1
|
Rout M, Vaughan A, Blair A, Stavrakis S, Sidorov EV, Sanghera DK. Discovery and validation of circulating stroke metabolites by NMR-based analyses using patients from the MISS and UK Biobank. Neurochem Int 2023; 169:105588. [PMID: 37499945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a significant health issue in the United States, and identifying biomarkers for the prevention and functional recovery after an acute stroke remains the highest priority. This study aims to identify circulating metabolite signatures that may be associated with stroke pathophysiology by performing discovery and validation studies. METHODS We performed targeted metabolomics profiling of 420 participants of the discovery dataset of Metabolome in an Ischemic Stroke Study (MISS) using high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. A validation study of significantly altered metabolites was conducted using an independent cohort of 117,988 participants from the UK Biobank, whose metabolomics profiles were generated using the same NMR technology. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Our study identified 16 metabolites to be significantly perturbed during acute stroke. Amino acid phenylalanine was significantly increased, while glutamine and histidine were significantly lowered in stroke. Serum levels of apolipoprotein A-1, HDL particles, small HDL particles, essential fatty acids, and phosphatidylcholine were reduced, while ketone bodies like 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate were markedly increased in stroke. Based on the robust validation in a large independent UK Biobank dataset, some of these analytes may become clinically meaningful biomarkers to predict or prevent stroke in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhusmita Rout
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - April Vaughan
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Apple Blair
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Stavros Stavrakis
- Department of Cardiology, Oklahoma University of Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Evgeny V Sidorov
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Dharambir K Sanghera
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Serum Fatty Acids Are Associated with a Higher Risk of Ischemic Stroke. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030585. [PMID: 36771293 PMCID: PMC9921638 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke prevention, a significant public-health concern, begins with recognizing and addressing risk factors. Interventions targeted at modifiable risk factors can effectively prevent ischemic stroke, while Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to improve stroke outcomes. Our study aimed to investigate the relationship between ischemic-stroke risk factors and fatty acids using a prospective observational study with 274 patients. We collected clinical data on risk factors and measured fatty-acid levels using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. We found that several risk factors, including age, sex, smoking, atrial fibrillation, dyslipidemia, and previous stroke history, had a direct relationship with fatty acids. Of these, smoking had the most significant impact, negatively impacting levels of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid. Conversely, dyslipidemia and atrial fibrillation positively correlated with fatty acids, particularly in female patients and those with recurrent strokes. Age was found to directly correlate with other risk factors and variations in fatty-acid ratios. The stroke rate was higher in males than females before the age of 70, but this trend reversed. Our findings suggest that better management of risk factors, particularly modifiable lifestyle factors, could improve fatty-acid profiles and the balance of Omega-3 and Omega-6 in patients with ischemic stroke.
Collapse
|
3
|
Fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid content of Anatolian buffaloes at different muscle types and slaughter weight. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:398. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
4
|
Fatty Acid Levels and Their Inflammatory Metabolites Are Associated with the Nondipping Status and Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Stroke Patients. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092200. [PMID: 36140306 PMCID: PMC9496373 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This paper discusses the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of nondipping blood pressure and its role in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of free fatty acids (FAs) and their inflammatory metabolites on the nondipping phenomenon and the risk of sleep apnea in stroke patients. Methods: Sixty-four ischemic stroke patients were included in the prospective study. Group I consisted of 33 patients with a preserved physiological dipping effect (DIP), while group II included 31 patients with the nondipping phenomenon (NDIP). All subjects had FA gas chromatography and inflammatory metabolite measurements performed with the use of liquid chromatography, their 24 h blood pressure was recorded, and they were assessed with the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS). Results: In the nondipping group a higher level of C16:0 palmitic acid was observed, while lower levels were observed in regard to C20:0 arachidic acid, C22:0 behenic acid and C24:1 nervonic acid. A decreased leukotriene B4 level was recorded in the nondipping group. None of the FAs and derivatives correlated with the ESS scale in the group of patients after stroke. Correlations were observed after dividing into the DIP and NDIP groups. In the DIP group, a higher score of ESS was correlated with numerous FAs and derivatives. Inflammation of a lower degree and a higher level of anti-inflammatory mediators from EPA and DHA acids favored the occurrence of the DIP. A high level of C18: 3n6 gamma linoleic acid indicating advanced inflammation, intensified the NDIP effect. Conclusions: We demonstrated potential novel associations between the FA levels and eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of the nondipping phenomenon. There are common connections between fatty acids, their metabolites, inflammation, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and nondipping in stroke patients.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang H, Chen S, Han Z, Li T, Ma J, Chen X, Pang J, Wang Q, Shen Q, Zhang M. Screening of Phospholipids in Plasma of Large-Artery Atherosclerotic and Cardioembolic Stroke Patients With Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:794057. [PMID: 35127828 PMCID: PMC8812958 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.794057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a deadly and debilitating disease with a high incidence and recurrence rate in elderly people worldwide. Large-artery atherosclerotic (LAA) and cardioembolic (CE) stroke are two leading subtypes and require different management. As a complementary biochemistry method for current diagnostic techniques, a sensitive and accurate phospholipid (PL) targeted lipidomic method was developed in this study. Plasma PLs were selectively extracted with titanium dioxide/fibrous silica nanosphere material, then characterized and quantified with hydrophilic interaction chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 31 molecular species of PLs were determined and ten biomarkers including seven molecular species of sphingomyelins (SM d18:1/18:1, d18:1/18:0, d18:1/24:1, d18:1/16:1, d18:1/22:1, d18:1/24:2, and d18:1/16:0) and three molecular species of phosphatidylcholines (16:0/18:1, 16:0/18:2 and 16:0/22:6) showed significant differences in LAA, CE, and healthy control (HC) groups. The independent diagnostic capabilities of these PL biomarkers were successfully evaluated and validated with receiver operating characteristic curves. Additionally, the oleic acid-enriched SMs, which can result in atherogenic lipoprotein aggregation, were proved to be positively related to IS and may perform as the potential risk factors in the future. Meanwhile, valuable suggestions for dietary interventions as an essential source of endogenous PLs could be obtained from this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haixing Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Siyan Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhao Han
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ting Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Clinical Research Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Pang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingcheng Wang
- Hangzhou Linping Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Shen, ; Manman Zhang, ,
| | - Manman Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Shen, ; Manman Zhang, ,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mori T, Yoshioka K, Tanno Y, Kasakura S. Association of Serum Fatty Acids at Admission with the Age of Onset of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082411. [PMID: 32806540 PMCID: PMC7468942 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary triglycerides influence fatty acid (FA) serum concentrations and weight percentages (wt %), which may be associated with the age of onset of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We investigated the correlations between serum FA levels and proportions at admission and the age of onset of AIS. We evaluated patients with AIS admitted between 2016 and 2019 within 24 h of AIS onset and calculated the correlation coefficients between their ages, serum FA concentrations, and FA wt % values. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify independent FAs indicating AIS age of onset. Furthermore, we estimated the threshold values of independent FAs for age of onset <60 years using receiver operating characteristic curves by logistic regression. A total of 525 patients (median age: 75 years) met the inclusion criteria. The concentration of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) and wt % of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were significant independent variables for age of onset of AIS, and receiver operating characteristic curves for age of onset <60 years showed thresholds of ≥117.7 µmol/L for DGLA and ≤3.7% for DHA. An increased DGLA concentration and decreased DHA wt % were significantly associated with onset of AIS at a younger age.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hashimoto M, Tanabe Y, Hossain S, Matsuzaki K, Ohno M, Kato S, Katakura M, Shido O. Intake of Alpha-Linolenic Acid-Rich Perilla frutescens Leaf Powder Decreases Home Blood Pressure and Serum Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein in Japanese Adults. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092099. [PMID: 32365849 PMCID: PMC7248687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) is known to be highly atherogenic. Thus, decreasing the blood levels of Ox-LDL through dietary means is an important approach to reduce cardiovascular events in high-risk individuals. In this randomized placebo-controlled human interventional trial, we aimed to evaluate whether Perilla frutescens leaf powder (PLP) ameliorates Ox-LDL and home blood pressure, along with its biological antioxidant potential. Healthy Japanese volunteers aged 30-60 years (n = 60) were randomized to PLP and placebo groups. The PLP group consumed PLP dried using a microwave under reduced pressure, and the placebo group consumed pectin fiber daily for 6 months. Home blood pressure, serum biochemical parameters, and fatty acid profiles of erythrocyte plasma membranes were analyzed. Plasma Ox-LDL levels significantly decreased in the PLP group but not in the placebo group. Mean changes in the biological antioxidant potential and alpha-linolenic acid levels in the erythrocyte plasma membrane were significantly increased in the PLP group than in the placebo group. In subjects with prehypertension (systolic blood pressure [SBP] ³ 120 mmHg), the mean reduction in morning or nocturnal SBP was significantly greater in the PLP group than in the placebo group. Thus, PLP intake may be an effective intervention to prevent cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michio Hashimoto
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan; (Y.T.); (K.M.); (M.K.); (O.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-853-20-2730
| | - Yoko Tanabe
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan; (Y.T.); (K.M.); (M.K.); (O.S.)
| | - Shahdat Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh;
| | - Kentaro Matsuzaki
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan; (Y.T.); (K.M.); (M.K.); (O.S.)
| | - Miho Ohno
- Kato Hospital, Jinjukai Healthcare Corporation, Kawamoto, Shimane 696-0001, Japan; (M.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Setsushi Kato
- Kato Hospital, Jinjukai Healthcare Corporation, Kawamoto, Shimane 696-0001, Japan; (M.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Masanori Katakura
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan; (Y.T.); (K.M.); (M.K.); (O.S.)
| | - Osamu Shido
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan; (Y.T.); (K.M.); (M.K.); (O.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Marklund M, Wu JHY, Imamura F, Del Gobbo LC, Fretts A, de Goede J, Shi P, Tintle N, Wennberg M, Aslibekyan S, Chen TA, de Oliveira Otto MC, Hirakawa Y, Eriksen HH, Kröger J, Laguzzi F, Lankinen M, Murphy RA, Prem K, Samieri C, Virtanen J, Wood AC, Wong K, Yang WS, Zhou X, Baylin A, Boer JM, Brouwer IA, Campos H, Chaves PHM, Chien KL, de Faire U, Djoussé L, Eiriksdottir G, El-Abbadi N, Forouhi NG, Gaziano JM, Geleijnse JM, Gigante B, Giles G, Guallar E, Gudnason V, Harris T, Harris WS, Helmer C, Hellenius ML, Hodge A, Hu FB, Jacques PF, Jansson JH, Kalsbeek A, Khaw KT, Koh WP, Laakso M, Leander K, Hung-Ju Lin, Lind L, Luben R, Luo J, McKnight B, Mursu J, Ninomiya T, Overvad K, Psaty BM, Rimm E, Schulze MB, Siscovick D, Nielsen MS, Smith AV, Steffen BT, Steffen L, Sun Q, Sundström J, Tsai MY, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Uusitupa MIJ, van Dam RM, Veenstra J, Verschuren WM, Wareham N, Willett W, Woodward M, Yuan JM, Micha R, Lemaitre RN, Mozaffarian D. Biomarkers of Dietary Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality. Circulation 2019; 139:2422-2436. [PMID: 30971107 PMCID: PMC6582360 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.038908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global dietary recommendations for and cardiovascular effects of linoleic acid, the major dietary omega-6 fatty acid, and its major metabolite, arachidonic acid, remain controversial. To address this uncertainty and inform international recommendations, we evaluated how in vivo circulating and tissue levels of linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA) relate to incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) across multiple international studies. METHODS We performed harmonized, de novo, individual-level analyses in a global consortium of 30 prospective observational studies from 13 countries. Multivariable-adjusted associations of circulating and adipose tissue LA and AA biomarkers with incident total CVD and subtypes (coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, cardiovascular mortality) were investigated according to a prespecified analytic plan. Levels of LA and AA, measured as the percentage of total fatty acids, were evaluated linearly according to their interquintile range (ie, the range between the midpoint of the first and fifth quintiles), and categorically by quintiles. Study-specific results were pooled using inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was explored by age, sex, race, diabetes mellitus, statin use, aspirin use, omega-3 levels, and fatty acid desaturase 1 genotype (when available). RESULTS In 30 prospective studies with medians of follow-up ranging 2.5 to 31.9 years, 15 198 incident cardiovascular events occurred among 68 659 participants. Higher levels of LA were significantly associated with lower risks of total CVD, cardiovascular mortality, and ischemic stroke, with hazard ratios per interquintile range of 0.93 (95% CI, 0.88-0.99), 0.78 (0.70-0.85), and 0.88 (0.79-0.98), respectively, and nonsignificantly with lower coronary heart disease risk (0.94; 0.88-1.00). Relationships were similar for LA evaluated across quintiles. AA levels were not associated with higher risk of cardiovascular outcomes; in a comparison of extreme quintiles, higher levels were associated with lower risk of total CVD (0.92; 0.86-0.99). No consistent heterogeneity by population subgroups was identified in the observed relationships. CONCLUSIONS In pooled global analyses, higher in vivo circulating and tissue levels of LA and possibly AA were associated with lower risk of major cardiovascular events. These results support a favorable role for LA in CVD prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Marklund
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Sweden
- The George Institute for Global Health and the Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jason HY Wu
- The George Institute for Global Health and the Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Liana C. Del Gobbo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Amanda Fretts
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Janette de Goede
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Peilin Shi
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Nathan Tintle
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Dordt College, Sioux Centre, IA
| | - Maria Wennberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Sweden
| | | | - Tzu-An Chen
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Marcia C. de Oliveira Otto
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, the University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Houston
| | - Yoichiro Hirakawa
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Janine Kröger
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Federica Laguzzi
- Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Lankinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio
| | - Rachel A. Murphy
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kiesha Prem
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore
| | - Cécilia Samieri
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, TUMR 1219, France
| | - Jyrki Virtanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio
| | - Alexis C. Wood
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Kerry Wong
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wei-Sin Yang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei
| | - Xia Zhou
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Ana Baylin
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Jolanda M.A. Boer
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hannia Campos
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Paulo H. M. Chaves
- Benjamin Leon for Geriatrics Research and Education, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami
| | - Kuo-Liong Chien
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luc Djoussé
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, MA
| | - Gudny Eiriksdottir
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kópavogur, Iceland; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik
| | - Naglaa El-Abbadi
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
- USDA Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center, Boston, MA
| | - Nita G. Forouhi
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - J. Michael Gaziano
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, MA
| | | | - Bruna Gigante
- Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Graham Giles
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eliseo Guallar
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kópavogur, Iceland; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik
| | | | - William S. Harris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls
- OmegaQuant Analytics, LLC, Sioux Falls, SD
| | - Catherine Helmer
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, TUMR 1219, France
| | - Mai-Lis Hellenius
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Allison Hodge
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Paul F. Jacques
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
- USDA Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center, Boston, MA
| | - Jan-Håkan Jansson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Research Unit Skellefteå, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anya Kalsbeek
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Dordt College, Sioux Centre, IA
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Karin Leander
- Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hung-Ju Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Robert Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Juhua Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University, Bloomington
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Jaakko Mursu
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio
| | - Toshiharu Ninomiya
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Study, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle
| | - Eric Rimm
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Matthias B. Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | | | | | - Albert V. Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kópavogur, Iceland; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik
| | - Brian T. Steffen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Lyn Steffen
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Michael Y. Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Hugh Tunstall-Pedoe
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, University of Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Matti I. J. Uusitupa
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore
| | - Jenna Veenstra
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Dordt College, Sioux Centre, IA
| | - W.M. Monique Verschuren
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nick Wareham
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Walter Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mark Woodward
- The George Institute for Global Health and the Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, University of Dundee, United Kingdom
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer, and Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Renata Micha
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Rozenn N Lemaitre
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Parikh M, Pierce GN. Dietary flaxseed: what we know and don't know about its effects on cardiovascular disease. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 97:75-81. [PMID: 30562057 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) is composed of a unique combination of bioactive components that appear to generate, through either an isolated or a synergistic action, a significant beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system. With a significant increase in the generation of data on the dietary impact of flaxseed on the cardiovascular system, a review of where we stand - what we know and what we still need to understand about these effects on the heart and the vasculature - was thought to be of value and the rationale for this paper. For example, although we now know how to deliver the bioactives most efficiently (oil versus ground seed versus whole seed), we do not know how different foods can influence that delivery. Further, we know flaxseed has anti-arrhythmic, anti-atherogenic, anti-hypertensive, and cholesterol-lowering actions in animal studies and some selected human trials but much more needs to be learned, particularly in human trials. These results have justified further commitment of resources to the initiation of human trials. Because of the impact of nutrition on many chronic diseases, this may not only be true for the effects of flaxseed on cardiovascular disease but may be just as relevant for many other disease conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Parikh
- a Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.,b Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Grant N Pierce
- a Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.,b Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bork CS, Venø SK, Lundbye-Christensen S, Jakobsen MU, Tjønneland A, Schmidt EB, Overvad K. Dietary Intake of α-Linolenic Acid Is Not Appreciably Associated with Risk of Ischemic Stroke among Middle-Aged Danish Men and Women. J Nutr 2018; 148:952-958. [PMID: 29767732 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intake of the plant-derived omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid α-linolenic acid (ALA) may reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. Objective We have investigated the associations between dietary intake of ALA and the risk of ischemic stroke and ischemic stroke subtypes. Methods This was a follow-up study. A total of 57,053 participants aged 50-64 y were enrolled into the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort between 1993 and 1997. Intake of ALA was assessed by a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Potential incident cases of ischemic stroke were identified in the Danish National Patient Register, validated, and classified into subtypes based on assumed etiology. Statistical analyses were performed via Cox proportional hazard regression with adjustment for established ischemic stroke risk factors. Results A total of 1859 ischemic stroke cases were identified during a median of 13.5 y of follow-up. In multivariable analyses using restricted cubic splines adjusting for traditional risk factors for ischemic stroke, we observed no clear associations between dietary intake of ALA and the risk of total ischemic stroke or any of its subtypes including ischemic stroke due to large artery atherosclerosis, ischemic stroke due to small-vessel occlusion, and ischemic stroke due to cardio-embolism. Conclusion Dietary intake of ALA was neither consistently nor appreciably associated with the risk of ischemic stroke or ischemic stroke subtypes among middle-aged Danish men and women. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03258983.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Bork
- Department of Cardiology, Unit of Clinical Biostatistics, and Atrial Fibrillation Study Group, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Stine K Venø
- Department of Cardiology, Unit of Clinical Biostatistics, and Atrial Fibrillation Study Group, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, and Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Lundbye-Christensen
- Unit of Clinical Biostatistics, and Atrial Fibrillation Study Group, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Atrial Fibrillation Study Group, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Marianne U Jakobsen
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Erik B Schmidt
- Department of Cardiology, Unit of Clinical Biostatistics, and Atrial Fibrillation Study Group, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, and Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Cardiology, Unit of Clinical Biostatistics, and Atrial Fibrillation Study Group, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang B, Ren XL, Huang H, Guo XJ, Ma AG, Li D. Circulating long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and incidence of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Oncotarget 2017; 8:83781-83791. [PMID: 29137382 PMCID: PMC5663554 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating long-chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) can provide objective measures that reflect both dietary consumption and relevant biological processes. Nevertheless, prospective cohort studies on circulating LC n-3 PUFA in relation to incidence of stroke have yielded inconsistent results. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis to quantitatively evaluate the association. Results A total of 2,836 stroke events occurred among 20,460 individuals aged 35–79 yr from 10 prospective cohort studies. Circulating LC n-3 PUFA was significantly associated with reduced risk of stroke (RR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.76, 0.98; I2 = 0.00%), especially 22:5n-3 (RR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.92) and 22:6n-3 (RR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.65, 0.94). The associations were more pronounced with ischemic stroke (RR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.96), but not with hemorrhagic stroke (RR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.60, 1.49). A 1% increment of 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 proportions in circulating blood was associated with 25% (RR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.87) and 11% (RR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.95) reduced risk of stroke, respectively. Materials and Methods Pertinent studies were identified from Cochrane Library, PubMed and EMBASE database through June 2017. Multivariate-adjusted risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for incident stroke when comparing the top with the bottom tertiles of baseline LC n-3 PUFA proportions in blood were pooled using a random-effect model. Conclusions Circulating LC n-3 PUFAs were linearly associated with reduced risk of stroke, especially 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. Such findings highlight the importance of circulating LC n-3 PUFA in the development of ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health of Zhejiang Province, School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Li Ren
- The Laboratory of Animal Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health of Zhejiang Province, School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health of Zhejiang Province, School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ai-Guo Ma
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Duo Li
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Baker EJ, Miles EA, Burdge GC, Yaqoob P, Calder PC. Metabolism and functional effects of plant-derived omega-3 fatty acids in humans. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:30-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
13
|
Rice HB, Bernasconi A, Maki KC, Harris WS, von Schacky C, Calder PC. Conducting omega-3 clinical trials with cardiovascular outcomes: Proceedings of a workshop held at ISSFAL 2014. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 107:30-42. [PMID: 26858145 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to earlier long-chain (LC) omega-3 (i.e. EPA and DHA) investigations, some recent studies have not demonstrated significant effects of EPA and DHA on cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. The neutral findings may have been due to experimental design issues, such as: maintenance on aggressive cardiovascular drug treatment overshadowing the benefits of LC omega-3s, high background LC omega-3 intake, too few subjects in the study, treatment duration too short, insufficient LC omega-3 dosage, increase in omega-6 fatty acid intake during the study, failure to assess the LC omega-3 status of the subjects prior to and during treatment and lack of clarity concerning which mechanisms were expected to produce benefits. At the 11th ISSFAL Congress, a workshop was held on conducting LC omega-3 clinical trials with cardiovascular outcomes, with the goal of gaining a better understanding concerning aspects of experimental design that should be considered when planning clinical studies related to EPA and DHA and potential cardiovascular benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry B Rice
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Aldo Bernasconi
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kevin C Maki
- Midwest Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Research, Glen Ellyn, IL, USA
| | - William S Harris
- Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Inc., Richmond, VA, USA; University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; OmegaQuant Analytics, LLC, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | | | - Philip C Calder
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Associations of serum n-3 and n-6 PUFA and hair mercury with the risk of incident stroke in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (KIHD). Br J Nutr 2016; 115:1851-9. [PMID: 26991769 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516000982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PUFA have been associated with lower risk of CVD, but less is known about their association with stroke risk. Fish, a major source of n-3 PUFA, may also contain methylmercury, which has been associated with higher risk of CVD and attenuation of the benefits of long-chain n-3 PUFA. We investigated the associations of serum n-3 and n-6 PUFA and hair Hg with risk of stroke in men. A total of 1828 men from the prospective, population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, aged 42-60 years and free of CVD at baseline in 1984-1989 were studied. Cox regression models were used for the analyses. During the mean follow-up of 21·2 years, 202 stroke cases occurred, of which 153 were ischaemic strokes. After adjustment for age and examination year, the only statistically significant association among the n-3 and n-6 PUFA was observed between the n-3 PUFA α-linolenic acid and risk of haemorrhagic stroke (hazard ratio in the highest v. the lowest quartile 0·33; 95 % CI 0·13, 0·86; P trend=0·03). However, further adjustments attenuated the association to statistically non-significant. Hair Hg was not associated with stroke risk, but among those with hair Hg above the median level, higher serum long-chain n-3 PUFA concentrations were associated with a higher risk of ischaemic stroke. In our cohort of men, serum n-3 or n-6 PUFA or hair Hg were not associated with stroke risk; however, the interaction between Hg and long-chain n-3 PUFA with regard to ischaemic stroke risk warrants further investigation.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chung HK, Cho Y, Do HJ, Oh K, Seo WK, Shin MJ. Plasma phospholipid arachidonic acid and lignoceric acid are associated with the risk of cardioembolic stroke. Nutr Res 2015; 35:1001-8. [PMID: 26452419 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardioembolic (CE) stroke is the most severe subtype of ischemic stroke with high recurrence and mortality. However, there is still little information on the association of plasma fatty acid (FA) with CE stroke. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis whether the composition of plasma phospholipid FA is associated with the risk of CE stroke. The study subjects were collected from the Korea University Stroke Registry. Twenty-one subjects were selected as CE stroke group, and 39 age- and sex-matched subjects with non-CE stroke were selected as controls. Sociodemographic factors, clinical measurements, and plasma phospholipid FA compositions were compared between the groups. Logistic regression was used to obtain estimates of the associations between the relevant FAs and CE stroke. The result showed that the CE stroke group had higher levels of free FA and lower levels of triglycerides before and after adjustment (all P < .05). In the regression analysis, elaidic acid (18:1Tn9) and arachidonic acid (20:4n6) were positively related, but lignoceric acid (24:0) was negatively related to CE stroke in all constructed models (all P < .05). In conclusion, plasma phospholipid FA composition was associated with CE stroke risk in Korean population, with higher proportions of elaidic acid and arachidonic acid and lower proportion of lignoceric acid in CE stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyung Chung
- Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsu Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Do
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmi Oh
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul 152-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Keun Seo
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul 152-703, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Jeong Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Blondeau N. The nutraceutical potential of omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid in reducing the consequences of stroke. Biochimie 2015; 120:49-55. [PMID: 26092420 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a worldwide major cause of mortality and morbidity. Preclinical studies have identified over 1000 molecules with brain-protective properties. More than 200 clinical trials have evaluated neuroprotective candidates for ischemic stroke yet, to date almost all failed, leading to a re-analysis of treatment strategies against stroke. An emerging view is to seek combinatory therapy, or discovering molecules able to stimulate multiple protective and regenerative mechanisms. A pertinent experimental approach to identify such candidates is the study of brain preconditioning, which refers to how the brain protects itself against ischemia and others stress-inducing stimuli. The recent discovery that nutrients like alpha-linolenic acid (ALA is an essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid required as part of our daily diet), may be an efficient brain preconditionner against stroke fosters the novel concept of brain preconditioning by nutraceuticals. This review stresses the underestimated role of nutrition in preventing and combating stroke. Although there is a consensus that increased consumption of salt, fatty foods and alcoholic beverages may promote pathologies like hypertension, obesity and alcoholism - all of which are well known risk factors of stroke - few risk factors are attributed to a deficiency in an essential nutrient in the diet. The ALA deficiency observed in the Western modern diets may itself constitute a risk factor. This review outlines how ALA supplementation by modification of the daily diet prevented mortality and cerebral damage in a rodent model of ischemic stroke. It also describes the pleiotropic ability of ALA to trigger responses that are multicellular, mechanistically diverse, resulting in neuronal protection, stimulation of neuroplasticity, and brain artery vasodilation. Overall, this review proposes a promising therapeutic opportunity by integrating a nutritional-based approach focusing on enriching the daily diet in ALA to prevent the devastating damage caused by stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Blondeau
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, F-06560, France; CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, F-06560, France.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Elhardallou SB, Elawad AM, Khairi NA, Gobouri AA, Dhahawi HO. A review on omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids: uses, benefits and their availability in pumpkins (Cucurbita maxima) seed and desert dates (Balanites aegyptiaca) seed kernel oils. Pak J Biol Sci 2015; 17:1195-208. [PMID: 26027166 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2014.1195.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
18
|
Alpha-linolenic acid: an omega-3 fatty acid with neuroprotective properties-ready for use in the stroke clinic? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:519830. [PMID: 25789320 PMCID: PMC4350958 DOI: 10.1155/2015/519830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is plant-based essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids that must be obtained through the diet. This could explain in part why the severe deficiency in omega-3 intake pointed by numerous epidemiologic studies may increase the brain's vulnerability representing an important risk factor in the development and/or deterioration of certain cardio- and neuropathologies. The roles of ALA in neurological disorders remain unclear, especially in stroke that is a leading cause of death. We and others have identified ALA as a potential nutraceutical to protect the brain from stroke, characterized by its pleiotropic effects in neuroprotection, vasodilation of brain arteries, and neuroplasticity. This review highlights how chronic administration of ALA protects against rodent models of hypoxic-ischemic injury and exerts an anti-depressant-like activity, effects that likely involve multiple mechanisms in brain, and may be applied in stroke prevention. One major effect may be through an increase in mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a widely expressed protein in brain that plays critical roles in neuronal maintenance, and learning and memory. Understanding the precise roles of ALA in neurological disorders will provide the underpinnings for the development of new therapies for patients and families who could be devastated by these disorders.
Collapse
|
19
|
Monteiro J, Leslie M, Moghadasian MH, Arendt BM, Allard JP, Ma DWL. The role of n - 6 and n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the manifestation of the metabolic syndrome in cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Food Funct 2014; 5:426-35. [PMID: 24496399 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60551e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are manifestations of the metabolic syndrome. CVD remains the number one cause of mortality in the West, while NAFLD is the most common liver disease. Growing evidence suggests that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) influence risk factors including circulating lipids and inflammation on the development of CVD and NAFLD. N - 6 and n - 3 PUFA are comprised of distinct family members, which are increasingly recognized for their individual effects. Therefore, this review examines what is currently known about the specific effects of the major n - 3 and n - 6 PUFA on CVD and NAFLD. Overall, this review supports a beneficial effect of n - 3 PUFA and highlights distinctive effects between alpha-linolenic acid found in plant oils relative to marine derived eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. This review also highlights contrasting health effects between the n - 6 PUFA, linoleic and arachidonic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Monteiro
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, 491 Gordon Street, University of Guelph, Animal Science/Nutrition Building, Room 342, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Plasma phospholipid and dietary α-linolenic acid, mortality, CHD and stroke: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:1206-13. [PMID: 25159901 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514001925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that long-chain n-3 fatty acids derived from seafood are associated with a lower risk of mortality, CHD and stroke. Whether α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18 : 3n-3), a plant-derived long-chain essential n-3 fatty acid, is associated with a lower risk of these outcomes is unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations of plasma phospholipid and dietary ALA with the risk of mortality, CHD and stroke among older adults who participated in the Cardiovascular Health Study, a cohort study of adults aged ≥ 65 years. A total of 2709 participants were included in the plasma phospholipid ALA analysis and 2583 participants were included in the dietary ALA analysis. Cox regression was used to assess the associations of plasma phospholipid and dietary ALA with the risk of mortality, incident CHD and stroke. In minimally and multivariable-adjusted models, plasma phospholipid ALA was found to be not associated with the risk of mortality, incident CHD or stroke. After adjustment for age, sex, race, enrolment site, education, smoking status, diabetes, BMI, alcohol consumption, treated hypertension and total energy intake, higher dietary ALA intake was found to be associated with a lower risk of total and non-cardiovascular mortality; on comparing the highest quintiles of dietary ALA with the lowest quintiles, the HR for total mortality and non-cardiovascular mortality were found to be 0·73 (95 % CI 0·61, 0·88) and 0·64 (95 % CI 0·52, 0·80), respectively. Dietary ALA was found to be not associated with the risk of cardiovascular mortality, incident CHD or stroke. In conclusion, the results of the present suggest study that dietary ALA, but not plasma phospholipid ALA, is associated with a lower risk of total and non-cardiovascular mortality in older adults.
Collapse
|
21
|
Calabrò S, Cutrignelli MI, Gonzalez OJ, Chiofalo B, Grossi M, Tudisco R, Panetta C, Infascelli F. Meat quality of buffalo young bulls fed faba bean as protein source. Meat Sci 2014; 96:591-6. [PMID: 24018277 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen Italian Mediterranean Buffalo young bulls were divided into two groups fed isoprotein and isoenergy diets and only differing for protein source of concentrate: faba bean (FB) vs soybean (SB). Animals were slaughtered at 350 kg BW. Meat from FB group showed significantly lower fat, protein, cholesterol and saturated fatty acids than SB group. Significant differences were also found between the three muscles analysed [Longissimus thoracis (LT), Semitendinosus (ST) and Iliopsoas plus Psoas minor (IP)]. ST showed the most favourable fatty acids profile: lower SFA, higher PUFA, MUFA, ω-3, ω-6, CLA and, consequently, lower values for both atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes. Results showed that faba bean can be used as a protein source alternative to soybean in the diet of young buffalo bulls for the production of high quality meat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Calabrò
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Koh AS, Pan A, Wang R, Odegaard AO, Pereira MA, Yuan JM, Koh WP. The association between dietary omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular death: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013; 22:364-72. [PMID: 24343844 DOI: 10.1177/2047487313517576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although studies suggest that omega-3 fatty acids intake may reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risk, few studies have differentiated dietary eicosapentaenoic/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA) from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and epidemiological research in Asian populations is limited. METHODS The Singapore Chinese Health Study is a population-based cohort that recruited 63,257 Chinese adults aged 45-74 years from 1993 to 1998. Usual diet was measured at recruitment using a validated semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire, and mortality information was identified via registry linkage up to 31 December 2011. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS We documented 4780 cardiovascular deaths (including 2697 coronary heart disease (CHD) deaths and 1298 stroke deaths) during 890,473 person-years of follow up. Omega-3 fatty acids intake was monotonically associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular mortality. Compared to the lowest quartile, the HR was 0.88 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.81-0.96), 0.88 (95% CI 0.80-0.97), and 0.83 (95% CI 0.74-0.92) for the second, third, and highest quartile, respectively (p-trend = 0.003). Both EPA/DHA and ALA were independently associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular mortality: HR comparing extreme quartiles was 0.86 (95% CI 0.77-0.96, p-trend = 0.002) and 0.81 (95% CI 0.73-0.90, p-trend < 0.001), respectively. The associations were similar for deaths from CHD and stroke and persisted in participants who were free of CVD at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Higher intakes of marine (EPA/DHA) and plant (ALA) omega-3 fatty acids are both associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular mortality in a Chinese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - An Pan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Renwei Wang
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew O Odegaard
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark A Pereira
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Virtanen JK, Siscovick DS, Lemaitre RN, Longstreth WT, Spiegelman D, Rimm EB, King IB, Mozaffarian D. Circulating omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and subclinical brain abnormalities on MRI in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000305. [PMID: 24113325 PMCID: PMC3835236 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Consumption of tuna or other broiled or baked fish, but not fried fish, is associated with fewer subclinical brain abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We investigated the association between plasma phospholipid omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), objective biomarkers of exposure, and subclinical brain abnormalities on MRI. Methods and Results In the community‐based Cardiovascular Health Study, 3660 participants aged ≥65 underwent brain MRI in 1992–1994, and 2313 were rescanned 5 years later. MRIs were centrally read by neuroradiologists in a standardized, blinded manner. Participants with recognized transient ischemic attacks or stroke were excluded. Phospholipid PUFAs were measured in stored plasma collected in 1992–1993 and related to cross‐sectional and longitudinal MRI findings. After multivariable adjustment, the odds ratio for having a prevalent subclinical infarct was 0.60 (95% CI, 0.44 to 0.82; P for trend=0.001) in the highest versus lowest long‐chain omega‐3 PUFA quartile. Higher long‐chain omega‐3 PUFA content was also associated with better white matter grade, but not with sulcal or ventricular grades, markers of brain atrophy, or with incident subclinical infarcts. The phospholipid intermediate‐chain omega‐3 PUFA alpha‐linolenic acid was associated only with modestly better sulcal and ventricular grades. However, this finding was not supported in the analyses with alpha‐linolenic acid intake. Conclusions Among older adults, higher phospholipid long‐chain omega‐3 PUFA content was associated with lower prevalence of subclinical infarcts and better white matter grade on MRI. Our results support the beneficial effects of fish consumption, the major source of long‐chain omega‐3 PUFAs, on brain health in later life. The role of plant‐derived alpha‐linolenic acid in brain health requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyrki K Virtanen
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
De Goede J, Verschuren WMM, Boer JMA, Kromhout D, Geleijnse JM. N-6 and n-3 fatty acid cholesteryl esters in relation to incident stroke in a Dutch adult population: a nested case-control study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 23:737-743. [PMID: 22633188 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There are few prospective studies on fatty acid status in relation to incident stroke, with inconsistent results. We assessed the associations of plasma n-6 and n-3 PUFA in cholesteryl esters with the risk of total stroke and stroke subtypes in Dutch adults. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a nested case-control study using data from a population-based cohort study in adults aged 20-65 years. Blood sampling and data collection took place during 1993-1997 and subjects were followed for 8-13 years. We identified 179 incident cases of stroke and 179 randomly selected controls, matched on age, gender, and enrollment date. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated per standard deviation (SD) increase of PUFA in cholesteryl esters using multivariable conditional logistic regression. Cases comprised 93 ischemic, 50 hemorrhagic, and 36 unspecified strokes. The n-6 PUFA linoleic acid and arachidonic acid contributed ~55% and ~6.5% respectively to total plasma fatty acids, whereas the n-3 PUFA alpha-linolenic acid contributed ~0.5% and eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid (EPA-DHA) ~1.3%. After adjustment for confounders, n-6 and n-3 PUFA were not associated with incident total stroke or stroke subtypes. The OR (95% CI) for total stroke was 0.95 (0.74-1.23) per SD increase in linoleic acid and 1.02 (0.80-1.30) per SD increase in arachidonic acid. ORs (95% CI) for total stroke were 0.94 (0.72-1.21) for alpha-linolenic acid and 1.16 (0.94-1.45) for EPA-DHA. CONCLUSION In the present study, plasma n-6 or n-3 fatty acids were not related to incident stroke or stroke subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J De Goede
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yamagishi K, Folsom AR, Steffen LM. Plasma fatty acid composition and incident ischemic stroke in middle-aged adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Cerebrovasc Dis 2013; 36:38-46. [PMID: 23920478 DOI: 10.1159/000351205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of individual fatty acids with ischemic stroke has not been thoroughly studied, and results have been inconsistent. Few prospective studies have systematically explored the association of biomarkers of fatty acid intake with stroke. The aim of this study was to explore which individual plasma fatty acids would be associated with higher risk of ischemic stroke among whites. METHODS We studied 3,870 white men and women from the Minneapolis field center of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, aged 45-64 years at baseline (1987-1989), who had plasma cholesterol ester (CE) and phospholipid (PL) fatty acids measured. Participants were followed through 2008 for incident ischemic stroke. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) across quartiles of each fatty acid, measured as the percentage of total fatty acids, were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS During a maximum of 22 years of follow-up, we identified 168 cases of ischemic stroke. After adjustment for age and sex, plasma levels of saturated fatty acids were associated positively: HR (95% CI) of the highest versus the lowest quartile for CE fraction was 1.93 (1.23-3.04, p for trend = 0.01) and that for PL fraction was 1.64 (1.05-2.57, p for trend = 0.03). There was also a positive linear association with monounsaturated fatty acids, especially with palmitoleic acid: HR (95% CI) of the highest versus the lowest quartile for CE fraction was 1.86 (1.20-2.87, p for trend = 0.003) and that for PL fraction was 1.52 (0.99-2.34, p for trend = 0.005). No associations of ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids with ischemic stroke were observed, but linoleic acid was inversely and nonlinearly associated with ischemic stroke: HR (95% CI) of the highest versus the lowest quartile for CE fraction was 0.64 (0.43-0.97, p for trend = 0.13) and that for PL fraction was 0.69 (0.45-1.05, p for trend = 0.24). These associations were generally unchanged after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS In this US cohort of whites, we found significant positive associations of plasma saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, especially of palmitoleic acid, with ischemic stroke. We also found an inverse nonlinear association between linoleic acid and ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Yamagishi
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Suematsu Y, Miura SI, Zhang B, Uehara Y, Tokunaga M, Yonemoto N, Nonogi H, Nagao K, Kimura T, Saku K. Associations between the consumption of different kinds of seafood and out-of-hospital cardiac arrests of cardiac origin in Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY. HEART & VESSELS 2013; 2:8-14. [PMID: 29450158 PMCID: PMC5801261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchv.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective cohort studies have shown that seafood consumption is inversely related to fatal coronary heart disease, sudden cardiac death and stroke. We studied whether the kind of seafood consumed in addition to seafood consumption per se is associated with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) of cardiac origin. METHODS AND RESULTS We compared the average consumption of different kinds of seafood and other risk factors to the average incidence of age-adjusted OHCA (660,672 cases of OHCA: 55.2% of cardiac origin and 44.8% of non-cardiac origin) between 2005 and 2010 in the 47 prefectures of Japan. There were many significant correlations between the incidence of age-adjusted OHCA of cardiac origin (ad-OHCA-CO) and the consumption of many kinds of seafood, but not the total consumption of seafood. The consumption of horse mackerel (r = - 0.568, p < 0.0001) and saury (r = 0.607, p < 0.0001) showed the highest negative and positive correlations, respectively, with the age-adjusted incidence of ad-OHCA-CO. CONCLUSIONS In Japan, the consumption of different kinds of seafood may be an important factor in OHCA of cardiac origin. Thus, dietary habits with regard to seafood may play a role in OHCA of cardiac origin, however, the question of whether to eat fish in general or instead to eat certain kinds of fish is still unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Suematsu
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Miura
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
- The AIG Collaborative Research Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukuoka University, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Bo Zhang
- The AIG Collaborative Research Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukuoka University, 814-0180, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Uehara
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
- The AIG Collaborative Research Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukuoka University, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Masaki Tokunaga
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Naohiro Yonemoto
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nonogi
- Hospital Deputy, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka 420-8527, Japan
| | - Ken Nagao
- Department of Cardiology, Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care, Surugadai Nihon University Hospital, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 101-8309, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Keijiro Saku
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
- The AIG Collaborative Research Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukuoka University, 814-0180, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Eckert GP, Lipka U, Muller WE. Omega-3 fatty acids in neurodegenerative diseases: focus on mitochondria. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:105-14. [PMID: 22727983 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction represents a common early pathological event in brain aging and in neurodegenerative diseases, e.g., in Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD), as well as in ischemic stroke. In vivo and ex vivo experiments using animal models of aging and AD, PD, and HD mainly showed improvement of mitochondrial function after treatment with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Thereby, PUFA are particular beneficial in animals treated with mitochondria targeting toxins. However, DHA showed adverse effects in a transgenic PD mouse model and it is not clear if a diet high or low in PUFA might provide neuroprotective effects in PD. Post-treatment with PUFA revealed conflicting results in ischemic animal models, but intravenous administered DHA provided neuroprotective efficacy after acute occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. In summary, the majority of preclinical data indicate beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA in neurodegenerative diseases, whereas most controlled clinical trials did not meet the expectations. Because of the high half-life of DHA in the human brain clinical studies may have to be initiated much earlier and have to last much longer to be more efficacious.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunter P Eckert
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, Campus Riedberg, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Biocentre Geb. N260, R.1.09, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Pan A, Chen M, Chowdhury R, Wu JHY, Sun Q, Campos H, Mozaffarian D, Hu FB. α-Linolenic acid and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:1262-73. [PMID: 23076616 PMCID: PMC3497923 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.044040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies of α-linolenic acid (ALA), a plant-derived omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk have generated inconsistent results. OBJECTIVE We conducted a meta-analysis to summarize the evidence regarding the relation of ALA and CVD risk. DESIGN We searched multiple electronic databases through January 2012 for studies that reported the association between ALA (assessed as dietary intake or as a biomarker in blood or adipose tissue) and CVD risk in prospective and retrospective studies. We pooled the multivariate-adjusted RRs comparing the top with the bottom tertile of ALA using random-effects meta-analysis, which allowed for between-study heterogeneity. RESULTS Twenty-seven original studies were identified, including 251,049 individuals and 15,327 CVD events. The overall pooled RR was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.77, 0.97; I² = 71.3%). The association was significant in 13 comparisons that used dietary ALA as the exposure (pooled RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.99; I² = 49.0%), with similar but nonsignificant trends in 17 comparisons in which ALA biomarkers were used as the exposure (pooled RR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.63, 1.03; I² = 79.8%). An evaluation of mean participant age, study design (prospective compared with retrospective), exposure assessment (self-reported diet compared with biomarker), and outcome [fatal coronary heart disease (CHD), nonfatal CHD, total CHD, or stroke] showed that none were statistically significant sources of heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS In observational studies, higher ALA exposure is associated with a moderately lower risk of CVD. The results were generally consistent for dietary and biomarker studies but were not statistically significant for biomarker studies. However, the high unexplained heterogeneity highlights the need for additional well-designed observational studies and large randomized clinical trials to evaluate the effects of ALA on CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An Pan
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hoenselaar R. Re: More discrepancies around saturated fat and cardiovascular diseases. Nutrition 2012; 28:1206-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
31
|
Nounou HA, Deif MM, Shalaby MA. Effect of flaxseed supplementation and exercise training on lipid profile, oxidative stress and inflammation in rats with myocardial ischemia. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:129. [PMID: 23036047 PMCID: PMC3508923 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Flaxseed has recently gained attention in the area of cardiovascular disease primarily because of its rich contents of α-linolenic acid (ALA), lignans, and fiber. Although the benefits of exercise on any single risk factor are unquestionable, the effect of exercise on overall cardiovascular risk, when combined with other lifestyle modifications such as proper nutrition, can be dramatic. This study was carried out to evaluate the protective role of flaxseed and exercise on cardiac markers, lipids profile and inflammatory markers in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial ischemia in rats. Methods The research was conducted on 40 male albino rats, divided into 4 groups (n=10): group I served as control, group II has acute myocardial ischemia induced by isoproterenol, groups III and IV have acute myocardial ischemia induced by isoproterenol pretreated with flaxseed supplementation orally for 6 weeks, additionally group IV practiced muscular exercise through swimming. Results Alterations of lipid profile, cardiac and inflammatory markers (Il-1β, PTX 3 and TNF- α) were observed in myocardial ischemia group. Flaxseed supplementation combined with exercise training showed significant increase of HDL and PON 1, on the other hand cardiac troponin, Il- 1β and TNF- α levels significantly decreased as compared to myocardial ischemic group. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis of cTnI, PTX 3, Il-1β and TNF- α revealed a satisfactory level of sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion Regular exercise enhances the improvement in plasma lipoprotein levels and cardiovascular protection that results from flaxseed supplementation by mitigating the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Elevation of HDL, the antioxidant PON 1 and the cardioprotective marker PTX 3 emphasizes the protective effects of flaxseed and muscular exercise mutually against the harmful effects of acute myocardial ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Howaida A Nounou
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chiofalo B, Presti VL, Chiofalo V, Gresta F. The productive traits, fatty acid profile and nutritional indices of three lupin (Lupinus spp.) species cultivated in a Mediterranean environment for the livestock. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
33
|
Dietary fats and dietary cholesterol and risk of stroke in women. Atherosclerosis 2012; 221:282-6. [PMID: 22265275 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether intakes of dietary fat and cholesterol are associated with risk of stroke remain unclear. We examined the associations between intakes of total fat, specific types of fat, and cholesterol and risk of stroke in a prospective cohort of women. METHODS The study population consisted of 34,670 women, aged 49-83 years, in the Swedish Mammography Cohort who were free of cardiovascular disease and completed a food-frequency questionnaire in 1997. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 10.4 years, we ascertained 1680 stroke events, including 1310 cerebral infarctions, 233 hemorrhagic strokes, and 137 unspecified strokes. After adjustment for other stroke risk factors, intake of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was inversely associated with risk of total stroke. The multivariable RR of total stroke for the highest compared with the lowest quintile of long-chain omega-3 PUFA intake was 0.84 (95% CI, 0.72-0.99; P for trend=0.04). Dietary cholesterol was positively associated with risk of total stroke (highest versus lowest quintile: RR=1.20; 95% CI, 1.00-1.44; P for trend=0.01) and cerebral infarction (corresponding RR=1.29; 95% CI, 1.05-1.58; P for trend=0.004). Total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, α-linolenic acid, and omega-6 PUFA intakes were not associated with stroke. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that intake of long-chain omega-3 PUFAs is inversely associated with risk of stroke, whereas dietary cholesterol is positively associated with risk.
Collapse
|
34
|
Sala-Vila A, Ros E. Mounting evidence that increased consumption of α-linolenic acid, the vegetable n-3 fatty acid, may benefit cardiovascular health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.11.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
35
|
Alpha-linolenic acid intake and 10-year incidence of coronary heart disease and stroke in 20,000 middle-aged men and women in the Netherlands. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17967. [PMID: 21464993 PMCID: PMC3064584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Whether intake of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), the plant-derived n-3
polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), could prevent cardiovascular diseases is
not yet clear. We examined the associations of ALA intake with 10-year
incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in the Netherlands. Methods Data were collected from a general population of 20,069 generally healthy men
and women, aged 20 to 65 years. Habitual diet was assessed at baseline
(1993–1997) with a validated 178-item food frequency questionnaire.
Incidences of CHD and stroke were assessed through linkage with mortality
and morbidity registers. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated with
multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age, gender,
lifestyle, and dietary factors. Results During 8–13 years of follow-up, we observed 280 incident CHD events
(19% fatal) and 221 strokes (4% fatal). Intakes of
energy-adjusted ALA in quintiles ranged from less than 1.0 g/d in the bottom
quintile (Q1) to more than 1.9 g/d in the top quintile (Q5). ALA intake was
not associated with incident CHD, with HRs varying between 0.89 and 1.01
(all p>0.05) in Q2–Q5 compared with the bottom quintile of ALA
intake. For incident stroke, however, participants in Q2–Q5 had a
35–50% lower risk compared with the reference group. HRs were
0.65 (0.43–0.97), 0.49 (0.31–0.76), 0.53 (0.34–0.83), and
0.65 (0.41–1.04) for Q2–Q5 respectively. Conclusion In this general Dutch population, ALA intake was not associated with incident
CHD. The data suggested that a low intake of ALA may be a risk factor for
incident stroke. These results warrant confirmation in other
population-based studies and in trials.
Collapse
|
36
|
Carvalho I, Teixeira M, Brodelius M. Fatty acids profile of selected Artemisia spp. plants: Health promotion. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2010.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
37
|
Rodriguez-Leyva D, Dupasquier CMC, McCullough R, Pierce GN. The cardiovascular effects of flaxseed and its omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid. Can J Cardiol 2010; 26:489-96. [PMID: 21076723 DOI: 10.1016/s0828-282x(10)70455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Preventing the occurrence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) with nutritional interventions is a therapeutic strategy that may warrant greater research attention. The increased use of omega (ω)-3 fatty acids is a powerful example of one such nutritional strategy that may produce significant cardiovascular benefits. Marine food products have provided the traditional dietary sources of ω-3 fatty acids. Flaxseed is an alternative to marine products. It is one of the richest sources of the plant-based ω-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Based on the results of clinical trials, epidemiological investigations and experimental studies, ingestion of ALA has been suggested to have a positive impact on CVD. Because of its high ALA content, the use of flaxseed has been advocated to combat CVD. The purpose of the present review was to identify the known cardiovascular effects of flaxseed and ALA and, just as importantly, what is presently unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delfin Rodriguez-Leyva
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre and Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mahe G, Ronziere T, Laviolle B, Golfier V, Cochery T, De Bray JM, Paillard F. An unfavorable dietary pattern is associated with symptomatic ischemic stroke and carotid atherosclerosis. J Vasc Surg 2010; 52:62-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.02.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
39
|
Geleijnse JM, Giltay EJ, Schouten EG, de Goede J, Griep LMO, Teitsma-Jansen AM, Katan MB, Kromhout D. Effect of low doses of n-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases in 4,837 post-myocardial infarction patients: design and baseline characteristics of the Alpha Omega Trial. Am Heart J 2010; 159:539-546.e2. [PMID: 20362710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2009.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weekly fish consumption has been related to a lower risk of fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) and incident stroke in populations with a low fish intake. This relation has mainly been attributed to n-3 fatty acids in fish, that is, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). It is at present unclear whether alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), a n-3 fatty acid from vegetable origin, could also be protective against cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). There is a need for food-based trials to establish the efficacy of low doses of n-3 fatty acids in CVD prevention. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of an additional daily intake of 400 mg of EPA + DHA and 2 g of ALA on CVD morbidity and mortality in free-living subjects with a history of myocardial infarction. DESIGN The multicenter Alpha Omega Trial is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with a 2 x 2 factorial design. Between May 2002 and December 2006, we enrolled a total of 4,837 men and women aged 60 through 80 who experienced a myocardial infarction within 10 years before entering the study. Subjects were randomized to 1 of 4 margarine spreads that were enriched with EPA + DHA and/or ALA, or placebo. Compliance was monitored via tub counts and assessment of n-3 fatty acids in plasma. Subjects were observed for 40 months for the occurrence of fatal and nonfatal CVD. RESULTS The cohort was on average 69 years old at the start of the study and comprised 22% women. Subjects had their (last) myocardial infarction approximately 4 years before enrollment. Mean body mass index was 27.7 kg/m(2), and 17% smoked. Average serum total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were 4.7 and 1.3 mmol/L, respectively, and 85% used statins. Mean blood pressure was 142/80 mm Hg, and most subjects were on antihypertensive medication (88%). Diabetes mellitus was reported by 17% of the subjects, and 7% reported a history of stroke. The overall mortality rate during the trial period was 23 per 1,000 person-years, with approximately 40% due to CVD. CURRENT STATUS Follow-up of the patients was completed in November 2009, and findings will be reported in the second part of 2010.
Collapse
|
40
|
Park Y, Park S, Yi H, Kim HY, Kang SJ, Kim J, Ahn H. Low level of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in erythrocytes is a risk factor for both acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in Koreans. Nutr Res 2010; 29:825-30. [PMID: 19963154 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggesting an association between n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and stroke risk has been inconsistent, possibly because previous studies have not differentiated between different stroke types. The present study investigated the hypothesis that tissue levels of n-3 PUFA are positively associated with hemorrhagic stroke and negatively associated with ischemic stroke. We recruited 120 subjects for this case-control study, with 40 cases each of hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and unaffected controls. Patients with a family history of hemorrhagic stroke had a significantly increased risk for hemorrhagic stroke. Omega-3 Index (20:5n3 + 22:6n3 in erythrocytes) and 22:6n3 were negatively (P < .01) associated with the risk of both hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in multivariate analyses. Saturated fatty acids 16:0 and 18:0 were positively associated, whereas 18:2n6 and 18:3n6 were negatively (P < .05) associated with risk of ischemic stroke. Monounsaturated fatty acid, 18:1n9, increased (P = .03) the odds of hemorrhagic stroke. Omega-3 Index and docosahexaenoic acid were significantly lower in patients with both subtypes of hemorrhagic stroke, subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage, but only in one subtype of ischemic stroke, small-artery occlusion. Saturated fatty acids 16:0 and 18:0 were significantly higher, but 20:4n6 was significantly lower, in patients with small-artery occlusion. Linoleic acid was significantly lower in patients with small-artery occlusion and large-artery atherosclerosis, whereas 18:1n9 was higher in both subgroups of hemorrhagic stroke. In conclusion, the results of our case-control study suggest that erythrocyte n-3 PUFA may protect against hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke, particularly in the case of small-artery occlusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongsoon Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Robinson JG, Ijioma N, Harris W. Omega-3 fatty acids and cognitive function in women. WOMEN'S HEALTH (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010; 6:119-34. [PMID: 20088735 PMCID: PMC2826215 DOI: 10.2217/whe.09.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) could play an important role in maintaining cognitive function in aging individuals. The omega-3 FA docosahexaenoic acid is a major constituent of neuronal membranes and, along with the other long-chain omega-3 FAs from fish such as eicosapentaentoic acid, has been shown to have a wide variety of beneficial effects on neuronal functioning, inflammation, oxidation and cell death, as well as on the development of the characteristic pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Omega-3 FAs may prevent vascular dementia via salutary effects on lipids, inflammation, thrombosis and vascular function. Epidemiologic studies have generally supported a protective association between fish and omega-3 FA levels and cognitive decline. Some of the small, short-term, randomized trials of docosahexaenoic acid and/or eicosapentaentoic acid supplementation have found positive effects on some aspects of cognition in older adults who were cognitively intact or had mild cognitive impairment, although little effect was found in participants with Alzheimer's disease. Large, long-term trials in this area are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G Robinson
- Lipid Research Clinic, 200 Hawkins Drive, SE 226 GH, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Pan HC, Kao TK, Ou YC, Yang DY, Yen YJ, Wang CC, Chuang YH, Liao SL, Raung SL, Wu CW, Chiang AN, Chen CJ. Protective effect of docosahexaenoic acid against brain injury in ischemic rats. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 20:715-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
43
|
Anderson BM, Ma DWL. Are all n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids created equal? Lipids Health Dis 2009; 8:33. [PMID: 19664246 PMCID: PMC3224740 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-8-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
N-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids have been shown to have potential beneficial effects for chronic diseases including cancer, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in particular have been studied extensively, whereas substantive evidence for a biological role for the precursor, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), is lacking. It is not enough to assume that ALA exerts effects through conversion to EPA and DHA, as the process is highly inefficient in humans. Thus, clarification of ALA's involvement in health and disease is essential, as it is the principle n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumed in the North American diet and intakes of EPA and DHA are typically very low. There is evidence suggesting that ALA, EPA and DHA have specific and potentially independent effects on chronic disease. Therefore, this review will assess our current understanding of the differential effects of ALA, EPA and DHA on cancer, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. Potential mechanisms of action will also be reviewed. Overall, a better understanding of the individual role for ALA, EPA and DHA is needed in order to make appropriate dietary recommendations regarding n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Breanne M Anderson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1 Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Maki KC, Dicklin MR, Lawless A, Reeves MS. Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of elevated triglycerides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.09.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
45
|
Boden-Albala B, Elkind MSV, White H, Szumski A, Paik MC, Sacco RL. Dietary total fat intake and ischemic stroke risk: the Northern Manhattan Study. Neuroepidemiology 2009; 32:296-301. [PMID: 19246935 DOI: 10.1159/000204914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary fat intake is associated with coronary heart disease risk, but the relationship between fat intake and ischemic stroke risk remains unclear. We hypothesized that total dietary fat as part of a Western diet is associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke. METHODS As part of the prospective Northern Manhattan Study, 3,183 stroke-free community residents over 40 years of age underwent evaluation of their medical history and had their diet assessed by a food-frequency survey. Cox proportional hazard models calculated risk of incident ischemic stroke. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 69 years, 63% were women, 21% were white, 24% black and 52% Hispanic. During a mean of 5.5 years of follow-up, 142 ischemic strokes occurred. After adjusting for potential confounders, risk of ischemic stroke was higher in the upper quintile of total fat intake compared to the lowest quintile (HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0-2.7). Total fat intake >65 g was associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke (HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.3). Risk was attenuated after controlling for caloric intake. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that increased daily total fat intake, especially above 65 g, significantly increases risk of ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Boden-Albala
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, N.Y., USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Austria JA, Richard MN, Chahine MN, Edel AL, Malcolmson LJ, Dupasquier CMC, Pierce GN. Bioavailability of alpha-linolenic acid in subjects after ingestion of three different forms of flaxseed. J Am Coll Nutr 2008; 27:214-21. [PMID: 18689552 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2008.10719693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary flaxseed may have significant health-related benefits due to its high content of the omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). However, before extensive work can be undertaken in clinical populations to determine its efficacy, basic information on ALA bioavailability from flaxseed and the physiological effects of its ingestion need to be examined. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine the bioavailability of ALA when the flaxseed was ingested in the form of whole seed, milled seed or as flaxseed oil. DESIGN The flaxseed components (30 g of seed or 6 g of ALA in the oil) were baked into muffins for delivery over a 3 month test period in healthy male and female subjects. RESULTS Flaxseed ingestion over a 1 month period resulted in significant (P = 0.005) increases in plasma ALA levels in the flaxseed oil and the milled flaxseed supplemented groups. The former group had significantly (P = 0.004) higher ALA levels than the milled flaxseed group. The subjects supplemented with whole flaxseed did not achieve a significant (P > 0.05) increase in plasma ALA levels. An additional two months of flaxseed ingestion did not achieve significantly higher levels of plasma ALA in any of the groups. However, no significant increase was detected in plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in any of the flax-fed groups. There were no changes in plasma cholesterol or triglycerides or in platelet aggregation at any time point in any of the groups. Subjects in all of the groups exhibited some symptoms of gastro-intestinal discomfort during the early stages of the study but these disappeared in the oil and milled seed groups. However, compliance was a problem in the whole flaxseed group. CONCLUSION In summary, ingestion of flax oil and milled flaxseed delivered significant levels of ALA to the plasma whereas whole flaxseed did not. Whole seed and oil preparations induced adverse gastrointestinal effects within 4 weeks and these were severe enough to induce the withdrawal of some subjects from these two groups. No one withdrew from the group that ingested milled flaxseed and, therefore, may represent a good form of flaxseed to avoid serious side-effects and still provide significant increases in ALA to the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Alejandro Austria
- Cell Biology Laboratory, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R2H 2A6, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Messinger-Rapport BJ, Thomas DR, Gammack JK, Morley JE. Clinical Update on Nursing Home Medicine: 2008. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2008; 9:460-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
48
|
Abstract
With greater focus on chronic disease prevention, renewed attention has been directed toward understanding the pathophysiology of various medical conditions and the development of newer medical treatments to prevent and treat complications. There has been immense interest in evaluating societal lifestyles, cultural attitudes toward health, and dietary influences on health conditions. The omega-3 fatty acids have become a focus of interest, and recent research and trial evidence have highlighted their effects, including potential clinical advantages. Despite this progress, the precise mechanisms through which omega-3 fatty acids act remain poorly understood. These agents are now recommended as secondary prevention after acute myocardial infarction, and ongoing large clinical trials should provide insight into the use of omega-3 fatty acids in heart failure and the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Kakar
- University Department of Medicine, City Hospital, Birmingham B18 7QH, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Effect of genotype and environment on fatty acid composition of Lupinus albus L. seed. Food Chem 2008; 108:600-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
50
|
Erkkilä A, de Mello VD, Risérus U, Laaksonen DE. Dietary fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: An epidemiological approach. Prog Lipid Res 2008; 47:172-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|