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Wilson HP, Pierre A, Paysse AL, Kumar N, Cooley BC, Rudra P, Dorsey AW, Polania-Villanueva D, Chatterjee S, Janbain M, Velez MC, Majumder R. Protein S antibody as an adjunct therapy for hemophilia B. Blood Adv 2024; 8:441-452. [PMID: 37773781 PMCID: PMC10827407 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023010819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hemophilia B (HB) is caused by an inherited deficiency of plasma coagulation factor IX (FIX). Approximately 60% of pediatric patients with HB possess a severe form of FIX deficiency (<1% FIX activity). Treatment typically requires replacement therapy through the administration of FIX. However, exogenous FIX has a limited functional half-life, and the natural anticoagulant protein S (PS) inhibits activated FIX (FIXa). PS ultimately limits thrombin formation, which limits plasma coagulation. This regulation of FIXa activity by PS led us to test whether inhibiting PS would extend the functional half-life of FIX and thereby prolong FIX-based HB therapy. We assayed clotting times and thrombin generation to measure the efficacy of a PS antibody for increasing FIX activity in commercially obtained plasma and plasma from pediatric patients with HB. We included 11 pediatric patients who lacked additional comorbidities and coagulopathies. In vivo, we assessed thrombus formation in HB mice in the presence of the FIXa ± PS antibody. We found an accelerated rate of clotting in the presence of PS antibody. Similarly, the peak thrombin formed was significantly greater in the presence of the PS antibody, even in plasma from patients with severe HB. Furthermore, HB mice injected with PS antibody and FIX had a 4.5-fold higher accumulation of fibrin at the thrombus induction site compared with mice injected with FIX alone. Our findings imply that a PS antibody would be a valuable adjunct to increase the effectiveness of FIX replacement therapy in pediatric patients who have mild, moderate, and severe HB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope P. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Aliyah Pierre
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Ashley L. Paysse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Narender Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Brian C. Cooley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Adrianne W. Dorsey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Diana Polania-Villanueva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Sabyasachi Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Maissaa Janbain
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Maria C. Velez
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA
| | - Rinku Majumder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
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2
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Gray BP, Kelly L, Steen-Burrell KA, Layzer JM, Rempel RE, Nimjee SM, Cooley BC, Tarantal AF, Sullenger BA. Rapid molecular imaging of active thrombi in vivo using aptamer-antidote probes. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 31:440-451. [PMID: 36817726 PMCID: PMC9930157 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pathological blood clotting, or thrombosis, limits vital blood flow to organs; such deprivation can lead to catastrophic events including myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, and ischemic stroke. Prompt restoration of blood flow greatly improves outcomes. We explored whether aptamers could serve as molecular imaging probes to rapidly detect thrombi. An aptamer targeting thrombin, Tog25t, was found to rapidly localize to and visualize pre-existing clots in the femoral and jugular veins of mice using fluorescence imaging and, when circulating, was able to image clots as they form. Since free aptamer is quickly cleared from circulation, contrast is rapidly developed, allowing clot visualization within minutes. Moreover, administration of an antidote oligonucleotide further enhanced contrast development, causing the unbound aptamer to clear within 5min while impacting the clot-bound aptamer more slowly. These findings suggest that aptamers can serve as imaging agents for rapid detection of thrombi in acute care and perioperative settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Powell Gray
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Linsley Kelly
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Juliana M. Layzer
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rachel E. Rempel
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shahid M. Nimjee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brian C. Cooley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA
| | - Alice F. Tarantal
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, and California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616-8542, USA
| | - Bruce A. Sullenger
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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3
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Asadi Jozani K, Kouthouridis S, Hirota JA, Zhang B. Next generation preclinical models of lung development, physiology and disease. CAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Asadi Jozani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Sonya Kouthouridis
- Department of Chemical Engineering McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Jeremy Alexander Hirota
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton Ontario Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health St. Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Boyang Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada
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4
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Both G protein-coupled and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif receptors mediate venous thrombosis in mice. Blood 2022; 139:3194-3203. [PMID: 35358299 PMCID: PMC9136879 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022015787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are critical in hemostasis and a major contributor to arterial thrombosis (AT). (Pre)clinical studies suggest platelets also contribute to venous thrombosis (VT), but the mechanisms are largely unknown. We hypothesized that in VT, platelets use signaling machinery distinct from AT. Here we aimed to characterize the contributions of platelet G protein-coupled (GPCR) and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) receptor signaling to VT. Wild-type (WT) and transgenic mice were treated with inhibitors to selectively inhibit platelet-signaling pathways: ITAM-CLEC2 (Clec2mKO), glycoprotein VI (JAQ1 antibody), and Bruton's tyrosine kinase (ibrutinib); GPCR-cyclooxygenase 1 (aspirin); and P2Y12 (clopidogrel). VT was induced by inferior vena cava stenosis. Thrombin generation in platelet-rich plasma and whole-blood clot formation were studied ex vivo. Intravital microscopy was used to study platelet-leukocyte interactions after flow restriction. Thrombus weights were reduced in WT mice treated with high-dose aspirin + clopidogrel (dual antiplatelet therapy [DAPT]) but not in mice treated with either inhibitor alone or low-dose DAPT. Similarly, thrombus weights were reduced in mice with impaired ITAM signaling (Clec2mKO + JAQ1; WT + ibrutinib) but not in Clec2mKO or WT + JAQ1 mice. Both aspirin and clopidogrel, but not ibrutinib, protected mice from FeCl3-induced AT. Thrombin generation and clot formation were normal in blood from high-dose DAPT- or ibrutinib-treated mice; however, platelet adhesion and platelet-neutrophil aggregate formation at the vein wall were reduced in mice treated with high-dose DAPT or ibrutinib. In summary, VT initiation requires platelet activation via GPCRs and ITAM receptors. Strong inhibition of either signaling pathway reduces VT in mice.
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Yin W, Dimatteo A, Kumpfbeck A, Leung S, Fandaros M, Musmacker B, Rubenstein DA, Frame MD. An in situ inferior vena cava ligation-stenosis model to study thrombin generation rates with flow. Thromb J 2022; 20:30. [PMID: 35614456 PMCID: PMC9131541 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-022-00391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood flow-induced shear stress affects platelet participation in coagulation and thrombin generation. We aimed to develop an in vivo model to characterize thrombin generation rates under flow. METHODS An in situ inferior vena cava (IVC) ligation-stenosis model was established using C57BL/6 mice. Wild type C57BL/6 mice were fed normal chow diet for two weeks before experiments. On the day of experiments, mice were anesthetized, followed by an incision through the abdominal skin to expose the IVC, which was then ligated (followed by reperfusion through a stenosis for up to 2 h). IVC blood flow rate was monitored using a Transonic ultrasound flow meter. In sham animals, the IVC was exposed following the same procedure, but no ligation was applied. Thrombin generation following IVC ligation was estimated by measuring mouse plasma prothrombin fragment 1-2 concentration. Mouse plasma factor Va concentration was measured using phospholipids and a modified prothrombinase assay. Blood vessel histomorphology, vascular wall ICAM-1, von Willebrand Factor, tissue factor, and PECAM-1 expression were measured using immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS IVC blood flow rate increased immediately following ligation and stenosis formation. Sizable clots formed in mouse IVC following ligation and stenosis formation. Both plasma factor Va and prothrombin fragment 1-2 concentration reduced significantly following IVC ligation/stenosis, while no changes were observed with ICAM-1, von Willebrand Factor, tissue factor and PECAM-1 expression. CONCLUSION Clot formation was successful. However, the prothrombin-thrombin conversion rate constant in vivo cannot be determined as local thrombin and FVa concentration (at the injury site) cannot be accurately measured. Modification to the animal model is needed to further the investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Bioengineering Building, Room 109, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
| | - Andrew Dimatteo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Bioengineering Building, Room 109, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Andrew Kumpfbeck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Bioengineering Building, Room 109, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Stephen Leung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Bioengineering Building, Room 109, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Marina Fandaros
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Bioengineering Building, Room 109, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Bryan Musmacker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Bioengineering Building, Room 109, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - David A Rubenstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Bioengineering Building, Room 109, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Mary D Frame
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Bioengineering Building, Room 109, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
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6
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Mihalko EP, Nellenbach K, Krishnakumar M, Moiseiwitsch N, Sollinger J, Cooley BC, Brown AC. Fibrin-specific poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) nanogels for targeted delivery of tissue-type plasminogen activator to treat thrombotic complications are well tolerated in vivo. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 7:e10277. [PMID: 35600656 PMCID: PMC9115681 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery for maintaining blood fluidity can reduce the risks associated with systemic anticoagulants that can lead to off-target bleeding. Recently, there has been much interest in targeted delivery of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) for treating thrombotic complications. The work presented here characterizes a fibrin-specific nanogel (FSN) design for targeted delivery of tPA to treat thrombotic complications. Fibrin binding and clot degradation were characterized in vitro, and animal models of thrombosis were used to examine nanogel effects on coagulation parameters. In vitro assays showed tPA-FSNs attach to fibrin in a dose-dependent manner independent of tPA loading. In animal models of thrombosis, including an electrolytic injury to monitor clot properties in real time, and a lipopolysaccharide-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) animal model, tPA-FSNs modulated fibrin/fibrinogen and platelet incorporation into clots and at optimized dosing could recover consumptive coagulopathy in DIC. Distribution of unloaded and tPA-loaded FSNs showed potential clearance of tPA-FSNs after 24 h, although unloaded FSNs may be retained at sites of fibrin deposits. Maximum tolerated dose studies showed tPA-FSNs have minimal toxicity up to 20 times the optimized therapeutic dose. Overall, these studies demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy of targeted fibrinolysis for systemic microthrombi and begin to evaluate key translational parameters for tPA-FSN therapeutics, including optimal tPA-FSN dosage in a DIC rodent model and safety of intravenous tPA-FSN therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P. Mihalko
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering of University of North CarolinaChapel Hill and North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
- Comparative Medicine InstituteNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Kimberly Nellenbach
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering of University of North CarolinaChapel Hill and North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
- Comparative Medicine InstituteNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Manasi Krishnakumar
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering of University of North CarolinaChapel Hill and North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Nina Moiseiwitsch
- Comparative Medicine InstituteNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jennifer Sollinger
- Comparative Medicine InstituteNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Brian C. Cooley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Ashley C. Brown
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering of University of North CarolinaChapel Hill and North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
- Comparative Medicine InstituteNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
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7
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Tyagi T, Jain K, Gu SX, Qiu M, Gu VW, Melchinger H, Rinder H, Martin KA, Gardiner EE, Lee AI, Ho Tang W, Hwa J. A guide to molecular and functional investigations of platelets to bridge basic and clinical sciences. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:223-237. [PMID: 37502132 PMCID: PMC10373053 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Platelets have been shown to be associated with pathophysiological process beyond thrombosis, demonstrating critical additional roles in homeostatic processes, such as immune regulation, and vascular remodeling. Platelets themselves can have multiple functional states and can communicate and regulate other cells including immune cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, to serve such diverse functions. Although traditional platelet functional assays are informative and reliable, they are limited in their ability to unravel platelet phenotypic heterogeneity and interactions. Developments in methods such as electron microscopy, flow cytometry, mass spectrometry, and 'omics' studies, have led to new insights. In this Review, we focus on advances in platelet biology and function, with an emphasis on current and promising methodologies. We also discuss technical and biological challenges in platelet investigations. Using coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as an example, we further describe the translational relevance of these approaches and the possible 'bench-to-bedside' utility in patient diagnosis and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Tyagi
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kanika Jain
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sean X Gu
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Miaoyun Qiu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623 Guangdong China
| | - Vivian W Gu
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hannah Melchinger
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Henry Rinder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kathleen A Martin
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Gardiner
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Alfred I Lee
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wai Ho Tang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623 Guangdong China
| | - John Hwa
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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8
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Kattula S, Sang Y, de Ridder G, Silver AC, Bouck EG, Cooley BC, Wolberg AS. Novel venous thromboembolism mouse model to evaluate the role of complete and partial factor XIII deficiency in pulmonary embolism risk. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:2997-3007. [PMID: 34431201 PMCID: PMC8605765 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venous thrombosis (VT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), collectively venous thromboembolism (VTE), cause high mortality and morbidity. Factor XIII (FXIII) crosslinks fibrin to enhance thrombus stability and consequently may influence PE risk. Elucidating mechanisms contributing to PE is limited by a lack of models that recapitulate human PE characteristics. OBJECTIVE We aimed to develop a mouse model that permits embolization of red blood cell (RBC)- and fibrin-rich VT and determine the contribution of FXIII to PE risk. METHODS AND RESULTS In a thrombin-infusion PE model, F13a+/+ , F13a+/- , and F13a-/- mice had similar incidence of microthrombi in the lungs; however, thrombi were small, with low RBC content (≤7%), unlike human PEs (~70%). To identify a model producing PE consistent with histological characteristics of human PE, we compared mouse femoral vein electrolytic injury, femoral vein FeCl3 injury, and infrarenal vena cava (IVC) stasis models of VT. Electrolytic and FeCl3 models produced small thrombi with few RBCs (5% and 4%, respectively), whereas IVC stasis produced large thrombi with higher RBC content (68%) that was similar to human PEs. After IVC stasis and ligature removal (de-ligation) to permit thrombus embolization, compared to F13a+/+ mice, F13a+/- and F13a-/- mice had similar and increased PE incidence, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Compared to thrombin infusion-, electrolytic injury-, and FeCl3 -based models, IVC stasis produces thrombi that are more histologically similar to human thrombi. IVC stasis followed by de-ligation permits embolization of existing RBC- and fibrin-rich thrombi. Complete FXIII deficiency increases PE incidence, but partial deficiency does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravya Kattula
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Yaqiu Sang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Gustaaf de Ridder
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Transfusion Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Anna C. Silver
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Emma G. Bouck
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Brian C. Cooley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Alisa S. Wolberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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9
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Maly M, Riedel T, Stikarova J, Suttnar J, Kotlin R, Hajsl M, Tousek P, Kaufmanova J, Kucerka O, Weisel JW, Dyr JE. Incorporation of Fibrin, Platelets, and Red Blood Cells into a Coronary Thrombus in Time and Space. Thromb Haemost 2021; 122:434-444. [PMID: 34781375 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1739193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We describe the internal structure, spatial organization and dynamic formation of coronary artery thrombi from ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed significant differences among four groups of patients (<2 hours; 2-6 hours; 6-12 hours, and >12 hours) related to the time of ischemia. Coronary artery thrombi from patients presenting less than 2 hours after the infarction were almost entirely composed of platelets, with small amounts of fibrin and red blood cells. In contrast, thrombi from late presenters (>12 hours) consisted of mainly platelets at the distal end, where clotting was initiated, with almost no platelets at the proximal end, while the red blood cell content went from low at the initiating end to more than 90% at the proximal end. Furthermore, fibrin was present mainly on the outside of the thrombi and older thrombi contained thicker fibers. The red blood cells in late thrombi were compressed to a close-packed, tessellated array of polyhedral structures, called polyhedrocytes. Moreover, there was redistribution from the originally homogeneous composition to fibrin and platelets to the outside, with polyhedrocytes on the interior. The presence of polyhedrocytes and the redistribution of components are signs of in vivo clot contraction (or retraction). These results suggest why later thrombi are resistant to fibrinolytic agents and other treatment modalities, since the close-packed polyhedrocytes form a nearly impermeable seal. Furthermore, it is of particular clinical significance that these findings suggest specific disparate therapies that will be most effective at different stages of thrombus development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Maly
- First Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Military University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Riedel
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic.,Chemistry and Physics of Surfaces and Biointerfaces, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Stikarova
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Suttnar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Kotlin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hajsl
- First Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Military University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tousek
- Cardiocenter, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady and Third Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jirina Kaufmanova
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kucerka
- First Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Military University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - John W Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jan E Dyr
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
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10
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Liu J, Cooley BC, Akinc A, Butler J, Borodovsky A. Knockdown of liver-derived factor XII by GalNAc-siRNA ALN-F12 prevents thrombosis in mice without impacting hemostatic function. Thromb Res 2020; 196:200-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Grover SP, Olson TM, Cooley BC, Mackman N. Model-dependent contributions of FXII and FXI to venous thrombosis in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:2899-2909. [PMID: 33094904 PMCID: PMC7693194 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intrinsic pathway factors (F) XII and FXI have been shown to contribute to thrombosis in animal models. We assessed the role of FXII and FXI in venous thrombosis in three distinct mouse models. METHODS Venous thrombosis was assessed in mice genetically deficient for either FXII or FXI. Three models were used: the inferior vena cava (IVC) stasis, IVC stenosis, and femoral vein electrolytic injury models. RESULTS In the IVC stasis model, FXII and FXI deficiency did not affect the size of thrombi but their absence was associated with decreased levels of fibrin(ogen) and an increased level of the neutrophil extracellular trap marker citrullinated histone H3. In contrast, a deficiency of either FXII or FXI resulted in a significant and equivalent reduction in thrombus weight and incidence of thrombus formation in the IVC stenosis model. Thrombi formed in the IVC stenosis model contained significantly higher levels of citrullinated histone H3 compared with the thrombi formed in the IVC stasis model. Deletion of either FXII or FXI also resulted in a significant and equivalent reduction in both fibrin and platelet accumulation in the femoral vein electrolytic injury model. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data indicate that FXII and FXI contribute to the size of venous thrombosis in models with blood flow and thrombus composition in a stasis model. This study also demonstrates the importance of using multiple mouse models to assess the role of a given protein in venous thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P. Grover
- Division of Hematology and OncologyDepartment of MedicineUNC Blood Research CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Tatianna M. Olson
- Division of Hematology and OncologyDepartment of MedicineUNC Blood Research CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Brian C. Cooley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineMcAllister Heart InstituteUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Division of Hematology and OncologyDepartment of MedicineUNC Blood Research CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
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12
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Grover SP, Bendapudi PK, Yang M, Merrill-Skoloff G, Govindarajan V, Mitrophanov AY, Flaumenhaft R. Injury measurements improve interpretation of thrombus formation data in the cremaster arteriole laser-induced injury model of thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:3078-3085. [PMID: 33456401 PMCID: PMC7805486 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background The cremaster arteriole laser-induced injury model is a powerful technique with which to investigate the molecular mechanisms that drive thrombus formation. This model is capable of direct visualization and quantification of accumulation of thrombus constituents, including both platelets and fibrin. However, a large degree of variability in platelet accumulation and fibrin formation is observed between thrombi. Strategies to understand this variability will enhance performance and standardization of the model. We determined whether ablation injury size contributes to variation in platelet accumulation and fibrin formation and, if so, whether incorporating ablation injury size into measurements reduces variation. Methods Thrombus formation was initiated by laser-induced injury of cremaster arterioles of mice (n=59 injuries). Ablation injuries within the vessel wall were consistently identified and quantified by measuring the length of vessel wall injury observed immediately following laser-induced disruption. Platelet accumulation and fibrin formation as detected by fluorescently-labeled antibodies were captured by digital intra-vital microscopy. Results Laser-induced disruption of the vessel wall resulted in ablation injuries of variable length (18-95 μm) enabling interrogation of the relationship between injury severity and thrombus dynamics. Strong positive correlations were observed between vessel injury length and both platelet and fibrin when the data are transformed as area under the curve (Spearman r = 0.80 and 0.76 respectively). Normalization of area under the curve measurements by injury length reduced intraclass coefficients of variation among thrombi and improved hypothesis testing when comparing different data sets. Conclusions Measurement of vessel wall injury length provides a reliable and robust marker of injury severity. Injury length can effectively normalize measurements of platelet accumulation and fibrin formation improving data interpretation and standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Grover
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Oncology and Hematology and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pavan K Bendapudi
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Moua Yang
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Glenn Merrill-Skoloff
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vijay Govindarajan
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute (BHSAI), Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander Y Mitrophanov
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute (BHSAI), Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Podlipec R, Arsov Z, Koklič T, Štrancar J. Characterization of blood coagulation dynamics and oxygenation in ex-vivo retinal vessels by fluorescence hyperspectral imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000021. [PMID: 32281304 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Blood coagulation mechanisms forming a blood clot and preventing hemorrhage have been extensively studied in the last decades. Knowing the mechanisms behind becomes very important particularly in the case of blood vessel diseases. Real-time and accurate diagnostics accompanied by the therapy are particularly needed, for example, in diseases related to retinal vasculature. In our study, we employ for the first time fluorescence hyperspectral imaging (fHSI) combined with the spectral analysis algorithm concept to assess physical as well as functional information of blood coagulation in real-time. By laser-induced local disruption of retinal vessels to mimic blood leaking and subsequent coagulation and a proper fitting algorithm, we were able to reveal and quantify the extent of local blood coagulation through direct identification of the change of oxyhemoglobin concentration within few minutes. We confirmed and illuminated the spatio-temporal evolution of the essential role of erythrocytes in the coagulation cascade as the suppliers of oxygenated hemoglobin. By additional optical tweezers force manipulation, we showed immediate aggregation of erythrocytes at the coagulation site. The presented fluorescence-based imaging concept could become a valuable tool in various blood coagulation diagnostics as well as theranostic systems if coupled with the laser therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rok Podlipec
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Condensed Matter Physics Department, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Ion Beam Center, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden, Germany
| | - Zoran Arsov
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Condensed Matter Physics Department, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tilen Koklič
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Condensed Matter Physics Department, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Štrancar
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Condensed Matter Physics Department, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Okano M, Hara T, Nishimori M, Irino Y, Satomi-Kobayashi S, Shinohara M, Toh R, Jaffer FA, Ishida T, Hirata KI. In Vivo Imaging of Venous Thrombus and Pulmonary Embolism Using Novel Murine Venous Thromboembolism Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:344-356. [PMID: 32368694 PMCID: PMC7188875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We established a novel clinically relevant murine DVT model at femoral/saphenous vein induced by flow restriction and light illumination. Our model newly succeeded in inducing DVT in a valve pocket and enabled spontaneous pulmonary embolism of fibrin-rich thrombus from lower extremity vein, reproducing the clinical VTE scenario. This model is suitable for motion-free in vivo high-resolution imaging of fibrin-rich DVT development and organization using 2-photon microscopy, enabling the real-time imaging of migration of platelets and leukocytes into the erythrocyte-rich DVT.
This work established a new murine venous thromboembolism (VTE) model. This model has multiple novel features representing clinical VTE that include the following: 1) deep venous thrombosis (DVT) was formed and extended in the long axis of femoral/saphenous vein; 2) thrombus was formed in a venous valve pocket; 3) deligation of suture-induced spontaneous pulmonary emboli of fibrin-rich DVT; and 4) cardiac motion-free femoral/saphenous vein allowed high-resolution intravital microscopic imaging of fibrin-rich DVT. This new model requires only commercially available epifluorescence microscopy. Therefore, this model has significant potential for better understanding of VTE pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsumasa Okano
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hara
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Makoto Nishimori
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Irino
- Division of Evidence-based Laboratory Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Seimi Satomi-Kobayashi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masakazu Shinohara
- Division of Epidemiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryuji Toh
- Division of Evidence-based Laboratory Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Farouc A Jaffer
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tatsuro Ishida
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hirata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Evidence-based Laboratory Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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15
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Diaz JA, Saha P, Cooley B, Palmer OR, Grover SP, Mackman N, Wakefield TW, Henke PK, Smith A, Lal BK. Choosing a Mouse Model of Venous Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 39:311-318. [PMID: 30786739 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Murine models are widely used valuable tools to study deep vein thrombosis. Leading experts in venous thrombosis research came together through the American Venous Forum to develop a consensus on maximizing the utility and application of available mouse models of venous thrombosis. In this work, we provide an algorithm for model selection, with discussion of the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of the main mouse models of venous thrombosis. Additionally, we provide a detailed surgical description of the models with guidelines to validate surgical technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Diaz
- From the Department of Surgery, Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (J.A.D., O.R.P., T.W.W., P.K.H.)
| | - Prakash Saha
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, King's College London, UK (P.S., A.S.)
| | - Brian Cooley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (B.C., S.P.G., N.M.)
| | - Olivia R Palmer
- From the Department of Surgery, Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (J.A.D., O.R.P., T.W.W., P.K.H.)
| | - Steven P Grover
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (B.C., S.P.G., N.M.)
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (B.C., S.P.G., N.M.)
| | - Thomas W Wakefield
- From the Department of Surgery, Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (J.A.D., O.R.P., T.W.W., P.K.H.)
| | - Peter K Henke
- From the Department of Surgery, Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (J.A.D., O.R.P., T.W.W., P.K.H.)
| | - Alberto Smith
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, King's College London, UK (P.S., A.S.)
| | - Brajesh K Lal
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, College Park (B.K.L.)
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16
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Shrestha J, Razavi Bazaz S, Aboulkheyr Es H, Yaghobian Azari D, Thierry B, Ebrahimi Warkiani M, Ghadiri M. Lung-on-a-chip: the future of respiratory disease models and pharmacological studies. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:213-230. [PMID: 31906727 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1710458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, organ-on-a-chip models, which are microfluidic devices that mimic the cellular architecture and physiological environment of an organ, have been developed and extensively investigated. The chips can be tailored to accommodate the disease conditions pertaining to many organs; and in the case of this review, the lung. Lung-on-a-chip models result in a more accurate reflection compared to conventional in vitro models. Pharmaceutical drug testing methods traditionally use animal models in order to evaluate pharmacological and toxicological responses to a new agent. However, these responses do not directly reflect human physiological responses. In this review, current and future applications of the lung-on-a-chip in the respiratory system will be discussed. Furthermore, the limitations of current conventional in vitro models used for respiratory disease modeling and drug development will be addressed. Highlights of additional translational aspects of the lung-on-a-chip will be discussed in order to demonstrate the importance of this subject for medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Shrestha
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sajad Razavi Bazaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Benjamin Thierry
- Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio and Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maliheh Ghadiri
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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17
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Dysfunctional endogenous FIX impairs prophylaxis in a mouse hemophilia B model. Blood 2019; 133:2445-2451. [PMID: 30992271 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2018884015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor IX (FIX) binds to collagen IV (Col4) in the subendothelial basement membrane. In hemophilia B, this FIX-Col4 interaction reduces the plasma recovery of infused FIX and plays a role in hemostasis. Studies examining the recovery of infused BeneFix (FIXWT) in null (cross-reactive material negative, CRM-) hemophilia B mice suggest the concentration of Col4 readily available for binding FIX is ∼405 nM with a 95% confidence interval of 374 to 436 nM. Thus, the vascular cache of FIX bound to Col4 is several-fold the FIX level measured in plasma. In a mouse model of prophylactic therapy (testing hemostasis by saphenous vein bleeding 7 days after infusion of 150 IU/kg FIX), FIXWT and the increased half-life FIXs Alprolix (FIXFC) and Idelvion (FIXAlb) produce comparable hemostatic results in CRM- mice. In bleeding CRM- hemophilia B mice, the times to first clot at a saphenous vein injury site after the infusions of the FIX agents are significantly different, at FIXWT < FIXFC < FIXAlb Dysfunctional forms of FIX, however, circulate in the majority of patients with hemophilia B (CRM+). In the mouse prophylactic therapy model, none of the FIX products improves hemostasis in CRM+ mice expressing a dysfunctional FIX, FIXR333Q, that nevertheless competes with infused FIX for Col4 binding and potentially other processes involving FIX. The results in this mouse model of CRM+ hemophilia B demonstrate that the endogenous expression of a dysfunctional FIX can deleteriously affect the hemostatic response to prophylactic therapy.
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18
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Red blood cells modulate structure and dynamics of venous clot formation in sickle cell disease. Blood 2019; 133:2529-2541. [PMID: 30952675 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with chronic activation of coagulation and an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. Erythrocyte sickling, the primary pathologic event in SCD, results in dramatic morphological changes in red blood cells (RBCs) because of polymerization of the abnormal hemoglobin. We used a mouse model of SCD and blood samples from sickle patients to determine if these changes affect the structure, properties, and dynamics of sickle clot formation. Sickling of RBCs and a significant increase in fibrin deposition were observed in venous thrombi formed in sickle mice. During ex vivo clot contraction, the number of RBCs extruded from sickle whole blood clots was significantly reduced compared with the number released from sickle cell trait and nonsickle clots in both mice and humans. Entrapment of sickled RBCs was largely factor XIIIa-independent and entirely mediated by the platelet-free cellular fraction of sickle blood. Inhibition of phosphatidylserine, but not administration of antisickling compounds, increased the number of RBCs released from sickle clots. Interestingly, whole blood, but not plasma clots from SCD patients, was more resistant to fibrinolysis, indicating that the cellular fraction of blood mediates resistance to tissue plasminogen activator. Sickle trait whole blood clots demonstrated an intermediate phenotype in response to tissue plasminogen activator. RBC exchange in SCD patients had a long-lasting effect on normalizing whole blood clot contraction. Furthermore, RBC exchange transiently reversed resistance of whole blood sickle clots to fibrinolysis, in part by decreasing platelet-derived PAI-1. These properties of sickle clots may explain the increased risk of venous thromboembolism observed in SCD.
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19
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Diaz JA, Saha P, Cooley B, Palmer OR, Grover SP, Mackman N, Wakefield TW, Henke PK, Smith A, Lal BK. Choosing a mouse model of venous thrombosis: a consensus assessment of utility and application. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:699-707. [PMID: 30927321 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Murine models are widely used valuable tools to study deep vein thrombosis (VT). Leading experts in VT research came together through the American Venous Forum to develop a consensus on maximizing the utility and application of available mouse models of VT. In this work, we provide an algorithm for model selection, with discussion of the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of the main mouse models of VT. Additionally, we provide a detailed surgical description of the models with guidelines to validate surgical technique.
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20
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Metz AK, Diaz JA, Obi AT, Wakefield TW, Myers DD, Henke PK. Venous Thrombosis and Post-Thrombotic Syndrome: From Novel Biomarkers to Biology. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2019; 14:173-181. [PMID: 30410646 DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-14-3-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common disease that carries serious ramifications for patients, including pulmonary embolism and post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). Although standard treatment for DVT is anticoagulation, this carries an added risk of bleeding and increased medication monitoring. Identifying those at risk for DVT and PTS can be difficult, and current research with murine models is helping to illuminate the biologic changes associated with these two disorders. Potential novel biomarkers for improving the diagnosis of DVT and PTS include ICAM-1, P-selectin, and cell-free DNA. Inhibition of factor XI, P- and E-selectin, and neutrophil extracellular traps holds promise for novel clinical treatment of DVT. Experimental research on PTS suggests potential cellular and mediator therapy targets of TLR9, MMP-2 and-9, PAI-1, and IL-6. Although many important concepts and mechanisms have been elucidated through research on DVT and PTS, more work must be done to translate experimental findings to the clinical arena. This review examines the currently used murine models of DVT, biomarkers involved in the pathophysiology and diagnosis of DVT and PTS, and potential pharmacologic targets for PTS treatment.
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21
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Brass LF, Tomaiuolo M, Welsh J, Poventud-Fuentes I, Zhu L, Diamond SL, Stalker TJ. Hemostatic Thrombus Formation in Flowing Blood. Platelets 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813456-6.00020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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22
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23
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Rothbauer M, Rosser JM, Zirath H, Ertl P. Tomorrow today: organ-on-a-chip advances towards clinically relevant pharmaceutical and medical in vitro models. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 55:81-86. [PMID: 30189349 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip technology offers the potential to recapitulate human physiology by keeping human cells in a precisely controlled and artificial tissue-like microenvironment. The current and potential advantages of organs-on-chips over conventional cell cultures systems and animal models have captured the attention of scientists, clinicians and policymakers as well as advocacy groups in the past few years. Recent advances in tissue engineering and stem cell research are also aiding the development of clinically relevant chip-based organ and diseases models with organ level physiology for drug screening, biomedical research and personalized medicine. Here, the latest advances in organ-on-a-chip technology are reviewed and future clinical applications discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- Vienna University of Technology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julie M Rosser
- Vienna University of Technology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helene Zirath
- Vienna University of Technology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Vienna University of Technology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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24
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Plautz WE, Sekhar Pilli VS, Cooley BC, Chattopadhyay R, Westmark PR, Getz T, Paul D, Bergmeier W, Sheehan JP, Majumder R. Anticoagulant Protein S Targets the Factor IXa Heparin-Binding Exosite to Prevent Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:816-828. [PMID: 29419409 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE PS (protein S) is a plasma protein that directly inhibits the coagulation FIXa (factor IXa) in vitro. Because elevated FIXa is associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism, it is important to establish how PS inhibits FIXa function in vivo. The goal of this study is to confirm direct binding of PS with FIXa in vivo, identify FIXa amino acid residues required for binding PS in vivo, and use an enzymatically active FIXa mutant that is unable to bind PS to measure the significance of PS-FIXa interaction in hemostasis. APPROACH AND RESULTS We demonstrate that PS inhibits FIXa in vivo by associating with the FIXa heparin-binding exosite. We used fluorescence tagging, immunohistochemistry, and protein-protein crosslinking to show in vivo interaction between FIXa and PS. Importantly, platelet colocalization required a direct interaction between the 2 proteins. FIXa and PS also coimmunoprecipitated from plasma, substantiating their interaction in a physiological milieu. PS binding to FIXa and PS inhibition of the intrinsic Xase complex required residues K132, K126, and R170 in the FIXa heparin-binding exosite. A double mutant, K132A/R170A, retained full activity but could not bind to PS. Crucially, Hemophilia B mice infused with FIXa K132A/R170A displayed an accelerated rate of fibrin clot formation compared with wild-type FIXa. CONCLUSIONS Our findings establish PS as an important in vivo inhibitor of FIXa. Disruption of the interaction between PS and FIXa causes an increased rate of thrombus formation in mice. This newly discovered function of PS implies an unexploited target for antithrombotic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Plautz
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans (W.E.P., V.S.S.P., R.C., R.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (B.C.C., T.G., D.P., W.B.); and Department of Medicine/Hematology-Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (P.R.W., J.P.S.)
| | - Vijaya Satish Sekhar Pilli
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans (W.E.P., V.S.S.P., R.C., R.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (B.C.C., T.G., D.P., W.B.); and Department of Medicine/Hematology-Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (P.R.W., J.P.S.)
| | - Brian C Cooley
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans (W.E.P., V.S.S.P., R.C., R.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (B.C.C., T.G., D.P., W.B.); and Department of Medicine/Hematology-Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (P.R.W., J.P.S.)
| | - Rima Chattopadhyay
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans (W.E.P., V.S.S.P., R.C., R.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (B.C.C., T.G., D.P., W.B.); and Department of Medicine/Hematology-Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (P.R.W., J.P.S.)
| | - Pamela R Westmark
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans (W.E.P., V.S.S.P., R.C., R.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (B.C.C., T.G., D.P., W.B.); and Department of Medicine/Hematology-Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (P.R.W., J.P.S.)
| | - Todd Getz
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans (W.E.P., V.S.S.P., R.C., R.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (B.C.C., T.G., D.P., W.B.); and Department of Medicine/Hematology-Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (P.R.W., J.P.S.)
| | - David Paul
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans (W.E.P., V.S.S.P., R.C., R.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (B.C.C., T.G., D.P., W.B.); and Department of Medicine/Hematology-Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (P.R.W., J.P.S.)
| | - Wolfgang Bergmeier
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans (W.E.P., V.S.S.P., R.C., R.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (B.C.C., T.G., D.P., W.B.); and Department of Medicine/Hematology-Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (P.R.W., J.P.S.)
| | - John P Sheehan
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans (W.E.P., V.S.S.P., R.C., R.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (B.C.C., T.G., D.P., W.B.); and Department of Medicine/Hematology-Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (P.R.W., J.P.S.)
| | - Rinku Majumder
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans (W.E.P., V.S.S.P., R.C., R.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (B.C.C., T.G., D.P., W.B.); and Department of Medicine/Hematology-Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (P.R.W., J.P.S.).
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Jain A, van der Meer AD, Papa AL, Barrile R, Lai A, Schlechter BL, Otieno MA, Louden CS, Hamilton GA, Michelson AD, Frelinger AL, Ingber DE. Assessment of whole blood thrombosis in a microfluidic device lined by fixed human endothelium. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 18:73. [PMID: 27464497 PMCID: PMC4963439 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-016-0095-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelium and shear stress are critical determinants of physiological hemostasis and platelet function in vivo, yet current diagnostic and monitoring devices do not fully incorporate endothelial function under flow in their assessment and, therefore, they can be unreliable and inaccurate. It is challenging to include the endothelium in assays for clinical laboratories or point-of-care settings because living cell cultures are not sufficiently robust. Here, we describe a microfluidic device that is lined by a human endothelium that is chemically fixed, but still retains its ability to modulate hemostasis under continuous flow in vitro even after few days of storage. This device lined with a fixed endothelium supports formation of platelet-rich thrombi in the presence of physiological shear, similar to a living arterial vessel. We demonstrate the potential clinical value of this device by showing that thrombus formation and platelet function can be measured within minutes using a small volume (0.5 mL) of whole blood taken from subjects receiving antiplatelet medications. The inclusion of a fixed endothelial microvessel will lead to biomimetic analytical devices that can potentially be used for diagnostics and point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Jain
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLSB 5, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andries D van der Meer
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLSB 5, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Laure Papa
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLSB 5, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Riccardo Barrile
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLSB 5, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Angela Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin L Schlechter
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Monicah A Otieno
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Pre-Clinical Development and Safety, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Calvert S Louden
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Pre-Clinical Development and Safety, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Geraldine A Hamilton
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLSB 5, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Emulate Inc., 210 Broadway St., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alan D Michelson
- Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew L Frelinger
- Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLSB 5, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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26
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Jain A, Barrile R, van der Meer AD, Mammoto A, Mammoto T, De Ceunynck K, Aisiku O, Otieno MA, Louden CS, Hamilton GA, Flaumenhaft R, Ingber DE. Primary Human Lung Alveolus-on-a-chip Model of Intravascular Thrombosis for Assessment of Therapeutics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 103:332-340. [PMID: 28516446 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary thrombosis is a significant cause of patient mortality; however, there are no effective in vitro models of thrombi formation in human lung microvessels that could also assess therapeutics and toxicology of antithrombotic drugs. Here, we show that a microfluidic lung alveolus-on-a-chip lined by human primary alveolar epithelium interfaced with endothelium and cultured under flowing whole blood can be used to perform quantitative analysis of organ-level contributions to inflammation-induced thrombosis. This microfluidic chip recapitulates in vivo responses, including platelet-endothelial dynamics and revealed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin indirectly stimulates intravascular thrombosis by activating the alveolar epithelium, rather than acting directly on endothelium. This model is also used to analyze inhibition of endothelial activation and thrombosis due to a protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) antagonist, demonstrating its ability to dissect complex responses and identify antithrombotic therapeutics. Thus, this methodology offers a new approach to study human pathophysiology of pulmonary thrombosis and advance drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jain
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - R Barrile
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - A D van der Meer
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - A Mammoto
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - T Mammoto
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - K De Ceunynck
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - O Aisiku
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - M A Otieno
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Pre-Clinical Development and Safety, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - C S Louden
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Pre-Clinical Development and Safety, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - R Flaumenhaft
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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27
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Pawlowski CL, Li W, Sun M, Ravichandran K, Hickman D, Kos C, Kaur G, Sen Gupta A. Platelet microparticle-inspired clot-responsive nanomedicine for targeted fibrinolysis. Biomaterials 2017; 128:94-108. [PMID: 28314136 PMCID: PMC6526940 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intravascular administration of plasminogen activators is a clinically important thrombolytic strategy to treat occlusive vascular conditions. A major issue with this strategy is the systemic off-target drug action, which affects hemostatic capabilities and causes substantial hemorrhagic risks. This issue can be potentially resolved by designing technologies that allow thrombus-targeted delivery and site-specific action of thrombolytic drugs. To this end, leveraging a liposomal platform, we have developed platelet microparticle (PMP)-inspired nanovesicles (PMINs), that can protect encapsulated thrombolytic drugs in circulation to prevent off-target uptake and action, anchor actively onto thrombus via PMP-relevant molecular mechanisms and allow drug release via thrombus-relevant enzymatic trigger. Specifically, the PMINs can anchor onto thrombus via heteromultivalent ligand-mediated binding to active platelet integrin GPIIb-IIIa and P-selectin, and release the thrombolytic payload due to vesicle destabilization triggered by clot-relevant enzyme phospholipase-A2. Here we report on the evaluation of clot-targeting efficacy, lipase-triggered drug release and resultant thrombolytic capability of the PMINs in vitro, and subsequently demonstrate that intravenous delivery of thrombolytic-loaded PMINs can render targeted fibrinolysis without affecting systemic hemostasis, in vivo, in a carotid artery thrombosis model in mice. Our studies establish significant promise of the PMIN technology for safe and site-targeted nanomedicine therapies in the vascular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa L Pawlowski
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Michael Sun
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | - DaShawn Hickman
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Clarissa Kos
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gurbani Kaur
- Hathaway Brown School, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA
| | - Anirban Sen Gupta
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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28
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Jagadeeswaran P, Cooley BC, Gross PL, Mackman N. Animal Models of Thrombosis From Zebrafish to Nonhuman Primates: Use in the Elucidation of New Pathologic Pathways and the Development of Antithrombotic Drugs. Circ Res 2017; 118:1363-79. [PMID: 27126647 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Animal models are used to understand the pathological pathways involved in thrombosis and to test the efficacy and safety of new antithrombotic drugs. In this review, we will first describe the central role a variety of animal models of thrombosis and hemostasis has played in the development of new antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs. These include the widely used P2Y12 antagonists and the recently developed orally available anticoagulants that directly target factor Xa or thrombin. Next, we will describe the new players, such as polyphosphate, neutrophil extracellular traps, and microparticles, which have been shown to contribute to thrombosis in mouse models, particularly venous thrombosis models. Other mouse studies have demonstrated roles for the factor XIIa and factor XIa in thrombosis. This has spurred the development of strategies to reduce their levels or activities as a new approach for preventing thrombosis. Finally, we will discuss the emergence of zebrafish as a model to study thrombosis and its potential use in the discovery of novel factors involved in thrombosis and hemostasis. Animal models of thrombosis from zebrafish to nonhuman primates are vital in identifying pathological pathways of thrombosis that can be safely targeted with a minimal effect on hemostasis. Future studies should focus on understanding the different triggers of thrombosis and the best drugs to prevent each type of thrombotic event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pudur Jagadeeswaran
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton (P.J.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.C.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.M.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (P.L.G.).
| | - Brian C Cooley
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton (P.J.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.C.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.M.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (P.L.G.)
| | - Peter L Gross
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton (P.J.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.C.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.M.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (P.L.G.)
| | - Nigel Mackman
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton (P.J.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.C.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.M.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (P.L.G.)
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29
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Brass LF, Diamond SL, Stalker TJ. Platelets and hemostasis: a new perspective on an old subject. Blood Adv 2016; 1:5-9. [PMID: 29296690 PMCID: PMC5744048 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2016000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Publisher's Note: This article has a companion Counterpoint by Kapur and Semple. Publisher's Note: Join in the discussion of these articles at Blood Advances Community Conversations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence F Brass
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, and
| | - Scott L Diamond
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Timothy J Stalker
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, and
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30
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Prophylactic efficacy of BeneFIX vs Alprolix in hemophilia B mice. Blood 2016; 128:286-92. [PMID: 27106122 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-01-696104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
FIX binds tightly to collagen IV. Furthermore, a FIX mutant, FIXK5R, which binds better than wild-type FIX to collagen IV, provides better hemostasis than wild-type FIX, long after both are undetectable in the plasma. There is also credible evidence of extravascular FIX. Here, we use the saphenous vein bleeding model to compare the efficacy of recombinant FIXFc (Alprolix) and wild-type FIX (BeneFIX) in hemophilia B mice 7 days postinfusion. Although the terminal half-life of Alprolix is significantly longer than that of BeneFIX, at equal doses Alprolix is not better at controlling bleeding 7 days postinfusion, presumably because of the extravascular FIX. Both BeneFIX and Alprolix exhibit a linear response in clotting efficacy up to 150 IU/kg, where they appear to saturate an extravascular compartment, because there is no additional prophylactic benefit from higher doses. A robust pool of extravascular FIX is clearly observed surrounding blood vessels, localized to the same region as collagen IV, in 2 representative human tissues: liver and skeletal muscle. We see no increased risk for thrombosis at 250 IU/kg FIX at 6 hours postinfusion. In summary, 7 days postinfusion into hemophilia B mice, BeneFIX and Alprolix are hemostatically indistinguishable despite the latter's increased half-life. We predict that doses of FIX ∼3 times higher than the currently recommended 40 to 50 IU/kg will, because of FIX's large extravascular compartment, efficiently prolong prophylactic hemostasis without thrombotic risk.
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31
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Evans CE. Inducing femoral vein thrombosis under unrestricted flow: Comments on an alternative electrolytic mouse model. Thromb Res 2016; 140:153-154. [PMID: 26879583 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin E Evans
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK; British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, UK.
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32
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Cooley BC, Schmeling G. Murine model of large-vein electrolytic injury induction of thrombosis with slow resolution. Thromb Res 2016; 140:149-152. [PMID: 26860966 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and its sequela, pulmonary embolism, occur at a rate of 1 per 1000 person/year. Experimental models for evaluation of DVT have many short-comings, such as mechanical occlusion or stenosis to cause thrombosis, rather than the clinical scenario of thrombosis causing occlusion/stenosis. The goal of this study was to develop a model of flow-based large-vein thrombosis with resistance to resolution, to model clinical DVT behavior. Adult male C57Bl/6 mice underwent thrombus induction via an electrolytic injury to the femoral vein (3V positive current for 90s), with subsequent intra-vital fluorescence quantitation of platelet and fibrin accumulation through the first 60 min, and final histomorphometric volume evaluation at 1, 7, 14, and 28 days. Platelet accumulation at the injury site was comparable to a milder electrolytic injury, whereas fibrin was greatly augmented by 60 min in the more severe injury model. Thrombi showed persistent presence at 1 and 7 days, with remodeling to a stenotic fibrosis that encroached into the lumen at 14 and 28 days. The thrombotic/fibrotic volume within the femoral vein fell by 23% from 1 to 7 days, but had a residual presence at 28 days that was 31% the 1-day volume. This new model may provide an alternative approach to evaluating DVT persistence and therapeutic inhibition, to develop a better understanding of the clinical progression of DVT to thrombophlebitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Cooley
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States.
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33
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Jain A, Graveline A, Waterhouse A, Vernet A, Flaumenhaft R, Ingber DE. A shear gradient-activated microfluidic device for automated monitoring of whole blood haemostasis and platelet function. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10176. [PMID: 26733371 PMCID: PMC4729824 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate assessment of blood haemostasis is essential for the management of patients who use extracorporeal devices, receive anticoagulation therapy or experience coagulopathies. However, current monitoring devices do not measure effects of haemodynamic forces that contribute significantly to platelet function and thrombus formation. Here we describe a microfluidic device that mimics a network of stenosed arteriolar vessels, permitting evaluation of blood clotting within small sample volumes under pathophysiological flow. By applying a clotting time analysis based on a phenomenological mathematical model of thrombus formation, coagulation and platelet function can be accurately measured in vitro in patient blood samples. When the device is integrated into an extracorporeal circuit in pig endotoxemia or heparin therapy models, it produces real-time readouts of alterations in coagulation ex vivo that are more reliable than standard clotting assays. Thus, this disposable device may be useful for personalized diagnostics and for real-time surveillance of antithrombotic therapy in clinic. The current hemostasis assays are unable to predict thrombotic or bleeding risk in clinics. Here, Jain et al. present a novel microfluidic device mimicking stenosed arterioles that determines clotting times in vitro and in extracorporeal circuits, offering a simple and reliable monitoring of blood homeostasis and platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Jain
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Amanda Graveline
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Anna Waterhouse
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Andyna Vernet
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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34
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Geddings JE, Hisada Y, Boulaftali Y, Getz TM, Whelihan M, Fuentes R, Dee R, Cooley BC, Key NS, Wolberg AS, Bergmeier W, Mackman N. Tissue factor-positive tumor microvesicles activate platelets and enhance thrombosis in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:153-66. [PMID: 26516108 PMCID: PMC4715578 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED ESSENTIALS: Cancer patients have a high rate of venous thrombosis (VT) but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Tumor-derived, tissue factor-positive microvesicles in platelet activation in vitro and in vivo were studied. Tumor-derived, tissue factor-positive microvesicles enhanced VT in mice. Platelets may contribute to VT in some cancer patients, and this could be prevented with antiplatelet drugs. BACKGROUND Cancer patients have an approximately 4-fold increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) compared with the general population, and cancer patients with VTE have reduced survival. Tumor cells constitutively release small membrane vesicles called microvesicles (MVs) that may contribute to thrombosis in cancer patients. Clinical studies have shown that levels of circulating tumor-derived, tissue factor-positive (TF(+) ) MVs in pancreatic cancer patients are associated with VTE. Objectives We tested the hypothesis that TF(+) tumor-derived MVs (TMVs) activate platelets in vitro and in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS We selected two human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines expressing high (BxPc-3) and low (L3.6pl) levels of TF as models to study the effect of TF(+) TMVs on platelets and thrombosis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We found that both types of TF(+) TMVs activated human platelets and induced aggregation in vitro in a TF and thrombin-dependent manner. Further, injection of BxPc-3 TF(+) TMVs triggered platelet activation in vivo and enhanced thrombosis in two mouse models of venous thrombosis in a TF-dependent manner. Importantly, BxPc-3 TF(+) TMV-enhanced thrombosis was reduced in Par4-deficient mice and in wild-type mice treated with clopidogrel, suggesting that platelet activation was required for enhanced thrombosis. These studies suggest that TF(+) TMV-induced platelet activation contributes to thrombosis in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E. Geddings
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yohei Hisada
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yacine Boulaftali
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Todd M. Getz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew Whelihan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rudy Fuentes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel Dee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian C. Cooley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nigel S. Key
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alisa S. Wolberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wolfgang Bergmeier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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35
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Grover SP, Evans CE, Patel AS, Modarai B, Saha P, Smith A. Assessment of Venous Thrombosis in Animal Models. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 36:245-52. [PMID: 26681755 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Deep vein thrombosis and common complications, including pulmonary embolism and post-thrombotic syndrome, represent a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Experimental models of venous thrombosis have provided considerable insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate thrombus formation and subsequent resolution. Here, we critically appraise the ex vivo and in vivo techniques used to assess venous thrombosis in these models. Particular attention is paid to imaging modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging, micro-computed tomography, and high-frequency ultrasound that facilitate longitudinal assessment of thrombus size and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Grover
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colin E Evans
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashish S Patel
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bijan Modarai
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Prakash Saha
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Alberto Smith
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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36
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In vitro and in vivo characterization of a reversible synthetic heparin analog. Thromb Res 2015; 138:121-129. [PMID: 26709038 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global supply of unfractionated heparin (UFH) and all commercially available low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) remain dependent on animal sources, such as porcine intestine or bovine lung. Recent experience has shown that contamination of the supply chain (with over-sulfated chondroitin sulfates) can result in lethal toxicity. Fondaparinux is currently the only commercially available synthetic analog of heparin. We recently described a new class of chemoenzymatically synthesized heparin analogs. One of these compounds (S12-mer) is a dodecasaccharide consisting of an antithrombin-binding moiety with repeating units of IdoA2S-GlcNS6S and two 3-O-sulfate groups that confer the ability to bind protamine. OBJECTIVE/METHODS We sought to further characterize this new compound in vitro using biochemical and global coagulation assays and in vivo using thrombosis and hemostasis assays. RESULTS The anticoagulant activities of the Super 12-mer (S12-mer) and Enoxaparin in anti-factor Xa and plasma-based thrombin generation assays were roughly equivalent with a 50% reduction in peak thrombin generation occurring at approximately 325nM. When protamine was titrated against a fixed concentration of S12-mer in plasma or blood, the S12-mer displayed a significant restitution of thrombin generation and clot formation. In vivo, S12-mer inhibited venous thrombosis to a similar extent as Enoxaparin, with similar bleeding profiles. CONCLUSIONS These data show that the S12-mer has almost identical efficacy to Enoxaparin in terms of FXa inhibition, while displaying significant reversibility with protamine. Taken together with the ability to ensure purity and homogeneity from batch to batch, the S12-mer is a promising new synthetic heparin analog with a potentially enhanced safety profile.
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Deposition of fibrinogen on the surface of in vitro thrombi prevents platelet adhesion. Thromb Res 2015; 136:1231-9. [PMID: 26482763 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The initial accumulation of platelets after vessel injury is followed by thrombin-mediated generation of fibrin which is deposited around the plug. While numerous in vitro studies have shown that fibrin is highly adhesive for platelets, the surface of experimental thrombi in vivo contains very few platelets suggesting the existence of natural anti-adhesive mechanisms protecting stabilized thrombi from platelet accumulation and continuous thrombus propagation. We previously showed that adsorption of fibrinogen on pure fibrin clots results in the formation of a nonadhesive matrix, highlighting a possible role of this process in surface-mediated control of thrombus growth. However, the deposition of fibrinogen on the surface of blood clots has not been examined. In this study, we investigated the presence of intact fibrinogen on the surface of fibrin-rich thrombi generated from flowing blood and determined whether deposited fibrinogen is nonadhesive for platelets. Stabilized fibrin-rich thrombi were generated using a flow chamber and the time that platelets spend on the surface of thrombi was determined by video recording. The presence of fibrinogen and fibrin on the surface of thrombi was analyzed by confocal microscopy using specific antibodies. Examination of the spatial distribution of two proteins revealed the presence of intact fibrinogen on the surface of stabilized thrombi. By manipulating the surface of thrombi to display either fibrin or intact fibrinogen, we found that platelets adhere to fibrin- but not to fibrinogen-coated thrombi. These results indicate that the fibrinogen matrix assembled on the outer layer of stabilized in vitro thrombi protects them from platelet adhesion.
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A balance between TFPI and thrombin-mediated platelet activation is required for murine embryonic development. Blood 2015; 125:4078-84. [PMID: 25954015 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-03-633958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is a critical anticoagulant protein present in endothelium and platelets. Mice lacking TFPI (Tfpi(-/-)) die in utero from disseminated intravascular coagulation. They are rescued by concomitant tissue factor (TF) deficiency, demonstrating that TFPI modulates TF function in vivo. Recent studies have found TFPI inhibits prothrombinase activity during the initiation of coagulation and limits platelet accumulation during thrombus formation, implicating TFPI in modulating platelet procoagulant activity. To examine whether altered platelet function would compensate for the lack of TFPI and rescue TFPI-null embryonic lethality, Tfpi(+/-) mice lacking the platelet thrombin receptor, protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4; Par4(-/-)), or its coreceptor, PAR3, were mated. PAR3 deficiency did not rescue Tfpi(-/-) embryos, but >40% of expected Tfpi(-/-):Par4(-/-) offspring survived to adulthood. Adult Tfpi(-/-):Par4(-/-) mice did not exhibit overt thrombosis. However, they had focal sterile inflammation with fibrin(ogen) deposition in the liver and elevated plasma thrombin-antithrombin complexes, indicating activation of coagulation at baseline. Tfpi(-/-):Par4(-/-) mice have platelet and fibrin accumulation similar to Par4(-/-) mice following venous electrolytic injury but were more susceptible than Par4(-/-) mice to TF-induced pulmonary embolism. In addition, ∼30% of the Tfpi(-/-):Par4(-/-) mice were born with short tails. Tfpi(-/-):Par4(-/-) mice are the first adult mice described that lack TFPI with unaltered TF. They demonstrate that TFPI physiologically modulates thrombin-dependent platelet activation in a manner that is required for successful embryonic development and identify a role for TFPI in dampening intravascular procoagulant stimuli that lead to thrombin generation, even in the absence of thrombin-mediated platelet activation.
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Cooley BC. Murine arterial thrombus induction mechanism influences subsequent thrombodynamics. Thromb Res 2015; 135:939-43. [PMID: 25764909 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism of thrombotic induction in experimental models can vary greatly, as can the applied evaluative measures, making comparisons among models difficult. OBJECTIVES This study comparatively evaluated the arterial thrombodynamic response among injury mechanisms. METHODS Thrombotic responses were induced in mouse carotid arteries, with subsequent intravital imaging using rhodamine-6G-labeled platelets to quantitate platelet accumulation over 30minutes. Nine induction methods were evaluated: brief pinch, temporary hard ligation, cautery/heat, needle puncture, intralumenal wire (scratch), intralumenal adventitia/collagen (2 different models), and brief exposures to either iron-based surface electrolytic injury or ferric chloride. RESULTS The accumulation of platelets was variable among induction methods, with a greater response to more severe injury mechanisms, free radical injury, and exposed collagen. Temporal profiles were generated by normalizing data to peak platelet accumulation for each run; rapid platelet development and subsequent detachment were found for mechanical injuries that maintained vessel integrity (pinch and ligation injuries), with more sustained growth for more severe mechanical (wire) injury or breach of the vessel (needle puncture or intralumenal collagen). A delayed but extended temporal response was seen with free radical injury (both electrolytic and ferric chloride). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate a dependence of platelet thrombodynamics on the method of induction, with collagen exposure causing greater, more prolonged activity, while free-radical injury effected a delayed but sustained platelet thrombus formation with slower resolution. A better understanding of how these various injury models relate to clinical causes of arterial thrombosis is needed for optimal translational interpretation of murine models of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Cooley
- Dept. of Pathology and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Room 3341C, MBRB, 111 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.
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40
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Cross-modulatory effects of clopidogrel and heparin on platelet and fibrin incorporation in thrombosis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2014; 24:593-8. [PMID: 23492917 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e3283602a03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacologic inhibition of platelet activation and aggregation is a mainstay for reducing the incidence of arterial thrombosis, whereas anticoagulation is the primary approach for preventing the development of venous thrombosis. The effect of standard pharmacologic agents on their reciprocal vessel - anticoagulants on arterial thrombosis and platelet inhibitor on venous thrombosis - is relatively understudied. This study was designed to evaluate murine large-vessel arterial or venous thrombosis under conditions of either fibrin or platelet inhibition. In this study, heparin and clopidogrel were used as standard anticoagulant and platelet inhibitor, respectively, evaluating both large artery and vein thrombosis in mice, using in-vivo fluorescence imaging to simultaneously measure fibrin and platelet levels at the thrombus induction site. Heparin reduced both fibrin and platelet development in both arteries and veins, with stronger influences on fibrin accrual. Clopidogrel had a stronger effect in arteries, reducing both platelet and fibrin accumulation. Clopidogrel also reduced platelet accumulation with venous thrombosis, but the reductions in fibrin formation did not reach statistical significance. These findings illustrate the interactive role of platelet activity and coagulation in the development of large-vessel thrombosis, with inhibition of one thrombotic component showing profound effects on the other component in both arterial and venous thrombosis.
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41
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Pérez P, Alarcón M, Fuentes E, Palomo I. Thrombus formation induced by laser in a mouse model. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:64-68. [PMID: 24944598 PMCID: PMC4061192 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models are used for the development of techniques and/or models that aid the study of thrombosis pathophysiology. The aim of the present study was to modify the technique of in vivo thrombosis induction to make it more accessible. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally anesthetized with 0.4 ml 2,2,2-tribromoethanol (266.6 mg/kg) and xylazine (13.3 mg/kg), whilst maintaining stable blood pressure and temperature. Through abdominal surgery, the mesentery was identified and isolated for the visualization of the arteries. A simple epifluorescence magnifier was used to detect the presence of thrombi. The results obtained indicate that using rose bengal at concentrations of 25 and 50 mg/kg and a laser power of 5 mW, thrombus formation occurred. In addition, formation of the thrombus occurred ~30 min following induction and the thrombus had a total area of 4,878.3 μm2, which caused total occlusion of the mesenteric artery. For visualization, platelets were labeled with calcein acetyloxymethyl ester for 1 h, which resulted in improved observation of thrombus formation in real time. Therefore, this technique may be used to perform in vivo studies simply and at low cost, and is suitable for use in a variety of studies of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Pérez
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), University of Talca, Talca, Maule 3460000, Chile
| | - Marcelo Alarcón
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), University of Talca, Talca, Maule 3460000, Chile ; Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional, Talca, Maule R09I2001, Chile
| | - Eduardo Fuentes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), University of Talca, Talca, Maule 3460000, Chile ; Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional, Talca, Maule R09I2001, Chile
| | - Iván Palomo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), University of Talca, Talca, Maule 3460000, Chile ; Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional, Talca, Maule R09I2001, Chile
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42
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A novel mechanism controlling the growth of hemostatic thrombi. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2013. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj85.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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43
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Optical imaging of fibrin deposition to elucidate participation of mast cells in foreign body responses. Biomaterials 2013; 35:2089-2096. [PMID: 24342726 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell activation has been shown to be an initiator and a key determinant of foreign body reactions. However, there is no non-invasive method that can quantify the degree of implant-associated mast cell activation. Taking advantage of the fact that fibrin deposition is a hallmark of mast cell activation around biomaterial implants, a near infrared probe was fabricated to have high affinity to fibrin. Subsequent in vitro testing confirmed that this probe has high affinity to fibrin. Using a subcutaneous particle implantation model, we found significant accumulation of fibrin-affinity probes at the implant sites as early as 15 min following particle implantation. The accumulation of fibrin-affinity probes at the implantation sites could also be substantially reduced if anti-coagulant - heparin was administered at the implant sites. Further studies have shown that subcutaneous administration of mast cell activator - compound 48/80 - prompted the accumulation of fibrin-affinity probes. However, implant-associated fibrin-affinity probe accumulation was substantially reduced in mice with mast cell deficiency. The results show that our fibrin-affinity probes may serve as a powerful tool to monitor and measure the extent of biomaterial-mediated fibrin deposition and mast cell activation in vivo.
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Shi G, Meister D, Daley RA, Cooley BC. Thrombodynamics of microvascular repairs: effects of antithrombotic therapy on platelets and fibrin. J Hand Surg Am 2013; 38:1784-9. [PMID: 23891176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the hypothesis that platelets and fibrin differentially accrue at microvascular anastomoses in arteries versus veins and under different pharmacologic conditions. METHODS We evaluated mouse arterial and venous anastomoses with intravital fluorescence imaging, using fluorophore-labeled platelets and anti-fibrin antibodies to measure the extent of thrombus component development in the intraluminal anastomotic site. We evaluated systemic heparin or eptifibatide (platelet aggregation inhibitor) to determine their relative influences on thrombus composition. RESULTS Platelets accumulated rapidly in both arterial and venous repairs, and then fell in number after 10 to 30 minutes of reflow. Fibrin had a relatively steady development over 60 minutes in veins, with a more variable increase in arteries. Heparin reduced platelet accumulation in arteries and fibrin development in veins. Eptifibatide reduced platelets in both arteries and veins and had an apparent effect on lowering the amount of fibrin in veins. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that platelets have a rapid, transient response, whereas fibrin has a slower, more sustained accrual in both arterial and venous anastomoses. Furthermore, inhibition of either coagulation or platelet aggregation can influence presumably non-targeted components of thrombosis in vascular repairs of both arteries and veins. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Preventing replantation failure using antithrombotic therapies requires a better understanding of the effect of each pharmacologic compound on the various aspects of thrombogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Taqueti VR, Jaffer FA. High-resolution molecular imaging via intravital microscopy: illuminating vascular biology in vivo. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 5:278-90. [PMID: 23135362 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20194a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Complications of atherosclerosis and thrombosis are leading causes of death worldwide. While experimental investigations have yielded valuable insights into key molecular and cellular phenomena in these diseases of medium- and large-sized vessels, direct visualization of relevant in vivo biological processes has been limited. However, recent developments in molecular imaging technology, specifically fluorescence imaging agents coupled with high-resolution, high-speed intravital microscopy (IVM), are now enabling dynamic and longitudinal investigations into the mechanisms and progression of many vascular diseases. Here we review recent advances in IVM that have provided new in vivo biological insights into atherosclerosis and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviany R Taqueti
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Aleman MM, Walton BL, Byrnes JR, Wang JG, Heisler MJ, Machlus KR, Cooley BC, Wolberg AS. Elevated prothrombin promotes venous, but not arterial, thrombosis in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1829-36. [PMID: 23723374 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals with elevated prothrombin, including those with the prothrombin G20210A mutation, have increased risk of venous thrombosis. Although these individuals do not have increased circulating prothrombotic biomarkers, their plasma demonstrates increased tissue factor-dependent thrombin generation in vitro. The objectives of this study were to determine the pathological role of elevated prothrombin in venous and arterial thrombosis in vivo, and distinguish thrombogenic mechanisms in these vessels. APPROACH AND RESULTS Prothrombin was infused into mice to raise circulating levels. Venous thrombosis was induced by electrolytic stimulus to the femoral vein or inferior vena cava ligation. Arterial thrombosis was induced by electrolytic stimulus or ferric chloride application to the carotid artery. Mice infused with prothrombin demonstrated increased tissue factor-triggered thrombin generation measured ex vivo, but did not have increased circulating prothrombotic biomarkers in the absence of vessel injury. After venous injury, elevated prothrombin increased thrombin generation and the fibrin accumulation rate and total amount of fibrin ≈ 3-fold, producing extended thrombi with increased mass. However, elevated prothrombin did not accelerate platelet accumulation, increase the fibrin accumulation rate, or shorten the vessel occlusion time after arterial injury. CONCLUSIONS These findings reconcile previously discordant findings on thrombin generation in hyperprothrombinemic individuals measured ex vivo and in vitro, and show elevated prothrombin promotes venous, but not arterial, thrombosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Aleman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA
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47
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Neeves KB. Collagen-induced thrombosis in large vessels using native prothrombotic substrates. Thromb Res 2013; 131:1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Cooley BC. Collagen-induced thrombosis in murine arteries and veins. Thromb Res 2013; 131:49-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Cooperative integrin/ITAM signaling in platelets enhances thrombus formation in vitro and in vivo. Blood 2012; 121:1858-67. [PMID: 23264598 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-07-443325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrin family is composed of a series of 24 αβ heterodimer transmembrane adhesion receptors that mediate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Adaptor molecules bearing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) have recently been shown to cooperate with specific integrins to increase the efficiency of transmitting ligand-binding-induced signals into cells. In human platelets, Fc receptor γ-chain IIa (FcγRIIa) has been identified as an ITAM-bearing transmembrane receptor responsible for mediating "outside-in" signaling through αIIbβ3, the major adhesion receptor on the platelet surface. To explore the importance of FcγRIIa in thrombosis and hemostasis, we subjected FcγRIIa-negative and FcγRIIa-positive murine platelets to a number of well-accepted models of platelet function. Compared with their FcγRIIa-negative counterparts, FcγRIIa-positive platelets exhibited increased tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk and phospholipase Cγ2 and increased spreading upon interaction with immobilized fibrinogen, retracted a fibrin clot faster, and showed markedly enhanced thrombus formation when perfused over a collagen-coated flow chamber under conditions of arterial and venous shear. They also displayed increased thrombus formation and fibrin deposition in in vivo models of vascular injury. Taken together, these data establish FcγRIIa as a physiologically important functional conduit for αIIbβ3-mediated outside-in signaling, and suggest that modulating the activity of this novel integrin/ITAM pair might be effective in controlling thrombosis.
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50
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Yermolenko IS, Gorkun OV, Fuhrmann A, Podolnikova NP, Lishko VK, Oshkadyerov SP, Lord ST, Ros R, Ugarova TP. The assembly of nonadhesive fibrinogen matrices depends on the αC regions of the fibrinogen molecule. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41979-90. [PMID: 23086938 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.410696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adsorption of fibrinogen on fibrin clots and other surfaces strongly reduces integrin-mediated adhesion of platelets and leukocytes with implications for the surface-mediated control of thrombus growth and blood compatibility of biomaterials. The underlying mechanism of this process is surface-induced aggregation of fibrinogen, resulting in the assembly of a nanoscale multilayered matrix. The matrix is extensible, which makes it incapable of transducing strong mechanical forces via cellular integrins, resulting in insufficient intracellular signaling and weak cell adhesion. To determine the mechanism of the multilayer formation, the physical and adhesive properties of fibrinogen matrices prepared from human plasma fibrinogen (hFg), recombinant normal (rFg), and fibrinogen with the truncated αC regions (FgAα251) were compared. Using atomic force microscopy and force spectroscopy, we show that whereas hFg and rFg generated the matrices with a thickness of ∼8 nm consisting of 7-8 molecular layers, the deposition of FgAα251 was terminated at two layers, indicating that the αC regions are essential for the multilayer formation. The extensibility of the matrix prepared from FgAα251 was 2-fold lower than that formed from hFg and rFg. In agreement with previous findings that cell adhesion inversely correlates with the extensibility of the fibrinogen matrix, the less extensible FgAα251 matrix and matrices generated from human fibrinogen variants lacking the αC regions supported sustained adhesion of leukocytes and platelets. The persistent adhesiveness of matrices formed from fibrinogen derivatives without the αC regions may have implications for conditions in which elevated levels of these molecules are found, including vascular pathologies, diabetes, thrombolytic therapy, and dysfibrinogenemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S Yermolenko
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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