1
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Nag JK, Appasamy P, Sedley S, Malka H, Rudina T, Bar-Shavit R. RNF43 induces the turnover of protease-activated receptor 2 in colon cancer. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22675. [PMID: 36468684 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200858rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) plays a central role in tissue hemostasis and cancer. The molecular mechanism of post-translational regulation of protease-activated receptors (PARs), a subgroup of GPCRs is yet understudied. Here we show that the cell-surface transmembrane E3 ubiquitin ligase ring finger 43 (RNF43) is a negative feedback regulator of PAR2 , impacting PAR2 -induced signaling and colon cancer growth. RNF43 co-associates with PAR2 , promoting its membrane elimination and degradation as shown by reduced cell surface biotinylated PAR2 levels and polyubiquitination. PAR2 degradation is rescued by R-spondin2 in the presence of leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor5 (LGR5). In fact, PAR2 acts jointly with LGR5, as recapitulated by increased β-catenin levels, transcriptional activity, phospho-LRP6, and anchorage-independent colony growth in agar. Animal models of the chemically induced AOM/DSS colon cancer of wt versus Par2/f2rl1 KO mice as also the 'spleen-liver' colon cancer metastasis, allocated a central role for PAR2 in colon cancer growth and development. RNF43 is abundantly expressed in the Par2/f2rl1 KO-treated AOM/DSS colon tissues while its level is very low to nearly null in colon cancer adenocarcinomas of the wt mice. The same result is obtained in the 'spleen-liver' model of spleen-inoculated cells, metastasized to the liver. High RNF43 expression is observed in the liver upon shRNA -Par2 silencing. "Limited-dilution-assay" performed in mice in-vivo, assigned PAR2 as a member of the cancer stem cell niche compartment. Collectively, we elucidate an original regulation of PAR2 oncogene, a member of cancer stem cells, by RNF43 ubiquitin ligase. It impacts β-catenin signaling and colon cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeetendra Kumar Nag
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Priyanga Appasamy
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shoshana Sedley
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hodaya Malka
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tatyana Rudina
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Bar-Shavit
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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2
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Shearer AM, Wang Y, Fletcher EK, Rana R, Michael ES, Nguyen N, Abdelmalek MF, Covic L, Kuliopulos A. PAR2 promotes impaired glucose uptake and insulin resistance in NAFLD through GLUT2 and Akt interference. Hepatology 2022; 76:1778-1793. [PMID: 35603482 PMCID: PMC9669194 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Insulin resistance and poor glycemic control are key drivers of the development of NAFLD and have recently been shown to be associated with fibrosis progression in NASH. However, the underlying mechanisms involving dysfunctional glucose metabolism and relationship with NAFLD/NASH progression remain poorly understood. We set out to determine whether protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), a sensor of extracellular inflammatory and coagulation proteases, links NAFLD and NASH with liver glucose metabolism. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that hepatic expression of PAR2 increases in patients and mice with diabetes and NAFLD/NASH. Mechanistic studies using whole-body and liver-specific PAR2-knockout mice reveal that hepatic PAR2 plays an unexpected role in suppressing glucose internalization, glycogen storage, and insulin signaling through a bifurcating Gq -dependent mechanism. PAR2 activation downregulates the major glucose transporter of liver, GLUT2, through Gq -MAPK-FoxA3 and inhibits insulin-Akt signaling through Gq -calcium-CaMKK2 pathways. Therapeutic dosing with a liver-homing pepducin, PZ-235, blocked PAR2-Gq signaling and afforded significant improvements in glycemic indices and HbA1c levels in severely diabetic mice. CONCLUSIONS This work provides evidence that PAR2 is a major regulator of liver glucose homeostasis and a potential target for the treatment of diabetes and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Shearer
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences/DMCB, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yanling Wang
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth K. Fletcher
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rajashree Rana
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily S. Michael
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nga Nguyen
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manal F. Abdelmalek
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lidija Covic
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences/DMCB, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Athan Kuliopulos
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences/DMCB, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Lee-Rivera I, López E, López-Colomé AM. Diversification of PAR signaling through receptor crosstalk. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:77. [PMID: 36088291 PMCID: PMC9463773 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) are among the first receptors shown to transactivate other receptors: noticeably, these interactions are not limited to members of the same family, but involve receptors as diverse as receptor kinases, prostanoid receptors, purinergic receptors and ionic channels among others. In this review, we will focus on the evidence for PAR interactions with members of their own family, as well as with other types of receptors. We will discuss recent evidence as well as what we consider as emerging areas to explore; from the signalling pathways triggered, to the physiological and pathological relevance of these interactions, since this additional level of molecular cross-talk between receptors and signaling pathways is only beginning to be explored and represents a novel mechanism providing diversity to receptor function and play important roles in physiology and disease.
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4
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Xu H, Tilley DG. Pepducin-mediated G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling in the Cardiovascular System. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022; 80:378-385. [PMID: 35170495 PMCID: PMC9365886 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pepducins are small-lipidated peptides designed from the intracellular loops of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that act in an allosteric manner to modulate the activity of GPCRs. Over the past 2 decades, pepducins have progressed initially from pharmacologic tools used to manipulate GPCR activity in an orthosteric site-independent manner to compounds with therapeutic potential that have even been used safely in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials in human subjects. The effect of pepducins at their cognate receptors has been shown to vary between antagonist, partial agonist, and biased agonist outcomes in various primary and clonal cell systems, with even small changes in amino acid sequence altering these properties and their receptor selectivity. To date, pepducins designed from numerous GPCRs have been studied for their impact on pathologic conditions, including cardiovascular diseases such as thrombosis, myocardial infarction, and atherosclerosis. This review will focus in particular on pepducins designed from protease-activated receptors, C-X-C motif chemokine receptors, formyl peptide receptors, and the β2-adrenergic receptor. We will discuss the historic context of pepducin development for each receptor, as well as the structural, signaling, pathophysiologic consequences, and therapeutic potential for each pepducin class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Xu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
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5
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PAR-Induced Harnessing of EZH2 to β-Catenin: Implications for Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158758. [PMID: 35955891 PMCID: PMC9368822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in a wide array of physiological and disease functions, yet knowledge of their role in colon cancer stem cell maintenance is still lacking. In addition, the molecular mechanisms underlying GPCR-induced post-translational signaling regulation are poorly understood. Here, we find that protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) unexpectedly acts as a potent oncogene, inducing β-catenin stability and transcriptional activity. Both PAR4 and PAR2 are able to drive the association of methyltransferase EZH2 with β-catenin, culminating in β-catenin methylation. This methylation on a lysine residue at the N-terminal portion of β-catenin suppresses the ubiquitination of β-catenin, thereby promoting PAR-induced β-catenin stability and transcriptional activity. Indeed, EZH2 is found to be directly correlated with high PAR4-driven tumors, and is abundantly expressed in large tumors, whereas very little to almost none is expressed in small tumors. A truncated form of β-catenin, ∆N133β-catenin, devoid of lysine, as well as serine/threonine residues, exhibits low levels of β-catenin and a markedly reduced transcriptional activity following PAR4 activation, in contrast to wt β-catenin. Our study demonstrates the importance of β-catenin lysine methylation in terms of its sustained expression and function. Taken together, we reveal that PAR-induced post-transcriptional regulation of β-catenin is centrally involved in colon cancer.
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Das M, Ithychanda SS, Plow EF. Histone 2B Facilitates Plasminogen-Enhanced Endothelial Migration through Protease-Activated Receptor 1 (PAR1) and Protease-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2). Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020211. [PMID: 35204713 PMCID: PMC8961594 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen and its multiple receptors have been implicated in the responses of many different cell types. Among these receptors, histone 2B (H2B) has been shown to play a prominent role in macrophage responses. The contribution of H2B to plasminogen-induced endothelial migration, an event relevant to wound healing and angiogenesis, is unknown. Plasminogen enhanced the migration of endothelial cells, which was inhibited by both Protease-Activated Receptor-1 (PAR1) and 2 (PAR2) antagonists. H2B was detected on viable endothelial cells of venous and arterial origin, and an antibody to H2B that blocks plasminogen binding also inhibited the plasminogen-dependent migration by these cells. The antibody blockade was as effective as PAR1 or PAR2 antagonists in inhibiting endothelial cell migration. In pull-down experiments, H2B formed a complex with both PAR1 and PAR2 but not β3 integrin, another receptor implicated in endothelial migration in the presence of plasminogen. H2B was found to be associated with clathrin adapator protein, AP2µ (clathrin AP2µ) and β-arrestin2, which are central to the internationalization/signaling machinery of the PARs. These associations with PAR1-clathrin adaptor AP2µ- and PAR2-β-arrestin2-dependent internalization/signaling pathways provide a mechanism to link plasminogen to responses such as wound healing and angiogenesis.
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7
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Dale NC, Johnstone EKM, Pfleger KDG. GPCR heteromers: An overview of their classification, function and physiological relevance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:931573. [PMID: 36111299 PMCID: PMC9468249 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.931573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are capable of interacting to form higher order structures such as homomers and heteromers. Heteromerisation in particular has implications for receptor function, with research showing receptors can attain unique expression, ligand binding, signalling and intracellular trafficking upon heteromerisation. As such, GPCR heteromers represent novel drug targets with extensive therapeutic potential. Changes to ligand affinity, efficacy and G protein coupling have all been described, with alterations to these pharmacological aspects now well accepted as common traits for heteromeric complexes. Changes in internalisation and trafficking kinetics, as well as β-arrestin interactions are also becoming more apparent, however, few studies to date have explicitly looked at the implications these factors have upon the signalling profile of a heteromer. Development of ligands to target GPCR heteromers both experimentally and therapeutically has been mostly concentrated on bivalent ligands due to difficulties in identifying and developing heteromer-specific ligands. Improving our understanding of the pharmacology and physiology of GPCR heteromers will enable further development of heteromer-specific ligands with potential to provide therapeutics with increased efficacy and decreased side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha C. Dale
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Elizabeth K. M. Johnstone
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Kevin D. G. Pfleger, ; Elizabeth K. M. Johnstone,
| | - Kevin D. G. Pfleger
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, WA, Australia
- Dimerix Limited, Nedlands, Australia
- *Correspondence: Kevin D. G. Pfleger, ; Elizabeth K. M. Johnstone,
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8
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Nag JK, Malka H, Appasamy P, Sedley S, Bar-Shavit R. GPCR Partners as Cancer Driver Genes: Association with PH-Signal Proteins in a Distinctive Signaling Network. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8985. [PMID: 34445691 PMCID: PMC8396503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential role of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in tumor growth is recognized, yet a GPCR based drug in cancer is rare. Understanding the molecular path of a tumor driver gene may lead to the design and development of an effective drug. For example, in members of protease-activated receptor (PAR) family (e.g., PAR1 and PAR2), a novel PH-binding motif is allocated as critical for tumor growth. Animal models have indicated the generation of large tumors in the presence of PAR1 or PAR2 oncogenes. These tumors showed effective inhibition when the PH-binding motif was either modified or were inhibited by a specific inhibitor targeted to the PH-binding motif. In the second part of the review we discuss several aspects of some cardinal GPCRs in tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rachel Bar-Shavit
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (J.K.N.); (H.M.); (P.A.); (S.S.)
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9
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PAR2 Deficiency Induces Mitochondrial ROS Generation and Dysfunctions, Leading to the Inhibition of Adipocyte Differentiation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6683033. [PMID: 34211632 PMCID: PMC8205587 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6683033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a member of G-protein-coupled receptors and affects ligand-modulated calcium signaling. Although PAR2 signaling promotes obesity and adipose tissue inflammation in high fat- (HF-) fed conditions, its role in adipocyte differentiation under nonobesogenic conditions needs to be elucidated. Here, we used several tissues and primary-cultured adipocytes of mice lacking PAR2 to study its role in the development of adipose tissues. C57BL/6J mice with PAR2 deficiency exhibited a mild lipodystrophy-like phenotype in a chow diet-fed condition. When adipocyte differentiation was examined using primary-cultured preadipocytes, PAR2 deficiency led to a notable decrease in adipocyte differentiation and related protein expression, and PAR2 agonist treatment elevated adipocyte differentiation. Regarding the mechanism, PAR2-deficient preadipocytes exhibited impaired mitochondrial energy consumption. Further studies indicated that calcium-related signaling pathways for mitochondrial biogenesis are disrupted in the adipose tissues of PAR2-deficient mice and PAR2-deficient preadipocytes. Also, a PAR2 antagonist elevated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and reduced the MitoTracker fluorescent signal in preadipocytes. Our studies revealed that PAR2 is important for the development of adipose tissue under basal conditions through the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and adipocyte differentiation.
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10
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Macrophage protease-activated receptor 2 regulates fetal liver erythropoiesis in mice. Blood Adv 2021; 4:5810-5824. [PMID: 33232477 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiencies in many coagulation factors and protease-activated receptors (PARs) affect embryonic development. We describe a defect in definitive erythropoiesis in PAR2-deficient mice. Embryonic PAR2 deficiency increases embryonic death associated with variably severe anemia in comparison with PAR2-expressing embryos. PAR2-deficient fetal livers display reduced macrophage densities, erythroblastic island areas, and messenger RNA expression levels of markers for erythropoiesis and macrophages. Coagulation factor synthesis in the liver coincides with expanding fetal liver hematopoiesis during midgestation, and embryonic factor VII (FVII) deficiency impairs liver macrophage development. Cleavage-insensitive PAR2-mutant mice recapitulate the hematopoiesis defect of PAR2-deficient embryos, and macrophage-expressed PAR2 directly supports erythroblastic island function and the differentiation of red blood cells in the fetal liver. Conditional deletion of PAR2 in macrophages impairs erythropoiesis, as well as increases inflammatory stress, as evidenced by upregulation of interferon-regulated hepcidin antimicrobial peptide. In contrast, postnatal macrophage PAR2 deficiency does not have any effect on steady-state Kupffer cells, bone marrow macrophage numbers, or erythropoiesis, but erythropoiesis in macrophages from PAR2-deficient mice is impaired following hemolysis. These data identify a novel function for macrophage PAR2 signaling in adapting to rapid increases in blood demand during gestational development and postnatal erythropoiesis under stress conditions.
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11
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Iyer A, Humphries TLR, Owens EP, Zhao KN, Masci PP, Johnson DW, Nikolic-Paterson D, Gobe GC, Fairlie DP, Vesey DA. PAR2 Activation on Human Kidney Tubular Epithelial Cells Induces Tissue Factor Synthesis, That Enhances Blood Clotting. Front Physiol 2021; 12:615428. [PMID: 33776786 PMCID: PMC7987918 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.615428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulation abnormalities and increased risk of atherothrombosis are common in patients with chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Mechanisms that alter renal hemostasis and lead to thrombotic events are not fully understood. Here we show that activation of protease activated receptor-2 (PAR2) on human kidney tubular epithelial cells (HTECs), induces tissue factor (TF) synthesis and secretion that enhances blood clotting. PAR-activating coagulation-associated protease (thrombin), as well as specific PAR2 activators (matriptase, trypsin, or synthetic agonist 2f-LIGRLO-NH2 (2F), induced TF synthesis and secretion that were potently inhibited by PAR2 antagonist, I-191. Thrombin-induced TF was also inhibited by a PAR1 antagonist, Vorapaxar. Peptide activators of PAR1, PAR3, and PAR4 failed to induce TF synthesis. Differential centrifugation of the 2F-conditoned medium sedimented the secreted TF, together with the exosome marker ALG-2 interacting protein X (ALIX), indicating that secreted TF was associated with extracellular vesicles. 2F-treated HTEC conditioned medium significantly enhanced blood clotting, which was prevented by pre-incubating this medium with an antibody for TF. In summary, activation of PAR2 on HTEC stimulates synthesis and secretion of TF that induces blood clotting, and this is attenuated by PAR2 antagonism. Thrombin-induced TF synthesis is at least partly mediated by PAR1 transactivation of PAR2. These findings reveal how underlying hemostatic imbalances might increase thrombosis risk and subsequent chronic fibrin deposition in the kidneys of patients with CKD and suggest PAR2 antagonism as a potential therapeutic strategy for intervening in CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abishek Iyer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tyrone L R Humphries
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Evan P Owens
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Kong-Nan Zhao
- Centre for Venomics Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul P Masci
- Centre for Venomics Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David W Johnson
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, The University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - David Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre and Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenda C Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David A Vesey
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, The University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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12
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Grisaru-Granovsky S, Kumar Nag J, Zakar L, Rudina T, Lal Gupta C, Maoz M, Kozlova D, Bar-Shavit R. PAR 1&2 driven placenta EVT invasion act via LRP5/6 as coreceptors. FASEB J 2020; 34:15701-15717. [PMID: 33136328 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000306r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While the involvement of protease-activated receptors (PARs) in the physiological regulation of human placenta development, as in tumor biology, is recognized, the molecular pathway is unknown. We evaluated the impact of PAR1 and PAR2 function in cytotrophoblast (CTB) proliferation and invasion in a system of extravillous trophoblast (EVT) organ culture and in human cell-lines. Activation of PAR1 - and PAR2 -induced EVT invasion and proliferation, while the shRNA silencing of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5/6 (LRP5/6) inhibited these processes. PAR1 and PAR2 effectively induce β-catenin stabilization in a manner similar to that shown for the canonical β-catenin stabilization pathway yet independent of Wnts. Immunoprecipitation analyses and protein-protein docking demonstrated the co-association between either PAR1 or PAR2 with LRP5/6 forming an axis of PAR-LRP5/6-Axin. Noticeably, in PAR1 -PAR2 heterodimers a dominant role is assigned to PAR2 over PAR1 as shown by inhibition of PAR1 -induced β-catenin levels, and Dvl nuclear localization. This inhibition takes place either by shRNA silenced hPar2 or in the presence of a TrPAR2 devoid its cytoplasmic tail. Indeed, TrPAR2 cannot form the PAR1 -PAR2 complex, obstructing thereby the flow of signals downstream. Elucidation of the mechanism of PAR-induced invasion contributes to therapeutic options highlighting key partners in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorina Grisaru-Granovsky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hebrew-University, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jeetendra Kumar Nag
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liat Zakar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hebrew-University, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tatyana Rudina
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chhedi Lal Gupta
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Research Center, Agriculture Research Organization, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Myriam Maoz
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daria Kozlova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hebrew-University, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Bar-Shavit
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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13
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Unruh D, Horbinski C. Beyond thrombosis: the impact of tissue factor signaling in cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:93. [PMID: 32665005 PMCID: PMC7362520 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is the primary initiator of the coagulation cascade, though its effects extend well beyond hemostasis. When TF binds to Factor VII, the resulting TF:FVIIa complex can proteolytically cleave transmembrane G protein-coupled protease-activated receptors (PARs). In addition to activating PARs, TF:FVIIa complex can also activate receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and integrins. These signaling pathways are utilized by tumors to increase cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and cancer stem-like cell maintenance. Herein, we review in detail the regulation of TF expression, mechanisms of TF signaling, their pathological consequences, and how it is being targeted in experimental cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusten Unruh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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14
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Poole LG, Pant A, Cline‐Fedewa HM, Williams KJ, Copple BL, Palumbo JS, Luyendyk JP. Liver fibrosis is driven by protease-activated receptor-1 expressed by hepatic stellate cells in experimental chronic liver injury. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2020; 4:906-917. [PMID: 32685902 PMCID: PMC7354391 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood coagulation protease activity is proposed to drive hepatic fibrosis through activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs). Whole-body PAR-1 deficiency reduces experimental hepatic fibrosis, and in vitro studies suggest a potential contribution by PAR-1 expressed by hepatic stellate cells. However, owing to a lack of specific tools, the cell-specific role of PAR-1 in experimental hepatic fibrosis has never been formally investigated. Using a novel mouse expressing a conditional PAR-1 allele, we tested the hypothesis that PAR-1 expressed by hepatic stellate cells contributes to hepatic fibrosis. METHODS PAR-1flox/flox mice were crossed with mice expressing Cre recombinase controlled by the lecithin retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) promoter, which induces recombination in hepatic stellate cells. Male PAR-1flox/flox/LRATCre and PAR-1flox/flox mice were challenged twice weekly with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4, 1 mL/kg i.p.) for 6 weeks to induce liver fibrosis. RESULTS PAR-1 mRNA levels were reduced (>95%) in hepatic stellate cells isolated from PAR-1flox/flox/LRATCre mice. Hepatic stellate cell activation was evident in CCl4-challenged PAR-1flox/flox mice, indicated by increased α-smooth muscle actin labeling and induction of several profibrogenic genes. CCl4-challenged PAR-1flox/flox mice displayed robust hepatic collagen deposition, indicated by picrosirius red staining and type I collagen immunolabeling. Notably, stellate cell activation and collagen deposition were significantly reduced (>30%) in PAR-1flox/flox/LRATCre mice. Importantly, the reduction in liver fibrosis was not a consequence of reduced acute CCl4 hepatotoxicity in PAR-1flox/flox/LRATCre mice. CONCLUSIONS The results constitute the first direct experimental evidence that PAR-1 expressed by stellate cells directly promotes their profibrogenic phenotype and hepatic fibrosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G. Poole
- Institute for Integrative ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic InvestigationMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Asmita Pant
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic InvestigationMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Holly M. Cline‐Fedewa
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic InvestigationMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Kurt J. Williams
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic InvestigationMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Bryan L. Copple
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Joseph S. Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Diseases InstituteCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - James P. Luyendyk
- Institute for Integrative ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic InvestigationMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
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15
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Rana R, Shearer AM, Fletcher EK, Nguyen N, Guha S, Cox DH, Abdelmalek M, Wang Y, Baleja JD, Covic L, Kuliopulos A. PAR2 controls cholesterol homeostasis and lipid metabolism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Metab 2019; 29:99-113. [PMID: 31668396 PMCID: PMC6742970 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increases in hepatic and plasma cholesterol occur in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), although the reason for this is not well understood. We investigated whether Protease-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2) plays a role in cholesterol and lipid homeostasis in NAFLD. METHODS Human liver biopsies (n = 108) were quantified for PAR2 expression from NAFLD cases randomly selected and stratified by liver fibrosis stage, the primary predictor for clinical outcomes, while controlling for age, gender, and BMI between fibrosis groups. Demographic data and laboratory studies on plasma samples were obtained within 6 months of liver biopsy. Wild-type and PAR2-KO (C57BL/6 F2rl1-/-) mice were fed either normal or high fat diet for 16 weeks and plasma and liver assayed for lipids and soluble metabolites. RESULTS Severity of NAFLD and plasma cholesterol levels significantly correlated with hepatocyte PAR2 expression in NAFLD patients. Conversely, PAR2 deficiency in mice resulted in reduced expression of key hepatic genes involved in cholesterol synthesis, a 50% drop in plasma and total liver cholesterol, and induced a reverse cholesterol transport system that culminated in 25% higher fecal bile acid output. PAR2-deficient mice exhibited enhanced fatty acid β-oxidation with a ketogenic shift and an unexpected increase in liver glycogenesis. Mechanistic studies identified Gi-Jnk1/2 as key downstream effectors of protease-activated PAR2 in the regulation of lipid and cholesterol homeostasis in liver. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that PAR2 may be a new target for the suppression of plasma cholesterol and hepatic fat accumulation in NAFLD and related metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashree Rana
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Andrew M Shearer
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA; Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Fletcher
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Nga Nguyen
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Srijoy Guha
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Daniel H Cox
- Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Manal Abdelmalek
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - James D Baleja
- Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Lidija Covic
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA; Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Athan Kuliopulos
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA; Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A. Slack
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Scott M. Gordon
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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17
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Ruf W. Proteases, Protease-Activated Receptors, and Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:1252-1254. [PMID: 29793990 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Ruf
- From the Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.
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18
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Cancer driver G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) induced β-catenin nuclear localization: the transcriptional junction. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2019; 37:147-157. [PMID: 29222765 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-017-9711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the main signal-transmitting components in the cell membrane. Over the past several years, biochemical and structural analyses have immensely enhanced our knowledge of GPCR involvement in health and disease states. The present review focuses on GPCRs that are cancer drivers, involved in tumor growth and development. Our aim is to highlight the involvement of stabilized β-catenin molecular machinery with a specific array of GPCRs. We discuss recent advances in understanding the molecular path leading to β-catenin nuclear localization and transcriptional activity and their implications for future cancer therapy research.
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19
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Heuberger DM, Schuepbach RA. Protease-activated receptors (PARs): mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic modulators in PAR-driven inflammatory diseases. Thromb J 2019; 17:4. [PMID: 30976204 PMCID: PMC6440139 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-019-0194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases have become increasingly prevalent with industrialization. To address this, numerous anti-inflammatory agents and molecular targets have been considered in clinical trials. Among molecular targets, protease-activated receptors (PARs) are abundantly recognized for their roles in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. In particular, several inflammatory effects are directly mediated by the sensing of proteolytic activity by PARs. PARs belong to the seven transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptor family, but are unique in their lack of physiologically soluble ligands. In contrast with classical receptors, PARs are activated by N-terminal proteolytic cleavage. Upon removal of specific N-terminal peptides, the resulting N-termini serve as tethered activation ligands that interact with the extracellular loop 2 domain and initiate receptor signaling. In the classical pathway, activated receptors mediate signaling by recruiting G proteins. However, activation of PARs alternatively lead to the transactivation of and signaling through receptors such as co-localized PARs, ion channels, and toll-like receptors. In this review we consider PARs and their modulators as potential therapeutic agents, and summarize the current understanding of PAR functions from clinical and in vitro studies of PAR-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea M Heuberger
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Division, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto A Schuepbach
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Duodenal bacterial proteolytic activity determines sensitivity to dietary antigen through protease-activated receptor-2. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1198. [PMID: 30867416 PMCID: PMC6416356 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbe-host interactions are generally homeostatic, but when dysfunctional, they can incite food sensitivities and chronic diseases. Celiac disease (CeD) is a food sensitivity characterized by a breakdown of oral tolerance to gluten proteins in genetically predisposed individuals, although the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here we show that duodenal biopsies from patients with active CeD have increased proteolytic activity against gluten substrates that correlates with increased Proteobacteria abundance, including Pseudomonas. Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing elastase as a model, we show gluten-independent, PAR-2 mediated upregulation of inflammatory pathways in C57BL/6 mice without villus blunting. In mice expressing CeD risk genes, P. aeruginosa elastase synergizes with gluten to induce more severe inflammation that is associated with moderate villus blunting. These results demonstrate that proteases expressed by opportunistic pathogens impact host immune responses that are relevant to the development of food sensitivities, independently of the trigger antigen. Gluten triggers celiac disease in genetically predisposed individuals, but additional unknown mechanisms are required. Here, the authors show that proteases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa can modulate inflammatory pathways that are relevant to the development of food sensitivities, independently of the trigger antigen.
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21
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Heuberger DM, Franchini AG, Madon J, Schuepbach RA. Thrombin cleaves and activates the protease-activated receptor 2 dependent on thrombomodulin co-receptor availability. Thromb Res 2019; 177:91-101. [PMID: 30861432 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protease-activated receptors (PARs) evolved to react to extracellular proteolytic activity. In mammals, three of the four PARs (PAR1, PAR3, and PAR4) that are expressed respond to the prototypical procoagulant enzyme thrombin, whereas PAR2 was assumed to resist activation by thrombin. To date, involvement of cell surface thrombin-recruiting co-receptors such as thrombomodulin (TM), which potentially facilitates PAR2 cleavage, has not been addressed. Thus, we examined whether TM-bound thrombin cleaved PAR2 and tested biological responses such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) DNA binding activity and cytokine release. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined 293T cells overexpressing PAR2 and TM for thrombin recruitment by TM promoting PAR2 cleavage. To test for the TM-thrombin interactions required for PAR2 cleavage and to map cleavage sites on PAR2, mutant constructs of TM or PAR2 were engineered. Biological effects because of PAR2 activation were investigated using an NF-κB reporter system and cytokine release. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We identified that, at low to moderate concentrations, thrombin cleaved PAR2 in a TM co-receptor-dependent manner with cleavage efficiency comparable to that of trypsin. In TM's presence, thrombin efficiently cleaved both, PAR1 and PAR2, albeit kinetics differed. Whereas the majority of surface expressed PAR1 was immediately cleaved off, prolonged exposure to thrombin resulted in few additional cleavage. In contrast, PAR2 cleavage was sustained upon prolonged exposure to thrombin. However, TM EGF-like domain 5 was required and TM chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan sites serine 490 and serine 492 assisted in PAR2 cleavage, while thrombin preferentially cleaved at arginine 36 on PAR2's N-terminus. Note that thrombin-induced activation of NF-κB via PAR2 resulted in release of interleukin-8. Thus, we provide a novel concept of how thrombin efficiently cleaves PAR2 in a TM-dependent manner, resulting in pro-inflammatory interleukin-8 release. This unexpected pro-inflammatory role of TM, promoting cleavage and activation of PAR2 by thrombin, may lead to novel therapeutic options for treating inflammatory and malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea M Heuberger
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Surgical Research Division, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro G Franchini
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jerzy Madon
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto A Schuepbach
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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22
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Michael ES, Covic L, Kuliopulos A. Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) promotes anti-diabetic signaling in insulin-secreting cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4401-4411. [PMID: 30670596 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus is a serious challenge that results in an inability of the pancreas to produce sufficient insulin to properly regulate blood glucose levels. Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor expressed by β-cells that has recently been proposed as a potential target for improving glycemic control and suppressing binge eating behaviors. We discovered that TAAR1 is coupled to Gαs-signaling pathways in insulin-secreting β-cells to cause protein kinase A (PKA)/exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac)-dependent release of insulin, activation of RAF proto-oncogene, Ser/Thr kinase (Raf)-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, induction of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-insulin receptor substrate 2 (Irs-2), and increased β-cell proliferation. Interestingly, TAAR1 triggered cAMP-mediated calcium influx and release from internal stores, both of which were required for activation of a MAPK cascade utilizing calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), Raf, and MAPK/ERK kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2). Together, these data identify TAAR1/Gαs-mediated signaling pathways that promote insulin secretion, improved β-cell function and proliferation, and highlight TAAR1 as a promising new target for improving β-cell health in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Michael
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences/Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Lidija Covic
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences/Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Athan Kuliopulos
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences/Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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23
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Majewski MW, Gandhi DM, Rosas R, Kodali R, Arnold LA, Dockendorff C. Design and Evaluation of Heterobivalent PAR1-PAR2 Ligands as Antagonists of Calcium Mobilization. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:121-126. [PMID: 30655958 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel class of bivalent ligands targeting putative protease-activated receptor (PAR) heteromers has been prepared based upon reported antagonists for the subtypes PAR1 and PAR2. Modified versions of the PAR1 antagonist RWJ-58259 containing alkyne adapters were connected via cycloaddition reactions to azide-capped polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacers attached to imidazopyridazine-based PAR2 antagonists. Initial studies of the PAR1-PAR2 antagonists indicated that they inhibited G alpha q-mediated calcium mobilization in endothelial and cancer cells driven by both PAR1 and PAR2 agonists. Compounds of this novel class hold promise for the prevention of restenosis, cancer cell metastasis, and other proliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Majewski
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
| | - Disha M. Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
| | - Ricardo Rosas
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
| | - Revathi Kodali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Leggy A. Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Chris Dockendorff
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
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24
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Transcriptional Landscape of PARs in Epithelial Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113451. [PMID: 30400241 PMCID: PMC6275037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of cell receptors, act as important regulators of diverse signaling pathways. Our understanding of the impact of GPCRs in tumors is emerging, yet there is no therapeutic platform based on GPCR driver genes. As cancer progresses, it disrupts normal epithelial organization and maintains the cells outside their normal niche. The dynamic and flexible microenvironment of a tumor contains both soluble and matrix-immobilized proteases that contribute to the process of cancer advancement. An example is the activation of cell surface protease-activated receptors (PARs). Mammalian PARs are a subgroup of GPCRs that form a family of four members, PAR1–4, which are uniquely activated by proteases found in the microenvironment. PAR1 and PAR2 play central roles in tumor biology, and PAR3 acts as a coreceptor. The significance of PAR4 in neoplasia is just beginning to emerge. PAR1 has been shown to be overexpressed in malignant epithelia, in direct correlation with tumor aggressiveness, but there is no expression in normal epithelium. In this review, the involvement of key transcription factors such as Egr1, p53, Twist, AP2, and Sp1 that control PAR1 expression levels specifically, as well as hormone transcriptional regulation by both estrogen receptors (ER) and androgen receptors (AR) are discussed. The cloning of the human protease-activated receptor 2; Par2 (hPar2) promoter region and transcriptional regulation of estrogen (E2) via binding of the E2–ER complex to estrogen response elements (ERE) are shown. In addition, evidence that TEA domain 4 (TEAD4) motifs are present within the hPar2 promoter is presented since the YAP oncogene, which plays a central part in tumor etiology, acts via the TEAD4 transcription factor. As of now, no information is available on regulation of the hPar3 promoter. With regard to hPar4, only data showing CpG methylation promoter regulation is available. Characterization of the PAR transcriptional landscape may identify powerful targets for cancer therapies.
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25
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Protease-activated receptors are potential regulators in the development of arterial endofibrosis in high-performance athletes. J Vasc Surg 2018; 69:1243-1250. [PMID: 30314721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2018.05.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-performance athletes can develop symptomatic arterial flow restriction during exercise caused by endofibrosis. The pathogenesis is poorly understood; however, coagulation enzymes, such as tissue factor (TF) and coagulation factor Xa, might contribute to the fibrotic process, which is mainly regulated through activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs). Therefore, the aim of this explorative study was to evaluate the presence of coagulation factors and PARs in endofibrotic tissue, which might be indicative of their potential role in the natural development of endofibrosis. METHODS External iliac arterial specimens with endofibrosis (n = 19) were collected during surgical interventions. As control, arterial segments of the external iliac artery (n = 20) were collected post mortem from individuals with no medical history of cardiovascular disease who donated their body to medical science. Arteries were paraffinized and cut in tissue sections for immunohistochemical analysis. Positive staining within lesions was determined with ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md). RESULTS Endofibrotic segments contained a neointima, causing intraluminal stenosis, which was highly positive for collagen (+150%; P < .01) and elastin (+148%; P < .01) in comparison with controls. Intriguingly, endofibrosis was not limited to the intima because collagen (+213%) and elastin (+215%) were also significantly elevated in the media layer of endofibrotic segments. These findings were accompanied by significantly increased α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells, morphologically compatible with the presence of myofibroblasts. In addition, PAR1 and PAR4 and the membrane receptor TF were increased as well as coagulation factor X. CONCLUSIONS We showed that myofibroblasts and the accompanying collagen and elastin synthesis might be key factors in the development of endofibrosis. The special association with increased presence of PARs, factor X, and TF suggests that protease-mediated cell signaling could be a contributing component in the mechanisms leading to endofibrosis.
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26
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Barr TP, Garzia C, Guha S, Fletcher EK, Nguyen N, Wieschhaus AJ, Ferrer L, Covic L, Kuliopulos A. PAR2 Pepducin-Based Suppression of Inflammation and Itch in Atopic Dermatitis Models. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:412-421. [PMID: 30287285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PAR2 has been proposed to contribute to lesion formation and intense itch in atopic dermatitis. Here, we tested the ability of a cell-penetrating pepducin, PZ-235, to mitigate the potentially deleterious effects of PAR2 in models of atopic dermatitis. PZ-235 significantly inhibited PAR2-mediated expression of inflammatory factors NF-κB, TSLP, TNF-α, and differentiation marker K10 by 94%-98% (P < 0.001) in human keratinocytes and suppressed IL-4 and IL-13 by 68%-83% (P < 0.05) in mast cells. In delayed pepducin treatment models of oxazolone- and DNFB-induced dermatitis, PZ-235 significantly attenuated skin thickening by 43%-100% (P < 0.01) and leukocyte crusting by 57% (P < 0.05), and it inhibited ex vivo chemotaxis of leukocytes toward PAR2 agonists. Daily PZ-235 treatment of filaggrin-deficient mice exposed to dust mite allergens for 8 weeks significantly suppressed total leukocyte and T-cell infiltration by 50%-68%; epidermal thickness by 60%-77%; and skin thickening, scaling, excoriation, and total lesion severity score by 46%-56%. PZ-235 significantly reduced itching caused by wasp venom peptide degranulation of mast cells in mice by 51% (P < 0.05), which was comparable to the protective effects conferred by PAR2 deficiency. Taken together, these results suggest that a PAR2 pepducin may confer broad therapeutic benefits as a disease-modifying treatment for atopic dermatitis and itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis P Barr
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chris Garzia
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Srijoy Guha
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Fletcher
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nga Nguyen
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam J Wieschhaus
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lluis Ferrer
- Department of Dermatology, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lidija Covic
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Athan Kuliopulos
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Nag JK, Kancharla A, Maoz M, Turm H, Agranovich D, Gupta CL, Uziely B, Bar-Shavit R. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 is a novel coreceptor of protease-activated receptor-2 in the dynamics of cancer-associated β-catenin stabilization. Oncotarget 2018; 8:38650-38667. [PMID: 28418856 PMCID: PMC5503561 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) plays a central role in cancer; however, the molecular machinery of PAR2-instigated tumors remains to be elucidated. We show that PAR2 is a potent inducer of β-catenin stabilization, a core process in cancer biology, leading to its transcriptional activity. Novel association of low-density lipoprotein-related protein 6 (LRP6), a known coreceptor of Frizzleds (Fz), with PAR2 takes place following PAR2 activation. The association between PAR2 and LRP6 was demonstrated employing co-immunoprecipitation, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), and confocal microscopy analysis. The association was further supported by ZDOCK protein-protein server. PAR2-LRP6 interaction promotes rapid phosphorylation of LRP6, which results in the recruitment of Axin. Confocal microscopy of PAR2-driven mammary gland tumors in vivo, as well as in vitro confirms the association between PAR2 and LRP6. Indeed, shRNA silencing of LRP6 potently inhibits PAR2-induced β-catenin stabilization, demonstrating its critical role in the induced path. We have previously shown a novel link between protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) and β-catenin stabilization, both in a transgenic (tg) mouse model with overexpression of human PAR1 (hPar1) in the mammary glands, and in cancer epithelial cell lines. Unlike in PAR1-Gα13 axis, both Gα12 and Gα13 are equally involved in PAR2-induced β-catenin stabilization. Disheveled (DVL) is translocated to the cell nucleus through the DVL-PDZ domain. Collectively, our data demonstrate a novel PAR2-LRP6-Axin interaction as a key axis of PAR2-induced β-catenin stabilization in cancer. This newly described axis enhances our understanding of cancer biology, and opens new avenues for future development of anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeetendra Kumar Nag
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Arun Kancharla
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Myriam Maoz
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Hagit Turm
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Daniel Agranovich
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Chhedi Lal Gupta
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226026, India
| | - Beatrice Uziely
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Rachel Bar-Shavit
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Jones SM, Mann A, Conrad K, Saum K, Hall DE, McKinney LM, Robbins N, Thompson J, Peairs AD, Camerer E, Rayner KJ, Tranter M, Mackman N, Owens AP. PAR2 (Protease-Activated Receptor 2) Deficiency Attenuates Atherosclerosis in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1271-1282. [PMID: 29599135 PMCID: PMC6324171 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE PAR2 (protease-activated receptor 2)-dependent signaling results in augmented inflammation and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of PAR2 deficiency on the development of atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS PAR2 mRNA and protein expression is increased in human carotid artery and mouse aortic arch atheroma versus control carotid and aortic arch arteries, respectively. To determine the effect of PAR2 deficiency on atherosclerosis, male and female low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice (8-12 weeks old) that were Par2+/+ or Par2-/- were fed a fat- and cholesterol-enriched diet for 12 or 24 weeks. PAR2 deficiency attenuated atherosclerosis in the aortic sinus and aortic root after 12 and 24 weeks. PAR2 deficiency did not alter total plasma cholesterol concentrations or lipoprotein distributions. Bone marrow transplantation showed that PAR2 on nonhematopoietic cells contributed to atherosclerosis. PAR2 deficiency significantly attenuated levels of the chemokines Ccl2 and Cxcl1 in the circulation and macrophage content in atherosclerotic lesions. Mechanistic studies using isolated primary vascular smooth muscle cells showed that PAR2 deficiency is associated with reduced Ccl2 and Cxcl1 mRNA expression and protein release into the supernatant resulting in less monocyte migration. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that PAR2 deficiency is associated with attenuation of atherosclerosis and may reduce lesion progression by blunting Ccl2- and Cxcl1-induced monocyte infiltration.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/metabolism
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/prevention & control
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Carotid Artery Diseases/genetics
- Carotid Artery Diseases/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Diseases/pathology
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL1/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL1/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Lipids/blood
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phenotype
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Receptor, PAR-1/deficiency
- Receptor, PAR-1/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-2/deficiency
- Receptor, PAR-2/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/deficiency
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Jones
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Adrien Mann
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Kelsey Conrad
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
- Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Program (K.C., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Keith Saum
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
- University of Cincinnati Medical Scientist Training Program (K.S.)
| | - David E Hall
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health (D.E.H., A.D.P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine (D.E.H., A.D.P.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH
| | - Lisa M McKinney
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Nathan Robbins
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Joel Thompson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington (J.T.)
| | - Abigail D Peairs
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health (D.E.H., A.D.P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine (D.E.H., A.D.P.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH
| | - Eric Camerer
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, France (E.C.)
| | - Katey J Rayner
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (K.J.R.)
| | - Michael Tranter
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
- Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Program (K.C., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - A Phillip Owens
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
- Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Program (K.C., M.T., A.P.O.)
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29
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Morishima Y, Honda Y. A direct oral factor Xa inhibitor edoxaban ameliorates neointimal hyperplasia following vascular injury and thrombosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2018; 46:95-101. [PMID: 29704172 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-018-1673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vascular injury activates the coagulation cascade. Some studies report that coagulation factor Xa and thrombin are implicated in proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor, edoxaban, on neointimal hyperplasia following the carotid artery injury in apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mice. Vascular injury was induced by the application of 10% ferric chloride to the carotid artery for 3 min in ApoE-deficient mice. After vascular injury, all animals were fed with high-cholesterol chow for 6 weeks. Edoxaban at 15 mg/kg was orally administered to the mice 1 h before (n = 10) or 1 h after (n = 9) ferric chloride injury, and thereafter 10 mg/kg edoxaban was orally administered b.i.d. for 6 weeks. Thrombus formation and neointimal hyperplasia were evaluated. Treatment with 15 mg/kg edoxaban before vascular injury almost completely inhibited thrombus formation, and following chronic administration of edoxaban significantly suppressed neointimal hyperplasia. In the mice treated with edoxaban after vascular injury, there was wide interindividual variability. In some mice (four out of nine) the neointimal hyperplasia was inhibited like in edoxaban-pretreated mice, but there was no statistical difference compared with control. This study demonstrated that inhibition of the coagulation and thrombosis by edoxaban ameliorated neointimal hyperplasia caused by vascular injury and high-cholesterol diets in ApoE-deficient mice. This suggests that factor Xa has a crucial role in the formation of neointima following vascular injury.The abstract should be followed by 3-4 bullet points that highlight major findings. The final bullet point should emphasize future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Morishima
- Medical Science Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 3-5-1 Nihonbashi Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8426, Japan.
| | - Yuko Honda
- Rare Disease and LCM Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Rana R, Huang T, Koukos G, Fletcher EK, Turner SE, Shearer A, Gurbel PA, Rade JJ, Kimmelstiel CD, Bliden KP, Covic L, Kuliopulos A. Noncanonical Matrix Metalloprotease 1-Protease-Activated Receptor 1 Signaling Drives Progression of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1368-1380. [PMID: 29622563 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.310967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) is classically activated by thrombin and is critical in controlling the balance of hemostasis and thrombosis. More recently, it has been shown that noncanonical activation of PAR1 by matrix metalloprotease-1 (MMP1) contributes to arterial thrombosis. However, the role of PAR1 in long-term development of atherosclerosis is unknown, regardless of the protease agonist. APPROACH AND RESULTS We found that plasma MMP1 was significantly correlated (R=0.33; P=0.0015) with coronary atherosclerotic burden as determined by angiography in 91 patients with coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome undergoing cardiac catheterization or percutaneous coronary intervention. A cell-penetrating PAR1 pepducin, PZ-128, currently being tested as an antithrombotic agent in the acute setting in the TRIP-PCI study (Thrombin Receptor Inhibitory Pepducin-Percutaneous Coronary Intervention), caused a significant decrease in total atherosclerotic burden by 58% to 70% (P<0.05) and reduced plaque macrophage content by 54% (P<0.05) in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. An MMP1 inhibitor gave similar beneficial effects, in contrast to the thrombin inhibitor bivalirudin that gave no improvement on atherosclerosis end points. Mechanistic studies revealed that inflammatory signaling mediated by MMP1-PAR1 plays a critical role in amplifying tumor necrosis factor α signaling in endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that targeting the MMP1-PAR1 system may be effective in tamping down chronic inflammatory signaling in plaques and halting the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashree Rana
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Tianfang Huang
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Georgios Koukos
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Elizabeth K Fletcher
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Susan E Turner
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Andrew Shearer
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Paul A Gurbel
- Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Translational Medicine, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA (P.A.G., K.P.B.)
| | - Jeffrey J Rade
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (J.J.R.)
| | - Carey D Kimmelstiel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (C.D.K.)
| | - Kevin P Bliden
- Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Translational Medicine, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA (P.A.G., K.P.B.)
| | - Lidija Covic
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Athan Kuliopulos
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
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31
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Esmon CT. Targeting factor Xa and thrombin: impact on coagulation and beyond. Thromb Haemost 2017; 111:625-33. [DOI: 10.1160/th13-09-0730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SummaryGreat advances have been made in recent years in understanding the haemostatic system and the molecular and cellular basis of thrombus formation. Although directly targeting factor Xa or thrombin (factor IIa) for effective anticoagulation is now well established, evidence has emerged suggesting that factor Xa and thrombin are involved in other physiological and pathophysiological cellular processes, including inflammation. These non-haemostatic activities of factor Xa and thrombin are predominantly mediated via the activation of proteinaseactivated receptors. Studies have indicated a potential role of coagulation proteins (including factor Xa and thrombin) in the progression of disease conditions such as atherothrombosis. Preclinical studies have provided evidence for the effects of direct factor Xa or direct thrombin inhibition beyond anticoagulation, including anti-inflammatory activities and atherosclerotic plaque stabilisation. In this article, the non-haemostatic activities of factor Xa and thrombin and the effects of direct inhibition of these coagulation factors on these activities are summarised. In addition, the potential roles of factor Xa and thrombin in atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis are explored and the cardiovascular profiles of rivaroxaban, apixaban and dabigatran etexilate observed in phase III clinical studies are discussed.
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32
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Zuo P, Zuo Z, Zheng Y, Wang X, Zhou Q, Chen L, Ma G. Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Deficiency Attenuates Atherosclerotic Lesion Progression and Instability in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:647. [PMID: 28959204 PMCID: PMC5603739 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory mechanisms are involved in the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation and rupture. Accumulating evidence suggests that protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 contributes to the pathophysiology of chronic inflammation on the vasculature. To directly examine the role of PAR-2 in atherosclerosis, we generated apolipoprotein E/PAR-2 double-deficient mice. Mice were fed with high-fat diet for 12 weeks starting at ages of 6 weeks. PAR-2 deficiency attenuated atherosclerotic lesion progression with reduced total lesion area, reduced percentage of stenosis and reduced total necrotic core area. PAR-2 deficiency increased fibrous cap thickness and collagen content of plaque. Moreover, PAR-2 deficiency decreased smooth muscle cell content, macrophage accumulation, matrix metallopeptidase-9 expression and neovascularization in plaque. Relative quantitative PCR assay using thoracic aorta revealed that PAR-2 deficiency reduced mRNA expression of inflammatory molecules, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1. In vitro experiment, we found that PAR-2 deficiency reduced mRNA expression of interferon-γ, interleukin-6, TNF-α and MCP-1 in macrophage under unstimulated and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated conditions. These results suggest that PAR-2 deficiency attenuates the progression and instability of atherosclerotic plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Zhi Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yueyue Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Qianxing Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Genshan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
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Factor Xa Mediates Calcium Flux in Endothelial Cells and is Potentiated by Igg From Patients With Lupus and/or Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10788. [PMID: 28883515 PMCID: PMC5589732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor (F) Xa reactive IgG isolated from patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) display higher avidity binding to FXa with greater coagulant effects compared to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) non APS IgG. FXa signalling via activation of protease-activated receptors (PAR) leads to increased intracellular calcium (Ca2+). Therefore, we measured alterations in Ca2+ levels in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) following FXa-mediated PAR activation and investigated whether FXa reactive IgG from patients with APS or SLE/APS- alter these responses. We observed concentration-dependent induction of Ca2+ release by FXa that was potentiated by APS-IgG and SLE/APS- IgG compared to healthy control subjects’ IgG, and FXa alone. APS-IgG and SLE/APS- IgG increased FXa mediated NFκB signalling and this effect was fully-retained in the affinity purified anti-FXa IgG sub-fraction. Antagonism of PAR-1 and PAR-2 reduced FXa-induced Ca2+ release. Treatment with a specific FXa inhibitor, hydroxychloroquine or fluvastatin significantly reduced FXa-induced and IgG-potentiated Ca2+ release. In conclusion, PAR-1 and PAR-2 are involved in FXa-mediated intracellular Ca2+ release in HUVEC and FXa reactive IgG from patients with APS and/or SLE potentiate this effect. Further work is required to explore the potential use of IgG FXa reactivity as a novel biomarker to stratify treatment with FXa inhibitors in these patients.
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Lin C, Borensztajn K, Spek CA. Targeting coagulation factor receptors - protease-activated receptors in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:597-607. [PMID: 28079978 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal lung disease with a 5-year mortality rate of > 50% and unknown etiology. Treatment options remain limited and, currently, only two drugs are available, i.e. nintedanib and pirfenidone. However, both of these antifibrotic agents only slow down the progression of the disease, and do not remarkably prolong the survival of IPF patients. Hence, the discovery of new therapeutic targets for IPF is crucial. Studies exploring the mechanisms that are involved in IPF have identified several possible targets for therapeutic interventions. Among these, blood coagulation factor receptors, i.e. protease-activated receptors (PARs), are key candidates, as these receptors mediate the cellular effects of coagulation factors and play central roles in influencing inflammatory and fibrotic responses. In this review, we will focus on the controversial role of the coagulation cascade in the pathogenesis of IPF. In the light of novel data, we will attempt to reconciliate the apparently conflicting data and discuss the possibility of pharmacologic targeting of PARs for the treatment of fibroproliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lin
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - K Borensztajn
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Département Hospitalo-universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France
| | - C A Spek
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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35
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Gomes I, Sierra S, Devi LA. Detection of Receptor Heteromerization Using In Situ Proximity Ligation Assay. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 75:2.16.1-2.16.31. [PMID: 27960030 PMCID: PMC5758307 DOI: 10.1002/cpph.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) heteromerization has been extensively demonstrated in vitro using heterologous cells that overexpress epitope-tagged receptors, their presence in endogenous systems is less well established. This is because a criterion to identify receptor heteromerization is the demonstration that the two interacting receptors are present not only in the same cell but also in the same subcellular compartment in close enough proximity to allow for direct receptor-receptor interaction. This has been difficult to study in native tissues due to a lack of sensitive and selective tools not only capable of detecting low-abundance proteins but also of demonstrating that they are in sufficiently close proximity to interact. The latter can be achieved using a proximity ligation assay (PLA). Detailed in this unit are protocols for demonstrating the presence of GPCR heteromers in endogenous cells as well as animal and human tissues, the controls required for these assays, and troubleshooting tips. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivone Gomes
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Salvador Sierra
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Lakshmi A Devi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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36
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Shearer AM, Rana R, Austin K, Baleja JD, Nguyen N, Bohm A, Covic L, Kuliopulos A. Targeting Liver Fibrosis with a Cell-penetrating Protease-activated Receptor-2 (PAR2) Pepducin. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23188-23198. [PMID: 27613872 PMCID: PMC5087736 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.732743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver inflammation and fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure for which there are currently no approved treatments. Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is an emerging new target expressed on liver stellate cells and hepatocytes that regulates the response to liver injury and inflammation. Here, we identified a pepducin to block the deleterious actions of PAR2 in promoting liver fibrosis. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and early fibrosis were induced by the methionine-choline-deficient diet in mice. Fibrotic liver disease was induced by administering carbon tetrachloride for 8 weeks. Mice were treated with the pepducin PZ-235 either from onset of the experiment or after fibrosis was established. Hepatic fibrosis, collagen content, inflammatory cytokines, steatosis, triglycerides, and NAFLD activity score were assessed as primary outcome parameters depending on the model. The activity of the PAR2 pepducin on cultured stellate cell activation and hepatocyte reactive oxygen species production was evaluated. PZ-235 significantly suppressed liver fibrosis, collagen deposition, inflammatory cytokines, NAFLD activity score, steatosis, triglycerides, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and stellate cell proliferation by up to 50-100%. The PAR2 inhibitor afforded significant protective effects against hepatocellular necrosis and attenuated PAR2-mediated reactive oxygen species production in hepatocytes. PZ-235 was distributed to liver and other mouse tissues and was found to form a well structured α-helix that closely resembles the juxtamembrane helical region of the analogous TM6 and third intracellular region of the intact receptor that is critical for coupling to internal G proteins. The ability of PZ-235 to effectively suppress fibrosis, hepatocellular necrosis, reactive oxygen species production, steatosis, and inflammation indicates the potential for PAR2 pepducin inhibitors to be broadly efficacious in the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Shearer
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and
- Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Biochemistry/Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Rajashree Rana
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and
| | - Karyn Austin
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and
- Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Biochemistry/Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - James D Baleja
- Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Biochemistry/Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Nga Nguyen
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and
| | - Andrew Bohm
- Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Biochemistry/Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Lidija Covic
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and
- Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Biochemistry/Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Athan Kuliopulos
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and
- Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Biochemistry/Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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Posma JJN, Posthuma JJ, Spronk HMH. Coagulation and non-coagulation effects of thrombin. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:1908-1916. [PMID: 27513692 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin is a multifunctional serine protease produced from prothrombin, and is a key regulator in hemostatic and non-hemostatic processes. It is the main effector protease in primary hemostasis by activating platelets, and plays a key role in secondary hemostasis. Besides its well-known functions in hemostasis, thrombin also plays a role in various non-hemostatic biological and pathophysiologic processes, predominantly mediated through activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs). Depending on several factors, such as the concentration of thrombin, the duration of activation, the location of PARs, the presence of coreceptors, and the formation of PAR heterodimers, activation of the receptor by thrombin can induce different cellular responses. Moreover, thrombin can have opposing effects in the same cell; it can induce both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory signals. Owing to the complexity of thrombin's signal transduction pathways, the exact mechanism behind the dichotomy of thrombin is yet still unknown. In this review, we highlight the hemostatic and non-hemostatic functions of thrombin, and specifically focus on the non-hemostatic dual role of thrombin under various conditions and in relation to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J N Posma
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - J J Posthuma
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - H M H Spronk
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Witkowski M, Landmesser U, Rauch U. Tissue factor as a link between inflammation and coagulation. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2016; 26:297-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kapustin AN, Shanahan CM. Emerging roles for vascular smooth muscle cell exosomes in calcification and coagulation. J Physiol 2016; 594:2905-14. [PMID: 26864864 DOI: 10.1113/jp271340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic conversion from a contractile to 'synthetic' state contributes to vascular pathologies including restenosis, atherosclerosis and vascular calcification. We have recently found that the secretion of exosomes is a feature of 'synthetic' VSMCs and that exosomes are novel players in vascular repair processes as well as pathological vascular thrombosis and calcification. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors as well as mineral imbalance stimulate exosome secretion by VSMCs, most likely by the activation of sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 (SMPD3) and cytoskeletal remodelling. Calcium stress induces dramatic changes in VSMC exosome composition and accumulation of phosphatidylserine (PS), annexin A6 and matrix metalloproteinase-2, which converts exosomes into a nidus for calcification. In addition, by presenting PS, VSMC exosomes can also provide the catalytic surface for the activation of coagulation factors. Recent data showing that VSMC exosomes are loaded with proteins and miRNA regulating cell adhesion and migration highlight VSMC exosomes as potentially important communication messengers in vascular repair. Thus, the identification of signalling pathways regulating VSMC exosome secretion, including activation of SMPD3 and cytoskeletal rearrangements, opens up novel avenues for a deeper understanding of vascular remodelling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Kapustin
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C M Shanahan
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, UK
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40
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Bar-Shavit R, Maoz M, Kancharla A, Jaber M, Agranovich D, Grisaru-Granovsky S, Uziely B. Protease-activated receptors (PARs) in cancer: Novel biased signaling and targets for therapy. Methods Cell Biol 2015; 132:341-58. [PMID: 26928551 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate numerous physiological processes and represent targets for therapeutics for a vast array of diseases, their role in tumor biology is under appreciated. Protease-activated receptors (PARs) form a family which belongs to GPCR class A. PAR1&2 emerge with a central role in epithelial malignancies. Although the part of PAR1&2 in cancer is on the rise, their underlying signaling events are poorly understood. We review hereby past, present, and future cancer-associated PAR biology. Mainly, their role in physiological (placenta-cytotophobalst) and patho-physiological invasion processes. The identification and characterization of signal pleckstrin homology (PH)-domain-binding motifs established critical sites for breast cancer growth in PAR1&2. Among the proteins found to harbor important PH-domains and are involved in PAR biology are Akt/PKB as also Etk/Bmx and Vav3. A point mutation in PAR2, H349A, but not R352A, abrogated PH-protein association and is sufficient to markedly reduce PAR2-instigated breast tumor growth in vivo as also placental extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion in vitro is markedly reduced. Similarly, the PAR1 mutant hPar1-7A, which is unable to bind PH-domain, inhibits mammary tumors and EVT invasion, endowing these motifs with physiological significance and underscoring the importance of these previously unknown PAR1 and PAR2 PH-domain-binding motifs in both pathological and physiological invasion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bar-Shavit
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - M Maoz
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - A Kancharla
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - M Jaber
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - D Agranovich
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - B Uziely
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
Although emerging roles of protease-activated receptor1&2 (PAR1&2) in cancer are recognized, their underlying signalling events are poorly understood. Here we show signal-binding motifs in PAR1&2 that are critical for breast cancer growth. This occurs via the association of the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain with Akt/PKB as a key signalling event of PARs. Other PH-domain signal-proteins such as Etk/Bmx and Vav3 also associate with PAR1 and PAR2 through their PH domains. PAR1 and PAR2 bind with priority to Etk/Bmx. A point mutation in PAR2, H349A, but not in R352A, abrogates PH-protein association and is sufficient to markedly reduce PAR2-instigated breast tumour growth in vivo and placental extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion in vitro. Similarly, the PAR1 mutant hPar1-7A, which is unable to bind the PH domain, reduces mammary tumours and EVT invasion, endowing these motifs with physiological significance and underscoring the importance of these previously unknown PAR1 and PAR2 PH-domain-binding motifs in both pathological and physiological invasion processes. Protease-activated-receptor 1 and 2 (PAR1 and PAR2) are key players in tumor growth. In this study, the authors identify PAR1 and PAR2 domains that bind oncogenic signalling proteins driving breast cancer progression in vivo and placental extravillous trophoblast invasion in vitro.
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42
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Holinstat M, Bray PF. Protease receptor antagonism to target blood platelet therapies. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015; 99:72-81. [PMID: 26501993 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Platelet activation and thrombus formation play a central role in ischemic vascular disease. Thrombin, an especially potent physiologic agonist mediating in vivo activation of platelets, acts via a unique family of G-protein-coupled receptors called protease-activated receptors (PARs) with a broad tissue expression. This review focuses on current antiplatelet therapies as well as innovative approaches to targeting PARs in patients with atherothrombotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holinstat
- University of Michigan Medical School, Departments of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - P F Bray
- Thomas Jefferson University, The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research and the Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) compose one of the largest families of membrane proteins involved in intracellular signaling. They are involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes and are prime candidates for drug development. Over the past decade, an increasing number of studies have reported heteromerization between GPCRs. Many investigations in heterologous systems have provided important indications of potential novel pharmacology; however, the physiological relevance of these findings has yet to be established with endogenous receptors in native tissues. In this review, we focus on family A GPCRs and describe the techniques and criteria to assess their heteromerization. We conclude that advances in approaches to study receptor complex functionality in heterologous systems, coupled with techniques that enable specific examination of native receptor heteromers in vivo, are likely to establish GPCR heteromers as novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivone Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029;
| | - Mohammed Akli Ayoub
- Biologie et Bioinformatique des Systèmes de Signalisation (BIOS) Group, INRA, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements; CNRS, UMR7247, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- LE STUDIUM Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, F-45000 Orleans, France
| | - Wakako Fujita
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029;
- Current address: Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki Prefecture 852-8588, Japan
| | - Werner C Jaeger
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Kevin D G Pfleger
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Dimerix Bioscience Limited, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Lakshmi A Devi
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029;
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Lidfeldt J, Bendahl PO, Forsare C, Malmström P, Fernö M, Belting M. Protease Activated Receptors 1 and 2 Correlate Differently with Breast Cancer Aggressiveness Depending on Tumor ER Status. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134932. [PMID: 26244666 PMCID: PMC4526525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental models implicate protease activated receptors (PARs) as important sensors of the proteolytic tumor microenvironment during breast cancer development. However, the role of the major PARs, PAR-1 and PAR-2, in human breast tumors remains to be elucidated. Here, we have investigated how PAR-1 and PAR-2 protein expression correlate with established clinicopathological variables and patient outcome in a well-characterized cohort of 221 breast cancer patients. Univariable and multivariable hazard ratios (HR) were estimated by the Cox proportional hazards model, distant disease-free survival (DDFS) and overall survival by the Kaplan–Meier method, and survival in different strata was determined by the log-rank test. Associations between PARs and clinicopathological variables were analyzed using Pearson’s χ2-test. We find that PAR-2 associates with DDFS (HR = 3.1, P = 0.003), whereas no such association was found with PAR-1 (HR = 1.2, P = 0.6). Interestingly, the effect of PAR-2 was confined to the ER-positive sub-group (HR = 5.5, P = 0.003 vs. HR = 1.2 in ER-negative; P = 0.045 for differential effect), and PAR-2 was an independent prognostic factor specifically in ER-positive tumors (HR = 3.9, P = 0.045). On the contrary, PAR-1 correlated with worse prognosis specifically in the ER-negative group (HR = 2.6, P = 0.069 vs. HR = 0.5, P = 0.19 in ER-positive; P = 0.026 for differential effect). This study provides novel insight into the respective roles of PAR-1 and PAR-2 in human breast cancer and suggests a hitherto unknown association between PARs and ER signaling that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Lidfeldt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pär-Ola Bendahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carina Forsare
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Malmström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mårten Fernö
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Belting
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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45
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Shpakov AO, Shpakova EA. [Prospects for use of peptides and their derivatives, structurally corresponding to the G protein-coupled receptors, in medicine]. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2015; 61:19-29. [PMID: 25762596 DOI: 10.1134/s1990750814010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of signaling pathways involved in the control of many physiological functions is carried out via the heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). The search of effective and selective regulators of GPCR and intracellular signaling cascades coupled with them is one of the important problems of modern fundamental and clinical medicine. Recently data suggest that synthetic peptides and their derivatives, structurally corresponding to the intracellular and transmembrane regions of GPCR, can interact with high efficiency and selectivity with homologous receptors and influence, thus, the functional activity of intracellular signaling cascades and fundamental cellular processes controlled by them. GPCR-peptides are active in both in vitro and in vivo. They regulate hematopoiesis, angiogenesis and cell proliferation, inhibit tumor growth and metastasis, and prevent the inflammatory diseases and septic shock. These data show greatest prospects in the development of the new generations of drugs based on GPCR-derived peptides, capable of regulating the important functions of the organism.
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46
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Lin C, von der Thüsen J, Daalhuisen J, ten Brink M, Crestani B, van der Poll T, Borensztajn K, Spek CA. Protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 is required for PAR-1 signalling in pulmonary fibrosis. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1346-56. [PMID: 25689283 PMCID: PMC4459848 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most devastating diffuse fibrosing lung disease of unknown aetiology. Compelling evidence suggests that both protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 and PAR-2 participate in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Previous studies have shown that bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis is diminished in both PAR-1 and PAR-2 deficient mice. We thus have been suggested that combined inactivation of PAR-1 and PAR-2 would be more effective in blocking pulmonary fibrosis. Human and murine fibroblasts were stimulated with PAR-1 and PAR-2 agonists in the absence or presence of specific PAR-1 or PAR-2 antagonists after which fibrotic markers like collagen and smooth muscle actin were analysed by Western blot. Pulmonary fibrosis was induced by intranasal instillation of bleomycin into wild-type and PAR-2 deficient mice with or without a specific PAR-1 antagonist (P1pal-12). Fibrosis was assessed by hydroxyproline quantification and (immuno)histochemical analysis. We show that specific PAR-1 and/or PAR-2 activating proteases induce fibroblast migration, differentiation and extracellular matrix production. Interestingly, however, combined activation of PAR-1 and PAR-2 did not show any additive effects on these pro-fibrotic responses. Strikingly, PAR-2 deficiency as well as pharmacological PAR-1 inhibition reduced bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis to a similar extent. PAR-1 inhibition in PAR-2 deficient mice did not further diminish bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Finally, we show that the PAR-1-dependent pro-fibrotic responses are inhibited by the PAR-2 specific antagonist. Targeting PAR-1 and PAR-2 simultaneously is not superior to targeting either receptor alone in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. We postulate that the pro-fibrotic effects of PAR-1 require the presence of PAR-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Lin
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan von der Thüsen
- Department of Pathology, Medisch Centrum Haaglanden, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Daalhuisen
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke ten Brink
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Faculté de Médecine Paris 7 Diderot, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Keren Borensztajn
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Faculté de Médecine Paris 7 Diderot, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - C Arnold Spek
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Schurgers LJ, Spronk HMH. Differential cellular effects of old and new oral anticoagulants: consequences to the genesis and progression of atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:909-17. [PMID: 25298033 DOI: 10.1160/th14-03-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of anticoagulants is to diminish fibrin formation, thereby decreasing the risk of venous or arterial thrombosis. Vitamin K antagonist have been used for many decades in order to achieve reduced thrombotic risk, despite major drawbacks of this class of drugs such as cumbersome dossing and monitoring of anticoagulant status. To overcome these drawbacks of VKA, new classes of anticoagulants have been developed including oral anticoagulants for direct inhibition of either thrombin or factor Xa, which can be administrated in a fixed dose without monitoring. Coagulation factors can activate cellular protease-activated receptors, thereby inducing cellular processes as inflammation, apoptosis, migration, and fibrosis. Therefore, inhibition of coagulation proteases not only attenuates fibrin formation, but may also influence pathophysiological processes like vascular calcification and atherosclerosis. Animal models revealed that VKA therapy induced both intima and media calcification and accelerated plaque vulnerability, whereas specific and direct inhibition of thrombin or factor Xa attenuated atherosclerosis. In this review we provide an overview of old and new oral anticoagulants, as well discuss potential pleiotropic effects with regard to calcification and atherosclerosis. Although translation from animal model to clinical patients seems difficult at first sight, effort should be made to fully understand the clinical implications of long-term oral anticoagulant therapy on vascular side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon J Schurgers
- Leon J. Schurgers, PhD, Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands, Tel.: +31 433881681, Fax: +31 433884159, E-mail:
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48
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Jaber M, Maoz M, Kancharla A, Agranovich D, Peretz T, Grisaru-Granovsky S, Uziely B, Bar-Shavit R. Protease-activated-receptor-2 affects protease-activated-receptor-1-driven breast cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2517-33. [PMID: 24177339 PMCID: PMC11113706 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian protease-activated-receptor-1 and -2 (PAR1 and PAR2) are activated by proteases found in the flexible microenvironment of a tumor and play a central role in breast cancer. We propose in the present study that PAR1 and PAR2 act together as a functional unit during malignant and physiological invasion processes. This notion is supported by assessing pro-tumor functions in the presence of short hairpin; shRNA knocked-down hPar2 or by the use of a truncated PAR2 devoid of the entire cytoplasmic tail. Silencing of hPar2 by shRNA-attenuated thrombin induced PAR1 signaling as recapitulated by inhibiting the assembly of Etk/Bmx or Akt onto PAR1-C-tail, by thrombin-instigated colony formation and invasion. Strikingly, shRNA-hPar2 also inhibited the TFLLRN selective PAR1 pro-tumor functions. In addition, while evaluating the physiological invasion process of placenta extravillous trophoblast (EVT) organ culture, we observed inhibition of both thrombin or the selective PAR1 ligand; TFLLRNPNDK induced EVT invasion by shRNA-hPar2 but not by scrambled shRNA-hPar2. In parallel, when a truncated PAR2 was utilized in a xenograft mouse model, it inhibited PAR1-PAR2-driven tumor growth in vivo. Similarly, it also attenuated the interaction of Etk/Bmx with the PAR1-C-tail in vitro and decreased markedly selective PAR1-induced Matrigel invasion. Confocal images demonstrated co-localization of PAR1 and PAR2 in HEK293T cells over-expressing YFP-hPar2 and HA-hPar1. Co-immuno-precipitation analyses revealed PAR1-PAR2 complex formation but no PAR1-CXCR4 complex was formed. Taken together, our observations show that PAR1 and PAR2 act as a functional unit in tumor development and placenta-uterus interactions. This conclusion may have significant consequences on future breast cancer therapeutic modalities and improved late pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jaber
- Sharett-Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miriam Maoz
- Sharett-Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Arun Kancharla
- Sharett-Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniel Agranovich
- Sharett-Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamar Peretz
- Sharett-Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sorina Grisaru-Granovsky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare-Zedek and Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centers, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Beatrice Uziely
- Sharett-Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Bar-Shavit
- Sharett-Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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Spronk HMH, de Jong AM, Crijns HJ, Schotten U, Van Gelder IC, ten Cate H. Pleiotropic effects of factor Xa and thrombin: what to expect from novel anticoagulants. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 101:344-51. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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50
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Gieseler F, Ungefroren H, Settmacher U, Hollenberg MD, Kaufmann R. Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) - focus on receptor-receptor-interactions and their physiological and pathophysiological impact. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:86. [PMID: 24215724 PMCID: PMC3842752 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are a subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with four members, PAR1, PAR2, PAR3 and PAR4, playing critical functions in hemostasis, thrombosis, embryonic development, wound healing, inflammation and cancer progression. PARs are characterized by a unique activation mechanism involving receptor cleavage by different proteinases at specific sites within the extracellular amino-terminus and the exposure of amino-terminal “tethered ligand“ domains that bind to and activate the cleaved receptors. After activation, the PAR family members are able to stimulate complex intracellular signalling networks via classical G protein-mediated pathways and beta-arrestin signalling. In addition, different receptor crosstalk mechanisms critically contribute to a high diversity of PAR signal transduction and receptor-trafficking processes that result in multiple physiological effects. In this review, we summarize current information about PAR-initiated physical and functional receptor interactions and their physiological and pathological roles. We focus especially on PAR homo- and heterodimerization, transactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and receptor serine/threonine kinases (RSTKs), communication with other GPCRs, toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors, ion channel receptors, and on PAR association with cargo receptors. In addition, we discuss the suitability of these receptor interaction mechanisms as targets for modulating PAR signalling in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Drackendorfer Str, 1, D-07747, Jena, Germany.
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