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Li S, Li Q, Tian X, Mu L, Ji M, Wang X, Li N, Liu F, Shu J, Crawford NM, Wang Y. PHB3 regulates lateral root primordia formation via NO-mediated degradation of AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID proteins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4034-4045. [PMID: 35303089 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that Arabidopsis thaliana Prohibitin 3 (PHB3) controls auxin-stimulated lateral root (LR) formation; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that PHB3 regulates lateral root (LR) development mainly through influencing lateral root primordia (LRP) initiation, via affecting nitric oxide (NO) accumulation. The reduced LRP in phb3 mutant was largely rescued by treatment with a NO donor. The decreased NO accumulation in phb3 caused a lower expression of GATA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 23 (GATA23) and LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN 16 (LBD16) through inhibiting the degradation of INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID INDUCIBLE 14/28 (IAA14/28). Overexpression of either GATA23 or LBD16 in phb3 mutant background recovered the reduced density of LRP. These results indicate that PHB3 regulates LRP initiation via NO-mediated auxin signalling, by modulating the degradation of IAA14/28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuna Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Lijun Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Meiling Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
- College of Agriculture Science and Technology, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan Shandong, China
| | - Nigel M Crawford
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
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NOX5-induced uncoupling of endothelial NO synthase is a causal mechanism and theragnostic target of an age-related hypertension endotype. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000885. [PMID: 33170835 PMCID: PMC7654809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the most important cause of death and disability in the elderly. In 9 out of 10 cases, the molecular cause, however, is unknown. One mechanistic hypothesis involves impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation through reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Indeed, ROS forming NADPH oxidase (Nox) genes associate with hypertension, yet target validation has been negative. We re-investigate this association by molecular network analysis and identify NOX5, not present in rodents, as a sole neighbor to human vasodilatory endothelial nitric oxide (NO) signaling. In hypertensive patients, endothelial microparticles indeed contained higher levels of NOX5—but not NOX1, NOX2, or NOX4—with a bimodal distribution correlating with disease severity. Mechanistically, mice expressing human Nox5 in endothelial cells developed—upon aging—severe systolic hypertension and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation due to uncoupled NO synthase (NOS). We conclude that NOX5-induced uncoupling of endothelial NOS is a causal mechanism and theragnostic target of an age-related hypertension endotype. Nox5 knock-in (KI) mice represent the first mechanism-based animal model of hypertension. The causes of hypertension are not understood; treatments are symptomatic and prevent only few of the associated risks. This study applies network medicine to identify a subgroup of patients with NADPH oxidase 5-induced uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase as the cause of age-related hypertension, enabling a first-in-class mechanism-based treatment of hypertension.
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Matsui R, Ferran B, Oh A, Croteau D, Shao D, Han J, Pimentel DR, Bachschmid MM. Redox Regulation via Glutaredoxin-1 and Protein S-Glutathionylation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:677-700. [PMID: 31813265 PMCID: PMC7047114 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Over the past several years, oxidative post-translational modifications of protein cysteines have been recognized for their critical roles in physiology and pathophysiology. Cells have harnessed thiol modifications involving both oxidative and reductive steps for signaling and protein processing. One of these stages requires oxidation of cysteine to sulfenic acid, followed by two reduction reactions. First, glutathione (reduced glutathione [GSH]) forms a S-glutathionylated protein, and second, enzymatic or chemical reduction removes the modification. Under physiological conditions, these steps confer redox signaling and protect cysteines from irreversible oxidation. However, oxidative stress can overwhelm protein S-glutathionylation and irreversibly modify cysteine residues, disrupting redox signaling. Critical Issues: Glutaredoxins mainly catalyze the removal of protein-bound GSH and help maintain protein thiols in a highly reduced state without exerting direct antioxidant properties. Conversely, glutathione S-transferase (GST), peroxiredoxins, and occasionally glutaredoxins can also catalyze protein S-glutathionylation, thus promoting a dynamic redox environment. Recent Advances: The latest studies of glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) transgenic or knockout mice demonstrate important distinct roles of Glrx in a variety of pathologies. Endogenous Glrx is essential to maintain normal hepatic lipid homeostasis and prevent fatty liver disease. Further, in vivo deletion of Glrx protects lungs from inflammation and bacterial pneumonia-induced damage, attenuates angiotensin II-induced cardiovascular hypertrophy, and improves ischemic limb vascularization. Meanwhile, exogenous Glrx administration can reverse pathological lung fibrosis. Future Directions: Although S-glutathionylation modifies many proteins, these studies suggest that S-glutathionylation and Glrx regulate specific pathways in vivo, and they implicate Glrx as a potential novel therapeutic target to treat diverse disease conditions. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 32, 677-700.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Matsui
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Beatriz Ferran
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Albin Oh
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dominique Croteau
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Di Shao
- Helens Clinical Research Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyan Han
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Richard Pimentel
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Markus Michael Bachschmid
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Barton M, Meyer MR, Prossnitz ER. Nox1 downregulators: A new class of therapeutics. Steroids 2019; 152:108494. [PMID: 31518594 PMCID: PMC6891104 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic non-communicable diseases share the pathomechanism of increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, known as Nox. The recent discovery that expression of Nox1, a Nox isoform that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and kidney disease and cancer is regulated by the expression and activity of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) led to the identification of orally active small-molecule GPER blockers as selective Nox1 downregulators (NDRs). Preclinical studies using NDRs have demonstrated beneficial effects in vascular disease, hypertension, and glomerular renal injury. These findings suggest the therapeutic potential of NDRs, which reduce Nox1 protein levels, not only for cardiovascular disease conditions including arterial hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and chronic renal disease, but also for other non-communicable diseases, such as cerebrovascular disease and vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease, autoimmune diseases and cancer, in which elevated Nox1-derived ROS production plays a causal role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Andreas Grüntzig Foundation, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias R Meyer
- Division of Cardiology, Triemli City Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland; Institute of Primary Care, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Cho S, Yu SL, Kang J, Jeong BY, Lee HY, Park CG, Yu YB, Jin DC, Hwang WM, Yun SR, Song HS, Park MH, Yoon SH. NADPH oxidase 4 mediates TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway induced acute kidney injury in hypoxia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219483. [PMID: 31318905 PMCID: PMC6638919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is an important cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in various conditions because kidneys are one of the most susceptible organs to hypoxia. In this study, we investigated whether nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 3-phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 4 (Nox4) plays a role in hypoxia induced AKI in a cellular and animal model. Expression of Nox4 in cultured human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) was significantly increased by hypoxic stimulation. TGF-β1 was endogenously secreted by hypoxic HK-2 cells. SB4315432 (a TGF-β1 receptor I inhibitor) significantly inhibited Nox4 expression in HK-2 cells through the Smad-dependent cell signaling pathway. Silencing of Nox4 using Nox4 siRNA and pharmacologic inhibition with GKT137831 (a specific Nox1/4 inhibitor) reduced the production of ROS and attenuated the apoptotic pathway. In addition, knockdown of Nox4 increased cell survival in hypoxic HK-2 cells and pretreatment with GKT137831 reproduce these results. This study demonstrates that hypoxia induces HK-2 cell apoptosis through a signaling pathway involving TGF-β1 via Smad pathway induction of Nox4-dependent ROS generation. In an ischemia/reperfusion rat model, pretreatment of GKT137831 attenuated ischemia/reperfusion induced acute kidney injury as indicated by preserved kidney function, attenuated renal structural damage and reduced apoptotic cells. Therapies targeting Nox4 may be effective against hypoxia-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungkwon Cho
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Lan Yu
- Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeku Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Young Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoi Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Gyo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Bin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chan Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Min Hwang
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ro Yun
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Seung Song
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Hyang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hee Yoon
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Rajaram RD, Dissard R, Faivre A, Ino F, Delitsikou V, Jaquet V, Cagarelli T, Lindenmeyer M, Jansen-Duerr P, Cohen C, Moll S, de Seigneux S. Tubular NOX4 expression decreases in chronic kidney disease but does not modify fibrosis evolution. Redox Biol 2019; 26:101234. [PMID: 31247506 PMCID: PMC6598841 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) catalyzes the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). NOX4 is highly expressed in the kidney, but its role in renal injury is unclear and may depend on its specific tissue localization. Methods We performed immunostaining with a specific anti-NOX4 antibody and measured NOX4 mRNA expression in human renal biopsies encompassing diverse renal diseases. We generated transgenic mice specifically overexpressing mouse Nox4 in renal tubular cells and subjected the animals to the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model of fibrosis. Results In normal human kidney, NOX4 protein expression was at its highest on the basolateral side of proximal tubular cells. NOX4 expression increased in mesangial cells and podocytes in proliferative diabetic nephropathy. In tubular cells, NOX4 protein expression decreased in all types of chronic renal disease studied. This finding was substantiated by decreased NOX4 mRNA expression in the tubulo-interstitial compartment in a repository of 175 human renal biopsies. Overexpression of tubular NOX4 in mice resulted in enhanced renal production of H2O2, increased NRF2 protein expression and decreased glomerular filtration, likely via stimulation of the tubulo-glomerular feedback. Tubular NOX4 overexpression had no obvious impact on kidney morphology, apoptosis, or fibrosis at baseline. Under acute and chronic tubular injury induced by UUO, overexpression of NOX4 in tubular cells did not modify the course of the disease. Conclusions NOX4 expression was decreased in tubular cells in all types of CKD tested. Tubular NOX4 overexpression did not induce injury in the kidney, and neither modified microvascularization, nor kidney structural lesions in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuga Devi Rajaram
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Service of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Romain Dissard
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Service of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna Faivre
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Service of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frédérique Ino
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Service of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vasiliki Delitsikou
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Service of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Jaquet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Cagarelli
- Service of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maja Lindenmeyer
- Nephrological Center Medical Clinic and Polyclinic IV, University of Munich, Munich, Germany; III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pidder Jansen-Duerr
- Universität Innsbruck, Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Clemens Cohen
- Nephrological Center Medical Clinic and Polyclinic IV, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Solange Moll
- Service of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie de Seigneux
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Service of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Huetsch JC, Suresh K, Shimoda LA. Regulation of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by NADPH Oxidases in Pulmonary Hypertension. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8030056. [PMID: 30841544 PMCID: PMC6466559 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperproliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells is a key component of vascular remodeling in the setting of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Numerous studies have explored factors governing the changes in smooth muscle cell phenotype that lead to the increased wall thickness, and have identified various potential candidates. A role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been well documented in PH. ROS can be generated from a variety of sources, including mitochondria, uncoupled nitric oxide synthase, xanthine oxidase, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. In this article, we will review recent data supporting a role for ROS generated from NADPH oxidases in promoting pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation during PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Huetsch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Karthik Suresh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Larissa A Shimoda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Oxidative stress caused by activation of NADPH oxidase 4 promotes contrast-induced acute kidney injury. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191034. [PMID: 29329317 PMCID: PMC5766150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI) is a leading cause of acute kidney injury following radiographic procedures. Intrarenal oxidative stress plays a critical role in CIAKI. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 3-phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (Noxs) are important sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Among the various types of Noxs, Nox4 is expressed predominantly in the kidney in rodents. Here, we evaluated the role of Nox4 and benefit of Nox4 inhibition on CIAKI using in vivo and in vitro models. HK-2 cells were treated with iohexol, with or without Nox4 knockdown, or the most specific Nox1/4 inhibitor (GKT137831). Effects of Nox4 inhibition on CIAKI mice were examined. Expression of Nox4 in HK-2 cells was significantly increased following iohexol exposure. Silencing of Nox4 rescued the production of ROS, downregulated pro-inflammatory markers (particularly phospho-p38) implicated in CIAKI, and reduced Bax and caspase 3/7 activity, which resulted in increased cellular survival in iohexol-treated HK-2 cells. Pretreatment with GKT137831 replicated these effects by decreasing levels of phospho-p38. In a CIAKI mouse model, even though the improvement of plasma blood urea nitrogen was unclear, pretreatment with GKT137831 resulted in preserved structure, reduced expression of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and reduced number of TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling)-positive cells. These results suggest Nox4 as a key source of reactive oxygen species responsible for CIAKI and provide a novel potential option for prevention of CIAKI.
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Goncharov NV, Nadeev AD, Jenkins RO, Avdonin PV. Markers and Biomarkers of Endothelium: When Something Is Rotten in the State. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9759735. [PMID: 29333215 PMCID: PMC5733214 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9759735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endothelium is a community of endothelial cells (ECs), which line the blood and lymphatic vessels, thus forming an interface between the tissues and the blood or lympha. This strategic position of endothelium infers its indispensable functional role in controlling vasoregulation, haemostasis, and inflammation. The state of endothelium is simultaneously the cause and effect of many diseases, and this is coupled with modifications of endothelial phenotype represented by markers and with biochemical profile of blood represented by biomarkers. In this paper, we briefly review data on the functional role of endothelium, give definitions of endothelial markers and biomarkers, touch on the methodological approaches for revealing biomarkers, present an implicit role of endothelium in some toxicological mechanistic studies, and survey the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in modulation of endothelial status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V. Goncharov
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander D. Nadeev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Richard O. Jenkins
- School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
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Choi DH, Lee J. A Mini-Review of the NADPH oxidases in Vascular Dementia: Correlation with NOXs and Risk Factors for VaD. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112500. [PMID: 29165383 PMCID: PMC5713465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is one of the factors that cause dementia conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia (VaD). In the pathogenesis of VaD, OS is associated with risk factors that include increased age, hypertension, and stroke. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOXs) are a molecular source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). According to recent studies, inhibition of NOX activity can reduce cognitive impairment in animal models of VaD. In this article, we review the evidence linking cognitive impairment with NOX-dependent OS, including the vascular NOX and non-vascular NOX systems, in VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hee Choi
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143701, Korea.
- Department of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143701, Korea.
| | - Jongmin Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143701, Korea.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143701, Korea.
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Nox, Reactive Oxygen Species and Regulation of Vascular Cell Fate. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6040090. [PMID: 29135921 PMCID: PMC5745500 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6040090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an imbalance of antioxidant defence mechanisms can result in oxidative stress. Several pro-atherogenic stimuli that promote intimal-medial thickening (IMT) and early arteriosclerotic disease progression share oxidative stress as a common regulatory pathway dictating vascular cell fate. The major source of ROS generated within the vascular system is the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase family of enzymes (Nox), of which seven members have been characterized. The Nox family are critical determinants of the redox state within the vessel wall that dictate, in part the pathophysiology of several vascular phenotypes. This review highlights the putative role of ROS in controlling vascular fate by promoting endothelial dysfunction, altering vascular smooth muscle phenotype and dictating resident vascular stem cell fate, all of which contribute to intimal medial thickening and vascular disease progression.
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12
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Gajos-Draus A, Duda M, Beręsewicz A. Cardiac and renal upregulation of Nox2 and NF- κB and repression of Nox4 and Nrf2 in season- and diabetes-mediated models of vascular oxidative stress in guinea-pig and rat. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13474. [PMID: 29084841 PMCID: PMC5661235 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The superoxide-forming NADPH oxidase homologues, Nox1, Nox2, and Nox5, seem to mediate the pro-atherosclerotic vascular phenotype. The hydrogen peroxide-forming Nox4 afforded vascular protection, likely via NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) activation and/or Nox2 downregulation in transgenic mice. We hypothesized that oxidative stress in the intact vasculature involves, aside from the upregulation of the superoxide-forming Noxs, the downregulation of the Nox4/Nrf2 pathway. Guinea-pigs and rats were studied either in winter or in summer, and the streptozotocin diabetic rats in winter. Plasma nitrite, and superoxide production by isolated hearts were measured, while frozen tissues served in biochemical analyses. Summer in both species and diabetes in rats downregulated myocardial Nox4 while reciprocally upregulating Nox2 and Nox5 in guinea-pigs, and Nox2 in rats. Simultaneously, myocardial Nrf2 activity and the expression of the Nrf2-directed heme oxygenase-1 and endothelial NO synthase were reduced while activity of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and the expression of NF-κB-directed inducible NO synthase and the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 were increased. Cardiac superoxide production was increased while plasma nitrite was decreased reciprocally. Analogous disregulation of Noxs, Nrf2, and NF-κB, occurred in diabetic rat kidneys. Given the diversity of the experimental settings and the uniform pattern of the responses, we speculate that: (1) chronic vascular oxidative stress is a nonspecific (model-, species-, organ-independent) response involving the induction of Nox2 (and Nox5 in guinea-pigs) and the NF-κB pathway, and the repression of Nox4 and the Nrf2 pathway; and (2) the systems Nox2-NF-κB and Nox4-Nrf2 regulate each other negatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gajos-Draus
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Postgraduate Medical School, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Duda
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Postgraduate Medical School, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Beręsewicz
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Postgraduate Medical School, Warsaw, Poland
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Hakami NY, Ranjan AK, Hardikar AA, Dusting GJ, Peshavariya HM. Role of NADPH Oxidase-4 in Human Endothelial Progenitor Cells. Front Physiol 2017; 8:150. [PMID: 28386230 PMCID: PMC5362645 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) display a unique ability to promote angiogenesis and restore endothelial function in injured blood vessels. NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4)-derived hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) serves as a signaling molecule and promotes endothelial cell proliferation and migration as well as protecting against cell death. However, the role of NOX4 in EPC function is not completely understood. Methods: EPCs were isolated from human saphenous vein and mammary artery discarded during bypass surgery. NOX4 gene and protein expression in EPCs were measured by real time-PCR and Western blot analysis respectively. NOX4 gene expression was inhibited using an adenoviral vector expressing human NOX4 shRNA (Ad-NOX4i). H2O2 production was measured by Amplex red assay. EPC migration was evaluated using a transwell migration assay. EPC proliferation and viability were measured using trypan blue counts. Results: Inhibition of NOX4 using Ad-NOX4i reduced Nox4 gene and protein expression as well as H2O2 formation in EPCs. Inhibition of NOX4-derived H2O2 decreased both proliferation and migration of EPCs. Interestingly, pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) decreased NOX4 expression and reduced survival of EPCs. However, the survival of EPCs was further diminished by TNF-α in NOX4-knockdown cells, suggesting that NOX4 has a protective role in EPCs. Conclusion: These findings suggest that NOX4-type NADPH oxidase is important for proliferation and migration functions of EPCs and protects against pro-inflammatory cytokine induced EPC death. These properties of NOX4 may facilitate the efficient function of EPCs which is vital for successful neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Y Hakami
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear HospitalEast Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Department of SurgeryEast Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amaresh K Ranjan
- Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital New York, NY, USA
| | - Anandwardhan A Hardikar
- Diabetes and Islet Biology, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Greg J Dusting
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear HospitalEast Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Department of SurgeryEast Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hitesh M Peshavariya
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear HospitalEast Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Department of SurgeryEast Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Cervantes Gracia K, Llanas-Cornejo D, Husi H. CVD and Oxidative Stress. J Clin Med 2017; 6:E22. [PMID: 28230726 PMCID: PMC5332926 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, it is known that oxidative stress plays at least two roles within the cell, the generation of cellular damage and the involvement in several signaling pathways in its balanced normal state. So far, a substantial amount of time and effort has been expended in the search for a clear link between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the effects of oxidative stress. Here, we present an overview of the different sources and types of reactive oxygen species in CVD, highlight the relationship between CVD and oxidative stress and discuss the most prominent molecules that play an important role in CVD pathophysiology. Details are given regarding common pharmacological treatments used for cardiovascular distress and how some of them are acting upon ROS-related pathways and molecules. Novel therapies, recently proposed ROS biomarkers, as well as future challenges in the field are addressed. It is apparent that the search for a better understanding of how ROS are contributing to the pathophysiology of CVD is far from over, and new approaches and more suitable biomarkers are needed for the latter to be accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Cervantes Gracia
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Daniel Llanas-Cornejo
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Holger Husi
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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15
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Barman SA, Fulton D. Adventitial Fibroblast Nox4 Expression and ROS Signaling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 967:1-11. [PMID: 29047077 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease arising from remodeling and narrowing of pulmonary arteries (PA) resulting in high pulmonary arterial blood pressure and ultimately right ventricular failure. Elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4), a constitutively active enzyme, has been associated with oxygen sensing, vasomotor control, cellular proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, senescence, fibrosis, and angiogenesis. Further, elevated expression of Nox4 has been reported in a number of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac failure, ischemic stroke, and PAH. However, the cellular location of Nox4 and its contribution to aberrant vascular remodeling in PAH remains poorly understood. The goal of this review is to summarize the recent literature on the enzymatic regulation of Nox4 in the production of ROS in PAH. In the vascular wall, Nox4 is present in fibroblasts, a primary cell of the adventitia, and matches the adventitial location of ROS production in PAH. Further, in adventitial fibroblasts, Nox4 overexpression stimulates migration and proliferation as well as matrix gene expression. Collectively, reports indicate that Nox4 contributes to altered fibroblast behavior, ROS production leading to hypertensive vascular remodeling and the development of PAH. Finally, we address the functional significance of Nox4 in fibroblasts, and also suggest an "outside in" (adventitial) process of vascular remodeling that is mediated by Nox4, which although has physiological roles in the intimal layer (i.e., endothelium), may also have pathologic importance in the adventitial layer of the vascular wall through signaling in fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Barman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - David Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
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16
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Veith C, Kraut S, Wilhelm J, Sommer N, Quanz K, Seeger W, Brandes RP, Weissmann N, Schröder K. NADPH oxidase 4 is not involved in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Pulm Circ 2016; 6:397-400. [PMID: 27683617 DOI: 10.1086/687756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Veith
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Giessen, Germany
| | - S Kraut
- UGMLC, member of the DZL, ECCPS, Giessen, Germany
| | - J Wilhelm
- UGMLC, member of the DZL, ECCPS, Giessen, Germany
| | - N Sommer
- UGMLC, member of the DZL, ECCPS, Giessen, Germany
| | - K Quanz
- UGMLC, member of the DZL, ECCPS, Giessen, Germany
| | - W Seeger
- UGMLC, member of the DZL, ECCPS, Giessen, Germany
| | - R P Brandes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, ECCPS, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - N Weissmann
- UGMLC, member of the DZL, ECCPS, Giessen, Germany
| | - K Schröder
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, ECCPS, Frankfurt, Germany
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17
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Nadeev AD, Kudryavtsev IV, Serebriakova MK, Avdonin PV, Zinchenko VP, Goncharov NV. Dual proapoptotic and pronecrotic effect of hydrogen peroxide on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x16020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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The Role of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Cardiovascular Injury and Protective Strategies. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:8254942. [PMID: 27200148 PMCID: PMC4856919 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8254942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of the heart represents a major health burden mainly associated with acute coronary syndromes. While timely coronary reperfusion has become the established routine therapy in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction, the restoration of blood flow into the previously ischaemic area is always accompanied by myocardial injury. The central mechanism involved in this phenomenon is represented by the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Besides their harmful role when highly generated during early reperfusion, minimal ROS formation during ischaemia and/or at reperfusion is critical for the redox signaling of cardioprotection. In the past decades, mitochondria have emerged as the major source of ROS as well as a critical target for cardioprotective strategies at reperfusion. Mitochondria dysfunction associated with I/R myocardial injury is further described and ultimately analyzed with respect to its role as source of both deleterious and beneficial ROS. Furthermore, the contribution of ROS in the highly investigated field of conditioning strategies is analyzed. In the end, the vascular sources of mitochondria-derived ROS are briefly reviewed.
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Tostes RC, Carneiro FS, Carvalho MHC, Reckelhoff JF. Reactive oxygen species: players in the cardiovascular effects of testosterone. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 310:R1-14. [PMID: 26538238 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00392.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Androgens are essential for the development and maintenance of male reproductive tissues and sexual function and for overall health and well being. Testosterone, the predominant and most important androgen, not only affects the male reproductive system, but also influences the activity of many other organs. In the cardiovascular system, the actions of testosterone are still controversial, its effects ranging from protective to deleterious. While early studies showed that testosterone replacement therapy exerted beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease, some recent safety studies point to a positive association between endogenous and supraphysiological levels of androgens/testosterone and cardiovascular disease risk. Among the possible mechanisms involved in the actions of testosterone on the cardiovascular system, indirect actions (changes in the lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, and hemostatic mechanisms, modulation of the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system), as well as direct actions (modulatory effects on proinflammatory enzymes, on the generation of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide bioavailability, and on vasoconstrictor signaling pathways) have been reported. This mini-review focuses on evidence indicating that testosterone has prooxidative actions that may contribute to its deleterious actions in the cardiovascular system. The controversial effects of testosterone on ROS generation and oxidant status, both prooxidant and antioxidant, in the cardiovascular system and in cells and tissues of other systems are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita C Tostes
- University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Fernando S Carneiro
- University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jane F Reckelhoff
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Women's Health Research Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Calò LA, Davis PA, Maiolino G, Pagnin E, Ravarotto V, Naso E, Carraro G, Naso A. Assessing the Relationship of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptors with Erythropoietin in a Human Model of Endogenous Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Antagonism. Cardiorenal Med 2015; 6:16-24. [PMID: 27194993 DOI: 10.1159/000439183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS/INTRODUCTION Angiotensin II (Ang II) has been shown to control erythropoietin (EPO) synthesis as Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers block Ang-II-induced EPO oversecretion. To further explore the involvement of AT1R in processes controlling EPO levels, plasma EPO and mononuclear cell NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) - a NOX family member involved in oxygen sensing, which is a process central to controlling EPO levels - were assessed in Bartter's/Gitelman's syndrome (BS/GS) patients, a human model of endogenous AT1R antagonism and healthy subjects. Heme oxygenase (HO)-1, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory factor related to NOX4 activation, and the relationship of EPO and NOX4 to HO-1 were also assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS EPO was measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay, HO-1 by sandwich immunoassay and NOX4 protein expression by Western blot. RESULTS EPO was increased in BS/GS patients compared to healthy subjects (7.64 ± 2.47 vs. 5.23 ± 1.07 U/l; p = 0.025), whereas NOX4 did not differ between BS/GS and healthy subjects (1.76 ± 0.61 vs. 1.65 ± 0.54 densitometric units; p = n.s.), and HO-1 was increased in BS/GS patients compared to healthy subjects (9.58 ± 3.07 vs. 5.49 ± 1.04 ng/ml; p = 0.003). NOX4 positively correlated with HO-1 only in BS/GS patients; no correlation was found between EPO and either NOX4 or HO-1 in those two groups. CONCLUSIONS The effect of the renin-angiotensin system on EPO cannot be solely mediated by Ang II via AT1R signaling, but rather, EPO levels are also determined by a complex interrelated set of signals that involve AT2R, nitric oxide levels, NOX4 and HO-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo A Calò
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paul A Davis
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Calif., USA
| | - Giuseppe Maiolino
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Pagnin
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Verdiana Ravarotto
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Naso
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianni Carraro
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Agostino Naso
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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21
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Edwards M, Czank C, Woodward GM, Cassidy A, Kay CD. Phenolic metabolites of anthocyanins modulate mechanisms of endothelial function. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:2423-2431. [PMID: 25686009 DOI: 10.1021/jf5041993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are reported to have vascular bioactivity, however their mechanisms of action are largely unknown. Evidence suggests that anthocyanins modulate endothelial function, potentially by increasing nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, or enhancing NO bioavailability. This study compared the activity of cyanidin-3-glucoside, its degradation product protocatechuic acid, and phase II metabolite, vanillic acid. Production of NO and superoxide and expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), NADPH oxidase (NOX), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were established in human vascular cell models. Nitric oxide levels were not modulated by the treatments, although eNOS was upregulated by cyanidin-3-glucoside, and superoxide production was decreased by both phenolic acids. Vanillic acid upregulated p22(phox) mRNA but did not alter NOX protein expression, although trends were observed for p47(phox) downregulation and HO-1 upregulation. Anthocyanin metabolites may therefore modulate vascular reactivity by inducing HO-1 and modulating NOX activity, resulting in reduced superoxide production and improved NO bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Edwards
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia , Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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22
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Peshavariya HM, Liu GS, Chang CWT, Jiang F, Chan EC, Dusting GJ. Prostacyclin signaling boosts NADPH oxidase 4 in the endothelium promoting cytoprotection and angiogenesis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2710-25. [PMID: 24450852 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Prostacyclin (PGI2) that is released from the vascular endothelium plays an important role in vasodilatation and thrombo-resistance, and it has long been suspected to protect cell survival. How it does so has never been clear. Recently, it has been shown that the NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) improves endothelial cell functions and promotes angiogenesis in vivo, but it was not known how to boost Nox4 therapeutically to exploit its protective functions in the vasculature. Here, we identified such a stimulus. RESULTS The selective and stable prostacyclin receptor (IP-R) agonist cicaprost increases the expression of Nox4 in human endothelial cells of several types, including endothelial progenitor cells. The elevation of cellular cyclic-AMP increased Nox4 expression and H2O2 production and prevented endothelial cell apoptosis. We delineate the intracellular signaling that promotes cytoprotection: Cicaprost acts via the IP-R/protein kinase A (PKA)/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding (CREB) protein pathway. Importantly, the up-regulation of Nox4 by cicaprost also enhanced endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, with all effects being substantially decreased by Nox4 gene silencing. Finally, cicaprost enhanced the growth of blood vessels into subcutaneous sponges implanted in mice, an effect that was also blocked by Nox4 gene silencing. INNOVATION The prostacyclin analogue cicaprost induces Nox4 via IP receptor-cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway. The activation of this pathway protects endothelial cells and enhances pro-angiogenic activity both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION Prostacyclin promotes the up-regulation of Nox4 in endothelial cells, which opens up a novel strategy that protects and enhances endothelial cell functions in cardiovascular disease, such as repair after myocardial infarction or other ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh M Peshavariya
- 1 Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne , East Melbourne, Australia
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in vascular disease. While there are many possible sources of ROS, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases play a central role. They are a source of "kindling radicals," which affect other enzymes, such as nitric oxide synthase endothelial nitric oxide synthase or xanthine oxidase. This is important, as risk factors for atherosclerosis (hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking) regulate the expression and activity of NADPH oxidases in the vessel wall. RECENT ADVANCES There are seven isoforms in mammals: Nox1, Nox2, Nox3, Nox4, Nox5, Duox1 and Duox2. Nox1, Nox2, Nox4, and Nox5 are expressed in endothelium, vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, or perivascular adipocytes. Other homologues have not been found or are expressed at very low levels; their roles have not been established. Nox1/Nox2 promote the development of endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and inflammation. Nox4 may have a role in protecting the vasculature during stress; however, when its activity is increased, it may be detrimental. Calcium-dependent Nox5 has been implicated in oxidative damage in human atherosclerosis. CRITICAL ISSUES NADPH oxidase-derived ROS play a role in vascular pathology as well as in the maintenance of normal physiological vascular function. We also discuss recently elucidated mechanisms such as the role of NADPH oxidases in vascular protection, vascular inflammation, pulmonary hypertension, tumor angiogenesis, and central nervous system regulation of vascular function and hypertension. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding the role of individual oxidases and interactions between homologues in vascular disease is critical for efficient pharmacological regulation of vascular NADPH oxidases in both the laboratory and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Konior
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine , Cracow, Poland
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Here, we review recent advances with regard to the role of Src kinase in the regulation of cytoskeleton organization, cell adhesion, and motility, focusing on redox circuitries engaging this kinase for anchorage and motility, control of cell survival to anoikis, as well as metabolic deregulation, all features belonging to the new hallmarks of cancer. RECENT ADVANCES Several recent insights have reported that, alongside the well-known phosphorylation/dephosphorylation control, cysteine oxidation is a further mechanism of enzyme activation for both c-Src kinase and its oncogenic counterparts. Indeed, mounting evidence portrays redox regulation of Src kinase as a compulsory outcome in growth factors/cytokines signaling, integrin engagement, motility and invasiveness of tissues, receptor cross-talking at plasmamembrane, as well as during carcinogenesis and progression toward tumor malignancy or fibrotic disease. In addition, the kinase is an upstream regulator of NADPH oxidase-driven oxidants, a critical step for invadopodia formation and metastatic spread. CRITICAL ISSUES Not satisfactorily unraveled yet, the exact role of Src kinase in redox cancer biology needs to be implemented with studies that are aimed at clarifying (i) the exact hierarchy between oxidants sources, Src redox-dependent activation and the regulation of cell motility, and (ii) the actual susceptibility of invading cells to redox-based treatments, owing to the well-recognized ability of cancer cells to find new strategies to adapt to new environments. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Once these critical issues are addressed, redox circuitries involving Src kinase should potentially be used as both biomarkers and targets for personalized therapies in the fight against cancer or fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Giannoni
- 1 Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence , Florence, Italy
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Raaz U, Toh R, Maegdefessel L, Adam M, Nakagami F, Emrich FC, Spin JM, Tsao PS. Hemodynamic regulation of reactive oxygen species: implications for vascular diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:914-28. [PMID: 23879326 PMCID: PMC3924901 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Arterial blood vessels functionally and structurally adapt to altering hemodynamic forces in order to accommodate changing needs and to provide stress homeostasis. This ability is achieved at the cellular level by converting mechanical stimulation into biochemical signals (i.e., mechanotransduction). Physiological mechanical stress helps maintain vascular structure and function, whereas pathologic or aberrant stress may impair cellular mechano-signaling, and initiate or augment cellular processes that drive disease. RECENT ADVANCES Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may represent an intriguing class of mechanically regulated second messengers. Chronically enhanced ROS generation may be induced by adverse mechanical stresses, and is associated with a multitude of vascular diseases. Although a causal relationship has clearly been demonstrated in large numbers of animal studies, an effective ROS-modulating therapy still remains to be established by clinical studies. CRITICAL ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS This review article focuses on the role of various mechanical forces (in the form of laminar shear stress, oscillatory shear stress, or cyclic stretch) as modulators of ROS-driven signaling, and their subsequent effects on vascular biology and homeostasis, as well as on specific diseases such as arteriosclerosis, hypertension, and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Specifically, it highlights the significance of the various NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoforms as critical ROS generators in the vasculature. Directed targeting of defined components in the complex network of ROS (mechano-)signaling may represent a key for successful translation of experimental findings into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Raaz
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
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Tan C, Day R, Bao S, Turk J, Zhao QD. Group VIA phospholipase A2 mediates enhanced macrophage migration in diabetes mellitus by increasing expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:768-78. [PMID: 24482376 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously demonstrated that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (Nox4) mediates increased monocyte priming and chemotaxis under conditions of diabetic metabolic stress, and emerging data indicate that group VIA phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β) also participates in regulating monocyte chemotaxis. Here, we examined relationships between iPLA2β expression and Nox4 action in mouse peritoneal macrophages subjected to diabetic metabolic stress. APPROACH AND RESULTS Increased iPLA2β expression and activity were observed in macrophages from low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice that were fed a high-fat diet, and this was associated with time-dependent increases in atherosclerotic lesion size and macrophage content. Incubating macrophages with 30 mmol/L D-glucose, 100 μg/mL low-density lipoprotein, or both (D-glucose+low-density lipoprotein) induced a robust increase in iPLA2β expression and activity and in cell migration in response to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. The increases in iPLA2β activity and cell migration were prevented by a bromoenol lactone iPLA2β suicide inhibitor or an iPLA2β antisense oligonucleotide. Incubating macrophages under conditions that mimic diabetic metabolic stress ex vivo resulted in increased Nox4 expression and activity and hydrogen peroxide generation compared with controls. Bromoenol lactone prevented those effects without affecting Nox2 expression. Nox4 inhibition eliminated diabetic metabolic stress-induced acceleration of macrophage migration. Lysophosphatidic acid restored Nox4 expression, hydrogen peroxide generation, and migration to bromoenol lactone-treated cells, and a lysophosphatidic acid receptor antagonist abrogated iPLA2β-mediated increases in Nox4 expression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these observations identify iPLA2β and lysophosphatidic acid derived from its action as critical in regulating macrophage Nox4 activity and migration in the diabetic state in vivo and under similar conditions ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Tan
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (C.T., R.D., Q.D.Z.); and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (S.B., J.T.)
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27
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Yong R, Chen XM, Shen S, Vijayaraj S, Ma Q, Pollock CA, Saad S. Plumbagin ameliorates diabetic nephropathy via interruption of pathways that include NOX4 signalling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73428. [PMID: 23991195 PMCID: PMC3753271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) is reported to be the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the kidneys during the early stages of diabetic nephropathy. It has been shown to mediate TGFβ1-induced differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Despite TGFβ1 being recognised as a mediator of renal fibrosis and functional decline role in diabetic nephropathy, the renal interaction between Nox 4 and TGFβ1 is not well characterised. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Nox4 inhibition on TGFβ1-induced fibrotic responses in proximal tubular cells and in a mouse model of diabetic nephropathy. Immortalised human proximal tubular cells (HK2) were incubated with TGFβ1 ± plumbagin (an inhibitor of Nox4) or specific Nox4 siRNA. Collagen IV and fibronectin mRNA and protein expression were measured. Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic C57BL/6J mice were administered plumbagin (2 mg/kg/day) or vehicle (DMSO; 50 µl/mouse) for 24 weeks. Metabolic, physiological and histological markers of nephropathy were determined. TGFβ1 increased Nox4 mRNA expression and plumbagin and Nox4 siRNA significantly inhibited TGF-β1 induced fibronectin and collagen IV expression in human HK2 cells. STZ-induced diabetic C57BL/6J mice developed physiological features of diabetic nephropathy at 24 weeks, which were reversed with concomitant plumbagin treatment. Histologically, plumbagin ameliorated diabetes induced upregulation of extracellular matrix protein expression compared to control. This study demonstrates that plumbagin ameliorates the development of diabetic nephropathy through pathways that include Nox4 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Yong
- Department of Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Xin-Ming Chen
- Department of Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sylvie Shen
- Department of Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Swarna Vijayaraj
- Department of Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Qing Ma
- Department of Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carol A. Pollock
- Department of Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- Department of Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Lee DY, Wauquier F, Eid AA, Roman LJ, Ghosh-Choudhury G, Khazim K, Block K, Gorin Y. Nox4 NADPH oxidase mediates peroxynitrite-dependent uncoupling of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase and fibronectin expression in response to angiotensin II: role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28668-86. [PMID: 23940049 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.470971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of glomerular mesangial cells (MCs) by angiotensin II (Ang II) leads to extracellular matrix accumulation. Here, we demonstrate that, in MCs, Ang II induces endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling with enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased production of NO. Ang II promotes a rapid increase in 3-nitrotyrosine formation, and uric acid attenuates Ang II-induced decrease in NO bioavailability, demonstrating that peroxynitrite mediates the effects of Ang II on eNOS dysfunction. Ang II rapidly up-regulates Nox4 protein. Inhibition of Nox4 abolishes the increase in ROS and peroxynitrite generation as well as eNOS uncoupling triggered by Ang II, indicating that Nox4 is upstream of eNOS. This pathway contributes to Ang II-mediated fibronectin accumulation in MCs. Ang II also elicits an increase in mitochondrial abundance of Nox4 protein, and the oxidase contributes to ROS production in mitochondria. Overexpression of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase prevents the stimulatory effects of Ang II on mitochondrial ROS production, loss of NO availability, and MC fibronectin accumulation, whereas manganese superoxide dismutase depletion increases mitochondrial ROS, NO deficiency, and fibronectin synthesis basally and in cells exposed to Ang II. This work provides the first evidence that uncoupled eNOS is responsible for Ang II-induced MC fibronectin accumulation and identifies Nox4 and mitochondrial ROS as mediators of eNOS dysfunction. These data shed light on molecular processes underlying the oxidative signaling cascade engaged by Ang II and identify potential targets for intervention to prevent renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepesh Pandey
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Sestrin 2 and AMPK connect hyperglycemia to Nox4-dependent endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling and matrix protein expression. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:3439-60. [PMID: 23816887 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00217-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesangial matrix accumulation is an early feature of glomerular pathology in diabetes. Oxidative stress plays a critical role in hyperglycemia-induced glomerular injury. Here, we demonstrate that, in glomerular mesangial cells (MCs), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is uncoupled upon exposure to high glucose (HG), with enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased production of nitric oxide. Peroxynitrite mediates the effects of HG on eNOS dysfunction. HG upregulates Nox4 protein, and inhibition of Nox4 abrogates the increase in ROS and peroxynitrite generation, as well as the eNOS uncoupling triggered by HG, demonstrating that Nox4 functions upstream from eNOS. Importantly, this pathway contributes to HG-induced MC fibronectin accumulation. Nox4-mediated eNOS dysfunction was confirmed in glomeruli of a rat model of type 1 diabetes. Sestrin 2-dependent AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation attenuates HG-induced MC fibronectin synthesis through blockade of Nox4-dependent ROS and peroxynitrite generation, with subsequent eNOS uncoupling. We also find that HG negatively regulates sestrin 2 and AMPK, thereby promoting Nox4-mediated eNOS dysfunction and increased fibronectin. These data identify a protective function for sestrin 2/AMPK and potential targets for intervention to prevent fibrotic injury in diabetes.
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Zambrano S, Blanca AJ, Ruiz-Armenta MV, Miguel-Carrasco JL, Arévalo M, Vázquez MJ, Mate A, Vázquez CM. L-Carnitine protects against arterial hypertension-related cardiac fibrosis through modulation of PPAR-γ expression. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:937-44. [PMID: 23295156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a pathogenic factor in a variety of cardiovascular diseases and is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix protein that leads to cardiac dysfunction. l-Carnitine (LC) plays an essential role in the β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids in lipid metabolism. We have previously demonstrated the beneficial effects of LC in hypertensive rats. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of LC on arterial hypertension-associated cardiac fibrosis and to explore the mechanisms of LC action. To this end, four groups of rats were used: Wistar (control), rats treated with 400mg/kg/day of LC, rats treated with 25mg/kg/day of l-NAME (to induce hypertension), and rats treated with LC+l-NAME simultaneously. We found an elevation in the myocardial expression of profibrotic factors (TGF-β1 and CTGF), types I and III of collagen, and NADPH oxidase subunits (NOX2 and NOX4), in hypertensive rats when compared with normotensive ones. In addition, an increase in myocardial fibrosis was also found in the l-NAME group. These results were accompanied by a down-regulation of PPAR-γ in the heart of hypertensive animals. When hypertensive rats were treated with LC, all these alterations were reversed. Moreover, a significant negative correlation was observed between myocardial interstitial fibrosis and mRNA expression of PPAR-γ. In conclusion, the reduction of cardiac fibrosis and the down-regulation of NOX2, NOX4, TGF-β1 and CTGF induced by LC might be, at least in part, mediated by an upregulation of PPAR-γ, which leads to a reduction on hypertension-related cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Zambrano
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Chen F, Haigh S, Barman S, Fulton DJR. From form to function: the role of Nox4 in the cardiovascular system. Front Physiol 2012; 3:412. [PMID: 23125837 PMCID: PMC3485577 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase (Nox) family of proteins is comprised of seven members, including Noxes1–5 and the Duoxes 1 and 2. Nox4 is readily distinguished from the other Nox isoforms by its high level of expression in cardiovascular tissues and unique enzymatic properties. Nox4 is constitutively active and the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributed by Nox4 is primarily regulated at the transcriptional level although there is recent evidence for post-translational control. Nox4 emits a different pattern of ROS and its subcellular localizations, tissue distribution and influence over signaling pathways is different from the other Nox enzymes. Previous investigations have revealed that Nox4 is involved in oxygen sensing, vasomotor control, cellular proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, senescence, fibrosis, and angiogenesis. Elevated expression of Nox4 has been reported in a number of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and hypertension, cardiac failure and ischemic stroke. However, many important questions remain regarding the functional significance of Nox4 in health and disease, including the role of Nox4 subcellular localization and its downstream targets. The goal of this review is to summarize the recent literature on the genetic and enzymatic regulation, subcellular localization, signaling pathways, and the role of Nox4 in cardiovascular disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Health Sciences University Augusta, GA, USA
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Babelova A, Avaniadi D, Jung O, Fork C, Beckmann J, Kosowski J, Weissmann N, Anilkumar N, Shah AM, Schaefer L, Schröder K, Brandes RP. Role of Nox4 in murine models of kidney disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:842-53. [PMID: 22749956 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nox4 is a hydrogen peroxide-producing NADPH oxidase highly expressed in the kidney which has been linked to epithelial cell injury and diabetic-induced cellular dysfunction in cultured cells. The role of the enzyme for renal pathology in vivo, however, is unclear. To address this, three experimental animal models of renal injury (streptozotocin diabetes I, unilateral ureteral ligation (UUO), and 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6Nx)) were studied in either Nox4-inducible (Nox4(*/*)) or constitutive knockout (Nox4(-/-)) mice. Nox4 contributed more than 80% of diphenylene iodonium-sensitive H(2)O(2) formation of freshly isolated tubules determined by Amplex Red assay. In streptozotocin diabetes, acute deletion of Nox4 by tamoxifen-activated cre-recombinase increased albuminuria, whereas matrix deposition was similar between WT and Nox4(*/*) mice. Interestingly, renal Nox4 expression, mainly localized to tubular cells, decreased in the course of diabetes and this was not associated with a compensatory upregulation of Nox1 or Nox2. In the UUO model, renal expression of ICAM1, connective tissue growth factor, and fibronectin were higher in kidneys of Nox4(*/*) than control mice. Also in this model, levels of Nox4 decreased in the course of the disease. In the 5/6Nx model, which was performed in SV129 and SV129-Nox4(-/-) mice, no difference in the development of hypertension and albuminuria was found between the strains. Collectively, the first in vivo data of the kidney do not support the view that Nox4 is a main driver of renal disease. It rather appears that under specific conditions Nox4 may even slightly limit injury and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Babelova
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Triggle CR, Samuel SM, Ravishankar S, Marei I, Arunachalam G, Ding H. The endothelium: influencing vascular smooth muscle in many ways. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:713-38. [PMID: 22625870 DOI: 10.1139/y2012-073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium, although only a single layer of cells lining the vascular and lymphatic systems, contributes in multiple ways to vascular homeostasis. Subsequent to the 1980 report by Robert Furchgott and John Zawadzki, there has been a phenomenal increase in our knowledge concerning the signalling molecules and pathways that regulate endothelial - vascular smooth muscle communication. It is now recognised that the endothelium is not only an important source of nitric oxide (NO), but also numerous other signalling molecules, including the putative endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), prostacyclin (PGI(2)), and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), which have both vasodilator and vasoconstrictor properties. In addition, the endothelium, either via transferred chemical mediators, such as NO and PGI(2), and (or) low-resistance electrical coupling through myoendothelial gap junctions, modulates flow-mediated vasodilatation as well as influencing mitogenic activity, platelet aggregation, and neutrophil adhesion. Disruption of endothelial function is an early indicator of the development of vascular disease, and thus an important area for further research and identification of potentially new therapeutic targets. This review focuses on the signalling pathways that regulate endothelial - vascular smooth muscle communication and the mechanisms that initiate endothelial dysfunction, particularly with respect to diabetic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R Triggle
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar.
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Takac I, Schröder K, Brandes RP. The Nox family of NADPH oxidases: friend or foe of the vascular system? Curr Hypertens Rep 2012; 14:70-8. [PMID: 22071588 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-011-0238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidases are important sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the vascular system, ROS can have both beneficial and detrimental effects. Under physiologic conditions, ROS are involved in signaling pathways that regulate vascular tone as well as cellular processes like proliferation, migration and differentiation. However, high doses of ROS, which are produced after induction or activation of NADPH oxidases in response to cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation, contribute to the development of endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease. In vascular cells, the NADPH oxidase isoforms Nox1, Nox2, Nox4, and Nox5 are expressed, which differ in their activity, response to stimuli, and the type of ROS released. This review focuses on the specific role of different NADPH oxidase isoforms in vascular physiology and their potential contributions to vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Takac
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Bretón-Romero R, González de Orduña C, Romero N, Sánchez-Gómez FJ, de Álvaro C, Porras A, Rodríguez-Pascual F, Laranjinha J, Radi R, Lamas S. Critical role of hydrogen peroxide signaling in the sequential activation of p38 MAPK and eNOS in laminar shear stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1093-100. [PMID: 22281399 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Laminar shear stress (LSS) is a protective hemodynamic regulator of endothelial function and limits the development of atherosclerosis and other vascular wall diseases related to pathophysiological generation of reactive oxygen species. LSS activates several endothelial signaling responses, including the activation of MAPKs and eNOS. Here, we explored the mechanisms of activation of these key endothelial signaling pathways. Using the cone/plate model we found that LSS (12 dyn/cm(2)) rapidly promotes endothelial intracellular generation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). Physiological concentrations of H(2)O(2) (flux of 0.1 nM/min and 15 μM added extracellularly) significantly activated both eNOS and p38 MAPK. Pharmacological inhibition of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and specific knockdown of NOX4 decreased LSS-induced p38 MAPK activation. Whereas the absence of eNOS did not alter LSS-induced p38 MAPK activation, pharmacological inhibition and knockdown of p38α MAPK blocked H(2)O(2)- and LSS-induced eNOS phosphorylation and reduced (•)NO levels. We propose a model in which LSS promotes the formation of signaling levels of H(2)O(2), which in turn activate p38α MAPK and then stimulate eNOS, leading to increased (•)NO generation and protection of endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Bretón-Romero
- Laboratorio Mixto CSIC-FRIAT de Fisiopatología Vascular y Renal, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus: possible involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress? EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:481840. [PMID: 22474423 PMCID: PMC3299342 DOI: 10.1155/2012/481840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The vascular complications of diabetes mellitus impose a huge burden on the management of this disease. The higher incidence of cardiovascular complications and the unfavorable prognosis among diabetic individuals who develop such complications have been correlated to the hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and associated endothelial dysfunction. Although antioxidants may be considered as effective therapeutic agents to relieve oxidative stress and protect the endothelium, recent clinical trials involving these agents have shown limited therapeutic efficacy in this regard. In the recent past experimental evidence suggest that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the endothelial cells might be an important contributor to diabetes-related vascular complications. The current paper contemplates the possibility of the involvement of ER stress in endothelial dysfunction and diabetes-associated vascular complications.
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Rabbani ZN, Jackson IL, Vujaskovic Z. Oxidative stress mediates radiation lung injury by inducing apoptosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 83:740-8. [PMID: 22270165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Apoptosis in irradiated normal lung tissue has been observed several weeks after radiation. However, the signaling pathway propagating cell death after radiation remains unknown. METHODS AND MATERIALS C57BL/6J mice were irradiated with 15 Gy to the whole thorax. Pro-apoptotic signaling was evaluated 6 weeks after radiation with or without administration of AEOL10150, a potent catalytic scavenger of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. RESULTS Apoptosis was observed primarily in type I and type II pneumocytes and endothelium. Apoptosis correlated with increased PTEN expression, inhibition of downstream PI3K/AKT signaling, and increased p53 and Bax protein levels. Transforming growth factor-β1, Nox4, and oxidative stress were also increased 6 weeks after radiation. Therapeutic administration of AEOL10150 suppressed pro-apoptotic signaling and dramatically reduced the number of apoptotic cells. CONCLUSION Increased PTEN signaling after radiation results in apoptosis of lung parenchymal cells. We hypothesize that upregulation of PTEN is influenced by Nox4-derived oxidative stress. To our knowledge, this is the first study to highlight the role of PTEN in radiation-induced pulmonary toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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