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Manson A, Winter T, Aukema HM. Phospholipase A 2 enzymes differently impact PUFA release and oxylipin formation ex vivo in rat hearts. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2023; 191:102555. [PMID: 36878084 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes cleave cell membrane phospholipids and release polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which can be converted into oxylipins. However, little is known about PLA2 preference for PUFA, and even less is known about how this further impacts oxylipin formation. Therefore, we investigated the role of different PLA2 groups in PUFA release and oxylipin formation in rat hearts. Sprague-Dawley rat heart homogenates were incubated without or with varespladib (VAR), methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate (MAFP) or EDTA. Free PUFA and oxylipins were determined by HPLC-MS/MS, and isoform expressions by RT-qPCR. Inhibition of sPLA2 IIA and/or V by VAR reduced the release of ARA and DHA, but only DHA oxylipins were inhibited. MAFP reduced the release of ARA, DHA, ALA, and EPA, and the formation of ARA, LA, DGLA, DHA, ALA, and EPA oxylipins. Interestingly, cyclooxygenase and 12-lipoxygenase oxylipins were not inhibited. mRNA expression levels of sPLA2 and iPLA2 isoforms were highest whereas levels of cPLA2 were low, consistent with activity. In conclusion, sPLA2 enzymes lead to the formation of DHA oxylipins, while iPLA2 is likely responsible for the formation of most other oxylipins in healthy rat hearts. Oxylipin formation cannot be implied from PUFA release, thus, both should be evaluated in PLA2 activity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Manson
- Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine (CCARM), Winnipeg MB, Canada
| | - Tanja Winter
- Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine (CCARM), Winnipeg MB, Canada
| | - Harold M Aukema
- Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine (CCARM), Winnipeg MB, Canada.
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2
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Smith JW, Barlas RS, Mamas MA, Boekholdt SM, Mallat Z, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT, Myint PK. Association between serum secretory phospholipase A2 and risk of ischaemic stroke. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28:3650-3655. [PMID: 34216520 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previous literature has demonstrated an association between high serum levels of type II secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) concentration and an increased risk of coronary artery disease. However, such association has not been established in terms of ischaemic stroke risk. The aim was to evaluate the association between both sPLA2 concentration and activity as continuous variables with risk of future ischaemic stroke. METHODS A nested case-control study was conducted using data from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer-Norfolk study. Cases (n = 145) in the current study were participants who developed ischaemic stroke during follow-up, with controls (n = 290) matched in a 2:1 ratio based on age and sex. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (version 25.0) software. Logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for ischaemic stroke. RESULTS After adjusting for a wide array of cardiovascular confounders, sPLA2 activity was found to be associated with an increased risk of ischaemic stroke using both multiple imputations with chained equations and complete case analysis: OR 1.20 (95% CI 1.01-1.43) and OR 1.23 (95% CI 1.01-1.49), respectively. However, sPLA2 concentration was not found to be associated with increased risk of ischaemic stroke. CONCLUSIONS The activity of sPLA2, but not sPLA2 concentration, is associated with an increased risk of future ischaemic stroke. This finding may be significant in risk group stratification, allowing targeted prophylactic treatment, or the development of novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed W Smith
- Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Raphae S Barlas
- Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Mamas A Mamas
- Keele Cardiovascular Research Group, Centre for Prognosis Research, Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - S Matthijs Boekholdt
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine (M.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert N Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Phyo K Myint
- Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Aberdeen, UK
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Zhigacheva IV, Baryshok VP, Rasulov MM, Storozhenko PA. 2-(Germatran-1-yloxy)ethylamine as an inhibitor of the total activity of mononuclear alkaline phospholipase A2. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Alekseeva AS, Boldyrev IA. Phospholipase A2. Methods for Activity Monitoring. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW), SUPPLEMENT SERIES A: MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747820040030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Group IIA Secretory Phospholipase A2 Predicts Graft Failure and Mortality in Renal Transplant Recipients by Mediating Decreased Kidney Function. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051282. [PMID: 32365505 PMCID: PMC7288094 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The acute phase protein group IIA secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA) has intrinsic proatherosclerotic properties. The present prospective cohort study investigated whether plasma sPLA2-IIA associates with graft failure, cardiovascular, and all-cause mortality in renal transplant recipients (RTRs), patients with accelerated atherosclerosis formation both systemically and within the graft. In 511 RTRs from a single academic center with stable graft function >1 year, baseline plasma sPLA2-IIA was determined by ELISA. Primary end points were death-censored graft failure and mortality (median follow-up, 7.0 years). Baseline sPLA2-IIA was higher in RTRs than in healthy controls (median 384 ng/dL (range 86–6951) vs. 185 ng/dL (range 104–271), p < 0.001). Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated increased risk for graft failure (p = 0.002), as well as cardiovascular (p < 0.001) and all-cause mortality (p < 0.001), with increasing sPLA2-IIA quartiles. Cox regression showed strong associations of sPLA2-IIA with increased risks of graft failure (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.42 (1.11–1.83), p = 0.006), as well as cardiovascular (HR = 1.48 (1.18−1.85), p = 0.001) and all-cause mortality (HR = 1.39 (1.17−1.64), p < 0.001), dependent on parameters of kidney function. Renal function during follow-up declined faster in RTRs with higher baseline sPLA2-IIA levels. In RTRs, sPLA2-IIA is a significant predictive biomarker for chronic graft failure, as well as overall and cardiovascular disease mortality dependent on kidney function. This dependency is conceivably explained by sPLA2-IIA impacting negatively on kidney function.
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A Potential Role of Phospholipase 2 Group IIA (PLA 2-IIA) in P. gingivalis-Induced Oral Dysbiosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019. [PMID: 31732936 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28524-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is an oral pathogen with the ability to induce oral dysbiosis and periodontal disease. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which P. gingivalis could abrogate the host-microbe symbiotic relationship leading to oral dysbiosis remain unclear. We have recently demonstrated that P. gingivalis specifically increased the antimicrobial properties of oral epithelial cells, through a strong induction of the expression of PLA2-IIA in a mechanism that involves activation of the Notch-1 receptor. Moreover, gingival expression of PLA2-IIA was significantly increased during initiation and progression of periodontal disease in non-human primates and interestingly, those PLA2-IIA expression changes were concurrent with oral dysbiosis. In this chapter, we present an innovative hypothesis of a potential mechanism involved in P. gingivalis-induced oral dysbiosis and inflammation based on our previous observations and a robust body of literature that supports the antimicrobial and proinflammatory properties of PLA2-IIA as well as its role in other chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Bo G, Cao F, Li M, Xing J, Su X, Zhu Y, Wu D. Exploring calcium ion-dependent effect on the intermolecular interaction between human secreted phospholipase A2 and its peptide inhibitors in coronary artery disease. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 93:107449. [PMID: 31536875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.107449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human secreted phospholipase A2 (hsPLA2) is a small calcium ion (Ca2+)-regulatory protein secreting from platelets, eosinophils and T-lymphocytes, which has been established as an important biomarker and potential target for the diagnosis and therapy of coronary artery disease. Short peptide inhibitors are used to competitively suppress the enzymatic activity of hsPLA2. Here, Ca2+ effect on the intermolecular recognition and interaction between hsPLA2 and its peptide inhibitors is investigated systematically by using molecular modeling and bioinformatics analysis. Dynamics simulations reveal that the hsPLA2 structure bound with Ca2+ is rather stable and has low thermal motion; removal of Ca2+ considerably increases structural flexibility and intrinsic disorder of the protein. Energetics calculations suggest that presence of Ca2+ can effectively promote the interaction of hsPLA2 with peptide inhibitors. In particular, the local substructures of hsPLA2 such as helix H1, loop L2 and double-stranded β-sheet DS that participate in peptide recognition are involved in or nearby Ca2+-coordinating site and can be directly stabilized by the Ca2+. In addition, a significant concentration-dependent effect of Ca2+ on peptide-hsPLA2 binding is observed in vitro, that is, a little of Ca2+ can largely improve peptide binding affinity, but high Ca2+ concentration does not increase the affinity substantially. The correlation between calculated free energy and experimental binding affinity over different peptide inhibitors is improved considerably by adding Ca2+ to hsPLA2. Specifically, the FLSYK peptide can generally bind to Ca2+-bound hsPLA2 with a moderate or high affinity (Kd ranges between 56 and 210 μM), but have only a modest affinity or even nonbinding to Ca2+-free hsPLA2 (Kd > 400 μM or = n.d.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanggan Bo
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Fang Cao
- Department of Respiration, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Hefei, 230051, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Junwu Xing
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xiaoye Su
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yunxian Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Dingkun Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210014, China
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Chung O, Juonala M, Mallat Z, Hutri‐Kähönen N, Viikari JS, Raitakari OT, Magnussen CG. Tracking of secretory phospholipase A2 enzyme activity levels from childhood to adulthood: a 21‐year cohort. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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9
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Tracking of secretory phospholipase A2 enzyme activity levels from childhood to adulthood: a 21-year cohort. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2019; 95:247-254. [PMID: 29476705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) enzyme activity is a potential inflammatory biomarker for cardiovascular disease. We examined the tracking, or persistence, of sPLA2 enzyme activity levels from childhood to adulthood, and identify potentially modifiable factors affecting tracking. METHOD Prospective cohort of 1735 children (45% females) who had serum sPLA2 enzyme activity levels and other cardiovascular disease risk factors measured in 1980 that were followed-up in 2001. RESULTS sPLA2 activity tracked from childhood to adulthood for males (r=0.39) and females (r=0.45). Those who decreased body mass index relative to their peers were more likely to resolve elevated childhood sPLA2 levels than have persistent elevated sPLA2 levels in childhood and adulthood. Those who consumed less fruit, and gained more body mass index relative to their peers, began smoking or were a persistent smoker between childhood and adulthood were more likely to develop incident elevated sPLA2 levels than those with persistent not elevated sPLA2 levels. CONCLUSIONS Childhood sPLA2 enzyme activity levels associate with adult sPLA2 levels 21 years later. Healthful changes in modifiable risk factors that occur between childhood and adulthood might prevent children from developing elevated sPLA2 levels in adulthood.
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Roberts R. Mendelian Randomization Studies Promise to Shorten the Journey to FDA Approval. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2018; 3:690-703. [PMID: 30456340 PMCID: PMC6234613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There has been a dearth of new drugs approved for cardiovascular disorders. The cost is prohibitive, averaging to $2.5 billion, and requiring 12.5 years. This is in large part due to the high failure rate, with only 5% approval by the Food and Drug Administration. Despite preclinical studies showing potential safety and efficacy, most fail when they go to clinical trials phase I to III. One cause for failure is the drug target, often discovered to be a biomarker rather than causative for the disease. Mendelian randomization (MR) studies would determine whether the drug target is causative and could save millions of dollars and time, and prevent unnecessary exposure to adverse drug effects. This was demonstrated in 3 clinical trials that were negative with 2 drugs, veraspladib and darapladib. MR studies during the trials showed the targets of secretory and lipoprotein-associated phospholipids A2 are not causative for coronary artery disease and predicted negative results. The requirement for MR studies is a genetic risk variant with altered function, randomized at conception that remains fixed throughout one’s lifetime. It is not confounded by dietary, lifestyle, or socioeconomic factors. It is more sensitive than randomized controlled trials because exposure to the risk factor is fixed for a lifetime. MR studies showed plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is not a causative target of coronary artery disease, and neither is uric acid, C-reactive protein, and others. MR studies are highly sensitive in determining whether drug targets are causative, and are relatively easy, inexpensive, and not time consuming. It is recommended that drug targets undergo MR studies before proceeding to randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roberts
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
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11
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Goschorska M, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Gutowska I, Tarnowski M, Piotrowska K, Metryka E, Safranow K, Chlubek D. Effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors donepezil and rivastigmine on the activity and expression of cyclooxygenases in a model of the inflammatory action of fluoride on macrophages obtained from THP-1 monocytes. Toxicology 2018; 406-407:9-20. [PMID: 29777723 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is an important factor in the development of many diseases of the central nervous system, including Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia. Given that acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are also currently believed to have anti-inflammatory properties, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (rivastigmine, donepezil) on cyclooxygenase activity and expression using the proinflammatory action of fluoride (F-) on cultured macrophages obtained from THP-1 monocytes. COX-1 and COX-2 activity was determined through measurement of the products of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) in cell culture supernatants. Expression of COX-1 and COX-2 proteins was examined immunocytochemically, and mRNA expression was determined by qRT PCR. Our study confirmed the inhibitory effects of donepezil and rivastigmine on the production of PGE2, TXB2, COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA and protein expression in macrophages. We also demonstrated that the pro-inflammatory effect of fluoride may be reduced by the use of both drugs. The additive effect of these drugs cannot be ruled out, and effects other than those observed in the use of one drug should also be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Goschorska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, Szczecin 70-111, Poland.
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, Szczecin 70-111, Poland.
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 24, Szczecin 71-460, Poland.
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, Szczecin 70-111, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Piotrowska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, Szczecin 70-111, Poland.
| | - Emilia Metryka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, Szczecin 70-111, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, Szczecin 70-111, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, Szczecin 70-111, Poland.
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Kuefner MS, Pham K, Redd JR, Stephenson EJ, Harvey I, Deng X, Bridges D, Boilard E, Elam MB, Park EA. Secretory phospholipase A 2 group IIA modulates insulin sensitivity and metabolism. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1822-1833. [PMID: 28663239 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m076141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A2 group IIA (PLA2G2A) is a member of a family of secretory phospholipases that have been implicated in inflammation, atherogenesis, and antibacterial actions. Here, we evaluated the role of PLA2G2A in the metabolic response to a high fat diet. C57BL/6 (BL/6) mice do not express PLA2g2a due to a frameshift mutation. We fed BL/6 mice expressing the human PLA2G2A gene (IIA+ mice) a fat diet and assessed the physiologic response. After 10 weeks on the high fat diet, the BL/6 mice were obese, but the IIA+ mice did not gain weight or accumulate lipid. The lean mass in chow- and high fat-fed IIA+ mice was constant and similar to the BL/6 mice on a chow diet. Surprisingly, the IIA+ mice had an elevated metabolic rate, which was not due to differences in physical activity. The IIA+ mice were more insulin sensitive and glucose tolerant than the BL/6 mice, even when the IIA+ mice were provided the high fat diet. The IIA+ mice had increased expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) in brown adipose tissue (BAT), suggesting that PLA2G2A activates mitochondrial uncoupling in BAT. Our data indicate that PLA2G2A has a previously undiscovered impact on insulin sensitivity and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Kuefner
- Departments of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Kevin Pham
- Departments of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Jeanna R Redd
- Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Erin J Stephenson
- Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Innocence Harvey
- Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Xiong Deng
- Departments of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Dave Bridges
- Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Eric Boilard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Faculté de Médecine de l'Université Laval, CHUQ Research Center and Division of Rheumatology, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Marshall B Elam
- Departments of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Edwards A Park
- Departments of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN .,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN
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Lauper K, Gabay C. Cardiovascular risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 39:447-459. [PMID: 28455580 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Substantial epidemiologic data have shown an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Traditional CV risk factors may partly contribute to CV disease in RA; however, current evidence underlines the important role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and amplification of CV risk. Interplays between inflammation and lipid metabolism in the development of atherosclerosis have been established by recent scientific advances. Atherosclerosis is currently viewed as an inflammatory disease, and modifications of lipoproteins during inflammation accelerate atherogenesis. The role of inflammation in the increased CV risk in RA has been further demonstrated by the CV protective effect of methotrexate and TNF antagonists, particularly in patients responding to these treatments. The management of CV risk in RA should include the use of effective disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs to control disease activity and the treatment of traditional CV risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Lauper
- Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals of Geneva, 26 Avenue Beau-Séjour, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cem Gabay
- Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals of Geneva, 26 Avenue Beau-Séjour, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Sun CQ, Zhong CY, Sun WW, Xiao H, Zhu P, Lin YZ, Zhang CL, Gao H, Song ZY. Elevated Type II Secretory Phospholipase A2 Increases the Risk of Early Atherosclerosis in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Metabolic Syndrome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34929. [PMID: 27941821 PMCID: PMC5150250 DOI: 10.1038/srep34929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical association between type II secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIa) and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has been demonstrated. However, the contribution of sPLA2-IIa to early atherosclerosis remains unknown. This study investigated the association between early-stage atherosclerosis and sPLA2-IIa in metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients. One hundred and thirty-six MetS patients and 120 age- and gender-matched subjects without MetS were included. Serum sPLA2-IIa protein levels and activity were measured using commercial kits. Circulating endothelial activation molecules (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin, and P-selectin), and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), were measured as parameters of vascular endothelial dysfunction and early atherosclerosis. MetS patients exhibited significantly higher sPLA2-IIa protein and activity levels than the controls. Both correlated positively with fasting blood glucose and waist circumference in MetS patients. Additionally, MetS patients exhibited strikingly higher levels of endothelial activation molecules and increased cIMT than controls. These levels correlated positively with serum sPLA2-IIa protein levels and activity. Moreover, multivariate analysis showed that high sPLA2-IIa protein and activity levels were independent risk factors of early atherosclerosis in MetS patients. This study demonstrates an independent association between early-stage atherosclerosis and increased levels of sPLA2-IIa, implying that increased sPLA2-IIa may predict early-stage atherosclerosis in MetS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Chun-Yan Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wei-Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hua Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yi-Zhang Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chen-Liang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hao Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Song
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
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Activity-based targeting of secretory phospholipase A 2 enzymes: A fatty-acid-binding-protein assisted approach. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 202:38-48. [PMID: 27894770 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Syntheses and enzymological characterization of fluorogenic substrate probes targeting secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) for detection and quantitative assays are presented. Three fluorogenic phosphatidylcholine analogs PC-1, PC-2, and PC-3 each containing the duo of 7-mercapto-4-methyl-coumarin fluorophore and 2,4-dinitroanaline quencher on either tail were synthesized from (R)-3-amino-1,2-propanediol and R-(-)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol. These small reporter groups are advantageous in preserving natural membrane integrity. Phosphocholine was incorporated into the sn-3 position of the glycerol backbone. Acyl amino group at the sn-1 position in PC-1 and PC-2 is meant to block sPLA1. The sn-1 and sn-2 positions of the glycerol backbone in PC-1 have a quencher terminated 12-carbon chain and fluorophore terminated 11-carbon chain respectively. PC-2 has a quencher terminated 3-carbon chain at the sn-2 and chain terminating fluorescent reporter at the sn-1 positions. PC-3 resembles PC-1 except for an ester instead of amide at the sn-1 position, because of which it is more similar to natural phospholipids than PC-1. It was designed to elucidate the effect of replacing the ester group with amide by comparing its hydrolysis rate with that of PC-1. Design principles apply to synthesis of other labeled phospholipids. Enzymological characterization using bee-venom sPLA2 was performed by a fatty-acid-binding-protein fluorescence assay and by pH-Stat method in which the amount of fatty acid released by hydrolysis is given by the amount of base required to maintain a constant pH of 8.0. Hydrolytic activity toward PC-1 and PC-3 were each about 238±25μmol/mg/min and 537μmol/mg/min on unmodified phospholipid. Ester to amide change did not affect hydrolysis rates. Activity toward PC-2 was about 45-μmol/mg/min. PC-1 and PC-3 show potential for targeted real-time spectrophotometric assay of sPLA2.
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16
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Monroy-Muñoz IE, Angeles-Martinez J, Posadas-Sánchez R, Villarreal-Molina T, Alvarez-León E, Flores-Dominguez C, Cardoso-Saldaña G, Medina-Urrutia A, Juárez-Rojas JG, Posadas-Romero C, Alarcon GV. PLA2G2A polymorphisms are associated with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results from the genetics of atherosclerotic disease Mexican study. Immunobiology 2016; 222:967-972. [PMID: 27608594 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The secretory phospholipase A2 II A (sPLA2-IIA) encoded by PLA2G2A gene hydrolyzes phospholipids liberating free fatty acids (FFAs) and lysophospholipids. If lipolysis exceeds lipogenesis, the free fatty acids undergo a continuous release into circulation. A sustained excessive increase in this release contributes to metabolic disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of PLA2G2A gene polymorphisms as susceptibility markers for metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Mexican population. Three PLA2G2A gene polymorphisms (rs876018, rs3753827 and rs11573156) were genotyped by 5' exonuclease TaqMan assays in a group of 338 patients with T2DM, 460 individuals with MetS and 366 healthy controls. Under codominant 1(codom1), dominant (dom) and additive (add) models adjusted by age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking habit, and hypertension, the rs876018T allele was associated with increased risk of MetS [Odds Ratio (OR)=1.66, Pcodom1=0.005; OR=1.67, Pdom=0.003; OR=1.49, Padd=0.005] as compared to controls. On the other hand, under several models adjusted by the same variables, the rs3753827A (OR=1.52, Pcodom1=0.039 and OR=1.49, Pdom=0.039) and rs11573156C alleles (OR=6.46, Pcodom1=0.013; OR=6.70, Pcodom2=0.009; OR=6.65, Pdom=0.009) were associated with increased risk of T2DM when compared with controls. In addition, the rs876018T allele was associated with hypercholesterolemia (Pdom=0.017, Padd=0.009) and risk of subclinical atherosclerosis (SA) (Pdom=0.041) in MetS when compared with controls. Also, this allele was associated with SA in T2DM patients (Pdom=0.007). The TAG haplotype was significantly associated with increased risk of MetS (OR=1.54, P=0.006). Results suggest that PLA2G2A polymorphisms are involved in the risk of developing MetS and T2D and are associated with SA in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Eloisa Monroy-Muñoz
- Department of Human Genetics and Genomics, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinoza de los Reyes, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Angeles-Martinez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Teresa Villarreal-Molina
- Cardiovascular Genomics Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edith Alvarez-León
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Aida Medina-Urrutia
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos Posadas-Romero
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Vargas Alarcon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico.
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17
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Gabay C, McInnes IB, Kavanaugh A, Tuckwell K, Klearman M, Pulley J, Sattar N. Comparison of lipid and lipid-associated cardiovascular risk marker changes after treatment with tocilizumab or adalimumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 75:1806-12. [PMID: 26613768 PMCID: PMC5036214 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-207872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Compare changes in lipids and lipid-associated cardiovascular (CV) risk markers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with tocilizumab or adalimumab. METHODS Post-hoc analysis was performed in patients with RA who received tocilizumab intravenously every 4 weeks or adalimumab subcutaneously every 2 weeks for 24 weeks in the ADACTA trial. Lipid and lipid-associated CV risk biomarkers, including high-density lipoprotein-associated serum amyloid-A (HDL-SAA), secretory phospholipase A2 IIA (sPLA2 IIA) and lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), were measured at baseline and at week 8. RESULTS The study included 162 patients treated with tocilizumab and 162 patients treated with adalimumab; HDL-SAA and sPLA2 IIA were measured in a subpopulation of 87 and 97 patients, respectively. Greater increases in mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (0.46 mmol/L (95% CI 0.30 to 0.62)), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (0.07 mmol/L (0.001 to 0.14)), total cholesterol (TC) (0.67 mmol/L (0.47 to 0.86)), triglycerides (0.24 mmol/L (0.10 to 0.38)) and TC:HDL ratio (0.27 (0.12 to 0.42)) occurred with tocilizumab from baseline to 8 weeks. HDL-SAA, sPLA2 IIA and Lp(a) decreased more with tocilizumab than adalimumab. Median changes from baseline to week 8 were -3.2 and -1.1 mg/L (p=0.0077) for HDL-SAA and -4.1 and -1.3 ng/mL (p<0.0001) for sPLA2 IIA; difference in adjusted means was -7.12 mg/dL (p<0.0001) for Lp(a). Similar results were observed in efficacy responders and non-responders per American College of Rheumatology and European League against Rheumatism criteria. CONCLUSION LDL-C and HDL-C increased more with tocilizumab than adalimumab. HDL-SAA, sPLA2 IIA and Lp(a) decreased more with tocilizumab. Lipid change effects of interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibition, manifest by their net impact on lipids and lipoproteins, are not synonymous; the clinical significance is unclear and requires further study. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01119859.; post-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Gabay
- University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Boillot A, Demmer RT, Mallat Z, Sacco RL, Jacobs DR, Benessiano J, Tedgui A, Rundek T, Papapanou PN, Desvarieux M. Periodontal microbiota and phospholipases: the Oral Infections and Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study (INVEST). Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:418-23. [PMID: 26282947 PMCID: PMC4862208 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Periodontal infections have been linked to cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis, and systemic inflammation has been proposed as a possible mediator. Secretory phospholipase A2 (s-PLA2) and Lipoprotein-associated PLA2 (Lp-PLA2) are inflammatory enzymes associated with atherosclerosis. No data are available on the association between oral microbiota and PLA2s. We studied whether a relationship exists between periodontal microbiota and the activities of these enzymes. METHODS The Oral Infection and Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study (INVEST) collected subgingival biofilms and serum samples from 593 dentate men and women (age 68.7 ± 8.6 years). 4561 biofilm samples were collected in the two most posterior teeth of each quadrant (average 7/participant) for quantitative assessment of 11 bacterial species using DNA-DNA checkerboard hybridization. Mean concentration of s-PLA2 and activities of s-PLA2 and Lp-PLA2 were regressed on tertiles of etiologic dominance (ED). ED is defined as the level of presumed periodontopathic species/combined level of all eleven species measured, and represents the relative abundance of periodontopathic organisms. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking, BMI, diabetes, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure. RESULTS Higher levels of s-PLA2 activity were observed across increasing tertiles of etiologic dominance (0.66 ± 0.04 nmol ml(-1) min(-1), 0.73 ± 0.04 nmol ml(-1) min(-1), 0.89 ± 0.04 nmol ml-1 min-1; p < 0.001), with also a trend of association between Lp-PLA2 activity and ED (p = 0.07), while s-PLA2 concentration was unrelated to ED. CONCLUSION Increasingly greater s-PLA2 activity at higher tertiles of etiologic dominance may provide a mechanistic explanatory link of the relationship between periodontal microbiota and vascular diseases. Additional studies investigating the role of s-PLA2 are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Boillot
- Department of Periodontology, Rothschild Hospital (AP-HP); University Paris 7, 5 Rue Santerre, Paris, France; INSERM U1018, University of Versailles St Quentin. Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif, France
| | - Ryan T Demmer
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Inserm U970; Cardiovascular Research Center, and Université Paris-Descartes University, F-75015, Paris, France; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph L Sacco
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - David R Jacobs
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joelle Benessiano
- Service de Biochimie, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alain Tedgui
- Inserm U970; Cardiovascular Research Center, and Université Paris-Descartes University, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Panos N Papapanou
- Division of Periodontics, Section of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Moïse Desvarieux
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; INSERM Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR 1153, Paris, France.
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19
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Talmud PJ, Holmes MV. Deciphering the Causal Role of sPLA2s and Lp-PLA2 in Coronary Heart Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2281-9. [PMID: 26338298 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 10 to 15 years, animal and human observational studies have identified elevated levels of both proinflammatory secretory phospholipase A2-IIA and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 as potential risk factors for coronary heart disease. However, Mendelian randomization, a genetic tool to test causality of a biomarker, and phase III randomized controlled trials of inhibitors of theses enzymes (varespladib and darapladib) converged to indicate that elevated levels are unlikely to be themselves causal of coronary heart disease and that inhibition had little or no clinical utility. The concordance of findings from Mendelian randomization and clinical trials suggests that for these 2 drugs, and for other novel biomarkers in future, validation of potential therapeutic targets by genetic studies (such as Mendelian randomization) before embarking on costly phase III randomized controlled trials could increase efficiency and offset the high risk of drug development, thereby facilitating discovery of new therapeutics and mitigating against the exuberant costs of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa J Talmud
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK (P.J.T.); and Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (M.V.H.).
| | - Michael V Holmes
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK (P.J.T.); and Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (M.V.H.)
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20
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Guardiola M, Exeter HJ, Perret C, Folkersen L, van’t Hooft F, Eriksson P, Franco-Cereceda A, Paulsson-Berne G, Palmen J, Li K, Cooper JA, Khaw KT, Mallat Z, Ninio E, Karabina SA, Humphries SE, Boekholdt SM, Holmes MV, Talmud PJ. PLA2G10
Gene Variants, sPLA2 Activity, and Coronary Heart Disease Risk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:356-62. [DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.114.000633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Observational studies report that secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) activity is a marker for coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, and activity measures are thought to represent the composite activity of sPLA2-IIA, -V, and -X. The aim of this study was to use genetic variants of
PLA2G10
, encoding sPLA2-X, to investigate the contribution of sPLA2-X to the measure of sPLA2 activity and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk traits and outcome.
Methods and Results—
Three
PLA2G10
tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs72546339, rs72546340, and rs4003232) and a previously studied
PLA2G10
coding single-nucleotide polymorphism rs4003228, R38C, were genotyped in a nested case: control cohort drawn from the prospective EPIC-Norfolk Study (2175 cases and 2175 controls). Meta-analysis of rs4003228 (R38C) and CHD was performed using data from the Northwick Park Heart Study II and 2 published cohorts AtheroGene and SIPLAC, providing in total an additional 1884 cases and 3119 controls. EPIC-Norfolk subjects in the highest tertile of sPLA2 activity were older and had higher inflammatory markers compared with those in the lowest tertile for sPLA2 activity. None of the
PLA2G10
tagging single-nucleotide polymorphism nor R38C, a functional variant, were significantly associated with sPLA2 activity, intermediate CHD risk traits, or CHD risk. In meta-analysis, the summary odds ratio for R38C was odds ratio=0.97 (95% confidence interval, 0.77–1.22).
Conclusions—
PLA2G10
variants are not significantly associated with plasma sPLA2 activity or with CHD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Guardiola
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Holly J. Exeter
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Claire Perret
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Lasse Folkersen
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Ferdinand van’t Hooft
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Per Eriksson
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Anders Franco-Cereceda
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Gabrielle Paulsson-Berne
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Jutta Palmen
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - KaWah Li
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Jackie A. Cooper
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Ziad Mallat
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Ewa Ninio
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Sonia-Athina Karabina
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Steve E. Humphries
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - S. Matthijs Boekholdt
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Michael V. Holmes
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
| | - Philippa J. Talmud
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.G., H.J.E., J.P., K.W.L., J.A.C., S.E.H., P.J.T.), and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (M.V.H.), University College London, London, UK; Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, IISPV, Reus, Spain (M.G.); Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, ICAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S
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21
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Sahmani M, Darabi M, Darabi M, Dabaghi T, Alizadeh SA, Najafipour R. The 763C>G Polymorphism of The Secretory PLA2IIa Gene Is Associated with Endometriosis in Iranian Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2015; 8:437-44. [PMID: 25780526 PMCID: PMC4355930 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2015.4184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological disease resulting from complex
interactions between genetic, hormonal, environmental and oxidative stress and intrinsic
inflammatory components. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential association of the 763C>G polymorphism in the secretory phospholipase A2 group IIa gene
(PLA2G2A) with the risk of endometriosis in Iranian women. Materials and Methods Ninety seven patients with endometriosis along with 107 women who were negative for endometriosis after laparoscopy and laparatomy, and served as
the control group, were enrolled for this cross-sectional study. Samples were genotyped
using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Results Multivariate analysis was used to examine the association between the risk of endometriosis and the 763C>G polymorphism of PLA2G2A. Genotype distributions of PLA2G2A were significantly different between patients and the controls (p<0.001, OR=0.22, 95%
CI=0.21-0.39). Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant association between
the normal homozygous genotype and susceptibility to endometriosis (p<0.001). Conclusion The present study suggests that the 763C>G polymorphism of PLA2G2A plays
an important role as an independent factor in the risk of endometriosis in Iranian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sahmani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Masoud Darabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Darabi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Safar Ali Alizadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Reza Najafipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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22
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Shuvalova YA, Khasanova ZB, Kaminnaya VI, Samoilova EV, Korotaeva AA, Rubanovich AV, Kaminnyi AI. The association of PLA2G2A single nucleotide polymorphisms with type IIa secretory phospholipase A2 level but not its activity in patients with stable coronary heart disease. Gene 2015; 564:29-34. [PMID: 25794429 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the secretory phospholipase A2 type IIa (sPLA-IIa) gene (PLA2G2A) affect sPLA2-IIa level and activity in patients with diabetes mellitus, acute coronary syndrome or recent cardiovascular surgical interventions. Our study examined the effects of PLA2G2A SNPs on sPLA2-IIa levels and activity in patients with stable CHD. METHODS AND RESULTS The study included a total of 396 patients (30% women). Six SNPs of PLA2G2A: rs1774131, rs11573156, rs3753827, rs2236771, rs876018, and rs3767221, sPLA2-IIa level and activity were determined for all patients. Four SNPs (rs1774131, rs11573156, rs3753827, rs3767221) correlated with sPLA2-IIa level but not activity with the strongest correlation observed for rs11573156 (r=0.49, p=3.7·10(-13)). All partial correlations controlling for rs11573156 became insignificant, whereas, the partial correlation of rs11573156 with sPLA2-IIa level controlling for other SNPs remained significant. Only rs11573156 showed association with sPLA2-IIa level in multiple regression analysis. Haplotype CGGGTT was associated with a significantly higher sPLA2-IIa level but not activity compared with all other haplotypes after adjustment for gender, age, diabetes mellitus and statin use (p=0.0023). CONCLUSIONS According to our results the examined SNPs affect the sPLA2-IIa level to a greater extent than its activity in patients with stable CHD. It seems that, the impact of these SNPs on sPLA2-IIa level is caused by their linkage to rs11573156 whose minor alleles were associated with higher sPLA2-IIa level. At the same time haplotype CGGGTT, which includes the minor allele of rs11573156, was the dominant haplotype and was associated with the highest sPLA2-IIa level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Shuvalova
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Department of Atherosclerosis Problems, 3rd Cherepkovskaya str, 15a, Moscow 121552, Russia.
| | - Zukhra B Khasanova
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, 3rd Cherepkovskaya str, 15a, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - Violetta I Kaminnaya
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Department of Atherosclerosis Problems, 3rd Cherepkovskaya str, 15a, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - Elena V Samoilova
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, 3rd Cherepkovskaya str, 15a, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - Alexandra A Korotaeva
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, 3rd Cherepkovskaya str, 15a, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - Alexander V Rubanovich
- Institute of General Genetics named Vavilov N. I., Department of Genetic Safety, Laboratory of Ecological Genetics, Gubkina str, 3, Moscow 117971, Russia
| | - Alexander I Kaminnyi
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Department of Atherosclerosis Problems, 3rd Cherepkovskaya str, 15a, Moscow 121552, Russia
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23
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Mokry LE, Ahmad O, Forgetta V, Thanassoulis G, Richards JB. Mendelian randomisation applied to drug development in cardiovascular disease: a review. J Med Genet 2014; 52:71-9. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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24
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Secretory phospholipase A2 activity in blood serum: The challenge to sense. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 454:178-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Rudd N, Subiakto I, Asrar Ul Haq M, Mutha V, Van Gaal WJ. Use of ivabradine and atorvastatin in emergent orthopedic lower limb surgery and computed tomography coronary plaque imaging and novel biomarkers of cardiovascular stress and lipid metabolism for the study and prevention of perioperative myocardial infarction: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014; 15:352. [PMID: 25195125 PMCID: PMC4162914 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) globally is known to be around 2 to 3% and can prolong hospitalization, increased morbidity and mortality. Little is known about the pathophysiology and risk factors for PMI. We investigate the presence of elevated novel cardiac markers and preoperative coronary artery plaque through contemporary laboratory techniques to determine the correlation with PMI, as well as studying ivabradine and atorvastatin as protective pharmacotherapies against PMI in the context of orthopedic surgery. Methods/Design We aim to enroll 200 patients aged above 60 years who suffer from neck of femur fracture requiring surgery. Patients will be randomized to four arms (no study drugs, atorvastatin only, ivabradine only and ivabradine and atorvastatin). Our primary outcome is incidence of PMI. All patients will receive an electrocardiogram, cardiac echocardiography, measurement of novel cardiac biomarkers and computed tomography (CT) coronary angiography. A telephone interview post discharge will be conducted at 30 days, 60 days and 1 year. Discussion We postulate that ivabradine and atorvastatin will reduce the rate and magnitude of PMI following surgery by reducing heart rate and attenuating catecholamine-induced tachycardia postoperatively. Secondly, we postulate that postoperative reduction in heart rate and catecholamine-induced tachycardia with ivabradine will correlate with a reduction in cardiovascular novel biomarkers which will reduce atrial stretch and postoperative incidence of arrhythmia. We aim to demonstrate that treatment with ivabradine and atorvastatin will cause a reduction in the incidence and magnitude of PMI, the benefit of which is derived primarily in patients with greater atherosclerotic burden as measured by higher CT coronary calcium scores. Trial registration This study protocol has been listed in the Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (registration number: ACTRN12612000340831) on 23 March 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muhammad Asrar Ul Haq
- Department of Cardiology, The Northern Hospital, 185 Cooper Street, Epping 3076, VIC, Australia.
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27
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Holmes MV, Exeter HJ, Folkersen L, Nelson CP, Guardiola M, Cooper JA, Sofat R, Boekholdt SM, Khaw KT, Li KW, Smith AJP, Van't Hooft F, Eriksson P, Franco-Cereceda A, Asselbergs FW, Boer JMA, Onland-Moret NC, Hofker M, Erdmann J, Kivimaki M, Kumari M, Reiner AP, Keating BJ, Humphries SE, Hingorani AD, Mallat Z, Samani NJ, Talmud PJ. Novel genetic approach to investigate the role of plasma secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2)-V isoenzyme in coronary heart disease: modified Mendelian randomization analysis using PLA2G5 expression levels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:144-50. [PMID: 24563418 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.113.000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) enzymes are considered to play a role in atherosclerosis. sPLA2 activity encompasses several sPLA2 isoenzymes, including sPLA2-V. Although observational studies show a strong association between elevated sPLA2 activity and CHD, no assay to measure sPLA2-V levels exists, and the only evidence linking the sPLA2-V isoform to atherosclerosis progression comes from animal studies. In the absence of an assay that directly quantifies sPLA2-V levels, we used PLA2G5 mRNA levels in a novel, modified Mendelian randomization approach to investigate the hypothesized causal role of sPLA2-V in coronary heart disease (CHD) pathogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Using data from the Advanced Study of Aortic Pathology, we identified the single-nucleotide polymorphism in PLA2G5 showing the strongest association with PLA2G5 mRNA expression levels as a proxy for sPLA2-V levels. We tested the association of this SNP with sPLA2 activity and CHD events in 4 prospective and 14 case-control studies with 27 230 events and 70 500 controls. rs525380C>A showed the strongest association with PLA2G5 mRNA expression (P=5.1×10(-6)). There was no association of rs525380C>A with plasma sPLA2 activity (difference in geometric mean of sPLA2 activity per rs525380 A-allele 0.4% (95% confidence intervals [-0.9%, 1.6%]; P=0.56). In meta-analyses, the odds ratio for CHD per A-allele was 1.02 (95% confidence intervals [0.99, 1.04]; P=0.20). CONCLUSIONS This novel approach for single-nucleotide polymorphism selection for this modified Mendelian randomization analysis showed no association between rs525380 (the lead single-nucleotide polymorphism for PLA2G5 expression, a surrogate for sPLA2-V levels) and CHD events. The evidence does not support a causal role for sPLA2-V in CHD.
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Protein kinase Cε-calcineurin cosignaling downstream of toll-like receptor 4 downregulates fibrosis and induces wound healing gene expression in cardiac myofibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 34:574-94. [PMID: 24298017 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01098-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathways which regulate resolution of inflammation and contribute to positive remodeling of the myocardium following injury are poorly understood. Here we show that protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) cooperates with the phosphatase calcineurin (CN) to potentiate induction of cardioprotective gene expression while suppressing expression of fibrosis markers. This was achieved by detailed analysis of the regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression as a marker gene and by using gene expression profiling to identify genes regulated by coexpression of CN-Aα/PKCε in adult rat cardiac myofibroblasts (ARVFs) on a larger scale. GeneChip analysis of CN-Aα/PKCε-coexpressing ARVFs showed that COX-2 provides a signature for wound healing and is associated with downregulation of fibrosis markers, including connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), fibronectin, and collagens Col1a1, Col3a1, Col6a3, Col11a1, Col12a1, and Col14a1, with concomitant upregulation of cardioprotection markers, including COX-2 itself, lipocalin 2 (LCN2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In primary rat cardiomyocyte cultures Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist- or PKCε/CN-dependent COX-2 induction occurred in coresident fibroblasts and was blocked by selective inhibition of CN or PKC α/ε or elimination of fibroblasts. Furthermore, ectopic expression of PKCε and CN in ARVFs showed that the effects on COX-2 expression are mediated by specific NFAT sites within the COX-2 promoter as confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Therefore, PKCε may negatively regulate adverse myocardial remodeling by cooperating with CN to downregulate fibrosis and induce transcription of cardioprotective wound healing genes, including COX-2.
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29
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Stoekenbroek RM, Kastelein JJP, Hovingh GK. Recent failures in antiatherosclerotic drug development: examples from the thyroxin receptor agonist, the secretory phospholipase A2 antagonist, and the acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor programs. Curr Opin Lipidol 2013; 24:459-66. [PMID: 24184941 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the published data related to the rise and fall of three different therapeutic approaches, which were investigated to lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. RECENT FINDINGS CVD remains a major burden of morbidity and mortality, despite therapeutic interventions. Novel strategies to address this residual risk are eagerly awaited, and a number of novel targets for therapy have been identified. Lipids and lipoproteins have been shown to play an eminent role in atherosclerosis progression, and as such, interventions that influence these biomarkers are crucial in CVD risk prevention. In recent years, however, clinical studies investigating the effect of novel lipid-modifying drugs on cardiovascular risk prevention have not always resulted in the anticipated beneficial outcome. Moreover, the development of therapies directed toward bioactive proteins acting at the crossroads of lipids and inflammation has also been disappointing. SUMMARY In this review, we will specifically address the rationale, design, and results of the clinical trials investigating the effects of three of the failing therapies: the thyroxin receptor agonist, the secretory phospholipase A2 antagonist, and the acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Stoekenbroek
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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30
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Holmes MV, Simon T, Exeter HJ, Folkersen L, Asselbergs FW, Guardiola M, Cooper JA, Palmen J, Hubacek JA, Carruthers KF, Horne BD, Brunisholz KD, Mega JL, van Iperen EPA, Li M, Leusink M, Trompet S, Verschuren JJW, Hovingh GK, Dehghan A, Nelson CP, Kotti S, Danchin N, Scholz M, Haase CL, Rothenbacher D, Swerdlow DI, Kuchenbaecker KB, Staines-Urias E, Goel A, van 't Hooft F, Gertow K, de Faire U, Panayiotou AG, Tremoli E, Baldassarre D, Veglia F, Holdt LM, Beutner F, Gansevoort RT, Navis GJ, Mateo Leach I, Breitling LP, Brenner H, Thiery J, Dallmeier D, Franco-Cereceda A, Boer JMA, Stephens JW, Hofker MH, Tedgui A, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Adamkova V, Pitha J, Onland-Moret NC, Cramer MJ, Nathoe HM, Spiering W, Klungel OH, Kumari M, Whincup PH, Morrow DA, Braund PS, Hall AS, Olsson AG, Doevendans PA, Trip MD, Tobin MD, Hamsten A, Watkins H, Koenig W, Nicolaides AN, Teupser D, Day INM, Carlquist JF, Gaunt TR, Ford I, Sattar N, Tsimikas S, Schwartz GG, Lawlor DA, Morris RW, Sandhu MS, Poledne R, Maitland-van der Zee AH, Khaw KT, Keating BJ, van der Harst P, Price JF, Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Witteman JCM, Franco OH, Jukema JW, de Knijff P, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Rader DJ, Farrall M, Samani NJ, Kivimaki M, Fox KAA, Humphries SE, Anderson JL, Boekholdt SM, Palmer TM, Eriksson P, Paré G, Hingorani AD, Sabatine MS, Mallat Z, Casas JP, Talmud PJ. Secretory phospholipase A(2)-IIA and cardiovascular disease: a mendelian randomization study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62:1966-1976. [PMID: 23916927 PMCID: PMC3826105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to investigate the role of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2)-IIA in cardiovascular disease. BACKGROUND Higher circulating levels of sPLA2-IIA mass or sPLA2 enzyme activity have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, it is not clear if this association is causal. A recent phase III clinical trial of an sPLA2 inhibitor (varespladib) was stopped prematurely for lack of efficacy. METHODS We conducted a Mendelian randomization meta-analysis of 19 general population studies (8,021 incident, 7,513 prevalent major vascular events [MVE] in 74,683 individuals) and 10 acute coronary syndrome (ACS) cohorts (2,520 recurrent MVE in 18,355 individuals) using rs11573156, a variant in PLA2G2A encoding the sPLA2-IIA isoenzyme, as an instrumental variable. RESULTS PLA2G2A rs11573156 C allele associated with lower circulating sPLA2-IIA mass (38% to 44%) and sPLA2 enzyme activity (3% to 23%) per C allele. The odds ratio (OR) for MVE per rs11573156 C allele was 1.02 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.98 to 1.06) in general populations and 0.96 (95% CI: 0.90 to 1.03) in ACS cohorts. In the general population studies, the OR derived from the genetic instrumental variable analysis for MVE for a 1-log unit lower sPLA2-IIA mass was 1.04 (95% CI: 0.96 to 1.13), and differed from the non-genetic observational estimate (OR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.61 to 0.79). In the ACS cohorts, both the genetic instrumental variable and observational ORs showed a null association with MVE. Instrumental variable analysis failed to show associations between sPLA2 enzyme activity and MVE. CONCLUSIONS Reducing sPLA2-IIA mass is unlikely to be a useful therapeutic goal for preventing cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Holmes
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Tabassome Simon
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, URC-EST, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; INSERM, U 698, Paris, France
| | - Holly J Exeter
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lasse Folkersen
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Montse Guardiola
- Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, Reus, Spain
| | - Jackie A Cooper
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jutta Palmen
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaroslav A Hubacek
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kathryn F Carruthers
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin D Horne
- Intermountain Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Jessica L Mega
- TIMI Study Group, Divison of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erik P A van Iperen
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mingyao Li
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maarten Leusink
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Member of the Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher P Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Salma Kotti
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, URC-EST, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Danchin
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Cardiology, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris V, Paris, France
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE: Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christiane L Haase
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dietrich Rothenbacher
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Division of Clinical Epidemiology & Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel I Swerdlow
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karoline B Kuchenbaecker
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eleonora Staines-Urias
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anuj Goel
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ferdinand van 't Hooft
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gertow
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrie G Panayiotou
- Cyprus Cardiovascular Educational and Research Trust, Nicosia, Cyprus and Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with the Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universitá di Milano, Milan, Italy; Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universitá di Milano, Milan, Italy; Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lesca M Holdt
- LIFE: Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Beutner
- LIFE: Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerjan J Navis
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lutz P Breitling
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology & Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology & Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Thiery
- LIFE: Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dhayana Dallmeier
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anders Franco-Cereceda
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jolanda M A Boer
- Department for Nutrition and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey W Stephens
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Marten H Hofker
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology Section, Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alain Tedgui
- Inserm U970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Member of the Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Member of the Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vera Adamkova
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pitha
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - N Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten J Cramer
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrik M Nathoe
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wilko Spiering
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Olaf H Klungel
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Meena Kumari
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter H Whincup
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Morrow
- TIMI Study Group, Divison of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter S Braund
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair S Hall
- Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anders G Olsson
- Stockholm Heart Center, Stockholm, and Linköping University, Linkőping, Sweden
| | - Pieter A Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mieke D Trip
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Departments of Health Sciences & Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrew N Nicolaides
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Cyprus Cardiovascular Educational and Research Trust, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Daniel Teupser
- LIFE: Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ian N M Day
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, URC-EST, Paris, France
| | - John F Carlquist
- Intermountain Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), and Bristol Genetic Epidemiology Laboratories (BGEL), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Naveed Sattar
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Gregory G Schwartz
- VA Medical Center and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), and Bristol Genetic Epidemiology Laboratories (BGEL), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Richard W Morris
- Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manjinder S Sandhu
- VA Medical Center and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Rudolf Poledne
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anke H Maitland-van der Zee
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan J Keating
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jackie F Price
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Shamir R Mehta
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Interventional Cardiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaqueline C M Witteman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Member of the Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Member of the Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter de Knijff
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Martin Farrall
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keith A A Fox
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey L Anderson
- Intermountain Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - S Matthijs Boekholdt
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tom M Palmer
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Per Eriksson
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aroon D Hingorani
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc S Sabatine
- TIMI Study Group, Divison of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Inserm U970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Juan P Casas
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Philippa J Talmud
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Hurt-Camejo E, Gautier T, Rosengren B, Dikkers A, Behrendt M, Grass DS, Rader DJ, Tietge UJF. Expression of type IIA secretory phospholipase A2 inhibits cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity in transgenic mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2707-14. [PMID: 24115030 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High circulating levels of group IIA secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA) activity and mass are independent cardiovascular risk factors. Therefore, inhibition of sPLA2-IIA may be a target for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The present study evaluated the effects of sPLA2-IIA inhibition with varespladib acid in a novel mouse model, human apolipoprotein B (apoB)/human cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)/human sPLA2-IIA triple transgenic mice (TTT) fed a Western-type diet. APPROACH AND RESULTS sPLA2-IIA expression increased atherosclerotic lesion formation in TTT compared with human apoB/human CETP double transgenic mice (P<0.01). Varespladib acid effectively inhibited plasma sPLA2-IIA activity. Surprisingly, however, administration of varespladib acid to TTT had no impact on atherosclerosis, which could be attributed to a proatherogenic plasma lipoprotein profile that appears in response to sPLA2-IIA inhibition because of increased plasma CETP activity. In the TTT model, sPLA2-IIA decreased CETP activity by reducing the acceptor properties of sPLA2-IIA-modified very low-density lipoproteins specifically because of a significantly lower apoE content. Increasing very low-density lipoprotein-apoE content by means of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in sPLA2-IIA transgenic mice restored the acceptor properties for CETP. CONCLUSIONS These data show that in a humanized triple transgenic mouse model with hypercholesterolemia, sPLA2-IIA inhibition increases CETP activity via increasing the very low-density lipoprotein-apoE content, resulting in a proatherogenic lipoprotein profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hurt-Camejo
- From the Department of Bioscience, CVMD iMED, AstraZeneca, R&D, Mölndal, Sweden (E.H.-C., B.R., M.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (T.G., A.D., U.J.F.T.); INSERM UMR866, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France (T.G.); Taconic, Hudson, NY (D.S.G.); and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (D.J.R.)
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Statin therapy and secretory phospholipase A2 in children with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2013; 229:404-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Muller O, Ntalianis A, Wijns W, Delrue L, Dierickx K, Auer R, Rodondi N, Mangiacapra F, Trana C, Hamilos M, Valentin E, De Bruyne B, Barbato E, Bartunek J. Association of biomarkers of lipid modification with functional and morphological indices of coronary stenosis severity in stable coronary artery disease. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2013; 6:536-44. [PMID: 23670230 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-013-9468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers of blood lipid modification and oxidative stress have been associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity. We sought to determine whether these biomarkers were related to functional indices of stenosis severity among patients with stable coronary artery disease. We studied 197 consecutive patients with stable coronary artery disease due to single vessel disease. Fractional flow reserve (FFR) ≤ 0.80 was assessed as index of a functionally significant lesion. Serum levels of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) activity, secretory phospholipase A2 type IIA (sPLA2-IIA), myeloperoxydase (MPO), lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) were assessed using commercially available assays. Patients with FFR > 0.8 had higher sPLA2 activity, sPLA2 IIA, and OxLDL levels than patients with FFR ≤ 0.8 (21.25 [16.03-27.28] vs 25.85 [20.58-34.63] U/mL, p < 0.001, 2.0 [1.5-3.4] vs 2.6 [2.0-3.4] ng/mL, p < 0.01; and 53.0 [36.0-71.0] vs 64.5 [50-89.25], p < 0.001 respectively). Patients with FFR > 0.80 had similar Lp-PLA2 and MPO levels versus those with FFR ≤ 0.8. sPLA2 activity, sPLA2 IIA significantly increased area under the curve over baseline characteristics to predict FFR ≤ 0.8 (0.67 to 0.77 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.69-0.85) p < 0.01 and 0.67 to 0.77 (95 % CI: 0.69-0.84) p < 0.01, respectively). Serum sPLA2 activity as well as sPLA2-IIA level is related to functional characteristics of coronary stenoses in patients with stable coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Muller
- Cardiovascular Center and Translational Cardiology Unit, Aalst, Belgium
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Mansikkaniemi K, Juonala M, Taimela S, Hirvensalo M, Telama R, Huupponen R, Saarikoski L, Hurme M, Mallat Z, Benessiano J, Jula A, Taittonen L, Marniemi J, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Rönnemaa T, Viikari J, Raitakari OT. Cross-sectional associations between physical activity and selected coronary heart disease risk factors in young adults. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Ann Med 2012; 44:733-44. [PMID: 21721849 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2011.590146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physical activity (PA) may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) by inducing beneficial changes in several risk factors. We studied the associations between PA and a range of risk markers of CHD in young adults. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured serum lipoproteins, oxidized LDL, adipokines, inflammatory markers, metabolic markers, and arginine metabolites in 2,268 individuals (age 24-39 y). Participants were asked frequency, duration, and intensity of PA in leisure time. In addition, commuting to work was assessed. In both sexes, PA was inversely associated with waist circumference (all P < 0.0001). After controlling for sex, age, and waist circumference, PA was directly associated with HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1, and inversely with heart rate, smoking, oxidized LDL, apolipoprotein B, insulin, glucose, C-reactive protein, leptin, L-arginine, and phospholipase A2 activity (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These population-based data are consistent with the idea that the beneficial effects of PA on CHD risk are mediated by favorable influences on several risk factors, as judged by independent relations to markers of lipoprotein metabolism, glucose metabolism, and inflammation. These associations reflect beneficial effects on cardiovascular health in both sexes and may offer mechanistic insights for the inverse association between PA and CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Mansikkaniemi
- The Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Shanker J, Rao VS, Ravindran V, Dhanalakshmi B, Hebbagodi S, Kakkar VV. Relationship of adiponectin and leptin to coronary artery disease, classical cardiovascular risk factors and atherothrombotic biomarkers in the IARS cohort. Thromb Haemost 2012; 108:769-80. [PMID: 22955445 DOI: 10.1160/th12-04-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Adiponectin and leptin link metabolic disorders and coronary artery disease (CAD). We analysed their relationship with CAD, classical risk factors and biomarkers in 287 CAD patients (cases) and 477 unaffected family members (controls) selected from the Indian Atherosclerosis Research Study (IARS). Classical risk factors included diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and obesity markers. Novel biomarkers were measured according to manufacturer recommendations. Adverse clinical events were recorded through telephonic follow-up. Cases showed lower adiponectin levels (4684.62 ± 190.73 ng/ml) than controls (5768.86 ± 152.87 ng/ml) (p=1.58X10(-5)); Leptin levels were higher in affected males (12.47 ± 1.32 ng/ml) than in male controls (9.53 ± 1.19 ng/ml, p=0.017). Adiponectin 1st quartile showed significant protection against CAD in females when compared to 3rd (odds ratio [OR] 0.39, 0.16-0.92, p=0.032) or 4th (OR 0.32, 0.14-0.72; p=0.006) quartile group. Leptin 3rd quartile showed higher CAD risk in males as compared to 1st quartile group (OR 2.09, 1.09-4.01, p=0.028). Subjects with metabolic syndrome showed low adiponectin and high leptin levels. Adipokines showed opposing association trend with lipids, inflammatory and coagulation markers and strong correlation (r=-0.14 to 0.52) with obesity markers. Cases with recurrent event and controls who developed new cardiac event during follow up showed high adiponectin levels (p<0.05). A model that combined adiponectin, leptin and conventional risk factors yielded the best 'C' index (0.890, 0.067-0.912). CAD patients in the top adiponectin tertile showed relatively poor survival curve as compared to the bottom Adiponectin tertile group. In conclusion, our findings strengthen the reported association between low adiponectin, high leptin, obesity-related metabolic disturbances and incident CAD in Asian Indians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree Shanker
- Mary & Garry Weston Functional Genomics Unit, Thrombosis Research Institute India, Bangalore, India.
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Exeter HJ, Folkersen L, Palmen J, Franco-Cereceda A, Cooper JA, Kalea AZ, Hooft FV, Eriksson P, Humphries SE, Talmud PJ. Functional analysis of two PLA2G2A variants associated with secretory phospholipase A2-IIA levels. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41139. [PMID: 22879865 PMCID: PMC3412631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secretory phospholipase A2 group IIA (sPLA2-IIA) has been identified as a biomarker of atherosclerosis in observational and animal studies. The protein is encoded by the PLA2G2A gene and the aim of this study was to test the functionality of two PLA2G2A non-coding SNPs, rs11573156 C>G and rs3767221 T>G where the rare alleles have been previously associated with higher and lower sPLA2-IIA levels respectively. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Luciferase assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), and RNA expression by RT-PCR were used to examine allelic differences. For rs3767221 the G allele showed ∼55% lower luciferase activity compared to the T allele (T = 62.1 (95% CI 59.1 to 65.1) G = 27.8 (95% CI 25.0 to 30.6), p = 1.22×10⁻³⁵, and stronger EMSA binding of a nuclear protein compared to the T-allele. For rs11573156 C >G there were no luciferase or EMSA allelic differences seen. In lymphocyte cell RNA, from individuals of known rs11573156 genotype, there was no allelic RNA expression difference for exons 5 and 6, but G allele carriers (n = 7) showed a trend to lower exon 1-2 expression compared to CC individuals. To take this further, in the ASAP study (n = 223), an rs11573156 proxy (r² = 0.91) showed ∼25% higher liver expression of PLA2G2A (1.67×10⁻¹⁷) associated with the G allele. However, considering exon specific expression, the association was greatly reduced for exon 2 (4.5×10⁻⁵) compared to exons 3-6 (10⁻¹⁰ to 10⁻²⁰), suggesting rs11573156 G allele-specific exon 2 skipping. CONCLUSION Both SNPs are functional and provide useful tools for Mendelian Randomisation to determine whether the relationship between sPLA2-IIA and coronary heart disease is causal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly J. Exeter
- Centre of Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (PJT); (HJE)
| | - Lasse Folkersen
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jutta Palmen
- Centre of Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Franco-Cereceda
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jackie A. Cooper
- Centre of Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasia Z. Kalea
- Centre of Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ferdinand van’t Hooft
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Eriksson
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steve E. Humphries
- Centre of Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa J. Talmud
- Centre of Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (PJT); (HJE)
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Rasulov MM, Bobkova SN, Belikova OA, Nurbekov MK, Voronkov MG. Tris-2(hydroxyethyl)ammonium (2-methylphenoxy)acetate as an inhibitor of synthesis of acid phospholipase A2 of mononuclear cells. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2012; 444:137-9. [PMID: 22772994 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672912030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M M Rasulov
- Sholokhov State Humanitarian University, ul. Verkhnyaya Radishchevskaya 16-18, Moscow 109240, Russia
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Atout R, Karabina SA, Dollet S, Carreras M, Payré C, André P, Lambeau G, Lotteau V, Ninio E, Perrin-Cocon L. Human group X secreted phospholipase A2 induces dendritic cell maturation through lipoprotein-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Atherosclerosis 2012; 222:367-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gutowska I, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Safranow K, Jakubowska K, Olszewska M, Telesiński A, Siennicka A, Droździk M, Chlubek D, Stachowska E. Fluoride in low concentration modifies expression and activity of 15 lipoxygenase in human PBMC differentiated monocyte/macrophage. Toxicology 2012; 295:23-30. [PMID: 22426295 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental evidences demonstrate positive correlation between environmental and occupational fluoride exposure and risk to various cardio-respiratory disorders. That fore we decided to examine the effect of fluorides on activity and expression of 15LOX enzyme which is implicated in biosynthesis of inflammatory mediators. Expression of 15LOX-1 and -2 enzymes mRNA and protein was analyzed using RT PCT and immunoblotting methods respectively whereas HPLC method was used to measure the levels of 15 lipoxygenases end products. Additionally AA and LA concentration in cells was measured using GC method. We observed that fluoride in small concentration may significantly decrease activity of 15LOX-1 and -2 in human PBMC macrophages and then concentration of its end products: 15-HETE, 12-HETE and 9+13-HODE, what may cause development of inflammation through the cholesterol arrest into the macrophages and its differentiation to foam cell. Noted by our team overexpression of the 15LOX-1 enzyme in macrophages after addition of lowest fluoride concentrations (1 and 3 μM) may be aimed at fighting inflammation development and excessive intracellular lipid accumulation. But highest fluoride concentrations (6 and 10 μM) added to cell culture slowly declined expression of this enzyme probably because of developing inflammation. Additional 15LOX-2 expression in macrophages after fluoride addition was low in 1 and 3 μM concentrations, but increased significantly after 10 μM fluoride addition what may suggest developing acute inflammation, because 15LOX-2 is associated to increased local hypoxia. This study indicated that even in small concentrations fluorides changes the amounts and activity of 15 LOX-1 and -2 enzymes taking part in the development of inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
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Gutowska I, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Siennicka A, Telesiński A, Stańczyk-Dunaj M, Wesołowska T, Gąssowska M, Kłos P, Zakrzewska H, Machaliński B, Chlubek D, Stachowska E. Activation of phospholipase A(2) by low levels of fluoride in THP1 macrophages via altered Ca(2+) and cAMP concentration. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2012; 86:99-105. [PMID: 22382002 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases (PLA's) participate in the regulation of physiological and pathological processes in the cell, including the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and stimulation of inflammatory processes. It is also well known that fluoride can increase the inflammatory reactions. Therefore we decided to examine the effect of fluorides in concentrations determined in human serum on cPLA(2) and sPLA(2) activity. The incubation of macrophages in fluoride solutions significantly increased the amount of synthesized cellular cAMP, intracellular calcium and sPLA(2) activity in a dose-dependent pattern. The cPLA(2) activity, estimated by the amount of released arachidonic acid, increased significantly when 10 μM NaF was used. The results of our study suggest that fluoride may change the activity of phospholipases in macrophage cells. Probably, increased cAMP concentration activates protein kinase C (PKC) and thus stimulates PLA(2). cAMP also regulates the passage of Ca(2+) through ion channels, which additionally influence PLA(2) throughout Ca(2+)-calmodulin dependent protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Żołnierska 48, Szczecin, Poland.
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Inhibition of sPLA2 and Endothelial Function: A Substudy of the SPIDER-PCI Trial. Can J Cardiol 2012; 28:215-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Ryu SK, Mallat Z, Benessiano J, Tedgui A, Olsson AG, Bao W, Schwartz GG, Tsimikas S. Phospholipase A2 enzymes, high-dose atorvastatin, and prediction of ischemic events after acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2012; 125:757-66. [PMID: 22230483 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.063487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA(2)) and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA(2)) are enzyme biomarkers of increased cardiovascular risk and targets of emerging therapeutic agents. Their relationship to cardiovascular events in the setting of high-dose statin therapy compared with placebo in patients with acute coronary syndrome is not known. METHODS AND RESULTS sPLA(2) and Lp-PLA(2) mass and activity were measured in 2587 patients in the Myocardial Ischemia Reduction With Acute Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) trial at baseline and after 16 weeks of treatment with atorvastatin 80 mg/d or placebo. Baseline levels of sPLA(2) and Lp-PLA(2) mass and activity were not associated with the primary efficacy measure of the trial of death, myocardial infarction, or unstable angina. However, in the overall cohort, baseline sPLA(2) mass predicted risk of death after multivariable adjustment (hazard ratio for 2-fold increase, 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.56; P=0.004). This association remained significant when examined separately in the placebo group but not in the atorvastatin group. Compared with placebo, atorvastatin reduced median sPLA(2) mass (-32.1% versus -23.1%), sPLA(2) activity (-29.5% versus -19.2%), Lp-PLA(2) mass (-35.8% versus -6.2%), and Lp-PLA(2) activity (-24.3% versus 5.4%; P<0.001 for all). Atorvastatin reduced the hazard of death associated with elevated sPLA(2) mass and activity by ≈50%. CONCLUSIONS sPLA(2) mass independently predicts death during a 16-week period after acute coronary syndrome. High-dose atorvastatin significantly reduces sPLA(2) and Lp-PLA(2) mass and activity after acute coronary syndrome and mitigates the risk of death associated with sPLA(2) mass. Atorvastatin may exert antiinflammatory effects on phospholipases that contribute to its therapeutic benefit after acute coronary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Kee Ryu
- Vascular Medicine Program, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0682, USA
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Zannad F, De Backer G, Graham I, Lorenz M, Mancia G, Morrow DA, Reiner Z, Koenig W, Dallongeville J, Macfadyen RJ, Ruilope LM, Wilhelmsen L. Risk stratification in cardiovascular disease primary prevention - scoring systems, novel markers, and imaging techniques. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2012; 26:163-74. [PMID: 22220636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2011.01023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to review and discuss current methods of risk stratification for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention, emerging biomarkers, and imaging techniques, and their relative merits and limitations. This report is based on discussions that took place among experts in the area during a special CardioVascular Clinical Trialists workshop organized by the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Drug Therapy in September 2009. Classical risk factors such as blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels remain the cornerstone of risk estimation in primary prevention but their use as a guide to management is limited by several factors: (i) thresholds for drug treatment vary with the available evidence for cost-effectiveness and benefit-to-risk ratios; (ii) assessment may be imprecise; (iii) residual risk may remain, even with effective control of dyslipidemia and hypertension. Novel measures include C-reactive protein, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) , genetic markers, and markers of subclinical organ damage, for which there are varying levels of evidence. High-resolution ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging to assess carotid atherosclerotic lesions have potential but require further validation, standardization, and proof of clinical usefulness in the general population. In conclusion, classical risk scoring systems are available and inexpensive but have a number of limitations. Novel risk markers and imaging techniques may have a place in drug development and clinical trial design. However, their additional value above and beyond classical risk factors has yet to be determined for risk-guided therapy in CVD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiez Zannad
- Centre for Clinical Investigation, Institut Lorrain du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, CHU Brabois, 54500 Vandoeuvre, France.
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Serum Levels of Secreted Group IIA Phospholipase A2 in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer: A Biomarker for Inflammation or Neoplasia? Inflammation 2011; 35:1113-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-011-9418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Concentration of Lp-PLA2 in stable patients in secondary prevention after STEMI and dose-effect of statins on its values. COR ET VASA 2011. [DOI: 10.33678/cor.2011.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Blache D, Gautier T, Tietge UJF, Lagrost L. Activated platelets contribute to oxidized low‐density lipoproteins and dysfunctional high‐density lipoproteins through a phospholipase A2‐dependent mechanism. FASEB J 2011; 26:927-37. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-191593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Blache
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)/Université de Bourgogne, Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer, Faculté de Médecine Dijon France
| | - Thomas Gautier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)/Université de Bourgogne, Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer, Faculté de Médecine Dijon France
| | - Uwe J. F. Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic DiseaseUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Laurent Lagrost
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)/Université de Bourgogne, Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer, Faculté de Médecine Dijon France
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Ravandi A, Boekholdt SM, Mallat Z, Talmud PJ, Kastelein JJP, Wareham NJ, Miller ER, Benessiano J, Tedgui A, Witztum JL, Khaw KT, Tsimikas S. Relationship of IgG and IgM autoantibodies and immune complexes to oxidized LDL with markers of oxidation and inflammation and cardiovascular events: results from the EPIC-Norfolk Study. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:1829-36. [PMID: 21821825 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m015776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Levels of IgG and IgM autoantibodies (AA) to malondialdehyde (MDA)-LDL and apoB-immune complexes (ICs) were measured in 748 cases and 1,723 controls in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort and their association to coronary artery disease (CAD) events determined. We evaluated whether AA and IC modify CAD risk associated with secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) type IIA mass and activity, lipoprotein-associated PLA(2) activity, lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], oxidized phospholipids on apoB-100 (OxPL/apoB), myeloperoxidase, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein. IgG ICs were higher in cases versus controls (P = 0.02). Elevated levels of IgM AA and IC were inversely associated with Framingham Risk Score and number of metabolic syndrome criteria (p range 0.02-0.001). In regression analyses adjusted for age, smoking, diabetes, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure, the highest tertiles of IgG and IgM AA and IC were not associated with higher risk of CAD events compared with the lowest tertiles. However, elevated levels of IgM IC reduced the risk of Lp(a) (P = 0.006) and elevated IgG MDA-LDL potentiated the risk of sPLA(2) mass (P = 0.018). This epidemiological cohort of initially healthy subjects shows that IgG and IgM AA and IC are not independent predictors of CAD events but may modify CAD risk associated with elevated levels of oxidative biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ravandi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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O'Donoghue ML, Mallat Z, Morrow DA, Benessiano J, Sloan S, Omland T, Solomon SD, Braunwald E, Tedgui A, Sabatine MS. Prognostic utility of secretory phospholipase A(2) in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Clin Chem 2011; 57:1311-7. [PMID: 21784767 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.166520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) may contribute to atherogenesis. To date, few prospective studies have examined the utility of sPLA(2) for risk stratification in coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS We measured plasma sPLA(2) activity at baseline in 3708 subjects in the PEACE randomized trial of trandolapril vs placebo in stable CAD. Median follow-up was 4.8 years. We used Cox regression to adjust for demographics, clinical risk factors, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A1, and medications. RESULTS After multivariable adjustment, sPLA(2) was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (adjusted hazard ratio Q4:Q1 1.55, 95% CI 1.13-2.14) and cardiovascular death or heart failure (1.91, 1.20-3.03). In further multivariable assessment, increased activity levels of sPLA(2) were associated with the risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (adjusted hazard ratio 1.47, 95% CI 1.06-2.04), independent of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) mass and C-reactive protein, and modestly improved the area under the curve (AUC) beyond established clinical risk factors (AUC 0.668-0.675, P = 0.01). sPLA(2), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T all were independently associated with cardiovascular death or heart failure, and each improved risk discrimination (P = 0.02, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS sPLA(2) activity provides independent prognostic information beyond established risk markers in patients with stable CAD. These data are encouraging for studies designed to evaluate the role of sPLA(2) as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L O'Donoghue
- TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Breitling LP, Koenig W, Fischer M, Mallat Z, Hengstenberg C, Rothenbacher D, Brenner H. Type II secretory phospholipase A2 and prognosis in patients with stable coronary heart disease: mendelian randomization study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22318. [PMID: 21799821 PMCID: PMC3142130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serum type II secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIa) has been found to be predictive of adverse outcomes in patients with stable coronary heart disease. Compounds targeting sPLA2-IIa are already under development. This study investigated if an association of sPLA2-IIa with secondary cardiovascular disease (CVD) events may be of causal nature or mainly a matter of confounding by correlated cardiovascular risk markers. Methodology/Principal Findings Eight-year follow-up data of a prospective cohort study (KAROLA) of patients who underwent in-patient rehabilitation after an acute cardiovascular event were analysed. Associations of polymorphisms (SNP) in the sPLA2-IIa-coding gene PLA2G2A with serum sPLA2-IIa and secondary fatal or non-fatal CVD events were examined by multiple regression. Hazard ratios (HR) were compared with those expected if the association between sPLA2-IIa and CVD were causal. The strongest determinants of sPLA2-IIa (rs4744 and rs10732279) were associated with an increase of serum concentrations by 81% and 73% per variant allele. HRs (95% confidence intervals) estimating the associations of the SNPs with secondary CVD events were increased, but not statistically significant (1.16 [0.89–1.51] and 1.18 [0.91–1.52] per variant allele, respectively). However, these estimates were very similar to those expected when assuming causality (1.18 and 1.17), based on an association of natural log-transformed sPLA2-IIa concentration with secondary events with HR = 1.33 per unit. Conclusion The present findings regarding genetic polymorphisms, determination of serum sPLA2-IIa, and prognosis in CVD patients are consistent with a genuine causal relationship and thus might point to a valid drug target for prevention of secondary CVD events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz P Breitling
- Division C070 Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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