and may broaden the scope of functional and structural studies that can be done to better understand the effect of GVs in NKX2-5 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Kolomenski
- Departamento de Química Biológica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional, iB3, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marisol Delea
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, ANLIS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leandro Simonetti
- Department of Chemistry-Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Lucía D Espeche
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, ANLIS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melisa Taboas
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, ANLIS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro D Nadra
- Departamento de Química Biológica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional, iB3, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos D Bruque
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, ANLIS, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Dain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional, iB3, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, ANLIS, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Deregulated NKL Homeobox Genes in B-Cell Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121874. [PMID: 31779217 PMCID: PMC6966443 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have described physiological expression patterns of NKL homeobox genes in early hematopoiesis and in subsequent lymphopoiesis. We identified nine genes which constitute the so-called NKL-code. Aberrant overexpression of code-members or ectopically activated non-code NKL homeobox genes are described in T-cell leukemia and in T- and B-cell lymphoma, highlighting their oncogenic role in lymphoid malignancies. Here, we introduce the NKL-code in normal hematopoiesis and focus on deregulated NKL homeobox genes in B-cell lymphoma, including HLX, MSX1 and NKX2-2 in Hodgkin lymphoma; HLX, NKX2-1 and NKX6-3 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; and NKX2-3 in splenic marginal zone lymphoma. Thus, the roles of various members of the NKL homeobox gene subclass are considered in normal and pathological hematopoiesis in detail.
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14
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Cardiac Pacemaker Cells Generate Cardiomyocytes from Fibroblasts in Long-Term Cultures. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15174. [PMID: 31645588 PMCID: PMC6811548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Because cardiomyocyte generation is limited, the turnover of cardiomyocytes in adult heart tissues is much debated. We report here that cardiac pacemaker cells can generate cardiomyocytes from fibroblasts in vitro. Sinoatrial node cells (SANCs) were isolated from adult guinea pig hearts and were cultured at relatively low cell densities. Within a week, a number of fibroblast-like cells were observed to gather around SANCs, and these formed spontaneously beating clusters with cardiomyocyte structures. The clusters expressed genes and proteins that are characteristic of atrial cardiomyocytes. Pharmacological blocking of pacemaker currents inhibited generation of action potentials, and the spontaneous beating were ceased by physically destroying a few central cells. Inhibition of beating during culture also hampered the cluster formation. Moreover, purified guinea pig cardiac fibroblasts (GCFs) expressed cardiac-specific proteins in co-culture with SANCs or in SANC-preconditioned culture medium under electrical stimulation. These results indicate that SANCs can generate cardiomyocytes from cardiac fibroblasts through the influence of humoral factor(s) and electrophysiological activities followed by intracellular Ca2+ oscillations. This potential of SANCs to generate cardiomyocytes indicates a novel mechanism by which cardiomyocytes turns over in the vicinity of pacemaker cells and could be exploited in the development of strategies for cardiac regenerative therapy in adult hearts.
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15
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Li H, Li D, Wang Y, Huang Z, Xu J, Yang T, Wang L, Tang Q, Cai CL, Huang H, Zhang Y, Chen Y. Nkx2-5 defines a subpopulation of pacemaker cells and is essential for the physiological function of the sinoatrial node in mice. Development 2019; 146:dev.178145. [PMID: 31320323 DOI: 10.1242/dev.178145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The sinoatrial node (SAN), the primary cardiac pacemaker, consists of a head domain and a junction/tail domain that exhibit different functional properties. However, the underlying molecular mechanism defining these two pacemaker domains remains elusive. Nkx2-5 is a key transcription factor essential for the formation of the working myocardium, but it was generally thought to be detrimental to SAN development. However, Nkx2-5 is expressed in the developing SAN junction, suggesting a role for Nkx2-5 in SAN junction development and function. In this study, we present unambiguous evidence that SAN junction cells exhibit unique action potential configurations intermediate to those manifested by the SAN head and the surrounding atrial cells, suggesting a specific role for the junction cells in impulse generation and in SAN-atrial exit conduction. Single-cell RNA-seq analyses support this concept. Although Nkx2-5 inactivation in the SAN junction did not cause a malformed SAN at birth, the mutant mice manifested sinus node dysfunction. Thus, Nkx2-5 defines a population of pacemaker cells in the transitional zone. Despite Nkx2-5 being dispensable for SAN morphogenesis during embryogenesis, its deletion hampers atrial activation by the pacemaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350108, PR China.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Dainan Li
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Yuzhi Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Zhen Huang
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350108, PR China
| | - Jue Xu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.,West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, PR China
| | - Tianfang Yang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Linyan Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, PR China
| | - Qinghuang Tang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Chen-Leng Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Yanding Zhang
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350108, PR China
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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16
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Feenstra B, Gørtz S, Lund M, Ranthe MF, Geller F, Melbye M. Co-occurrence of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and congenital heart defects: a nationwide cohort study. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:955-960. [PMID: 30862960 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) and congenital heart defects (CHDs) may share some genetic risk factors, but little is known about the co-occurrence of the two conditions in patients. METHODS Our study cohort included 2,212,756 persons born in Denmark 1977-2013. We identified patients with IHPS and CHD in the National Patient Register. Using log-linear Poisson regression, we estimated the (incidence) rate ratios (RRs) comparing the rate of IHPS among children with a CHD diagnosis (exposed) and the rate among those without such a diagnosis. RESULTS Twenty-seven thousand three hundred and fifty-seven children in the cohort were diagnosed with CHD out of whom 85 developed IHPS (RR = 2.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.09-3.22]). The results were similar for those with and without other congenital malformations, for preterm and term deliveries, and for both sexes. There was, however, a significant effect of calendar period (P = .003). In the period 1977-1996, the RR of IHPS given a CHD diagnosis was 1.96 (95% CI 1.41-2.64); in the period 1997-2014, the RR was 3.75 (95% CI 2.74-4.99). CONCLUSION CHD was associated with an increased risk of IHPS. Further research is needed to delineate molecular-level mechanisms that may affect both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Sanne Gørtz
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Marie Lund
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Mattis F Ranthe
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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17
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Abstract
The adult mammalian heart does not functionally repair itself after injury. Therefore, identification of cardiac stem cell (CSC) populations is of great interest for regenerative intervention. However, the significance of such CSC populations remains heavily debated. Using single-cell mRNA sequencing and genetic lineage tracing, we interrogate the existence of CSCs with unbiased mouse models of proliferation. Cycling cardiomyocytes were only robustly observed in the early postnatal growth phase, while cycling cells in homoeostatic and damaged adult myocardium consisted mainly of various noncardiomyocyte cell types. Injury-activated cardiac fibroblasts that acquire a gene expression profile similar to that of neonatal cardiac fibroblasts signal—in an autocrine fashion—to prevent cardiac rupture. We find no evidence for the existence of a quiescent CSC population. The significance of cardiac stem cell (CSC) populations for cardiac regeneration remains disputed. Here, we apply the most direct definition of stem cell function (the ability to replace lost tissue through cell division) to interrogate the existence of CSCs. By single-cell mRNA sequencing and genetic lineage tracing using two Ki67 knockin mouse models, we map all proliferating cells and their progeny in homoeostatic and regenerating murine hearts. Cycling cardiomyocytes were only robustly observed in the early postnatal growth phase, while cycling cells in homoeostatic and damaged adult myocardium represented various noncardiomyocyte cell types. Proliferative postdamage fibroblasts expressing follistatin-like protein 1 (FSTL1) closely resemble neonatal cardiac fibroblasts and form the fibrotic scar. Genetic deletion of Fstl1 in cardiac fibroblasts results in postdamage cardiac rupture. We find no evidence for the existence of a quiescent CSC population, for transdifferentiation of other cell types toward cardiomyocytes, or for proliferation of significant numbers of cardiomyocytes in response to cardiac injury.
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18
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Feridooni T, Pasumarthi KBS. Fractionation of embryonic cardiac progenitor cells and evaluation of their differentiation potential. Differentiation 2018; 105:1-13. [PMID: 30530197 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mid-gestation mouse ventricles (E11.5) contain a larger number of Nkx2.5+ cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs). The proliferation rates are consistently higher in CPCs compared to myocyte population of developing ventricles. Recent studies suggested that CPCs are an ideal donor cell type for replacing damaged tissue in diseased hearts. Thus, the ability to isolate and expand CPCs from embryos or stem cell cultures could be useful for cell fate studies and regenerative therapies. Since embryonic CPCs possess fewer mitochondria compared to cardiomyocytes, we reasoned that CPCs can be fractionated using a fluorescent mitochondrial membrane potential dye (TMRM) and these cells may retain cardiomyogenic potential even in the absence of cardiomyocytes (CMs). FACS sorting of TMRM stained embryonic ventricular cells indicated that over 99% of cells in TMRM high fraction stained positive for sarcomeric myosin (MF20) and all of them expressed Nkx2.5. Although majority of cells present in TMRM low fraction expressed Nkx2.5, very few cells (~1%) stained positive for MF20. Further culturing of TMRM low cells over a period of 48 h showed a progressive increase in MF20 positive cells. Additional analyses revealed that MF20 negative cells in TMRM low fraction do not express markers for endothelial cells (vWF, CD31) or smooth muscle cells (SM myosin). Treatment of TMRM low cells with known cardiogenic factors DMSO and dynorphin B significantly increased the percentage of MF20+ cells compared to untreated cultures. Collectively, these studies suggest that embryonic CPCs can be separated as a TMRM low fraction and their differentiation potential can be enhanced by exogenous addition of known cardiomyogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiam Feridooni
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Building, 5850 College Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Kishore B S Pasumarthi
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Building, 5850 College Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2.
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19
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Moumne O, Chowdhurry R, Doll C, Pereira N, Hashimi M, Grindrod T, Dollar JJ, Riva A, Kasahara H. Mechanism Sharing Between Genetic and Gestational Hypoxia-Induced Cardiac Anomalies. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:100. [PMID: 30151366 PMCID: PMC6099185 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cardiac development is a dynamic process both temporally and spatially. These complex processes are often disturbed and lead to congenital cardiac anomalies that affect approximately 1% of live births. Disease-causing variants in several genetic loci lead to cardiac anomalies, with variants in transcription factor NKX2-5 gene being one of the largest variants known. Gestational hypoxia, such as seen in high-altitude pregnancy, has been known to affect cardiac development, yet the incidence and underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Methods and Results: Normal wild-type female mice mated with heterozygous Nkx2-5 mutant males were housed under moderate hypoxia (14% O2) or normoxia (20.9% O2) conditions from 10.5 days of gestation. Wild-type mice exposed to hypoxia demonstrate excessive trabeculation, ventricular septal defects, irregular morphology of interventricular septum as well as atrial septal abnormalities, which overlap with those seen in heterozygous Nkx2-5 mutant mice. Genome-wide transcriptome done by RNA-seq of a 2-day hypoxic exposure on wild-type embryos revealed abnormal transcriptomes, in which approximately 60% share those from Nkx2-5 mutants without hypoxia. Gestational hypoxia reduced the expression of Nkx2-5 proteins in more than one-half along with a reduction in phosphorylation, suggesting that abnormal Nkx2-5 function is a common mechanism shared between genetic and gestational hypoxia-induced cardiac anomalies, at least at a specific developing stage. Conclusion: The results of our study provide insights into a common molecular mechanism underlying non-genetic and genetic cardiac anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Moumne
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Rajib Chowdhurry
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Cassandra Doll
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Natalia Pereira
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mustafa Hashimi
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Tabor Grindrod
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - James J Dollar
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine and the Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alberto Riva
- Bioinformatics, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Hideko Kasahara
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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20
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Zakariyah AF, Rajgara RF, Horner E, Cattin ME, Blais A, Skerjanc IS, Burgon PG. In Vitro Modeling of Congenital Heart Defects Associated with an NKX2-5 Mutation Revealed a Dysregulation in BMP/Notch-Mediated Signaling. Stem Cells 2018; 36:514-526. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abeer F. Zakariyah
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Rashida F. Rajgara
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Ellias Horner
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Center for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | | | - Alexandre Blais
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Center for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Ilona S. Skerjanc
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Patrick G. Burgon
- Center for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology); University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
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21
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Wang S, Li Y, Jiang C, Tian H. Fibroblast growth factor 9 subfamily and the heart. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:605-613. [PMID: 29198068 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 9 subfamily is a member of the FGF family, including FGF9, 16, and 20, potentially sharing similar biochemical functions due to their high degree of sequence homology. Unlike other secreted proteins which have a cleavable N-terminal secreted signal peptide, FGF9/16/20 have non-cleaved N-terminal signal peptides. As an intercellular signaling molecule, they are involved in a variety of complex responses in animal development. Cardiogenesis is controlled by many members of the transcription factor family. Evidence suggests that FGF signaling, including the FGF9 subfamily, has a pretty close association with these cardiac-specific genes. In addition, recent studies have shown that the FGF9 subfamily maintains functional adaptation and survival after myocardial infarction in adult myocardium. Since FGF9/16/20 are secreted proteins, their function characterization in cardiac regeneration can promote their potential to be developed for the treatment of cardioprotection and revascularization. Here, we conclude that the FGF9 subfamily roles in cardiac development and maintenance of postnatal cardiac homeostasis, especially cardiac function maturation and functional maintenance of the heart after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Chao Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China. .,Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Haishan Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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22
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Co-option of the cardiac transcription factor Nkx2.5 during development of the emu wing. Nat Commun 2017; 8:132. [PMID: 28743862 PMCID: PMC5526984 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The ratites are a distinctive clade of flightless birds, typified by the emu and ostrich that have acquired a range of unique anatomical characteristics since diverging from basal Aves at least 100 million years ago. The emu possesses a vestigial wing with a single digit and greatly reduced forelimb musculature. However, the embryological basis of wing reduction and other anatomical changes associated with loss of flight are unclear. Here we report a previously unknown co-option of the cardiac transcription factor Nkx2.5 to the forelimb in the emu embryo, but not in ostrich, or chicken and zebra finch, which have fully developed wings. Nkx2.5 is expressed in emu limb bud mesenchyme and maturing wing muscle, and mis-expression of Nkx2.5 throughout the limb bud in chick results in wing reductions. We propose that Nkx2.5 functions to inhibit early limb bud expansion and later muscle growth during development of the vestigial emu wing. The transcription factor Nkx2.5 is essential for heart development. Here, the authors identify a previously unknown expression domain for Nkx2.5 in the emu wing and explore its role in diminished wing bud development in the flightless emu, compared with three other birds that have functional wings.
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23
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Ranjbarvaziri S, Park S, Nguyen NB, Gilmore WB, Zhao P, Ardehali R. Generation of Nkx2-5/CreER transgenic mice for inducible Cre expression in developing hearts. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28589709 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nkx2-5 is a homeobox-containing transcriptional regulator that serves as one of the earliest markers of cardiac lineage commitment. To study the role of Nkx2-5-expressing progenitors at specific time points in cardiac development, we have generated a novel and inducible NKX2-5 mouse line by knocking in a CreER cassette into the Nkx2-5 genomic locus, while preserving the endogenous Nkx2-5 gene to avoid haploinsufficiency. We evaluated the specificity and efficiency of CreER activity after 4-OHT injection by crossing Nkx2-5CreER/+ mice with a Rosa26tdT/+ reporter strain. Our immunohistochemistry results confirmed Cre-induced tdTomato expression specifically in cells expressing Nkx2-5. These cells were mainly cardiomyocytes and were observed in the embryonic heart as early as day 9.5. Additionally, quantitative polymerase chain reaction on postnatal hearts showed enriched expression of Nkx2-5 in isolated tdTomato-expressing cells. No tdTomato expression was observed in Nkx2-5CreER/+ ;Rosa26tdT/+ mice in the absence of 4-OHT, confirming the inducible nature of CreER activity. The Nkx2-5/CreER mouse model described in this article will serve as an invaluable tool to trace myocardial lineage and to temporally induce genetic manipulation in a selective population of cardiac progenitors during embryonic development and in the adult heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ranjbarvaziri
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095.,Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Shuin Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095.,Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Ngoc B Nguyen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095.,Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - William B Gilmore
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Peng Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095.,Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Reza Ardehali
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095.,Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095
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24
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Lao S, Xu J, Liu Y, Cai S, Lin L, Zhang J, Cai D, Yin S. A comparative study of the influence of two types of PHEMA stents on the differentiation of ASCs to myocardial cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:507-514. [PMID: 28586071 PMCID: PMC5482065 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, subcutaneous fat was obtained from adult women that had undergone conventional liposuction surgery. A comparative study was performed to investigate the effect of transparent and white poly-β-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (PHEMA) stents, which have different surface and cross-sectional morphological characteristics, on the differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) into myocardial cells. The cell counting kit-8 assay revealed that cell growth increased at varying rates among the different treatment groups. The absorbance of the experimental transparent PHEMA treated group increased in a time-dependent manner with the duration of incubation. The highest levels of proliferation were observed in the transparent PHEMA group. In addition, the transparent PHEMA treated group exhibited the strongest cell adhesion ability, which was significantly different to that of the white PHEMA group (P<0.01 and P<0.05 for Matrigel and fibronectin assay, respectively). Comparisons between the two stent materials with the inducer control group revealed statistically significant differences in the rate of ASC differentiation (P<0.05). The level of differentiation was the greatest in the transparent PHEMA group, and was significantly different to the white PHEMA group (P<0.05) and the blank control group (P<0.01). The results suggest that the inducers 5-aza-2-deoxycytidin and laminin, and material microstructure stents effectively promote the proliferation, growth and adhesion of ASCs. However, the transparent material microstructure may be a more suitable candidate for ASC-associated injections. The present study provides further evidence that a PHEMA stent structure, comprised of a high number of matrixes and a low water content, induces a high level of ASC differentiation to myocardial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Lao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Songwang Cai
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Junhang Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Cai
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Shengli Yin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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25
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Al-Maqtari T, Hong KU, Vajravelu BN, Moktar A, Cao P, Moore JB, Bolli R. Transcription factor-induced activation of cardiac gene expression in human c-kit+ cardiac progenitor cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174242. [PMID: 28355297 PMCID: PMC5371315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although transplantation of c-kit+ cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) significantly alleviates post-myocardial infarction left ventricular dysfunction, generation of cardiomyocytes by exogenous CPCs in the recipient heart has often been limited. Inducing robust differentiation would be necessary for improving the efficacy of the regenerative cardiac cell therapy. We assessed the hypothesis that differentiation of human c-kit+ CPCs can be enhanced by priming them with cardiac transcription factors (TFs). We introduced five different TFs (Gata4, MEF2C, NKX2.5, TBX5, and BAF60C) into CPCs, either alone or in combination, and then examined the expression of marker genes associated with the major cardiac cell types using quantitative RT-PCR. When introduced individually, Gata4 and TBX5 induced a subset of myocyte markers. Moreover, Gata4 alone significantly induced smooth muscle cell and fibroblast markers. Interestingly, these gene expression changes brought by Gata4 were also accompanied by morphological changes. In contrast, MEF2C and NKX2.5 were largely ineffective in initiating cardiac gene expression in CPCs. Surprisingly, introduction of multiple TFs in different combinations mostly failed to act synergistically. Likewise, addition of BAF60C to Gata4 and/or TBX5 did not further potentiate their effects on cardiac gene expression. Based on our results, it appears that GATA4 is able to potentiate gene expression programs associated with multiple cardiovascular lineages in CPCs, suggesting that GATA4 may be effective in priming CPCs for enhanced differentiation in the setting of stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq Al-Maqtari
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Kyung U. Hong
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Bathri N. Vajravelu
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Afsoon Moktar
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Pengxiao Cao
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Joseph B. Moore
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Roberto Bolli
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Zakariyah AF, Rajgara RF, Veinot JP, Skerjanc IS, Burgon PG. Congenital heart defect causing mutation in Nkx2.5 displays in vivo functional deficit. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 105:89-98. [PMID: 28302382 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Nkx2.5 gene encodes a transcription factor that plays a critical role in heart development. In humans, heterozygous mutations in NKX2.5 result in congenital heart defects (CHDs). However, the molecular mechanisms by which these mutations cause the disease remain unknown. NKX2.5-R142C is a mutation that was reported to be associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) and atrioventricular (AV) block in 13-patients from one family. The R142C mutation is located within both the DNA-binding domain and the nuclear localization sequence of NKX2.5 protein. The pathogenesis of CHDs in humans with R142C point mutation is not well understood. To examine the functional deficit associated with this mutation in vivo, we generated and characterized a knock-in mouse that harbours the human mutation R142C. Systematic structural and functional examination of the embryonic, newborn, and adult mice revealed that the homozygous embryos Nkx2.5R141C/R141C are developmentally arrested around E10.5 with delayed heart morphogenesis and downregulation of Nkx2.5 target genes, Anf, Mlc2v, Actc1 and Cx40. Histological examination of Nkx2.5R141C/+ newborn hearts showed that 36% displayed ASD, with at least 80% 0f adult heterozygotes displaying a septal defect. Moreover, heterozygous Nkx2.5R141C/+ newborn mice have downregulation of ion channel genes with 11/12 adult mice manifesting a prolonged PR interval that is indicative of 1st degree AV block. Collectively, the present study demonstrates that mice with the R141C point mutation in the Nkx2.5 allele phenocopies humans with the NKX2.5 R142C point mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer F Zakariyah
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Rashida F Rajgara
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - John P Veinot
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ottawa Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ilona S Skerjanc
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Patrick G Burgon
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada; Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology) Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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27
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Abstract
Developmental anomalies of the thyroid gland, defined as thyroid dysgenesis, underlie the majority of cases of congenital hypothyroidism. Thyroid dysgenesis is predominantly a sporadic disorder although a reported familial enrichment, variation of incidence by ethnicity and the monogenic defects associated mainly with athyreosis or orthotopic thyroid hypoplasia, suggest a genetic contribution. Of note, the most common developmental anomaly, thyroid ectopy, remains unexplained. Ectopy may result from multiple genetic or epigenetic variants in the germline and/or at the somatic level. This review provides a brief overview of the monogenic defects in candidate genes that have been identified so far and of the syndromes which are known to be associated with thyroid dysgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Abu-Khudir
- Endocrinology Service and Research Center, Sainte-Justine Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada; Chemistry Department, Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Stéphanie Larrivée-Vanier
- Endocrinology Service and Research Center, Sainte-Justine Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Jonathan D Wasserman
- Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Johnny Deladoëy
- Endocrinology Service and Research Center, Sainte-Justine Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada.
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28
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Iklé JM, Tavares ALP, King M, Ding H, Colombo S, Firulli BA, Firulli AB, Targoff KL, Yelon D, Clouthier DE. Nkx2.5 regulates endothelin converting enzyme-1 during pharyngeal arch patterning. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28109039 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In gnathostomes, dorsoventral (D-V) patterning of neural crest cells (NCC) within the pharyngeal arches is crucial for the development of hinged jaws. One of the key signals that mediate this process is Endothelin-1 (EDN1). Loss of EDN1 binding to the Endothelin-A receptor (EDNRA) results in loss of EDNRA signaling and subsequent facial birth defects in humans, mice and zebrafish. A rate-limiting step in this crucial signaling pathway is the conversion of immature EDN1 into a mature active form by Endothelin converting enzyme-1 (ECE1). However, surprisingly little is known about how Ece1 transcription is induced or regulated. We show here that Nkx2.5 is required for proper craniofacial development in zebrafish and acts in part by upregulating ece1 expression. Disruption of nkx2.5 in zebrafish embryos results in defects in both ventral and dorsal pharyngeal arch-derived elements, with changes in ventral arch gene expression consistent with a disruption in Ednra signaling. ece1 mRNA rescues the nkx2.5 morphant phenotype, indicating that Nkx2.5 functions through modulating Ece1 expression or function. These studies illustrate a new function for Nkx2.5 in embryonic development and provide new avenues with which to pursue potential mechanisms underlying human facial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Iklé
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| | - Andre L P Tavares
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| | - Marisol King
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| | - Hailei Ding
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| | - Sophie Colombo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, 10032
| | - Beth A Firulli
- Departments of Anatomy and Medical, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Indiana Medical School, Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Indianapolis, 46202
| | - Anthony B Firulli
- Departments of Anatomy and Medical, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Indiana Medical School, Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Indianapolis, 46202
| | - Kimara L Targoff
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, 10032
| | - Deborah Yelon
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093
| | - David E Clouthier
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
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29
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DeLaughter DM, Bick AG, Wakimoto H, McKean D, Gorham JM, Kathiriya IS, Hinson JT, Homsy J, Gray J, Pu W, Bruneau BG, Seidman JG, Seidman CE. Single-Cell Resolution of Temporal Gene Expression during Heart Development. Dev Cell 2016; 39:480-490. [PMID: 27840107 PMCID: PMC5198784 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Activation of complex molecular programs in specific cell lineages governs mammalian heart development, from a primordial linear tube to a four-chamber organ. To characterize lineage-specific, spatiotemporal developmental programs, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of >1,200 murine cells isolated at seven time points spanning embryonic day 9.5 (primordial heart tube) to postnatal day 21 (mature heart). Using unbiased transcriptional data, we classified cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblast-enriched cells, thus identifying markers for temporal and chamber-specific developmental programs. By harnessing these datasets, we defined developmental ages of human and mouse pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes and characterized lineage-specific maturation defects in hearts of mice with heterozygous mutations in Nkx2.5 that cause human heart malformations. This spatiotemporal transcriptome analysis of heart development reveals lineage-specific gene programs underlying normal cardiac development and congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander G. Bick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hiroko Wakimoto
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David McKean
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua M. Gorham
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Irfan S. Kathiriya
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco
| | - John T. Hinson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jason Homsy
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jesse Gray
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benoit G. Bruneau
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - J. G. Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christine E. Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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30
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Fuchs C, Gawlas S, Heher P, Nikouli S, Paar H, Ivankovic M, Schultheis M, Klammer J, Gottschamel T, Capetanaki Y, Weitzer G. Desmin enters the nucleus of cardiac stem cells and modulates Nkx2.5 expression by participating in transcription factor complexes that interact with the nkx2.5 gene. Biol Open 2016; 5:140-53. [PMID: 26787680 PMCID: PMC4823984 DOI: 10.1242/bio.014993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Nkx2.5 and the intermediate filament protein desmin are simultaneously expressed in cardiac progenitor cells during commitment of primitive mesoderm to the cardiomyogenic lineage. Up-regulation of Nkx2.5 expression by desmin suggests that desmin may contribute to cardiogenic commitment and myocardial differentiation by directly influencing the transcription of the nkx2.5 gene in cardiac progenitor cells. Here, we demonstrate that desmin activates transcription of nkx2.5 reporter genes, rescues nkx2.5 haploinsufficiency in cardiac progenitor cells, and is responsible for the proper expression of Nkx2.5 in adult cardiac side population stem cells. These effects are consistent with the temporary presence of desmin in the nuclei of differentiating cardiac progenitor cells and its physical interaction with transcription factor complexes bound to the enhancer and promoter elements of the nkx2.5 gene. These findings introduce desmin as a newly discovered and unexpected player in the regulatory network guiding cardiomyogenesis in cardiac stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Fuchs
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Sonja Gawlas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Philipp Heher
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Sofia Nikouli
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 115 27, Greece
| | - Hannah Paar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Mario Ivankovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Martina Schultheis
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Julia Klammer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Teresa Gottschamel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Yassemi Capetanaki
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 115 27, Greece
| | - Georg Weitzer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
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31
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Dorn T, Goedel A, Lam JT, Haas J, Tian Q, Herrmann F, Bundschu K, Dobreva G, Schiemann M, Dirschinger R, Guo Y, Kühl SJ, Sinnecker D, Lipp P, Laugwitz KL, Kühl M, Moretti A. Direct nkx2-5 transcriptional repression of isl1 controls cardiomyocyte subtype identity. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1113-29. [PMID: 25524439 PMCID: PMC6750130 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During cardiogenesis, most myocytes arise from cardiac progenitors expressing the transcription factors Isl1 and Nkx2-5. Here, we show that a direct repression of Isl1 by Nkx2-5 is necessary for proper development of the ventricular myocardial lineage. Overexpression of Nkx2-5 in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) delayed specification of cardiac progenitors and inhibited expression of Isl1 and its downstream targets in Isl1(+) precursors. Embryos deficient for Nkx2-5 in the Isl1(+) lineage failed to downregulate Isl1 protein in cardiomyocytes of the heart tube. We demonstrated that Nkx2-5 directly binds to an Isl1 enhancer and represses Isl1 transcriptional activity. Furthermore, we showed that overexpression of Isl1 does not prevent cardiac differentiation of ESCs and in Xenopus laevis embryos. Instead, it leads to enhanced specification of cardiac progenitors, earlier cardiac differentiation, and increased cardiomyocyte number. Functional and molecular characterization of Isl1-overexpressing cardiomyocytes revealed higher beating frequencies in both ESC-derived contracting areas and Xenopus Isl1-gain-of-function hearts, which associated with upregulation of nodal-specific genes and downregulation of transcripts of working myocardium. Immunocytochemistry of cardiomyocyte lineage-specific markers demonstrated a reduction of ventricular cells and an increase of cells expressing the pacemaker channel Hcn4. Finally, optical action potential imaging of single cardiomyocytes combined with pharmacological approaches proved that Isl1 overexpression in ESCs resulted in normally electrophysiologically functional cells, highly enriched in the nodal subtype at the expense of the ventricular lineage. Our findings provide an Isl1/Nkx2-5-mediated mechanism that coordinately regulates the specification of cardiac progenitors toward the different myocardial lineages and ensures proper acquisition of myocyte subtype identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Dorn
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Zafir A, Bradley JA, Long BW, Muthusamy S, Li Q, Hill BG, Wysoczynski M, Prabhu SD, Bhatnagar A, Bolli R, Jones SP. O-GlcNAcylation Negatively Regulates Cardiomyogenic Fate in Adult Mouse Cardiac Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142939. [PMID: 26565625 PMCID: PMC4643874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In both preclinical and clinical studies, cell transplantation of several cell types is used to promote repair of damaged organs and tissues. Nevertheless, despite the widespread use of such strategies, there remains little understanding of how the efficacy of cell therapy is regulated. We showed previously that augmentation of a unique, metabolically derived stress signal (i.e., O-GlcNAc) improves survival of cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells; however, it is not known whether enhancing O-GlcNAcylation affects lineage commitment or other aspects of cell competency. In this study, we assessed the role of O-GlcNAc in differentiation of cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells. Exposure of these cells to routine differentiation protocols in culture increased markers of the cardiomyogenic lineage such as Nkx2.5 and connexin 40, and augmented the abundance of transcripts associated with endothelial and fibroblast cell fates. Differentiation significantly decreased the abundance of O-GlcNAcylated proteins. To determine if O-GlcNAc is involved in stromal cell differentiation, O-GlcNAcylation was increased pharmacologically during the differentiation protocol. Although elevated O-GlcNAc levels did not significantly affect fibroblast and endothelial marker expression, acquisition of cardiomyocyte markers was limited. In addition, increasing O-GlcNAcylation further elevated smooth muscle actin expression. In addition to lineage commitment, we also evaluated proliferation and migration, and found that increasing O-GlcNAcylation did not significantly affect either; however, we found that O-GlcNAc transferase--the protein responsible for adding O-GlcNAc to proteins--is at least partially required for maintaining cellular proliferative and migratory capacities. We conclude that O-GlcNAcylation contributes significantly to cardiac mesenchymal stromal cell lineage and function. O-GlcNAcylation and pathological conditions that may affect O-GlcNAc levels (such as diabetes) should be considered carefully in the context of cardiac cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Zafir
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology; Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - James A. Bradley
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology; Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Bethany W. Long
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology; Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Senthilkumar Muthusamy
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology; Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Qianhong Li
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology; Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Bradford G. Hill
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology; Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Marcin Wysoczynski
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology; Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Sumanth D. Prabhu
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology; Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology; Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Roberto Bolli
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology; Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Steven P. Jones
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology; Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
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P. Dingal PCD, Bradshaw AM, Cho S, Raab M, Buxboim A, Swift J, Discher DE. Fractal heterogeneity in minimal matrix models of scars modulates stiff-niche stem-cell responses via nuclear exit of a mechanorepressor. NATURE MATERIALS 2015; 14:951-60. [PMID: 26168347 PMCID: PMC4545733 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Scarring is a long-lasting problem in higher animals, and reductionist approaches could aid in developing treatments. Here, we show that copolymerization of collagen I with polyacrylamide produces minimal matrix models of scars (MMMS), in which fractal-fibre bundles segregate heterogeneously to the hydrogel subsurface. Matrix stiffens locally-as in scars-while allowing separate control over adhesive-ligand density. The MMMS elicits scar-like phenotypes from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs): cells spread and polarize quickly, increasing nucleoskeletal lamin-A yet expressing the 'scar marker' smooth muscle actin (SMA) more slowly. Surprisingly, expression responses to MMMS exhibit less cell-to-cell noise than homogeneously stiff gels. Such differences from bulk-average responses arise because a strong SMA repressor, NKX2.5, slowly exits the nucleus on rigid matrices. NKX2.5 overexpression overrides rigid phenotypes, inhibiting SMA and cell spreading, whereas cytoplasm-localized NKX2.5 mutants degrade in well-spread cells. MSCs thus form a 'mechanical memory' of rigidity by progressively suppressing NKX2.5, thereby elevating SMA in a scar-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. C. Dave P. Dingal
- Biophysical Engineering Labs for Molecular & Cell Biophysics and NanoBio-Polymers, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Andrew M. Bradshaw
- Biophysical Engineering Labs for Molecular & Cell Biophysics and NanoBio-Polymers, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Sangkyun Cho
- Biophysical Engineering Labs for Molecular & Cell Biophysics and NanoBio-Polymers, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Matthew Raab
- Biophysical Engineering Labs for Molecular & Cell Biophysics and NanoBio-Polymers, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Amnon Buxboim
- Biophysical Engineering Labs for Molecular & Cell Biophysics and NanoBio-Polymers, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Joe Swift
- Biophysical Engineering Labs for Molecular & Cell Biophysics and NanoBio-Polymers, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Dennis E. Discher
- Biophysical Engineering Labs for Molecular & Cell Biophysics and NanoBio-Polymers, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Chowdhury R, Ashraf H, Melanson M, Tanada Y, Nguyen M, Silberbach M, Wakimoto H, Benson DW, Anderson RH, Kasahara H. Mouse Model of Human Congenital Heart Disease: Progressive Atrioventricular Block Induced by a Heterozygous Nkx2-5 Homeodomain Missense Mutation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2015; 8:1255-64. [PMID: 26226998 DOI: 10.1161/circep.115.002720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterozygous human NKX2-5 homeodomain (DNA-binding domain) missense mutations are highly penetrant for varied congenital heart defects, including progressive atrioventricular (AV) block requiring pacemaker implantation. We recently replicated this genetic defect in a murine knockin model, in which we demonstrated highly penetrant, pleiotropic cardiac anomalies. In this study, we examined postnatal AV conduction in the knockin mice. METHODS AND RESULTS A murine knockin model (Arg52Gly, Nkx2-5(+/R52G)) in a 129/Sv background was analyzed by histopathology, surface, and telemetry ECG, and in vivo electrophysiology studies, comparing with control Nkx2-5(+/+) mice at diverse postnatal stages, ranging from postnatal day 1 (P1) to 17 months. PR prolongation (first degree AV block) was present at 4 weeks, 7 months, and 17 months of age, but not at P1 in the mutant mice. Advanced AV block was also occasionally demonstrated in the mutant mice. Electrophysiology studies showed that AV nodal function and right ventricular effective refractory period were impaired in the mutant mice, whereas sinus nodal function was not affected. AV nodal size was significantly smaller in the mutant mice than their controls at 4 weeks of age, corresponding to the presence of PR prolongation, but not P1, suggesting, at least in part, that the conduction abnormalities are the result of a morphologically atrophic AV node. CONCLUSIONS The highly penetrant and progressive AV block phenotype seen in human heterozygous missense mutations in NKX2-5 homeodomain was replicated in mice by knocking in a comparable missense mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Chowdhury
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (R.C., H.A., M.M., Y.T., M.N., H.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science School, Portland (M.S.); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom (R.H.A.)
| | - Hassan Ashraf
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (R.C., H.A., M.M., Y.T., M.N., H.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science School, Portland (M.S.); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom (R.H.A.)
| | - Michelle Melanson
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (R.C., H.A., M.M., Y.T., M.N., H.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science School, Portland (M.S.); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom (R.H.A.)
| | - Yohei Tanada
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (R.C., H.A., M.M., Y.T., M.N., H.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science School, Portland (M.S.); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom (R.H.A.)
| | - Minh Nguyen
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (R.C., H.A., M.M., Y.T., M.N., H.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science School, Portland (M.S.); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom (R.H.A.)
| | - Michael Silberbach
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (R.C., H.A., M.M., Y.T., M.N., H.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science School, Portland (M.S.); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom (R.H.A.)
| | - Hiroko Wakimoto
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (R.C., H.A., M.M., Y.T., M.N., H.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science School, Portland (M.S.); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom (R.H.A.)
| | - D Woodrow Benson
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (R.C., H.A., M.M., Y.T., M.N., H.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science School, Portland (M.S.); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom (R.H.A.)
| | - Robert H Anderson
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (R.C., H.A., M.M., Y.T., M.N., H.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science School, Portland (M.S.); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom (R.H.A.)
| | - Hideko Kasahara
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (R.C., H.A., M.M., Y.T., M.N., H.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science School, Portland (M.S.); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom (R.H.A.).
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George V, Colombo S, Targoff KL. An early requirement for nkx2.5 ensures the first and second heart field ventricular identity and cardiac function into adulthood. Dev Biol 2014; 400:10-22. [PMID: 25536398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Temporally controlled mechanisms that define the unique features of ventricular and atrial cardiomyocyte identities are essential for the construction of a coordinated, morphologically intact heart. We have previously demonstrated an important role for nkx genes in maintaining ventricular identity, however, the specific timing of nkx2.5 function in distinct cardiomyocyte populations has yet to be elucidated. Here, we show that heat-shock induction of a novel transgenic line, Tg(hsp70l:nkx2.5-EGFP), during the initial stages of cardiomyocyte differentiation leads to rescue of chamber shape and identity in nkx2.5(-/-) embryos as chambers emerge. Intriguingly, our findings link an early role of this essential cardiac transcription factor with a later function. Moreover, these data reveal that nkx2.5 is also required in the second heart field as the heart tube forms, reflecting the temporal delay in differentiation of this population. Thus, our results support a model in which nkx genes induce downstream targets that are necessary to maintain chamber-specific identity in both early- and late-differentiating cardiomyocytes at discrete stages in cardiac morphogenesis. Furthermore, we show that overexpression of nkx2.5 during the first and second heart field development not only rescues the mutant phenotype, but also is sufficient for proper function of the adult heart. Taken together, these results shed new light on the stage-dependent mechanisms that sculpt chamber-specific cardiomyocytes and, therefore, have the potential to improve in vitro generation of ventricular cells to treat myocardial infarction and congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa George
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Sophie Colombo
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Kimara L Targoff
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA.
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Yuan F, Qiu XB, Li RG, Qu XK, Wang J, Xu YJ, Liu X, Fang WY, Yang YQ, Liao DN. A novel NKX2-5 loss-of-function mutation predisposes to familial dilated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmias. Int J Mol Med 2014; 35:478-86. [PMID: 25503402 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most prevalent type of primary myocardial disease, which is the third most common cause of heart failure and the most frequent reason for heart transplantation. Aggregating evidence demonstrates that genetic risk factors are involved in the pathogenesis of idiopathic DCM. Nevertheless, DCM is of remarkable genetic heterogeneity and the genetic defects underpinning DCM in an overwhelming majority of patients remain unknown. In the present study, the whole coding exons and splice junction sites of the NKX2-5 gene, which encodes a homeodomain transcription factor crucial for cardiac development and structural remodeling, were sequenced in 130 unrelated patients with idiopathic DCM. The available relatives of the index patient harboring an identified mutation and 200 unrelated ethnically matched healthy individuals used as controls were genotyped for the NKX2-5 gene. The functional effect of the mutant NKX2-5 was characterized in contrast to its wild-type counterpart using a dual-luciferase reporter assay system. As a result, a novel heterozygous NKX2-5 mutation, p.S146W, was identified in a family with DCM inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, which co-segregated with DCM in the family with complete penetrance. Notably, the mutation carriers also had arrhythmias, such as paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and atrioventricular block. The missense mutation was absent in 400 reference chromosomes and the altered amino acid was completely conserved evolutionarily among species. Functional analysis revealed that the NKX2-5 mutant was associated with a significantly reduced transcriptional activity. The findings expand the mutational spectrum of NKX2-5 linked to DCM and provide novel insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying DCM, contributing to the antenatal prophylaxis and allele-specific management of DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Biao Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Ruo-Gu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Kai Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Jia Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Yi Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Qing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - De-Ning Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
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Espinoza-Lewis RA, Wang DZ. Generation of a Cre knock-in into the Myocardin locus to mark early cardiac and smooth muscle cell lineages. Genesis 2014; 52:879-87. [PMID: 25174608 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The molecular events that control cell fate determination in cardiac and smooth muscle lineages remain elusive. Myocardin is an important transcription cofactor that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and development of the cardiovascular system. Here, we describe the construction and analysis of a dual Cre and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) knock-in mouse line in the Myocardin locus (Myocd(KI)). We report that the Myocd(KI) allele expresses the Cre enzyme and the EGFP in a manner that recapitulates endogenous Myocardin expression patterns. We show that Myocardin expression marks the earliest cardiac and smooth muscle lineages. Furthermore, this genetic model allows for the identification of a cardiac cell population, which maintains both Myocardin and Isl-1 expression, in E7.75-E8.0 embryos, highlighting the contribution and merging of the first and second heart fields during cardiogenesis. Therefore, the Myocd(KI) allele is a unique tool for studying cardiovascular development and lineage-specific gene manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón A Espinoza-Lewis
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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38
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Gladman JT, Yadava RS, Mandal M, Yu Q, Kim YK, Mahadevan MS. NKX2-5, a modifier of skeletal muscle pathology due to RNA toxicity. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:251-64. [PMID: 25168381 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA toxicity is implicated in a number of disorders; especially those associated with expanded repeat sequences, such as myotonic dystrophy (DM1). Previously, we have shown increased NKX2-5 expression in RNA toxicity associated with DM1. Here, we investigate the relationship between NKX2-5 expression and muscle pathology due to RNA toxicity. In skeletal muscle from mice with RNA toxicity and individuals with DM1, expression of Nkx2-5 or NKX2-5 and its downstream targets are significantly correlated with severity of histopathology. Using C2C12 myoblasts, we show that over-expression of NKX2-5 or mutant DMPK 3'UTR results in myogenic differentiation defects, which can be rescued by knockdown of Nkx2-5, despite continued toxic RNA expression. Furthermore, in a mouse model of NKX2-5 over-expression, we find defects in muscle regeneration after induced damage, similar to those seen in mice with RNA toxicity. Using mouse models of Nkx2-5 over-expression and depletion, we find that NKX2-5 levels modify disease phenotypes in mice with RNA toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T Gladman
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ramesh S Yadava
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Mahua Mandal
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Yun K Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Mani S Mahadevan
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Ashraf H, Pradhan L, Chang EI, Terada R, Ryan NJ, Briggs LE, Chowdhury R, Zárate MA, Sugi Y, Nam HJ, Benson DW, Anderson RH, Kasahara H. A mouse model of human congenital heart disease: high incidence of diverse cardiac anomalies and ventricular noncompaction produced by heterozygous Nkx2-5 homeodomain missense mutation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:423-433. [PMID: 25028484 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.113.000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterozygous human mutations of NKX2-5 are highly penetrant and associated with varied congenital heart defects. The heterozygous knockout of murine Nkx2-5, in contrast, manifests less profound cardiac malformations, with low disease penetrance. We sought to study this apparent discrepancy between human and mouse genetics. Because missense mutations in the NKX2-5 homeodomain (DNA-binding domain) are the most frequently reported type of human mutation, we replicated this genetic defect in a murine knockin model. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated a murine model in a 129/Sv genetic background by knocking-in an Nkx2-5 homeodomain missense mutation previously identified in humans. The mutation was located at homeodomain position 52Arg→Gly (R52G). All the heterozygous neonatal Nkx2-5(+/R52G) mice demonstrated a prominent trabecular layer in the ventricular wall, so called noncompaction, along with diverse cardiac anomalies, including atrioventricular septal defects, Ebstein malformation of the tricuspid valve, and perimembranous and muscular ventricular septal defects. In addition, P10 Nkx2-5(+/R52G) mice demonstrated atrial sepal anomalies, with significant increase in the size of the interatrial communication and fossa ovalis, and decrease in the length of the flap valve compared with control Nkx2-5(+/+) or Nkx2-5(+/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study demonstrate that heterozygous missense mutation in the murine Nkx2-5 homeodomain (R52G) is highly penetrant and result in pleiotropic cardiac effects. Thus, in contrast to heterozygous Nkx2-5 knockout mice, the effects of the heterozygous knockin mimic findings in humans with heterozygous missense mutation in NKX2-5 homeodomain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ashraf
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Lagnajeet Pradhan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, TX 75080
| | - Eileen I Chang
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Ryota Terada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Nicole J Ryan
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Laura E Briggs
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Rajib Chowdhury
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Miguel A Zárate
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Yukiko Sugi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Hyun-Joo Nam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, TX 75080
| | - D Woodrow Benson
- Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | | | - Hideko Kasahara
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
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Clowes C, Boylan MGS, Ridge LA, Barnes E, Wright JA, Hentges KE. The functional diversity of essential genes required for mammalian cardiac development. Genesis 2014; 52:713-37. [PMID: 24866031 PMCID: PMC4141749 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Genes required for an organism to develop to maturity (for which no other gene can compensate) are considered essential. The continuing functional annotation of the mouse genome has enabled the identification of many essential genes required for specific developmental processes including cardiac development. Patterns are now emerging regarding the functional nature of genes required at specific points throughout gestation. Essential genes required for development beyond cardiac progenitor cell migration and induction include a small and functionally homogenous group encoding transcription factors, ligands and receptors. Actions of core cardiogenic transcription factors from the Gata, Nkx, Mef, Hand, and Tbx families trigger a marked expansion in the functional diversity of essential genes from midgestation onwards. As the embryo grows in size and complexity, genes required to maintain a functional heartbeat and to provide muscular strength and regulate blood flow are well represented. These essential genes regulate further specialization and polarization of cell types along with proliferative, migratory, adhesive, contractile, and structural processes. The identification of patterns regarding the functional nature of essential genes across numerous developmental systems may aid prediction of further essential genes and those important to development and/or progression of disease. genesis 52:713–737, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Clowes
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Zhang L, Nomura-Kitabayashi A, Sultana N, Cai W, Cai X, Moon AM, Cai CL. Mesodermal Nkx2.5 is necessary and sufficient for early second heart field development. Dev Biol 2014; 390:68-79. [PMID: 24613616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate heart develops from mesoderm and requires inductive signals secreted from early endoderm. During embryogenesis, Nkx2.5 acts as a key transcription factor and plays essential roles for heart formation from Drosophila to human. In mice, Nkx2.5 is expressed in the early first heart field, second heart field pharyngeal mesoderm, as well as pharyngeal endodermal cells underlying the second heart field. Currently, the specific requirements for Nkx2.5 in the endoderm versus mesoderm with regard to early heart formation are incompletely understood. Here, we performed tissue-specific deletion in mice to dissect the roles of Nkx2.5 in the pharyngeal endoderm and mesoderm. We found that heart development appeared normal after endodermal deletion of Nkx2.5 whereas mesodermal deletion engendered cardiac defects almost identical to those observed on Nkx2.5 null embryos (Nkx2.5(-/-)). Furthermore, re-expression of Nkx2.5 in the mesoderm rescued Nkx2.5(-/-) heart defects. Our findings reveal that Nkx2.5 in the mesoderm is essential while endodermal expression is dispensable for early heart formation in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, and The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Aya Nomura-Kitabayashi
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, and The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nishat Sultana
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, and The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Weibin Cai
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, and The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xiaoqiang Cai
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, and The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Anne M Moon
- Weis Center for Research, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Chen-Leng Cai
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, and The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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SIRT1 mediates the protective function of Nkx2.5 during stress in cardiomyocytes. Basic Res Cardiol 2013; 108:364. [PMID: 23744058 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-013-0364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nkx2.5 plays protective roles in cardiac homeostasis and survival in the postnatal hearts. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms that mediate the protective functions of Nkx2.5 remain unknown. Here, we showed that Nkx2.5 was downregulated in response to various stresses and was required for protection against the stress-induced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. SIRT1, a member of the sirtuin family of proteins, was found to be a direct transcriptional target of Nkx2.5 and was required for the Nkx2.5-mediated protection of cardiomyocytes from doxorubicin (DOX)-induced apoptosis. Moreover, using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we found that Nkx2.5 was able to bind to the SIRT1 promoter and that this binding was significantly decreased in DOX-treated mouse hearts. Furthermore, the cardiac-specific overexpression of SIRT1 decreased the DOX-induced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in SIRT1 transgenic mouse hearts compared with the hearts of their wild-type littermates. These findings demonstrate that SIRT1 acts as a direct transcriptional target of Nkx2.5 that maintains cardiomyocyte homeostasis and survival.
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Makhoul G, Chiu RCJ, Cecere R. Placental mesenchymal stem cells: a unique source for cellular cardiomyoplasty. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 95:1827-33. [PMID: 23541427 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In coronary heart disease, the use of stem cells for regeneration purposes has been broadly studied. Whereas bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells remain the most extensively investigated, other cell sources have been reported. Here we discuss and compare the characteristics of placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells as a novel alternative cell source for cellular cardiomyoplasty. These cells are isolated from the human term placenta, which is normally discarded post partum. With their lack of ethical conflicts and young age, the readily available placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells could be more suitable for myocardial regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Makhoul
- Divisions of Cardiac and Experimental Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Xie L, Hoffmann AD, Burnicka-Turek O, Friedland-Little JM, Zhang K, Moskowitz IP. Tbx5-hedgehog molecular networks are essential in the second heart field for atrial septation. Dev Cell 2012; 23:280-91. [PMID: 22898775 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The developmental mechanisms underlying human congenital heart disease (CHD) are poorly understood. Atrial septal defects (ASDs) can result from haploinsufficiency of cardiogenic transcription factors including TBX5. We demonstrated that Tbx5 is required in the second heart field (SHF) for atrial septation in mice. Conditional Tbx5 haploinsufficiency in the SHF but not the myocardium or endocardium caused ASDs. Tbx5 SHF knockout embryos lacked atrial septum progenitors. We found that Tbx5 mutant SHF progenitors demonstrated cell-cycle progression defects and that Tbx5 regulated cell-cycle progression genes including Cdk6. Activated hedgehog (Hh) signaling rescued ASDs in Tbx5 mutant embryos, placing Tbx5 upstream or parallel to Hh in cardiac progenitors. Tbx5 regulated SHF Gas1 and Osr1 expression, supporting both pathways. These results describe a SHF Tbx5-Hh network required for atrial septation. A paradigm defining molecular requirements in SHF cardiac progenitors for cardiac septum morphogenesis has implications for the ontogeny of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglin Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Liu H, Espinoza-Lewis RA, Chen C, Hu X, Zhang Y, Chen Y. The role of Shox2 in SAN development and function. Pediatr Cardiol 2012; 33:882-9. [PMID: 22307400 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-012-0179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic development is a tightly regulated process, and many families of genes functions to provide a regulatory genetic network to achieve such a program. The homeobox genes are an extensive family that encodes transcription factors with a characteristic 60-amino acid homeodomain. Mutations in these genes or in the encoded proteins might result in structural malformations, physiological defects, and even embryonic death. Mutations in the short-stature homeobox gene (SHOX) is associated with idiopathic short stature in humans, as observed in patients with Turner syndrome and/or Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis. A closely related human homolog, SHOX2, has not been linked to any syndrome or defect so far. In mice, a SHOX ortholog gene is not present in the genome; however, a true SHOX2 ortholog has been identified. Analyses of Shox2 knockout mouse models have showed crucial functions during embryonic development, including limb skeletogenesis, palatogenesis, temporomandibular joint formation, and cardiovascular development. During embryonic cardiac development, Shox2 is restrictedly expressed in the sinus venosus region, including the sinoatrial node (SAN) and the sinus valves. Shox2 null mutant is embryonically lethal due to cardiovascular defects, including a severely hypoplastic SAN and sinus valves attributed to a significantly decreased level of cell proliferation in addition to an abnormal low heartbeat rate (bradycardia). In addition, it has been demonstrated that Shox2 regulates a genetic network through the repression of Nkx2.5 to maintain the SAN fate and thus plays essential roles in its proper formation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Liu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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Feenstra B, Geller F, Krogh C, Hollegaard MV, Gørtz S, Boyd HA, Murray JC, Hougaard DM, Melbye M. Common variants near MBNL1 and NKX2-5 are associated with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Nat Genet 2012; 44:334-7. [PMID: 22306654 DOI: 10.1038/ng.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a severe condition characterized by hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter muscle. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 1,001 surgery-confirmed cases and 2,401 controls from Denmark. The six most strongly associated loci were tested in a replication set of 796 cases and 876 controls. Three SNPs reached genome-wide significance. One of these SNPs, rs11712066 (odds ratio (OR) = 1.61; P = 1.5 × 10(-17)) at 3p25.1, is located 150 kb upstream of MBNL1, which encodes a factor that regulates splicing transitions occurring shortly after birth. The second SNP, rs573872 (OR = 1.41; P = 4.3 × 10(-12)), maps to an intergenic region at 3p25.2 approximately 1.3 Mb downstream of MBNL1. The third SNP, rs29784 (OR = 1.42; P = 1.5 × 10(-15)) at 5q35.2, is 64 kb downstream of NKX2-5, which is involved in development of cardiac muscle tissue and embryonic gut development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs of ~22nt in length which are involved in the regulation of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level by degrading their target mRNAs and/or inhibiting their translation. Expressed ubiquitously or in a tissue-specific manner, miRNAs are involved in the regulation of many biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and the maintenance of normal cellular physiology. Many miRNAs are expressed in embryonic, postnatal, and adult hearts. Aberrant expression or genetic deletion of miRNAs is associated with abnormal cardiac cell differentiation, disruption of heart development, and cardiac dysfunction. This chapter will summarize the history, biogenesis, and processing of miRNAs as well as their function in heart development, remodeling, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón A Espinoza-Lewis
- Cardiovascular Research Division, Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Taubenschmid J, Weitzer G. Mechanisms of cardiogenesis in cardiovascular progenitor cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 293:195-267. [PMID: 22251563 PMCID: PMC7615846 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394304-0.00012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-renewing cells of the vertebrate heart have become a major subject of interest in the past decade. However, many researchers had a hard time to argue against the orthodox textbook view that defines the heart as a postmitotic organ. Once the scientific community agreed on the existence of self-renewing cells in the vertebrate heart, their origin was again put on trial when transdifferentiation, dedifferentiation, and reprogramming could no longer be excluded as potential sources of self-renewal in the adult organ. Additionally, the presence of self-renewing pluripotent cells in the peripheral blood challenges the concept of tissue-specific stem and progenitor cells. Leaving these unsolved problems aside, it seems very desirable to learn about the basic biology of this unique cell type. Thus, we shall here paint a picture of cardiovascular progenitor cells including the current knowledge about their origin, basic nature, and the molecular mechanisms guiding proliferation and differentiation into somatic cells of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Taubenschmid
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Differential role of Nkx2-5 in activation of the atrial natriuretic factor gene in the developing versus failing heart. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:4633-45. [PMID: 21930795 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.05940-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is abundantly expressed in atrial cardiomyocytes throughout ontogeny and in ventricular cardiomyocytes in the developing heart. However, during cardiac failure and hypertrophy, ANF expression can reappear in adult ventricular cardiomyocytes. The transcription factor Nkx2-5 is one of the major transactivators of the ANF gene in the developing heart. We identified Nkx2-5 binding at three 5' regulatory elements (kb -34, -31, and -21) and at the proximal ANF promoter by ChIP assay using neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. 3C analysis revealed close proximity between the distal elements and the promoter region. A 5.8-kb fragment consisting of these elements transactivated a reporter gene in vivo recapitulating endogenous ANF expression, which was markedly reduced in tamoxifen-inducible Nkx2-5 gene knockout mice. However, expression of a reporter gene was increased and expanded toward the outer compact layer in the absence of the transcription repressor Hey2, similar to endogenous ANF expression. Functional Nkx2-5 and Hey2 binding sites separated by 59 bp were identified in the -34 kb element in neonatal cardiomyocytes. In adult hearts, this fragment did not respond to pressure overload, and ANF was induced in the absence of Nkx2-5. These results demonstrate that Nkx2-5 and its responsive cis-regulatory DNA elements are essential for ANF expression selectively in the developing heart.
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50
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Sambasivan R, Kuratani S, Tajbakhsh S. An eye on the head: the development and evolution of craniofacial muscles. Development 2011; 138:2401-15. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.040972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles exert diverse functions, enabling both crushing with great force and movement with exquisite precision. A remarkably distinct repertoire of genes and ontological features characterise this tissue, and recent evidence has shown that skeletal muscles of the head, the craniofacial muscles, are evolutionarily, morphologically and molecularly distinct from those of the trunk. Here, we review the molecular basis of craniofacial muscle development and discuss how this process is different to trunk and limb muscle development. Through evolutionary comparisons of primitive chordates (such as amphioxus) and jawless vertebrates (such as lampreys) with jawed vertebrates, we also provide some clues as to how this dichotomy arose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Sambasivan
- Institut Pasteur, Stem Cells and Development, Paris, F-75015, France
- CNRS URA 2578, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Institut Pasteur, Stem Cells and Development, Paris, F-75015, France
- CNRS URA 2578, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris, F-75015, France
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