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Tóth A, Balogh E, Jeney V. In Vitro Models of Cardiovascular Calcification. Biomedicines 2024; 12:2155. [PMID: 39335668 PMCID: PMC11429067 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12092155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2024] [Revised: 09/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular calcification, characterized by hydroxyapatite deposition in the arterial wall and heart valves, is associated with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Cardiovascular calcification is a hallmark of aging but is frequently seen in association with chronic diseases, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension in the younger population as well. Currently, there is no therapeutic approach to prevent or cure cardiovascular calcification. The pathophysiology of cardiovascular calcification is highly complex and involves osteogenic differentiation of various cell types of the cardiovascular system, such as vascular smooth muscle cells and valve interstitial cells. In vitro cellular and ex vivo tissue culture models are simple and useful tools in cardiovascular calcification research. These models contributed largely to the discoveries of the numerous calcification inducers, inhibitors, and molecular mechanisms. In this review, we provide an overview of the in vitro cell culture and the ex vivo tissue culture models applied in the research of cardiovascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tóth
- MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Enikő Balogh
- MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktória Jeney
- MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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2
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Jeong JY, Bafor AE, Freeman BH, Chen PR, Park ES, Kim E. Pathophysiology in Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: Focus on Endothelial Dysfunctions and Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1795. [PMID: 39200259 PMCID: PMC11351371 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) substantially increase the risk for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. However, the treatment options for bAVMs are severely limited, primarily relying on invasive methods that carry their own risks for intraoperative hemorrhage or even death. Currently, there are no pharmaceutical agents shown to treat this condition, primarily due to a poor understanding of bAVM pathophysiology. For the last decade, bAVM research has made significant advances, including the identification of novel genetic mutations and relevant signaling in bAVM development. However, bAVM pathophysiology is still largely unclear. Further investigation is required to understand the detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms involved, which will enable the development of safer and more effective treatment options. Endothelial cells (ECs), the cells that line the vascular lumen, are integral to the pathogenesis of bAVMs. Understanding the fundamental role of ECs in pathological conditions is crucial to unraveling bAVM pathophysiology. This review focuses on the current knowledge of bAVM-relevant signaling pathways and dysfunctions in ECs, particularly the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eunhee Kim
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.Y.J.); (A.E.B.); (B.H.F.); (P.R.C.); (E.S.P.)
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3
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Singh A, Bhatt KS, Nguyen HC, Frisbee JC, Singh KK. Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Cardiovascular Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6180. [PMID: 38892367 PMCID: PMC11173124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Under different pathophysiological conditions, endothelial cells lose endothelial phenotype and gain mesenchymal cell-like phenotype via a process known as endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). At the molecular level, endothelial cells lose the expression of endothelial cell-specific markers such as CD31/platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule, von Willebrand factor, and vascular-endothelial cadherin and gain the expression of mesenchymal cell markers such as α-smooth muscle actin, N-cadherin, vimentin, fibroblast specific protein-1, and collagens. EndMT is induced by numerous different pathways triggered and modulated by multiple different and often redundant mechanisms in a context-dependent manner depending on the pathophysiological status of the cell. EndMT plays an essential role in embryonic development, particularly in atrioventricular valve development; however, EndMT is also implicated in the pathogenesis of several genetically determined and acquired diseases, including malignant, cardiovascular, inflammatory, and fibrotic disorders. Among cardiovascular diseases, aberrant EndMT is reported in atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, valvular disease, fibroelastosis, and cardiac fibrosis. Accordingly, understanding the mechanisms behind the cause and/or effect of EndMT to eventually target EndMT appears to be a promising strategy for treating aberrant EndMT-associated diseases. However, this approach is limited by a lack of precise functional and molecular pathways, causes and/or effects, and a lack of robust animal models and human data about EndMT in different diseases. Here, we review different mechanisms in EndMT and the role of EndMT in various cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Singh
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (A.S.); (K.S.B.); (H.C.N.); (J.C.F.)
| | - Kriti S. Bhatt
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (A.S.); (K.S.B.); (H.C.N.); (J.C.F.)
| | - Hien C. Nguyen
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (A.S.); (K.S.B.); (H.C.N.); (J.C.F.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Jefferson C. Frisbee
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (A.S.); (K.S.B.); (H.C.N.); (J.C.F.)
| | - Krishna K. Singh
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (A.S.); (K.S.B.); (H.C.N.); (J.C.F.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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Singh B, Cui K, Eisa-Beygi S, Zhu B, Cowan DB, Shi J, Wang DZ, Liu Z, Bischoff J, Chen H. Elucidating the crosstalk between endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) and endothelial autophagy in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Vascul Pharmacol 2024; 155:107368. [PMID: 38548093 PMCID: PMC11303600 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2024.107368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic systemic inflammatory condition, is implicated in most cardiovascular ischemic events. The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis involves various cell types and associated processes, including endothelial cell activation, monocyte recruitment, smooth muscle cell migration, involvement of macrophages and foam cells, and instability of the extracellular matrix. The process of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) has recently emerged as a pivotal process in mediating vascular inflammation associated with atherosclerosis. This transition occurs gradually, with a significant portion of endothelial cells adopting an intermediate state, characterized by a partial loss of endothelial-specific gene expression and the acquisition of "mesenchymal" traits. Consequently, this shift disrupts endothelial cell junctions, increases vascular permeability, and exacerbates inflammation, creating a self-perpetuating cycle that drives atherosclerotic progression. While endothelial cell dysfunction initiates the development of atherosclerosis, autophagy, a cellular catabolic process designed to safeguard cells by recycling intracellular molecules, is believed to exert a significant role in plaque development. Identifying the pathological mechanisms and molecular mediators of EndoMT underpinning endothelial autophagy, may be of clinical relevance. Here, we offer new insights into the underlying biology of atherosclerosis and present potential molecular mechanisms of atherosclerotic resistance and highlight potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Singh
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kui Cui
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shahram Eisa-Beygi
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bo Zhu
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas B Cowan
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinjun Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of South Florida Health Heart Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Lotto J, Cullum R, Drissler S, Arostegui M, Garside VC, Fuglerud BM, Clement-Ranney M, Thakur A, Underhill TM, Hoodless PA. Cell diversity and plasticity during atrioventricular heart valve EMTs. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5567. [PMID: 37689753 PMCID: PMC10492828 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) of both endocardium and epicardium guide atrioventricular heart valve formation, but the cellular complexity and small scale of this tissue have restricted analyses. To circumvent these issues, we analyzed over 50,000 murine single-cell transcriptomes from embryonic day (E)7.75 hearts to E12.5 atrioventricular canals. We delineate mesenchymal and endocardial bifurcation during endocardial EMT, identify a distinct, transdifferentiating epicardial population during epicardial EMT, and reveal the activation of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity during both processes. In Sox9-deficient valves, we observe increased epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity, indicating a role for SOX9 in promoting endothelial and mesenchymal cell fate decisions. Lastly, we deconvolve cell interactions guiding the initiation and progression of cardiac valve EMTs. Overall, these data reveal mechanisms of emergence of mesenchyme from endocardium or epicardium at single-cell resolution and will serve as an atlas of EMT initiation and progression with broad implications in regenerative medicine and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Lotto
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Sibyl Drissler
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin Arostegui
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Victoria C Garside
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bettina M Fuglerud
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Avinash Thakur
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - T Michael Underhill
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pamela A Hoodless
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Ho YC, Geng X, O’Donnell A, Ibarrola J, Fernandez-Celis A, Varshney R, Subramani K, Azartash-Namin ZJ, Kim J, Silasi R, Wylie-Sears J, Alvandi Z, Chen L, Cha B, Chen H, Xia L, Zhou B, Lupu F, Burkhart HM, Aikawa E, Olson LE, Ahamed J, López-Andrés N, Bischoff J, Yutzey KE, Srinivasan RS. PROX1 Inhibits PDGF-B Expression to Prevent Myxomatous Degeneration of Heart Valves. Circ Res 2023; 133:463-480. [PMID: 37555328 PMCID: PMC10487359 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.323027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac valve disease is observed in 2.5% of the general population and 10% of the elderly people. Effective pharmacological treatments are currently not available, and patients with severe cardiac valve disease require surgery. PROX1 (prospero-related homeobox transcription factor 1) and FOXC2 (Forkhead box C2 transcription factor) are transcription factors that are required for the development of lymphatic and venous valves. We found that PROX1 and FOXC2 are expressed in a subset of valvular endothelial cells (VECs) that are located on the downstream (fibrosa) side of cardiac valves. Whether PROX1 and FOXC2 regulate cardiac valve development and disease is not known. METHODS We used histology, electron microscopy, and echocardiography to investigate the structure and functioning of heart valves from Prox1ΔVEC mice in which Prox1 was conditionally deleted from VECs. Isolated valve endothelial cells and valve interstitial cells were used to identify the molecular mechanisms in vitro, which were tested in vivo by RNAScope, additional mouse models, and pharmacological approaches. The significance of our findings was tested by evaluation of human samples of mitral valve prolapse and aortic valve insufficiency. RESULTS Histological analysis revealed that the aortic and mitral valves of Prox1ΔVEC mice become progressively thick and myxomatous. Echocardiography revealed that the aortic valves of Prox1ΔVEC mice are stenotic. FOXC2 was downregulated and PDGF-B (platelet-derived growth factor-B) was upregulated in the VECs of Prox1ΔVEC mice. Conditional knockdown of FOXC2 and conditional overexpression of PDGF-B in VECs recapitulated the phenotype of Prox1ΔVEC mice. PDGF-B was also increased in mice lacking FOXC2 and in human mitral valve prolapse and insufficient aortic valve samples. Pharmacological inhibition of PDGF-B signaling with imatinib partially ameliorated the valve defects of Prox1ΔVEC mice. CONCLUSIONS PROX1 antagonizes PDGF-B signaling partially via FOXC2 to maintain the extracellular matrix composition and prevent myxomatous degeneration of cardiac valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Ho
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
| | - Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
- Now with Sanegene Bio, Woburn, MA (X.G.)
| | - Anna O’Donnell
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (A.O., K.E.Y.)
| | - Jaime Ibarrola
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.I.)
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain (J.I., A.F.-C., N.L.-A., R.S.S.)
| | - Amaya Fernandez-Celis
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain (J.I., A.F.-C., N.L.-A., R.S.S.)
| | - Rohan Varshney
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
| | - Kumar Subramani
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
| | - Zheila J. Azartash-Namin
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
| | - Jang Kim
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (J.K.)
| | - Robert Silasi
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
| | - Jill Wylie-Sears
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (J.W.-S., Z.A., H.C., J.B.)
| | - Zahra Alvandi
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (J.W.-S., Z.A., H.C., J.B.)
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
| | - Boksik Cha
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
- Now with Daegu Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Republic of Korea (B.C.)
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (J.W.-S., Z.A., H.C., J.B.)
| | - Lijun Xia
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (B.Z.)
| | - Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
| | - Harold M. Burkhart
- Oklahoma Children’s Hospital, University of Oklahoma Health Heart Center, Oklahoma City, OK (H.M.B.)
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA (E.A.)
| | - Lorin E. Olson
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
| | - Jasimuddin Ahamed
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
| | - Natalia López-Andrés
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain (J.I., A.F.-C., N.L.-A., R.S.S.)
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (J.W.-S., Z.A., H.C., J.B.)
| | - Katherine E. Yutzey
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (A.O., K.E.Y.)
| | - R. Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain (J.I., A.F.-C., N.L.-A., R.S.S.)
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Dudley AC, Griffioen AW. Pathological angiogenesis: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Angiogenesis 2023; 26:313-347. [PMID: 37060495 PMCID: PMC10105163 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-023-09876-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, is an essential process for growth and development. Different mechanisms such as vasculogenesis, sprouting, intussusceptive, and coalescent angiogenesis, as well as vessel co-option, vasculogenic mimicry and lymphangiogenesis, underlie the formation of new vasculature. In many pathological conditions, such as cancer, atherosclerosis, arthritis, psoriasis, endometriosis, obesity and SARS-CoV-2(COVID-19), developmental angiogenic processes are recapitulated, but are often done so without the normal feedback mechanisms that regulate the ordinary spatial and temporal patterns of blood vessel formation. Thus, pathological angiogenesis presents new challenges yet new opportunities for the design of vascular-directed therapies. Here, we provide an overview of recent insights into blood vessel development and highlight novel therapeutic strategies that promote or inhibit the process of angiogenesis to stabilize, reverse, or even halt disease progression. In our review, we will also explore several additional aspects (the angiogenic switch, hypoxia, angiocrine signals, endothelial plasticity, vessel normalization, and endothelial cell anergy) that operate in parallel to canonical angiogenesis mechanisms and speculate how these processes may also be targeted with anti-angiogenic or vascular-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Dudley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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8
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Fu M, Song J. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the diversity and biology of valve cells in cardiac valve disease. J Cardiol 2023; 81:49-56. [PMID: 35414472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
From highly aligned extracellular fibrils to the cells, a multilevel ordered hierarchy in valve leaflets is crucial for their biological function. Cardiac valve pathology most frequently involves a disruption in normal structure-function correlations through abnormal and complex interaction of cells, extracellular matrix, and their environment. At present, effective treatment for valve disease is limited and frequently ends with surgical repair or replacement with a mechanical or artificial biological cardiac valve, which comes with insuperable complications for many high-risk patients including aged and pediatric populations. Therefore, there is a critical need to fully appreciate the pathobiology of valve disease in order to develop better, alternative therapies. To date, the majority of studies have focused on delineating valve disease mechanisms at the cellular level. However, the cellular heterogeneity and function is still unclear. In this review, we summarize the body of work on valve cells, with a particular focus on the discoveries about valve cells heterogeneity and functions using single-cell RNA sequencing. We conclude by discussing state-of-the-art strategies for deciphering heterogeneity of these complex cell types, and argue this knowledge could translate into the improved personalized treatment of cardiac valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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9
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Integrin-Linked Kinase Expression in Human Valve Endothelial Cells Plays a Protective Role in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091736. [PMID: 36139812 PMCID: PMC9495882 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is highly prevalent during aging. CAVD initiates with endothelial dysfunction, leading to lipid accumulation, inflammation, and osteogenic transformation. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) participates in the progression of cardiovascular diseases, such as endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. However, ILK role in CAVD is unknown. First, we determined that ILK expression is downregulated in aortic valves from patients with CAVD compared to non-CAVD, especially at the valve endothelium, and negatively correlated with calcification markers. Silencing ILK expression in human valve endothelial cells (siILK-hVECs) induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and promoted a switch to an osteoblastic phenotype; SiILK-hVECs expressed increased RUNX2 and developed calcified nodules. siILK-hVECs exhibited decreased NO production and increased nitrosative stress, suggesting valvular endothelial dysfunction. NO treatment of siILK-hVECs prevented VEC transdifferentiation, while treatment with an eNOS inhibitor mimicked ILK-silencing induction of EndMT. Accordingly, NO treatment inhibited VEC calcification. Mechanistically, siILK-hVECs showed increased Smad2 phosphorylation, suggesting a TGF-β-dependent mechanism, and NO treatment decreased Smad2 activation and RUNX2. Experiments performed in eNOS KO mice confirmed the involvement of the ILK-eNOS signaling pathway in valve calcification, since aortic valves from these animals showed decreased ILK expression, increased RUNX2, and calcification. Our study demonstrated that ILK endothelial expression participates in human CAVD development by preventing endothelial osteogenic transformation.
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Jiang H, Li L, Zhang L, Zang G, Sun Z, Wang Z. Role of endothelial cells in vascular calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:895005. [PMID: 35928939 PMCID: PMC9343736 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.895005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is active and regulates extraosseous ossification progress, which is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Endothelial cells (ECs) line the innermost layer of blood vessels and directly respond to changes in flow shear stress and blood composition. Together with vascular smooth muscle cells, ECs maintain vascular homeostasis. Increased evidence shows that ECs have irreplaceable roles in VC due to their high plasticity. Endothelial progenitor cells, oxidative stress, inflammation, autocrine and paracrine functions, mechanotransduction, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), and other factors prompt ECs to participate in VC. EndMT is a dedifferentiation process by which ECs lose their cell lineage and acquire other cell lineages; this progress coexists in both embryonic development and CVD. EndMT is regulated by several signaling molecules and transcription factors and ultimately mediates VC via osteogenic differentiation. The specific molecular mechanism of EndMT remains unclear. Can EndMT be reversed to treat VC? To address this and other questions, this study reviews the pathogenesis and research progress of VC, expounds the role of ECs in VC, and focuses on the regulatory factors underlying EndMT, with a view to providing new concepts for VC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guangyao Zang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhongqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongqun Wang,
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11
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Jung JJ, Ahmad AA, Rajendran S, Wei L, Zhang J, Toczek J, Nie L, Kukreja G, Salarian M, Gona K, Ghim M, Chakraborty R, Martin KA, Tellides G, Heistad D, Sadeghi MM. Differential BMP Signaling Mediates the Interplay Between Genetics and Leaflet Numbers in Aortic Valve Calcification. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:333-345. [PMID: 35540096 PMCID: PMC9079798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Expression of a neuropilin-like protein, DCBLD2, is reduced in human calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). DCBLD2-deficient mice develop bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and CAVD, which is more severe in BAV mice compared with tricuspid littermates. In vivo and in vitro studies link this observation to up-regulated bone morphogenic protein (BMP)2 expression in the presence of DCBLD2 down-regulation, and enhanced BMP2 signaling in BAV, indicating that a combination of genetics and BAV promotes aortic valve calcification and stenosis. This pathway may be a therapeutic target to prevent CAVD progression in BAV.
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Key Words
- BAV, bicuspid aortic valve
- BMP, bone morphogenic protein
- CAVD, calcific aortic valve disease
- DCBLD2, discoidin, CUB and LCCL domain containing 2
- EC, endothelial cell
- RT-PCR, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
- SMAD, homolog of Caenorhabditis elegans Sma and the Drosophila mad, mothers against decapentaplegic
- TAV, tricuspid aortic valve
- VIC, valvular interstitial cell
- WT, wild type
- aortic stenosis
- aortic valve
- bicuspid aortic valve
- calcification
- mouse models
- pVIC, porcine valvular interstitial cell
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Joon Jung
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Azmi A. Ahmad
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Saranya Rajendran
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Linyan Wei
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jiasheng Zhang
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jakub Toczek
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lei Nie
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gunjan Kukreja
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mani Salarian
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kiran Gona
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mean Ghim
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Raja Chakraborty
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kathleen A. Martin
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - George Tellides
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Donald Heistad
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Mehran M. Sadeghi
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Address for correspondence: Dr Mehran M. Sadeghi, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Room 770G, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
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Latif N, Sarathchandra P, McCormack A, Yacoub MH, Chester AH. Atypical Expression of Smooth Muscle Markers and Co-activators and Their Regulation in Rheumatic Aortic and Calcified Bicuspid Valves. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:793666. [PMID: 35369286 PMCID: PMC8968087 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.793666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We have previously reported that human calcified aortic cusps have abundant expression of smooth muscle (SM) markers and co-activators. We hypothesised that cells in bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) cusps and those affected by rheumatic heart valve (RHV) disease may follow a similar phenotypic transition into smooth muscle cells, a process that could be regulated by transforming growth factors (TGFs). Aims Cusps from eight patients with BAV and seven patients with RHV were analysed for early and late SM markers and regulators of SM gene expression by immunocytochemistry and compared to healthy aortic valves from 12 unused heart valve donors. The ability of TGFs to induce these markers in valve endothelial cells (VECs) on two substrates was assessed. Results In total, 7 out of 8 BAVs and all the RHVs showed an increased and atypical expression of early and late SM markers α-SMA, calponin, SM22 and SM-myosin. The SM marker co-activators were aberrantly expressed in six of the BAV and six of the RHV, in a similar regional pattern to the expression of SM markers. Additionally, regions of VECs, and endothelial cells lining the vessels within the cusps were found to be positive for SM markers and co-activators in three BAV and six RHV. Both BAVs and RHVs were significantly thickened and HIF1α expression was prominent in four BAVs and one RHV. The ability of TGFβs to induce the expression of SM markers and myocardin was greater in VECs cultured on fibronectin than on gelatin. Fibronectin was shown to be upregulated in BAVs and RHVs, within the cusps as well as in the basement membrane. Conclusion Bicuspid aortic valves and RHVs expressed increased numbers of SM marker-positive VICs and VECs. Concomittantly, these cells expressed MRTF-A and myocardin, key regulators of SM gene expression. TGFβ1 was able to preferentially upregulate SM markers and myocardin in VECs on fibronectin, and fibronectin was found to be upregulated in BAVs and RHVs. These findings suggest a role of VEC as a source of cells that express SM cell markers in BAVs and RHVs. The similarity between SM marker expression in BAVs and RHVs with our previous study with cusps from patients with aortic stenosis suggests the existance of a common pathological pathway between these different pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najma Latif
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Najma Latif,
| | | | - Ann McCormack
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom
| | - Magdi H. Yacoub
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian H. Chester
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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MicroRNAs in Valvular Heart Diseases: Biological Regulators, Prognostic Markers and Therapeutical Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212132. [PMID: 34830016 PMCID: PMC8618095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNAs have recently attracted investigators’ interest as regulators of valvular diseases pathogenesis, diagnostic biomarkers, and therapeutical targets. Evidence from in-vivo and in-vitro studies demonstrated stimulatory or inhibitory roles in mitral valve prolapse development, aortic leaflet fusion, and calcification pathways, specifically osteoblastic differentiation and transcription factors modulation. Tissue expression assessment and comparison between physiological and pathological phenotypes of different disease entities, including mitral valve prolapse and mitral chordae tendineae rupture, emerged as the best strategies to address miRNAs over or under-representation and thus, their impact on pathogeneses. In this review, we discuss the fundamental intra- and intercellular signals regulated by miRNAs leading to defects in mitral and aortic valves, congenital heart diseases, and the possible therapeutic strategies targeting them. These miRNAs inhibitors are comprised of antisense oligonucleotides and sponge vectors. The miRNA mimics, miRNA expression vectors, and small molecules are instead possible practical strategies to increase specific miRNA activity. Advantages and technical limitations of these new drugs, including instability and complex pharmacokinetics, are also presented. Novel delivery strategies, such as nanoparticles and liposomes, are described to improve knowledge on future personalized treatment directions.
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14
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Abstract
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition is a dynamic process in which endothelial cells suppress constituent endothelial properties and take on mesenchymal cell behaviors. To begin the process, endothelial cells loosen their cell-cell junctions, degrade the basement membrane, and migrate out into the perivascular surroundings. These initial endothelial behaviors reflect a transient modulation of cellular phenotype, that is, a phenotypic modulation, that is sometimes referred to as partial endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Loosening of endothelial junctions and migration are also seen in inflammatory and angiogenic settings such that endothelial cells initiating endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition have overlapping behaviors and gene expression with endothelial cells responding to inflammatory signals or sprouting to form new blood vessels. Reduced endothelial junctions increase permeability, which facilitates leukocyte trafficking, whereas endothelial migration precedes angiogenic sprouting and neovascularization; both endothelial barriers and quiescence are restored as inflammatory and angiogenic stimuli subside. Complete endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition proceeds beyond phenotypic modulation such that mesenchymal characteristics become prominent and endothelial functions diminish. In proadaptive, regenerative settings the new mesenchymal cells produce extracellular matrix and contribute to tissue integrity whereas in maladaptive, pathologic settings the new mesenchymal cells become fibrotic, overproducing matrix to cause tissue stiffness, which eventually impacts function. Here we will review what is known about how TGF (transforming growth factor) β influences this continuum from junctional loosening to cellular migration and its relevance to cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Alvandi
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA
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15
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Nguyen J, Lin YY, Gerecht S. The next generation of endothelial differentiation: Tissue-specific ECs. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1188-1204. [PMID: 34081899 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) sense and respond to fluid flow and regulate immune cell trafficking in all organs. Despite sharing the same mesodermal origin, ECs exhibit heterogeneous tissue-specific characteristics. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can potentially be harnessed to capture this heterogeneity and further elucidate endothelium behavior to satisfy the need for increased accuracy and breadth of disease models and therapeutics. Here, we review current strategies for hPSC differentiation to blood vascular ECs and their maturation into continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal tissues. We then discuss the contribution of hPSC-derived ECs to recent advances in organoid development and organ-on-chip approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Ying-Yu Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Sharon Gerecht
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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16
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Zhang L, Yao J, Yao Y, Boström KI. Contributions of the Endothelium to Vascular Calcification. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:620882. [PMID: 34079793 PMCID: PMC8165270 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.620882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) increases morbidity and mortality and constitutes a significant obstacle during percutaneous interventions and surgeries. On a cellular and molecular level, VC is a highly regulated process that involves abnormal cell transitions and osteogenic differentiation, re-purposing of signaling pathways normally used in bone, and even formation of osteoclast-like cells. Endothelial cells have been shown to contribute to VC through a variety of means. This includes direct contributions of osteoprogenitor cells generated through endothelial-mesenchymal transitions in activated endothelium, with subsequent migration into the vessel wall. The endothelium also secretes pro-osteogenic growth factors, such as bone morphogenetic proteins, inflammatory mediators and cytokines in conditions like hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and renal failure. High phosphate levels caused by renal disease have deleterious effects on the endothelium, and induction of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase adds to the calcific process. Furthermore, endothelial activation promotes proteolytic destruction of the internal elastic lamina that serves, among other things, as a stabilizer of the endothelium. Appropriate bone mineralization is highly dependent on active angiogenesis, but it is unclear whether the same relationship exists in VC. Through its location facing the vascular lumen, the endothelium is the first to encounter circulating factor and bone marrow-derived cells that might contribute to osteoclast-like versus osteoblast-like cells in the vascular wall. In the same way, the endothelium may be the easiest target to reach with treatments aimed at limiting calcification. This review provides a brief summary of the contributions of the endothelium to VC as we currently know them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jiayi Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kristina I. Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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17
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Büttner P, Feistner L, Lurz P, Thiele H, Hutcheson JD, Schlotter F. Dissecting Calcific Aortic Valve Disease-The Role, Etiology, and Drivers of Valvular Fibrosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:660797. [PMID: 34041283 PMCID: PMC8143377 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.660797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a highly prevalent and progressive disorder that ultimately causes gradual narrowing of the left ventricular outflow orifice with ensuing devastating hemodynamic effects on the heart. Calcific mineral accumulation is the hallmark pathology defining this process; however, fibrotic extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling that leads to extensive deposition of fibrous connective tissue and distortion of the valvular microarchitecture similarly has major biomechanical and functional consequences for heart valve function. Significant advances have been made to unravel the complex mechanisms that govern these active, cell-mediated processes, yet the interplay between fibrosis and calcification and the individual contribution to progressive extracellular matrix stiffening require further clarification. Specifically, we discuss (1) the valvular biomechanics and layered ECM composition, (2) patterns in the cellular contribution, temporal onset, and risk factors for valvular fibrosis, (3) imaging valvular fibrosis, (4) biomechanical implications of valvular fibrosis, and (5) molecular mechanisms promoting fibrotic tissue remodeling and the possibility of reverse remodeling. This review explores our current understanding of the cellular and molecular drivers of fibrogenesis and the pathophysiological role of fibrosis in CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Büttner
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lukas Feistner
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp Lurz
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joshua D. Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Florian Schlotter
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Putative Circulating MicroRNAs Are Able to Identify Patients with Mitral Valve Prolapse and Severe Regurgitation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042102. [PMID: 33672625 PMCID: PMC7924183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) associated with severe mitral regurgitation is a debilitating disease with no pharmacological therapies available. MicroRNAs (miRNA) represent an emerging class of circulating biomarkers that have never been evaluated in MVP human plasma. Our aim was to identify a possible miRNA signature that is able to discriminate MVP patients from healthy subjects (CTRL) and to shed light on the putative altered molecular pathways in MVP. We evaluated a plasma miRNA profile using Human MicroRNA Card A followed by real-time PCR validations. In addition, to assess the discriminative power of selected miRNAs, we implemented a machine learning analysis. MiRNA profiling and validations revealed that miR-140-3p, 150-5p, 210-3p, 451a, and 487a-3p were significantly upregulated in MVP, while miR-223-3p, 323a-3p, 340-5p, and 361-5p were significantly downregulated in MVP compared to CTRL (p ≤ 0.01). Functional analysis identified several biological processes possible linked to MVP. In addition, machine learning analysis correctly classified MVP patients from CTRL with high accuracy (0.93) and an area under the receiving operator characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.97. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study performed on human plasma, showing a strong association between miRNAs and MVP. Thus, a circulating molecular signature could be used as a first-line, fast, and cheap screening tool for MVP identification.
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19
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Zhang YX, Tang RN, Wang LT, Liu BC. Role of crosstalk between endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e12980. [PMID: 33502070 PMCID: PMC7941222 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a severe health problem worldwide, and vascular calcification (VC) contributes substantially to the cardiovascular morbidity and high mortality of CKD. CKD is often accompanied by a variety of pathophysiological states, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, hyperglycaemia, hyperparathyroidism and haemodynamic derangement, that can cause injuries to smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) to promote VC. Similar to SMCs, whose role has been widely explored in VC, ECs may contribute to VC via osteochondral transdifferentiation, apoptosis, etc. In addition, given their location in the innermost layer of the blood vessel lumen and preferential reception of various pro‐calcification stimuli, ECs can pass messages to vascular wall cells and communicate with them. Crosstalk between ECs and SMCs via cytokines through a paracrine mechanism, extracellular vesicles, miRNAs and myoendothelial gap junctions also plays a role in VC. In this review, we emphasize the role of intercellular crosstalk between ECs and SMCs in VC associated with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xia Zhang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing Lishui People' Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ri-Ning Tang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing Lishui People' Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Ting Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing Lishui People' Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Bi-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing Lishui People' Hospital, Nanjing, China
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20
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Gendron N, Rosa M, Blandinieres A, Sottejeau Y, Rossi E, Van Belle E, Idelcadi S, Lecourt S, Vincentelli A, Cras A, Jashari R, Chocron R, Baudouin Y, Pamart T, Bièche I, Nevo N, Cholley B, Rancic J, Staels B, Gaussem P, Dupont A, Carpentier A, Susen S, Smadja DM. Human Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells Display Proangiogenic Properties During Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:415-429. [PMID: 33147990 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study's aim was to analyze the capacity of human valve interstitial cells (VICs) to participate in aortic valve angiogenesis. Approach and Results: VICs were isolated from human aortic valves obtained after surgery for calcific aortic valve disease and from normal aortic valves unsuitable for grafting (control VICs). We examined VIC in vitro and in vivo potential to differentiate in endothelial and perivascular lineages. VIC paracrine effect was also examined on human endothelial colony-forming cells. A pathological VIC (VICp) mesenchymal-like phenotype was confirmed by CD90+/CD73+/CD44+ expression and multipotent-like differentiation ability. When VICp were cocultured with endothelial colony-forming cells, they formed microvessels by differentiating into perivascular cells both in vivo and in vitro. VICp and control VIC conditioned media were compared using serial ELISA regarding quantification of endothelial and angiogenic factors. Higher expression of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)-A was observed at the protein level in VICp-conditioned media and confirmed at the mRNA level in VICp compared with control VIC. Conditioned media from VICp induced in vitro a significant increase in endothelial colony-forming cell proliferation, migration, and sprouting compared with conditioned media from control VIC. These effects were inhibited by blocking VEGF-A with blocking antibody or siRNA approach, confirming VICp involvement in angiogenesis by a VEGF-A dependent mechanism. CONCLUSIONS We provide here the first proof of an angiogenic potential of human VICs isolated from patients with calcific aortic valve disease. These results point to a novel function of VICp in valve vascularization during calcific aortic valve disease, with a perivascular differentiation ability and a VEGF-A paracrine effect. Targeting perivascular differentiation and VEGF-A to slow calcific aortic valve disease progression warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gendron
- Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM, France (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.I., S.L., A. Cras, N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.)
- Hematology Department and Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.L., N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
| | - Mickael Rosa
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, France (M.R., Y.S., E.V.B., A.V., T.P., B.S., A.D., S.S.)
| | - Adeline Blandinieres
- Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM, France (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.I., S.L., A. Cras, N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.)
- Hematology Department and Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.L., N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
| | - Yoann Sottejeau
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, France (M.R., Y.S., E.V.B., A.V., T.P., B.S., A.D., S.S.)
| | - Elisa Rossi
- Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM, France (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.I., S.L., A. Cras, N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.)
- Hematology Department and Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.L., N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
| | - Eric Van Belle
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, France (M.R., Y.S., E.V.B., A.V., T.P., B.S., A.D., S.S.)
| | - Salim Idelcadi
- Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM, France (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.I., S.L., A. Cras, N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.)
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) (S.I., B.C.), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
| | - Séverine Lecourt
- Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM, France (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.I., S.L., A. Cras, N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.)
- Hematology Department and Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.L., N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
| | - André Vincentelli
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, France (M.R., Y.S., E.V.B., A.V., T.P., B.S., A.D., S.S.)
| | - Audrey Cras
- Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM, France (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.I., S.L., A. Cras, N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.)
- Cell therapy Department, AH-HP, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France (A. Cras)
| | - Ramadan Jashari
- European Homograft Bank, Clinic Saint Jean, Brussels, Belgium (R.J.)
| | - Richard Chocron
- Emergency Medicine Department (R.C.), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, France (R.C.)
| | - Yaël Baudouin
- Hematology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France (Y.B.)
| | - Thibault Pamart
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, France (M.R., Y.S., E.V.B., A.V., T.P., B.S., A.D., S.S.)
| | - Ivan Bièche
- Department of Genetics, Pharmacogenomics Unit, Institut Curie, Paris, France (I.B.)
| | - Nathalie Nevo
- Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM, France (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.I., S.L., A. Cras, N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.)
- Hematology Department and Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.L., N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
| | - Bernard Cholley
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) (S.I., B.C.), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
| | - Jeanne Rancic
- Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM, France (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.I., S.L., A. Cras, N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.)
- Hematology Department and Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.L., N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
| | - Bart Staels
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, France (M.R., Y.S., E.V.B., A.V., T.P., B.S., A.D., S.S.)
| | - Pascale Gaussem
- Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM, France (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.I., S.L., A. Cras, N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.)
- Hematology Department and Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.L., N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
| | - Annabelle Dupont
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, France (M.R., Y.S., E.V.B., A.V., T.P., B.S., A.D., S.S.)
| | - Alain Carpentier
- Université de Paris, Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) (A. Carpentier), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
| | - Sophie Susen
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, France (M.R., Y.S., E.V.B., A.V., T.P., B.S., A.D., S.S.)
| | - David M Smadja
- Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM, France (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.I., S.L., A. Cras, N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.)
- Hematology Department and Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.L., N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
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21
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Li W, Su SA, Chen J, Ma H, Xiang M. Emerging roles of fibroblasts in cardiovascular calcification. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:1808-1816. [PMID: 33369201 PMCID: PMC7882970 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular calcification, a kind of ectopic mineralization in cardiovascular system, including atherosclerotic calcification, arterial medial calcification, valve calcification and the gradually recognized heart muscle calcification, is a complex pathophysiological process correlated with poor prognosis. Although several cell types such as smooth muscle cells have been proven critical in vascular calcification, the aetiology of cardiovascular calcification remains to be clarified due to the diversity of cellular origin. Fibroblasts, which possess remarkable phenotypic plasticity that allows rapid adaption to fluctuating environment cues, have been demonstrated to play important roles in calcification of vasculature, valve and heart though our knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fibroblast phenotypic switching in the calcified process is far from complete. Indeed, the lack of definitive fibroblast lineage‐tracing studies and typical expression markers of fibroblasts raise major concerns regarding the contributions of fibroblasts during all the stages of cardiovascular calcification. The goal of this review was to rigorously summarize the current knowledge regarding possible phenotypes exhibited by fibroblasts within calcified cardiovascular system and evaluate the potential therapeutic targets that may control the phenotypic transition of fibroblasts in cardiovascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wudi Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-An Su
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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22
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Xian S, Chen A, Wu X, Lu C, Wu Y, Huang F, Zeng Z. Activation of activin/Smad2 and 3 signaling pathway and the potential involvement of endothelial‑mesenchymal transition in the valvular damage due to rheumatic heart disease. Mol Med Rep 2020; 23:10. [PMID: 33179113 PMCID: PMC7673319 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is an autoimmune disease caused by rheumatic fever following group A hemolytic streptococcal infection and primarily affects the mitral valve. RHD is currently a major global health problem. However, the exact pathological mechanisms associated with RHD-induced cardiac valve damage remain to be elucidated. The endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) serves a key role in a number of diseases with an important role in cardiac fibrosis and the activin/Smad2 and 3 signaling pathway is involved in regulating the EndMT. Nevertheless, there are no studies to date, to the best of the authors' knowledge, investigating the association between RHD and EndMT. Thus, the aim of the current study was to investigate the potential role of EndMT in cardiac valve damage and assess whether activin/Smad2 and 3 signaling was activated during RHD-induced valvular injury in a rat model of RHD induced by inactivated Group A streptococci and complete Freund's adjuvant. Inflammation and fibrosis were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin and Sirius red staining. Serum cytokine and rheumatoid factor levels were measured using ELISA kits. Expression levels of activin/Smad2 and 3 signaling pathway-related factors [activin A, Smad2, Smad3, phosphorylated (p-)Smad2 and p-Smad3], EndMT-related factors [lymphoid enhancer factor-1 (LEF-1), Snail1, TWIST, zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox (ZEB)1, ZEB2, α smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and type I collagen α 1 (COL1A1)], apoptosis-related markers (BAX and cleaved caspase-3) and valvular inflammation markers (NF-κB and p-NF-κB) were detected using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analyses. Compared with the control group, the degree of valvular inflammation and fibrosis, serum levels of IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α and expression of apoptosis-related markers (BAX and cleaved caspase-3) and valvular inflammation marker (p-NF-κB), activin/Smad2 and 3 signaling pathway-related factors (activin A, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3), EndMT-related factors (LEF-1, Snail1, TWIST, ZEB 1, ZEB2, α-SMA and COL1A1) were significantly increased in the RHD group. These results suggested that the activin/Smad2 and 3 signaling pathway was activated during the development of valvular damage caused by RHD and that the EndMT is involved in RHD-induced cardiac valve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglin Xian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Ang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Chuanghong Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yunjiao Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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23
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Xu K, Xie S, Huang Y, Zhou T, Liu M, Zhu P, Wang C, Shi J, Li F, Sellke FW, Dong N. Cell-Type Transcriptome Atlas of Human Aortic Valves Reveal Cell Heterogeneity and Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition Involved in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2910-2921. [PMID: 33086873 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leaflet thickening, fibrosis, and hardening are early pathological features of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). An inadequate understanding of the resident aortic valve cells involved in the pathological process may compromise the development of therapeutic strategies. We aim to construct a pattern of the human aortic valve cell atlas in healthy and CAVD clinical specimens, providing insight into the cellular origins of CAVD and the complex cytopathological differentiation process. Approach and Results: We used unbiased single-cell RNA sequencing for the high-throughput evaluation of cell heterogeneity in 34 632 cells isolated from 6 different human aortic valve leaflets. Cellular experiments, in situ localization, and bulk sequencing were performed to verify the differences between normal, healthy valves and those with CAVD. By comparing healthy and CAVD specimens, we identified 14 cell subtypes, including 3 heterogeneous subpopulations of resident valve interstitial cells, 3 types of immune-derived cells, 2 types of valve endothelial cells, and 6 novel valve-derived stromal cells found particularly in CAVD leaflets. Combining additional verification experiments with single-cell transcriptome profiling provided evidence of endothelial to mesenchymal transition involved in lesion thickening of the aortic valve leaflet. CONCLUSIONS Our findings deconstructed the aortic valve cell atlas and suggested novel functional interactions among resident cell subpopulations. Our findings may provide insight into future targeted therapies to prevent CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (K.X., Y.H., T.Z., M.L., P.Z., J.S., F.L., N.D.)
| | - Shangbo Xie
- BGI-Tech, BGI-Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (S.X.)
| | - Yuming Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (K.X., Y.H., T.Z., M.L., P.Z., J.S., F.L., N.D.)
| | - Tingwen Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (K.X., Y.H., T.Z., M.L., P.Z., J.S., F.L., N.D.)
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (K.X., Y.H., T.Z., M.L., P.Z., J.S., F.L., N.D.)
| | - Peng Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (K.X., Y.H., T.Z., M.L., P.Z., J.S., F.L., N.D.)
| | - Chunli Wang
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents "111" base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, China (C.W.)
| | - Jiawei Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (K.X., Y.H., T.Z., M.L., P.Z., J.S., F.L., N.D.)
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (K.X., Y.H., T.Z., M.L., P.Z., J.S., F.L., N.D.)
| | - Frank W Sellke
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI (F.W.S.)
| | - Nianguo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (K.X., Y.H., T.Z., M.L., P.Z., J.S., F.L., N.D.)
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24
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Al-Shammari H, Latif N, Sarathchandra P, McCormack A, Rog-Zielinska EA, Raja S, Kohl P, Yacoub MH, Peyronnet R, Chester AH. Expression and function of mechanosensitive ion channels in human valve interstitial cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240532. [PMID: 33057457 PMCID: PMC7561104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of heart valve cells to respond to their mechanical environment represents a key mechanism by which the integrity and function of valve cusps is maintained. A number of different mechanotransduction pathways have been implicated in the response of valve cells to mechanical stimulation. In this study, we explore the expression pattern of several mechanosensitive ion channels (MSC) and their potential to mediate mechanosensitive responses of human valve interstitial cells (VIC). Methods MSC presence and function were probed using the patch clamp technique. Protein abundance of key MSC was evaluated by Western blotting in isolated fibroblastic VIC (VICFB) and in VIC differentiated towards myofibroblastic (VICMB) or osteoblastic (VICOB) phenotypes. Expression was compared in non-calcified and calcified human aortic valves. MSC contributions to stretch-induced collagen gene expression and to VIC migration were assessed by pharmacological inhibition of specific channels. Results Two MSC types were recorded in VICFB: potassium selective and cation non-selective channels. In keeping with functional data, the presence of both TREK-1 and Kir6.1 (potassium selective), as well as TRPM4, TRPV4 and TRPC6 (cationic non-selective) channels was confirmed in VIC at the protein level. Differentiation of VICFB into VICMB or VICOB phenotypes was associated with a lower expression of TREK-1 and Kir6.1, and a higher expression of TRPV4 and TRPC6. Differences in MSC expression were also seen in non-calcified vs calcified aortic valves where TREK-1, TRPM4 and TRPV4 expression were higher in calcified compared to control tissues. Cyclic stretch-induced expression of COL I mRNA in cultured VICFB was blocked by RN-9893, a selective inhibitor of TRPV4 channels while having no effect on the stretch-induced expression of COL III. VICFB migration was blocked with the non-specific MSC blocker streptomycin and by GSK417651A an inhibitor of TRPC6/3. Conclusion Aortic VIC express a range of MSC that play a role in functional responses of these cells to mechanical stimulation. MSC expression levels differ in calcified and non-calcified valves in ways that are in part compatible with the change in expression seen between VIC phenotypes. These changes in MSC expression, and associated alterations in the ability of VIC to respond to their mechanical environment, may form novel targets for intervention during aortic valvulopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hessah Al-Shammari
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Najma Latif
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ann McCormack
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom
| | - Eva A. Rog-Zielinska
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg, Bad Krozingen, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Shahzad Raja
- Harefield Hospital, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Kohl
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg, Bad Krozingen, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Magdi H. Yacoub
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom
| | - Rémi Peyronnet
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg, Bad Krozingen, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adrian H. Chester
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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25
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Ibarrola J, Garcia-Peña A, Matilla L, Bonnard B, Sádaba R, Arrieta V, Alvarez V, Fernández-Celis A, Gainza A, Navarro A, Alvarez de la Rosa D, Rossignol P, Jaisser F, López-Andrés N. A New Role for the Aldosterone/Mineralocorticoid Receptor Pathway in the Development of Mitral Valve Prolapse. Circ Res 2020; 127:e80-e93. [PMID: 32329663 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.316427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is one of the most common valvular disorders. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in fibromyxomatous changes in the mitral leaflet tissue have not been elucidated. Aldosterone (Aldo) promotes fibrosis in myocardium, and MR (mineralocorticoid receptor) antagonists (MRAs) improve cardiac function by decreasing cardiac fibrosis. OBJECTIVE We investigated the role of the Aldo/MR in the fibromyxomatous modifications associated with MVP. METHODS AND RESULTS Aldo enhanced valvular interstitial cell activation markers and induced endothelial-mesenchymal transition in valvular endothelial cells, resulting in increased proteoglycan secretion. MRA blocked all the above effects. Cytokine arrays showed CT-1 (cardiotrophin-1) to be a mediator of Aldo-induced valvular interstitial cell activation and proteoglycan secretion and CD (cluster of differentiation) 14 to be a mediator of Aldo-induced endothelial-mesenchymal transition and proteoglycan secretion in valvular endothelial cells. In an experimental mouse model of MVP generated by nordexfenfluramine administration, MRA treatment reduced mitral valve thickness and proteoglycan content. Endothelial-specific MR deletion prevented fibromyxomatous changes induced by nordexfenfluramine administration. Moreover, proteoglycan expression was slightly lower in the mitral valves of MVP patients treated with MRA. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate, for the first time, that the Aldo/MR pathway regulates the phenotypic, molecular, and histological changes of valvular interstitial cells and valvular endothelial cells associated with MVP development. MRA treatment appears to be a promising option to reduce fibromyxomatous alterations in MVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Ibarrola
- From the Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (J.I., A.G.-P., L.M., R.S., V. Arrieta, V. Alvarez, A.F.-C., A.G., A.N., N.L.-A.)
| | - Amaia Garcia-Peña
- From the Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (J.I., A.G.-P., L.M., R.S., V. Arrieta, V. Alvarez, A.F.-C., A.G., A.N., N.L.-A.)
| | - Lara Matilla
- From the Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (J.I., A.G.-P., L.M., R.S., V. Arrieta, V. Alvarez, A.F.-C., A.G., A.N., N.L.-A.)
| | - Benjamin Bonnard
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, France (B.B., F.J.)
| | - Rafael Sádaba
- From the Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (J.I., A.G.-P., L.M., R.S., V. Arrieta, V. Alvarez, A.F.-C., A.G., A.N., N.L.-A.)
| | - Vanessa Arrieta
- From the Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (J.I., A.G.-P., L.M., R.S., V. Arrieta, V. Alvarez, A.F.-C., A.G., A.N., N.L.-A.)
| | - Virginia Alvarez
- From the Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (J.I., A.G.-P., L.M., R.S., V. Arrieta, V. Alvarez, A.F.-C., A.G., A.N., N.L.-A.)
| | - Amaya Fernández-Celis
- From the Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (J.I., A.G.-P., L.M., R.S., V. Arrieta, V. Alvarez, A.F.-C., A.G., A.N., N.L.-A.)
| | - Alicia Gainza
- From the Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (J.I., A.G.-P., L.M., R.S., V. Arrieta, V. Alvarez, A.F.-C., A.G., A.N., N.L.-A.)
| | - Adela Navarro
- From the Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (J.I., A.G.-P., L.M., R.S., V. Arrieta, V. Alvarez, A.F.-C., A.G., A.N., N.L.-A.)
| | - Diego Alvarez de la Rosa
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Laguna, Spain (D.A.d.l.R.)
| | - Patrick Rossignol
- Université de Lorraine, INSERM, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques-Plurithématique 1433, UMR 1116, CHRU de Nancy, French-Clinical Research Infrastructure Network Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists (P.R., F.J., N.L.-A.)
| | - Frederic Jaisser
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, France (B.B., F.J.).,Université de Lorraine, INSERM, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques-Plurithématique 1433, UMR 1116, CHRU de Nancy, French-Clinical Research Infrastructure Network Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists (P.R., F.J., N.L.-A.)
| | - Natalia López-Andrés
- From the Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (J.I., A.G.-P., L.M., R.S., V. Arrieta, V. Alvarez, A.F.-C., A.G., A.N., N.L.-A.).,Université de Lorraine, INSERM, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques-Plurithématique 1433, UMR 1116, CHRU de Nancy, French-Clinical Research Infrastructure Network Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists (P.R., F.J., N.L.-A.)
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26
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Cavalcanti LRP, Sá MPBO, Perazzo ÁM, Escorel Neto AC, Gomes RAF, Weymann A, Zhigalov K, Ruhparwar A, Lima RC. Mitral Annular Calcification: Association with Atherosclerosis and Clinical Implications. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2020; 22:9. [PMID: 32034516 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-020-0825-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the pathophysiology of mitral annular calcification (MAC) with recent findings and current strategies for diagnosis and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Major factors in MAC development seem to be shear stress of the flow past the mitral valve, local inflammation, and dysregulation in regulators of mineral metabolism. MAC itself poses daunting technical challenges. Implanting a valve on top of the calcium bar might lead to paravalvular leak (PVL) that is less likely to heal. Annular decalcification allows for better valve seating and potentially better healing and less PVL. This, however, comes with the risk for catastrophic atrioventricular groove disruption. MAC can be sharply dissected with the scalpel; the annulus can be reconstructed with the autologous pericardium. Transcatheter mitral valve replacement is a promising approach in the treatment of patients who are deemed high-risk surgical candidates with severe MAC. MAC is a multifactorial disease that has some commonalities with atherosclerosis, mainly regarding lipid accumulation and calcium deposition. It is of great clinical importance, being a risk marker of cardiovascular events (including sudden death) and, with its progression, can have a negative impact on patients' lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Rafael P Cavalcanti
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE, Recife, Brazil. .,University of Pernambuco - UPE, Recife, Brazil. .,, Recife, Brazil.
| | - Michel Pompeu B O Sá
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE, Recife, Brazil.,University of Pernambuco - UPE, Recife, Brazil.,Nucleus of Postgraduate and Research in Health Sciences of Faculty of Medical Sciences and Biological Sciences Institute - FCM/ICB, Recife, Brazil
| | - Álvaro M Perazzo
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE, Recife, Brazil.,University of Pernambuco - UPE, Recife, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Escorel Neto
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE, Recife, Brazil.,University of Pernambuco - UPE, Recife, Brazil
| | - Rafael A F Gomes
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE, Recife, Brazil.,University of Pernambuco - UPE, Recife, Brazil.,Nucleus of Postgraduate and Research in Health Sciences of Faculty of Medical Sciences and Biological Sciences Institute - FCM/ICB, Recife, Brazil
| | - Alexander Weymann
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Zhigalov
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Arjang Ruhparwar
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ricardo C Lima
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE, Recife, Brazil.,University of Pernambuco - UPE, Recife, Brazil
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Abstract
Endothelial cells and mesenchymal cells are two different cell types with distinct morphologies, phenotypes, functions, and gene profiles. Accumulating evidence, notably from lineage-tracing studies, indicates that the two cell types convert into each other during cardiovascular development and pathogenesis. During heart development, endothelial cells transdifferentiate into mesenchymal cells in the endocardial cushion through endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), a process that is critical for the formation of cardiac valves. Studies have also reported that EndoMT contributes to the development of various cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, cardiac fibrosis, valve calcification, endocardial elastofibrosis, atherosclerosis, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Conversely, cardiac fibroblasts can transdifferentiate into endothelial cells and contribute to neovascularization after cardiac injury. However, progress in genetic lineage tracing has challenged the role of EndoMT, or its reversed programme, in the development of cardiovascular diseases. In this Review, we discuss the caveats of using genetic lineage-tracing technology to investigate cell-lineage conversion; we also reassess the role of EndoMT in cardiovascular development and diseases and elaborate on the molecular signals that orchestrate EndoMT in pathophysiological processes. Understanding the role and mechanisms of EndoMT in diseases will unravel the therapeutic potential of targeting this process and will provide a new paradigm for the development of regenerative medicine to treat cardiovascular diseases.
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28
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Porro B, Songia P, Myasoedova VA, Valerio V, Moschetta D, Gripari P, Fusini L, Cavallotti L, Canzano P, Turnu L, Alamanni F, Camera M, Cavalca V, Poggio P. Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Severe Mitral Regurgitation. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8060835. [PMID: 31212807 PMCID: PMC6616454 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common cause of severe mitral regurgitation. It has been reported that MVP patients—candidates for mitral valve repair (MVRep)—showed an alteration in the antioxidant defense systems as well as in the L-arginine metabolic pathway. In this study, we investigate if oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction are an MVP consequence or driving factors. Forty-five patients undergoing MVRep were evaluated before and 6 months post surgery and compared to 29 controls. Oxidized (GSSG) and reduced (GSH) forms of glutathione, and L-arginine metabolic pathway were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods while osteoprotegerin (OPG) through the ELISA kit and circulating endothelial microparticles (EMP) by flow cytometry. Six-month post surgery, in MVP patients, the GSSG/GSH ratio decreased while symmetric and asymmetric dimethylarginines levels remained comparable to the baseline. Conversely, OPG levels significantly increased when compared to their baseline. Finally, pre-MVRep EMP levels were significantly higher in patients than in controls and did not change post surgery. Overall, these results highlight that MVRep completely restores the increased oxidative stress levels, as evidenced in MVP patients. Conversely, no amelioration of endothelial dysfunction was evidenced after surgery. Thus, therapies aimed to restore a proper endothelial function before and after surgical repair could benefit MVP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Porro
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, I.R.C.C.S., 20138 Milan, Italy.
| | - Paola Songia
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, I.R.C.C.S., 20138 Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Vincenza Valerio
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, I.R.C.C.S., 20138 Milan, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Paola Gripari
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, I.R.C.C.S., 20138 Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Fusini
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, I.R.C.C.S., 20138 Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Paola Canzano
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, I.R.C.C.S., 20138 Milan, Italy.
| | - Linda Turnu
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, I.R.C.C.S., 20138 Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Marina Camera
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, I.R.C.C.S., 20138 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Viviana Cavalca
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, I.R.C.C.S., 20138 Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Poggio
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, I.R.C.C.S., 20138 Milan, Italy.
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Development of calcific aortic valve disease: Do we know enough for new clinical trials? J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 132:189-209. [PMID: 31136747 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), previously thought to represent a passive degeneration of the valvular extracellular matrix (VECM), is now regarded as an intricate multistage disorder with sequential yet intertangled and interacting underlying processes. Endothelial dysfunction and injury, initiated by disturbed blood flow and metabolic disorders, lead to the deposition of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the VECM further provoking macrophage infiltration, oxidative stress, and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Such changes in the valvular homeostasis induce differentiation of normally quiescent valvular interstitial cells (VICs) into synthetically active myofibroblasts producing excessive quantities of the VECM and proteins responsible for its remodeling. As a result of constantly ongoing degradation and re-deposition, VECM becomes disorganised and rigid, additionally potentiating myofibroblastic differentiation of VICs and worsening adaptation of the valve to the blood flow. Moreover, disrupted and excessively vascularised VECM is susceptible to the dystrophic calcification caused by calcium and phosphate precipitating on damaged collagen fibers and concurrently accompanied by osteogenic differentiation of VICs. Being combined, passive calcification and biomineralisation synergistically induce ossification of the aortic valve ultimately resulting in its mechanical incompetence requiring surgical replacement. Unfortunately, multiple attempts have failed to find an efficient conservative treatment of CAVD; however, therapeutic regimens and clinical settings have also been far from the optimal. In this review, we focused on interactions and transitions between aforementioned mechanisms demarcating ascending stages of CAVD, suggesting a predisposing condition (bicuspid aortic valve) and drug combination (lipid-lowering drugs combined with angiotensin II antagonists and cytokine inhibitors) for the further testing in both preclinical and clinical trials.
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30
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Neri T, Hiriart E, van Vliet PP, Faure E, Norris RA, Farhat B, Jagla B, Lefrancois J, Sugi Y, Moore-Morris T, Zaffran S, Faustino RS, Zambon AC, Desvignes JP, Salgado D, Levine RA, de la Pompa JL, Terzic A, Evans SM, Markwald R, Pucéat M. Human pre-valvular endocardial cells derived from pluripotent stem cells recapitulate cardiac pathophysiological valvulogenesis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1929. [PMID: 31028265 PMCID: PMC6486645 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified mice have advanced our understanding of valve development and disease. Yet, human pathophysiological valvulogenesis remains poorly understood. Here we report that, by combining single cell sequencing and in vivo approaches, a population of human pre-valvular endocardial cells (HPVCs) can be derived from pluripotent stem cells. HPVCs express gene patterns conforming to the E9.0 mouse atrio-ventricular canal (AVC) endocardium signature. HPVCs treated with BMP2, cultured on mouse AVC cushions, or transplanted into the AVC of embryonic mouse hearts, undergo endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and express markers of valve interstitial cells of different valvular layers, demonstrating cell specificity. Extending this model to patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells recapitulates features of mitral valve prolapse and identified dysregulation of the SHH pathway. Concurrently increased ECM secretion can be rescued by SHH inhibition, thus providing a putative therapeutic target. In summary, we report a human cell model of valvulogenesis that faithfully recapitulates valve disease in a dish. There are few human models that can recapitulate valve development in vitro. Here, the authors derive human pre-valvular endocardial cells (HPVCs) from iPSCs and show they can recapitulate early valvulogenesis, and patient derived HPVCs have features of mitral valve prolapse and identified SHH dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tui Neri
- INSERM U-1251, MMG, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, 13885, France.,Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, UOS di Milano, CNR, Rozzano, 20138, Italy
| | - Emilye Hiriart
- INSERM U-1251, MMG, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, 13885, France
| | - Patrick P van Vliet
- University of California San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA, 92092 92093, USA.,Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, H7G 4W7, QC, Canada.,LIA (International Associated Laboratory) INSERM, Marseille, U1251-13885, France.,LIA (International Associated Laboratory) Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, H7G 4W7, Canada
| | - Emilie Faure
- INSERM U-1251, MMG, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, 13885, France
| | - Russell A Norris
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29401-5703, USA
| | - Batoul Farhat
- INSERM U-1251, MMG, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, 13885, France.,LIA (International Associated Laboratory) INSERM, Marseille, U1251-13885, France.,LIA (International Associated Laboratory) Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, H7G 4W7, Canada
| | - Bernd Jagla
- Institut Pasteur - Cytometry and Biomarkers Unit of Technology and Service, Center for Translational Science and Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub - C3BI, USR, 3756 IP CNRS, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Julie Lefrancois
- INSERM U-1251, MMG, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, 13885, France
| | - Yukiko Sugi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29401-5703, USA
| | - Thomas Moore-Morris
- INSERM U-1251, MMG, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, 13885, France.,LIA (International Associated Laboratory) INSERM, Marseille, U1251-13885, France.,LIA (International Associated Laboratory) Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, H7G 4W7, Canada
| | - Stéphane Zaffran
- INSERM U-1251, MMG, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, 13885, France
| | | | - Alexander C Zambon
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | | | - David Salgado
- INSERM U-1251, MMG, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, 13885, France
| | - Robert A Levine
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Jose Luis de la Pompa
- Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, E-28029, Spain
| | - André Terzic
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA
| | - Sylvia M Evans
- University of California San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA, 92092 92093, USA
| | - Roger Markwald
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29401-5703, USA
| | - Michel Pucéat
- INSERM U-1251, MMG, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, 13885, France. .,LIA (International Associated Laboratory) INSERM, Marseille, U1251-13885, France. .,LIA (International Associated Laboratory) Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, H7G 4W7, Canada.
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31
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Piera-Velazquez S, Jimenez SA. Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition: Role in Physiology and in the Pathogenesis of Human Diseases. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1281-1324. [PMID: 30864875 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that endothelial cells are capable of undergoing endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), a newly recognized type of cellular transdifferentiation. EndMT is a complex biological process in which endothelial cells adopt a mesenchymal phenotype displaying typical mesenchymal cell morphology and functions, including the acquisition of cellular motility and contractile properties. Endothelial cells undergoing EndMT lose the expression of endothelial cell-specific proteins such as CD31/platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule, von Willebrand factor, and vascular-endothelial cadherin and initiate the expression of mesenchymal cell-specific genes and the production of their encoded proteins including α-smooth muscle actin, extra domain A fibronectin, N-cadherin, vimentin, fibroblast specific protein-1, also known as S100A4 protein, and fibrillar type I and type III collagens. Transforming growth factor-β1 is considered the main EndMT inducer. However, EndMT involves numerous molecular and signaling pathways that are triggered and modulated by multiple and often redundant mechanisms depending on the specific cellular context and on the physiological or pathological status of the cells. EndMT participates in highly important embryonic development processes, as well as in the pathogenesis of numerous genetically determined and acquired human diseases including malignant, vascular, inflammatory, and fibrotic disorders. Despite intensive investigation, many aspects of EndMT remain to be elucidated. The identification of molecules and regulatory pathways involved in EndMT and the discovery of specific EndMT inhibitors should provide novel therapeutic approaches for various human disorders mediated by EndMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonsoles Piera-Velazquez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sergio A Jimenez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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32
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Yao Y, Yao J, Boström KI. SOX Transcription Factors in Endothelial Differentiation and Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transitions. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:30. [PMID: 30984768 PMCID: PMC6447608 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The SRY (Sex Determining Region Y)-related HMG box of DNA binding proteins, referred to as SOX transcription factors, were first identified as critical regulators of male sex determination but are now known to play an important role in vascular development and disease. SOX7, 17, and 18 are essential in endothelial differentiation and SOX2 has emerged as an essential mediator of endothelial-mesenchymal transitions (EndMTs), a mechanism that enables the endothelium to contribute cells with abnormal cell differentiation to vascular disease such as calcific vasculopathy. In the following paper, we review published information on the SOX transcription factors in endothelial differentiation and hypothesize that SOX2 acts as a mediator of EndMTs that contribute to vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jiayi Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kristina I Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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33
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The Role of Osteoprotegerin and Its Ligands in Vascular Function. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030705. [PMID: 30736365 PMCID: PMC6387017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The superfamily of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors includes osteoprotegerin (OPG) and its ligands, which are receptor activators of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). The OPG/RANKL/RANK system plays an active role in pathological angiogenesis and inflammation as well as cell survival. It has been demonstrated that there is crosstalk between endothelial cells and osteoblasts during osteogenesis, thus establishing a connection between angiogenesis and osteogenesis. This OPG/RANKL/RANK/TRAIL system acts on specific cell surface receptors, which are then able to transmit their signals to other intracellular components and modify gene expression. Cytokine production and activation of their receptors induce mechanisms to recruit monocytes and neutrophils as well as endothelial cells. Data support the role of an increased OPG/RANKL ratio as a possible marker of progression of endothelial dysfunction in metabolic disorders in relationship with inflammatory marker levels. We review the role of the OPG/RANKL/RANK triad in vascular function as well as molecular mechanisms related to the etiology of vascular diseases. The potential therapeutic strategies may be very promising in the future.
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34
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Kovacic JC, Dimmeler S, Harvey RP, Finkel T, Aikawa E, Krenning G, Baker AH. Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 73:190-209. [PMID: 30654892 PMCID: PMC6865825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a process whereby an endothelial cell undergoes a series of molecular events that lead to a change in phenotype toward a mesenchymal cell (e.g., myofibroblast, smooth muscle cell). EndMT plays a fundamental role during development, and mounting evidence indicates that EndMT is involved in adult cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, valvular disease, and fibroelastosis. Therefore, the targeting of EndMT may hold therapeutic promise for treating CVD. However, the field faces a number of challenges, including the lack of a precise functional and molecular definition, a lack of understanding of the causative pathological role of EndMT in CVDs (versus being a "bystander-phenomenon"), and a lack of robust human data corroborating the extent and causality of EndMT in adult CVDs. Here, we review this emerging but exciting field, and propose a framework for its systematic advancement at the molecular and translational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Kovacic
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, and German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School and School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Toren Finkel
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Guido Krenning
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew H Baker
- UoE/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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35
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Schulz A, Brendler J, Blaschuk O, Landgraf K, Krueger M, Ricken AM. Non-pathological Chondrogenic Features of Valve Interstitial Cells in Normal Adult Zebrafish. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:361-373. [PMID: 30620237 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418824083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the heart, unidirectional blood flow depends on proper heart valve function. As, in mammals, regulatory mechanisms of early heart valve and bone development are shown to contribute to adult heart valve pathologies, we used the animal model zebrafish (ZF, Danio rerio) to investigate the microarchitecture and differentiation of cardiac valve interstitial cells in the transition from juvenile (35 days) to end of adult breeding (2.5 years) stages. Of note, light microscopy and immunohistochemistry revealed major differences in ZF heart valve microarchitecture when compared with adult mice. We demonstrate evidence for rather chondrogenic features of valvular interstitial cells by histological staining and immunodetection of SOX-9, aggrecan, and type 2a1 collagen. Collagen depositions are enriched in a thin layer at the atrial aspect of atrioventricular valves and the ventricular aspect of bulboventricular valves, respectively. At the ultrastructural level, the collagen fibrils are lacking obvious periodicity and orientation throughout the entire valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Schulz
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine.,University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jana Brendler
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine.,University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Orest Blaschuk
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Landgraf
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, University Hospital for Children & Adolescents and Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Adiposity Diseases.,University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine.,University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert M Ricken
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine.,University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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36
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Reustle A, Torzewski M. Role of p38 MAPK in Atherosclerosis and Aortic Valve Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123761. [PMID: 30486366 PMCID: PMC6321637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and aortic valve sclerosis are cardiovascular diseases with an increasing prevalence in western societies. Statins are widely applied in atherosclerosis therapy, whereas no pharmacological interventions are available for the treatment of aortic valve sclerosis. Therefore, valve replacement surgery to prevent acute heart failure is the only option for patients with severe aortic stenosis. Both atherosclerosis and aortic valve sclerosis are not simply the consequence of degenerative processes, but rather diseases driven by inflammatory processes in response to lipid-deposition in the blood vessel wall and the aortic valve, respectively. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is involved in inflammatory signaling and activated in response to various intracellular and extracellular stimuli, including oxidative stress, cytokines, and growth factors, all of which are abundantly present in atherosclerotic and aortic valve sclerotic lesions. The responses generated by p38 MAPK signaling in different cell types present in the lesions are diverse and might support the progression of the diseases. This review summarizes experimental findings relating to p38 MAPK in atherosclerosis and aortic valve sclerosis and discusses potential functions of p38 MAPK in the diseases with the aim of clarifying its eligibility as a pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Reustle
- Dr. Margarete-Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany.
- University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Michael Torzewski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Hospital Hygiene, Robert Bosch-Hospital, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Jover E, Fagnano M, Angelini G, Madeddu P. Cell Sources for Tissue Engineering Strategies to Treat Calcific Valve Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:155. [PMID: 30460245 PMCID: PMC6232262 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular calcification is an independent risk factor and an established predictor of adverse cardiovascular events. Despite concomitant factors leading to atherosclerosis and heart valve disease (VHD), the latter has been identified as an independent pathological entity. Calcific aortic valve stenosis is the most common form of VDH resulting of either congenital malformations or senile “degeneration.” About 2% of the population over 65 years is affected by aortic valve stenosis which represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. A multifactorial, complex and active heterotopic bone-like formation process, including extracellular matrix remodeling, osteogenesis and angiogenesis, drives heart valve “degeneration” and calcification, finally causing left ventricle outflow obstruction. Surgical heart valve replacement is the current therapeutic option for those patients diagnosed with severe VHD representing more than 20% of all cardiac surgeries nowadays. Tissue Engineering of Heart Valves (TEHV) is emerging as a valuable alternative for definitive treatment of VHD and promises to overcome either the chronic oral anticoagulation or the time-dependent deterioration and reintervention of current mechanical or biological prosthesis, respectively. Among the plethora of approaches and stablished techniques for TEHV, utilization of different cell sources may confer of additional properties, desirable and not, which need to be considered before moving from the bench to the bedside. This review aims to provide a critical appraisal of current knowledge about calcific VHD and to discuss the pros and cons of the main cell sources tested in studies addressing in vitro TEHV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Jover
- Bristol Medical School (Translational Health Sciences), Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Fagnano
- Bristol Medical School (Translational Health Sciences), Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Gianni Angelini
- Bristol Medical School (Translational Health Sciences), Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Bristol Medical School (Translational Health Sciences), Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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38
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Lin B, Srikanth P, Castle AC, Nigwekar S, Malhotra R, Galloway JL, Sykes DB, Rajagopal J. Modulating Cell Fate as a Therapeutic Strategy. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:329-341. [PMID: 29910150 PMCID: PMC6128730 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In injured tissues, regeneration is often associated with cell fate plasticity, in that cells deviate from their normal lineage paths. It is becoming increasingly clear that this plasticity often creates alternative strategies to restore damaged or lost cells. Alternatively, cell fate plasticity is also part and parcel of pathologic tissue transformations that accompany disease. In this Perspective, we summarize a few illustrative examples of physiologic and aberrant cellular plasticity. Then, we speculate on how one could enhance endogenous plasticity to promote regeneration and reverse pathologic plasticity, perhaps inspiring interest in a new class of therapies targeting cell fate modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Priya Srikanth
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Pathways Program, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alison C Castle
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Pathways Program, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sagar Nigwekar
- Pathways Program, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Pathways Program, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jenna L Galloway
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David B Sykes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Pathways Program, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Paiva AE, Lousado L, Almeida VM, Andreotti JP, Santos GSP, Azevedo PO, Sena IFG, Prazeres PHDM, Borges IT, Azevedo V, Mintz A, Birbrair A. Endothelial Cells as Precursors for Osteoblasts in the Metastatic Prostate Cancer Bone. Neoplasia 2017; 19:928-931. [PMID: 28957694 PMCID: PMC5619995 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer cells metastasize to the bones, causing ectopic bone formation, which results in fractures and pain. The cellular mechanisms underlying new bone production are unknown. In a recent study, Lin and colleagues, by using state-of-the-art techniques, including prostate cancer mouse models in combination with sophisticated in vivo lineage-tracing technologies, revealed that endothelial cells form osteoblasts induced by prostate cancer metastasis in the bone. Strikingly, genetic deletion of osteorix protein from endothelial cells affected prostate cancer-induced osteogenesis in vivo. Deciphering the osteoblasts origin in the bone microenvironment may result in the development of promising new molecular targets for prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana E Paiva
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiza Lousado
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Viviani M Almeida
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Julia P Andreotti
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabryella S P Santos
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrick O Azevedo
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Isadora F G Sena
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro H D M Prazeres
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Isabella T Borges
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Department of General Biology of Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Ayme-Dietrich E, Lawson R, Côté F, de Tapia C, Da Silva S, Ebel C, Hechler B, Gachet C, Guyonnet J, Rouillard H, Stoltz J, Quentin E, Banas S, Daubeuf F, Frossard N, Gasser B, Mazzucotelli JP, Hermine O, Maroteaux L, Monassier L. The role of 5-HT 2B receptors in mitral valvulopathy: bone marrow mobilization of endothelial progenitors. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4123-4139. [PMID: 28806488 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Valvular heart disease (VHD) is highly prevalent in industrialized countries. Chronic use of anorexigens, amphetamine or ergot derivatives targeting the 5-HT system is associated with VHD. Here, we investigated the contribution of 5-HT receptors in a model of valve degeneration induced by nordexfenfluramine, the main metabolite of the anorexigens, dexfenfluramine and benfluorex. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Nordexfenfluramine was infused chronically (28 days) in mice ((WT and transgenic Htr2B -/- , Htr2A -/- , and Htr2B/2A -/- ) to induce mitral valve lesions. Bone marrow transplantation was also carried out. Haemodynamics were measured with echocardiography; tissues and cells were analysed by histology, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry and RT -qPCR. Samples of human prolapsed mitral valves were also analysed. KEY RESULTS Chronic treatment of mice with nordexfenfluramine activated 5-HT2B receptors and increased valve thickness and cell density in a thick extracellular matrix, mimicking early steps of mitral valve remodelling. Lesions were prevented by 5-HT2A or 5-HT2B receptor antagonists and in transgenic Htr2B -/- or Htr2A/2B -/- mice. Surprisingly, valve lesions were mainly formed by numerous non-proliferative CD34+ endothelial progenitors. These progenitors originated from bone marrow (BM) as revealed by BM transplantation. The initial steps of mitral valve remodelling involved mobilization of BM-derived CD34+ CD31+ cells by 5-HT2B receptor stimulation. Analysis of human prolapsed mitral valves showing spontaneous degenerative lesions, demonstrated the presence of non-proliferating CD34+ /CD309+ /NOS3+ endothelial progenitors expressing 5-HT2B receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS BM-derived endothelial progenitor cells make a crucial contribution to the remodelling of mitral valve tissue. Our data describe a new and important mechanism underlying human VHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Ayme-Dietrich
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Cardiovasculaire (EA7296), Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université et Centre Hospitalier de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Roland Lawson
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Cardiovasculaire (EA7296), Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université et Centre Hospitalier de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Francine Côté
- Department of Hematology, Institut Imagine, INSERM U1183 CNRS ERL 8254, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Universitaire Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Claudia de Tapia
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Cardiovasculaire (EA7296), Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université et Centre Hospitalier de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvia Da Silva
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Cardiovasculaire (EA7296), Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université et Centre Hospitalier de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Claudine Ebel
- Department of Flow Cytometry, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Béatrice Hechler
- Etablissement Français du sang (EFS) Alsace, Inserm U949, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Gachet
- Etablissement Français du sang (EFS) Alsace, Inserm U949, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jérome Guyonnet
- Pharmaceutical Research Department, CEVA Santé Animale, Libourne, France
| | - Hélène Rouillard
- Laboratoire de Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Emile Muller, Mulhouse, France
| | - Jordane Stoltz
- Laboratoire de Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Emile Muller, Mulhouse, France
| | - Emily Quentin
- INSERM UMR-S 839, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université́, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Banas
- INSERM UMR-S 839, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université́, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - François Daubeuf
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, LabExMedalis, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Nelly Frossard
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, LabExMedalis, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Bernard Gasser
- Laboratoire de Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Emile Muller, Mulhouse, France
| | | | - Olivier Hermine
- Department of Hematology, Institut Imagine, INSERM U1183 CNRS ERL 8254, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Universitaire Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Luc Maroteaux
- INSERM UMR-S 839, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université́, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Monassier
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Cardiovasculaire (EA7296), Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université et Centre Hospitalier de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Dahal S, Huang P, Murray BT, Mahler GJ. Endothelial to mesenchymal transformation is induced by altered extracellular matrix in aortic valve endothelial cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:2729-2741. [PMID: 28589644 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in shear stress, mechanical deformation, extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and exposure to inflammatory conditions are known to cause endothelial to mesenchymal transformation (EndMT). This change in endothelial phenotype has only recently been linked to adult pathologies such as cancer progression, organ fibrosis, and calcific aortic valve disease; and its function in adult physiology, especially in response to tissue mechanics, has not been rigorously investigated. EndMT is a response to mechanical and biochemical signals that results in the remodeling of underlying tissues. In diseased aortic valves, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are present in the collagen-rich valve fibrosa, and are deposited near calcified nodules. In this study, in vitro models of early and late-stage valve disease were developed by incorporating the GAGs chondroitin sulfate (CS), hyaluronic acid, and dermatan sulfate into 3D collagen hydrogels with or without exposure to TGF-β1 to simulate EndMT in response to microenvironmental changes. High levels of CS induced the highest rate of EndMT and led to the most collagen I and GAG production by mesenchymally transformed cells, which indicates a cell phenotype most likely to promote fibrotic disease. Mesenchymal transformation due to altered ECM was found to depend on cell-ECM bond strength and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 signaling. Determining the environmental conditions that induce and promote EndMT, and the subsequent behavior of mesenchymally transformed cells, will advance understanding on the role of endothelial cells in tissue regeneration or disease progression. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2729-2741, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Dahal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Peter Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Bruce T Murray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Gretchen J Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
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42
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Perrucci GL, Zanobini M, Gripari P, Songia P, Alshaikh B, Tremoli E, Poggio P. Pathophysiology of Aortic Stenosis and Mitral Regurgitation. Compr Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28640443 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The global impact of the spectrum of valve diseases is a crucial, fast-growing, and underrecognized health problem. The most prevalent valve diseases, requiring surgical intervention, are represented by calcific and degenerative processes occurring in heart valves, in particular, aortic and mitral valve. Due to the increasing elderly population, these pathologies will gain weight in the global health burden. The two most common valve diseases are aortic valve stenosis (AVS) and mitral valve regurgitation (MR). AVS is the most commonly encountered valve disease nowadays and affects almost 5% of elderly population. In particular, AVS poses a great challenge due to the multiple comorbidities and frailty of this patient subset. MR is also a common valve pathology and has an estimated prevalence of 3% in the general population, affecting more than 176 million people worldwide. This review will focus on pathophysiological changes in both these valve diseases, starting from the description of the anatomical aspects of normal valve, highlighting all the main cellular and molecular features involved in the pathological progression and cardiac consequences. This review also evaluates the main approaches in clinical management of these valve diseases, taking into account of the main published clinical guidelines. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:799-818, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca L Perrucci
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Paola Songia
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Poggio
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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43
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Aortic calcified particles modulate valvular endothelial and interstitial cells. Cardiovasc Pathol 2017; 28:36-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Myxomatous Degeneration of the Canine Mitral Valve: From Gross Changes to Molecular Events. J Comp Pathol 2017; 156:371-383. [PMID: 28408040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the single most common acquired heart disease of the dog, but is also of emerging importance in human medicine, with some features of the disease shared between both species. There has been increased understanding of this disease in recent years, with most research aiming to elucidate the cellular and molecular events of disease pathogenesis. For gross and histological changes, much of our understanding is based on historical studies and there has been no comprehensive reappraisal of the pathology of MMVD. This paper reviews the gross, histological, ultrastructural, cellular and molecular changes in canine MMVD.
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45
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Liu X, Xu Z. Osteogenesis in calcified aortic valve disease: From histopathological observation towards molecular understanding. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 122:156-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bischoff J, Casanovas G, Wylie-Sears J, Kim DH, Bartko PE, Guerrero JL, Dal-Bianco JP, Beaudoin J, Garcia ML, Sullivan SM, Seybolt MM, Morris BA, Keegan J, Irvin WS, Aikawa E, Levine RA. CD45 Expression in Mitral Valve Endothelial Cells After Myocardial Infarction. Circ Res 2016; 119:1215-1225. [PMID: 27750208 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ischemic mitral regurgitation, a complication after myocardial infarction (MI), induces adaptive mitral valve (MV) responses that may be initially beneficial but eventually lead to leaflet fibrosis and MV dysfunction. We sought to examine the MV endothelial response and its potential contribution to ischemic mitral regurgitation. OBJECTIVE Endothelial, interstitial, and hematopoietic cells in MVs from post-MI sheep were quantified. MV endothelial CD45, found post MI, was analyzed in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS Ovine MVs, harvested 6 months after inferior MI, showed CD45, a protein tyrosine phosphatase, colocalized with von Willebrand factor, an endothelial marker. Flow cytometry of MV cells revealed significant increases in CD45+ endothelial cells (VE-cadherin+/CD45+/α-smooth muscle actin [SMA]+ and VE-cadherin+/CD45+/αSMA- cells) and possible fibrocytes (VE-cadherin-/CD45+/αSMA+) in inferior MI compared with sham-operated and normal sheep. CD45+ cells correlated with MV fibrosis and mitral regurgitation severity. VE-cadherin+/CD45+/αSMA+ cells suggested that CD45 may be linked to endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). MV endothelial cells treated with transforming growth factor-β1 to induce EndMT expressed CD45 and fibrosis markers collagen 1 and 3 and transforming growth factor-β1 to 3, not observed in transforming growth factor-β1-treated arterial endothelial cells. A CD45 protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor blocked induction of EndMT and fibrosis markers and inhibited EndMT-associated migration of MV endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS MV endothelial cells express CD45, both in vivo post MI and in vitro in response to transforming growth factor-β1. A CD45 phosphatase inhibitor blocked hallmarks of EndMT in MV endothelial cells. These results point to a novel, functional requirement for CD45 phosphatase activity in EndMT. The contribution of CD45+ endothelial cells to MV adaptation and fibrosis post MI warrants investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Bischoff
- From the Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (J.B., G.C., J.W.-S.); Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.-H.K., P.E.B., J.L.G., J.P.D.-B., J.B., M.L.G., S.M.S., M.M.S., B.A.M., R.A.L.); Division of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea (D.-H.K.); and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.K., W.S.I., E.A.).
| | - Guillem Casanovas
- From the Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (J.B., G.C., J.W.-S.); Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.-H.K., P.E.B., J.L.G., J.P.D.-B., J.B., M.L.G., S.M.S., M.M.S., B.A.M., R.A.L.); Division of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea (D.-H.K.); and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.K., W.S.I., E.A.)
| | - Jill Wylie-Sears
- From the Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (J.B., G.C., J.W.-S.); Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.-H.K., P.E.B., J.L.G., J.P.D.-B., J.B., M.L.G., S.M.S., M.M.S., B.A.M., R.A.L.); Division of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea (D.-H.K.); and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.K., W.S.I., E.A.)
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Mongkoldhumrongkul N, Latif N, Yacoub MH, Chester AH. Effect of Side-Specific Valvular Shear Stress on the Content of Extracellular Matrix in Aortic Valves. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2016; 9:151-157. [PMID: 27709350 PMCID: PMC5988791 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-016-0280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Responses of valve endothelial cells (VECs) to shear stresses are important for the regulation of valve durability. However, the effect of flow patterns subjected to VECs on the opposite surfaces of the valves on the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) has not yet been investigated. This study aims to investigate the response of side-specific flow patterns, in terms of ECM synthesis and/or degradation in porcine aortic valves. Aortic and ventricular sides of aortic valve leaflets were exposed to oscillatory and laminar flow generated by a Cone-and-Plate machine for 48 h. The amount of collagen, GAGs and elastin was quantified and compared to samples collected from the same leaflets without exposing to flow. The results demonstrated that flow is important to maintain the amount of GAGs and elastin in the valve, as compared to the effect of static conditions. Particularly, the laminar waveform plays a crucial role on the modulation of elastin in side-independent manner. Furthermore, the ability of oscillatory flow on the aortic surface to increase the amount of collagen and GAGs cannot be replicated by exposure of an identical flow pattern on the ventricular side of the valve. Side-specific responses to the particular patterns of flow are important to the regulation of ECM components. Such understanding is imperative to the creation of tissue-engineered heart valves that must be created from the “appropriate” cells that can replicate the functions of the native VECs to regulate the different constituents of ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Najma Latif
- Imperial College, NHLI, Heart Science Centre, Harefield, Middlesex, UB9 6JH, UK
| | - Magdi H Yacoub
- Imperial College, NHLI, Heart Science Centre, Harefield, Middlesex, UB9 6JH, UK
| | - Adrian H Chester
- Imperial College, NHLI, Heart Science Centre, Harefield, Middlesex, UB9 6JH, UK.
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48
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Madhu MN, Aguiar C, Hassan A, Brunt KR. Translating calcified aortic valve disease to the bench - Use of 3D matrices in the development of future treatment strategies. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 98:58-61. [PMID: 27338001 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malav N Madhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | - Christie Aguiar
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Saint John Regional Hospital, Canada
| | - Ansar Hassan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Saint John Regional Hospital, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | - Keith R Brunt
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Canada.
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Songia P, Branchetti E, Parolari A, Myasoedova V, Ferrari G, Alamanni F, Tremoli E, Poggio P. Mitral valve endothelial cells secrete osteoprotegerin during endothelial mesenchymal transition. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 98:48-57. [PMID: 27338002 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) has a prevalence of 3% in the general population, affecting >176 million people worldwide. Despite this, little is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the progression of MVP and surgical intervention is the only available option. In this study we investigated the role of osteoprotegerin (OPG) during endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in MVP. METHODS AND RESULTS VECs and VICs were isolated from posterior mitral valve leaflets of patients undergoing mitral valve repair (n=25). Plasma was collected from 57 subjects (29 controls and 28 MVP patients). Overexpression of OPG during EndMT followed by autocrine effects characterised by reactive oxygen species increment and accelerated migration was documented. In addition, OPG increased VIC proliferation. Finally, OPG plasma levels were significantly higher in MVP patients compared to control subjects and the area under the ROC curve was 0.92. CONCLUSION EndMT has been recognised as a possible pathological mechanism for MVP. For the first time, we report the involvement of OPG in cellular and molecular changes in MVP isolated cells. In addition, we detected elevated circulating OPG levels in MVP patients when compared to controls, which supports the hypothesis that OPG is involved in MVP development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Songia
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Parolari
- Policlinico San Donato IRCCS, U.O. Cardiochirurgia e Ricerca traslazionale, San Donato Milanese, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Ferrari
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Surgery, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Francesco Alamanni
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Sezione Cardiovascolare, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Poggio
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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Capulli AK, MacQueen LA, Sheehy SP, Parker KK. Fibrous scaffolds for building hearts and heart parts. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 96:83-102. [PMID: 26656602 PMCID: PMC4807693 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and biochemistry provide cell-instructive cues that promote and regulate tissue growth, function, and repair. From a structural perspective, the ECM is a scaffold that guides the self-assembly of cells into distinct functional tissues. The ECM promotes the interaction between individual cells and between different cell types, and increases the strength and resilience of the tissue in mechanically dynamic environments. From a biochemical perspective, factors regulating cell-ECM adhesion have been described and diverse aspects of cell-ECM interactions in health and disease continue to be clarified. Natural ECMs therefore provide excellent design rules for tissue engineering scaffolds. The design of regenerative three-dimensional (3D) engineered scaffolds is informed by the target ECM structure, chemistry, and mechanics, to encourage cell infiltration and tissue genesis. This can be achieved using nanofibrous scaffolds composed of polymers that simultaneously recapitulate 3D ECM architecture, high-fidelity nanoscale topography, and bio-activity. Their high porosity, structural anisotropy, and bio-activity present unique advantages for engineering 3D anisotropic tissues. Here, we use the heart as a case study and examine the potential of ECM-inspired nanofibrous scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. We asked: Do we know enough to build a heart? To answer this question, we tabulated structural and functional properties of myocardial and valvular tissues for use as design criteria, reviewed nanofiber manufacturing platforms and assessed their capabilities to produce scaffolds that meet our design criteria. Our knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the heart, as well as our ability to create synthetic ECM scaffolds have advanced to the point that valve replacement with nanofibrous scaffolds may be achieved in the short term, while myocardial repair requires further study in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Capulli
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L A MacQueen
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sean P Sheehy
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - K K Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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