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Huang H, Zhao H, Wenqing L, Xu F, Wang X, Yao Y, Huang Y. Prospect of research on anti-atherosclerosis effect of main components of traditional Chinese medicine Yiqi Huoxue Huatan recipe through gut microbiota: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37104. [PMID: 38306512 PMCID: PMC10843552 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality rates of cardiovascular diseases are on the rise globally, posing a severe threat to human health. Atherosclerosis (AS) is considered a multi-factorial inflammatory disease and the main pathological basis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, as well as the leading cause of death. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota can induce and exacerbate inflammatory reactions, accelerate metabolic disorders and immune function decline, and affect the progression and prognosis of AS-related diseases. The Chinese herbal medicine clinicians frequently utilize Yiqi Huoxue Huatan recipe, an effective therapeutic approach for the management of AS. This article reviews the correlation between the main components of Yiqi Huoxue Huatan recipe and the gut microbiota and AS to provide new directions and a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanjun Zhao
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lv Wenqing
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feiyue Xu
- Shanghai Pudong New District Pudong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yili Yao
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Li Y, Xiong Z, Jiang WL, Tian D, Zhou H, Hou Q, Xiao L, Zhang M, Huang L, Zhong L, Zhou L, Zeng GG. An innovative viewpoint on the existing and prospectiveness of SR-B1. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102226. [PMID: 38040207 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger Receptor Class B Type 1 (SR-B1), a receptor protein expressed on the cell membrane, plays a crucial role in the metabolism and transport of cholesterol and other lipids, contributing significantly to the homeostasis of lipid levels within the body. Bibliometric analysis involves the application of mathematical and statistical methods to quantitatively analyze different types of documents. It involves the analysis of structural and temporal trends in scholarly articles, coupled with the identification of subject emphasis and variations. Through a bibliometric analysis, this study examines the historical background, current research trends, and future directions in the exploration of SR-B1. By offering insights into the research status and development of SR-B1, this paper aims to assist researchers in identifying novel pathways and areas of investigation in this field of study. Following the screening process, it can be concluded that research on SR-B1 has consistently remained a topic of significant interest over the past 17 years. Interestingly, SR-B1 has recently garnered attention in areas beyond its traditional research focus, including the field of cancer. The primary objective of this review is to provide a concise and accessible overview of the development process of SR-B1 that can help readers who are not well-versed in SR-B1 research quickly grasp its key aspects. Furthermore, this review aims to offer insights and suggestions to researchers regarding potential future research directions and areas of emphasis relating to SR-B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggui Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Digestive Internal Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhijie Xiong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Digestive Internal Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wan-Li Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Dandan Tian
- School of Nursing, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Haiyou Zhou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Digestive Internal Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; 2020 Grade Excellent Doctor Class of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Qin Hou
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Digestive Internal Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; 2020 Grade Excellent Doctor Class of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Liubin Huang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Lianping Zhong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Digestive Internal Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Southwest University Public Health Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Guang-Gui Zeng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Digestive Internal Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; 2020 Grade Excellent Doctor Class of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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Yuan WQ, Huang WP, Jiang YC, Xu H, Duan CS, Chen NH, Liu YJ, Fu XM. The function of astrocytes and their role in neurological diseases. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:3932-3961. [PMID: 37831013 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes have countless links with neurons. Previously, astrocytes were only considered a scaffold of neurons; in fact, astrocytes perform a variety of functions, including providing support for neuronal structures and energy metabolism, offering isolation and protection and influencing the formation, function and elimination of synapses. Because of these functions, astrocytes play an critical role in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The regulation of the secretiory factors, receptors, channels and pathways of astrocytes can effectively inhibit the occurrence and development of CNS diseases, such as neuromyelitis optica (NMO), multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease. The expression of aquaporin 4 in AS is directly related to NMO and indirectly involved in the clearance of Aβ and tau proteins in AD. Connexin 43 has a bidirectional effect on glutamate diffusion at different stages of stroke. Interestingly, astrocytes reduce the occurrence of PD through multiple effects such as secretion of related factors, mitochondrial autophagy and aquaporin 4. Therefore, this review is focused on the structure and function of astrocytes and the correlation between astrocytes and CNS diseases and drug treatment to explore the new functions of astrocytes with the astrocytes as the target. This, in turn, would provide a reference for the development of new drugs to protect neurons and promote the recovery of nerve function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qin Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei-Peng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yang-Chao Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Hao Xu
- College of Economics and Management, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Chong-Shen Duan
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Jiao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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Potential Therapeutic Agents That Target ATP Binding Cassette A1 (ABCA1) Gene Expression. Drugs 2022; 82:1055-1075. [PMID: 35861923 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-022-01743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol efflux protein ATP binding cassette protein A1 (ABCA) and apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1) are key constituents in the process of reverse-cholesterol transport (RCT), whereby excess cholesterol in the periphery is transported to the liver where it can be converted primarily to bile acids for either use in digestion or excreted. Due to their essential roles in RCT, numerous studies have been conducted in cells, mice, and humans to more thoroughly understand the pathways that regulate their expression and activity with the goal of developing therapeutics that enhance RCT to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Many of the drugs and natural compounds examined target several transcription factors critical for ABCA1 expression in both macrophages and the liver. Likewise, several miRNAs target not only ABCA1 but also the same transcription factors that are critical for its high expression. However, after years of research and many preclinical and clinical trials, only a few leads have proven beneficial in this regard. In this review we discuss the various transcription factors that serve as drug targets for ABCA1 and provide an update on some important leads.
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5
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Su X, Zhang G, Cheng Y, Wang B. New insights into the emerging effects of inflammatory response on HDL particles structure and function. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5723-5733. [PMID: 34319542 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
According to the increasing results, it has been well-demonstrated that the chronic inflammatory response, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The mechanism whereby inflammatory response up-regulates the risk of cardio-metabolic disorder disease is multifactorial; furthermore, the alterations in high density lipoprotein (HDL) structure and function which occur under the inflammatory response could play an important modulatory function. On the other hand, the serum concentrations of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) have been shown to be reduced significantly under inflammatory status with remarked alterations in HDL particles. Nevertheless, the potential mechanism whereby the inflammatory response reduces serum HDL-C levels is not simply defined but reduces apolipoprotein A1 production. The alterations in HDL structure mediated by the inflammatory response has been also confirmed to decrease the ability of HDL particle to play an important role in reverse cholesterol transport and protect the LDL particles from oxidation. Recently, it has been shown that under the inflammatory condition, diverse alterations in HDL structure could be observed which lead to changes in HDL function. In the current review, the emerging effects of inflammatory response on HDL particles structure and function are well-summarized to elucidate the potential mechanism whereby different inflammatory status modulates the pathogenic development of dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Cardiology, The Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian, China
| | - Guoming Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian, China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian, China.
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Li Q, Gao B, Siqin B, He Q, Zhang R, Meng X, Zhang N, Zhang N, Li M. Gut Microbiota: A Novel Regulator of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Factor in the Therapeutic Effects of Flavonoids. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:651926. [PMID: 34220497 PMCID: PMC8241904 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.651926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death worldwide, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors cannot fully explain the occurrence of the disease. In recent years, the relationship between gut microbiota and its metabolites and cardiovascular disease has been a hot study topic. The changes in gut microbiota and its metabolites are related to the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and hypertension. The mechanisms by which gut microbiota and its metabolites influence cardiovascular disease have been reported, although not comprehensively. Additionally, following ingestion, flavonoids are decomposed into phenolic acids that are more easily absorbed by the body after being processed by enzymes produced by intestinal microorganisms, which increases flavonoid bioavailability and activity, consequently affecting the onset of cardiovascular disease. However, flavonoids can also inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms, promote the proliferation of beneficial microorganisms, and maintain the balance of gut microbiota. Hence, it is important to study the relationship between gut microbiota and flavonoids to elucidate the protective effects of flavonoids in cardiovascular diseases. This article will review the role and mechanism of gut microbiota and its metabolites in the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and hypertension. It also discusses the potential value of flavonoids in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease following their transformation through gut microbiota metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Bing Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Bateer Siqin
- Xilinguole Meng Mongolian General Hospital, Xilinhaote, China
| | - Qian He
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Xiangxi Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Naiheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Minhui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China.,Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources and Utilization, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China.,Office of Academic Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
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7
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Jacobo-Albavera L, Domínguez-Pérez M, Medina-Leyte DJ, González-Garrido A, Villarreal-Molina T. The Role of the ATP-Binding Cassette A1 (ABCA1) in Human Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041593. [PMID: 33562440 PMCID: PMC7915494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis is essential in normal physiology of all cells. One of several proteins involved in cholesterol homeostasis is the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), a transmembrane protein widely expressed in many tissues. One of its main functions is the efflux of intracellular free cholesterol and phospholipids across the plasma membrane to combine with apolipoproteins, mainly apolipoprotein A-I (Apo A-I), forming nascent high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) particles, the first step of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). In addition, ABCA1 regulates cholesterol and phospholipid content in the plasma membrane affecting lipid rafts, microparticle (MP) formation and cell signaling. Thus, it is not surprising that impaired ABCA1 function and altered cholesterol homeostasis may affect many different organs and is involved in the pathophysiology of a broad array of diseases. This review describes evidence obtained from animal models, human studies and genetic variation explaining how ABCA1 is involved in dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease (CHD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), thrombosis, neurological disorders, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, viral infections and in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Jacobo-Albavera
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City CP14610, Mexico; (L.J.-A.); (M.D.-P.); (D.J.M.-L.); (A.G.-G.)
| | - Mayra Domínguez-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City CP14610, Mexico; (L.J.-A.); (M.D.-P.); (D.J.M.-L.); (A.G.-G.)
| | - Diana Jhoseline Medina-Leyte
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City CP14610, Mexico; (L.J.-A.); (M.D.-P.); (D.J.M.-L.); (A.G.-G.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Coyoacán, Mexico City CP04510, Mexico
| | - Antonia González-Garrido
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City CP14610, Mexico; (L.J.-A.); (M.D.-P.); (D.J.M.-L.); (A.G.-G.)
| | - Teresa Villarreal-Molina
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City CP14610, Mexico; (L.J.-A.); (M.D.-P.); (D.J.M.-L.); (A.G.-G.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Li B, Xia Y, Hu B. Infection and atherosclerosis: TLR-dependent pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2751-2769. [PMID: 32002588 PMCID: PMC7223178 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03453-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic vascular disease (ASVD) is a chronic process, with a progressive course over many years, but it can cause acute clinical events, including acute coronary syndromes (ACS), myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. In addition to a series of typical risk factors for atherosclerosis, like hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking and obesity, emerging evidence suggests that atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, suggesting that chronic infection plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most characteristic members of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which play an important role in innate immune mechanism. TLRs play different roles in different stages of infection of atherosclerosis-related pathogens such as Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae), periodontal pathogens including Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Overall, activation of TLR2 and 4 seems to have a profound impact on infection-related atherosclerosis. This article reviews the role of TLRs in the process of atherosclerosis after C. pneumoniae and other infections and the current status of treatment, with a view to providing a new direction and potential therapeutic targets for the study of ASVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuanpeng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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9
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Jaroonwitchawan T, Visitchanakun P, Dang PC, Ritprajak P, Palaga T, Leelahavanichkul A. Dysregulation of Lipid Metabolism in Macrophages Is Responsible for Severe Endotoxin Tolerance in FcgRIIB-Deficient Lupus Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:959. [PMID: 32582149 PMCID: PMC7296175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
FcgRIIB dysfunction is commonly found in patients with lupus, especially in Asia. LPS-tolerance is prominent in FcgRIIB–/– lupus mice. LPS-tolerant macrophages demonstrate cell energy depletion, which might affect lipid metabolism. Therefore, to explore lipid metabolism, LPS-tolerance was induced twice by LPS administration in macrophages and in mice. LPS-tolerant FcgRIIB–/– macrophages demonstrated lesser mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), more severe ATP depletion, lower cytokine production, and higher lipid accumulation (oil red O staining) compared to LPS-tolerant WT cells. Mass-spectrometry-based lipidomic analysis demonstrated a higher abundance of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) phospholipid in LPS-tolerant FcgRIIB–/– macrophages than WT cells. This was at least in part due to the lower expression of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (pemt), an enzyme that converts PE to phosphatidylcholine (PC). Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), a pemt inhibitor, worsens LPS-tolerance in WT macrophages and supports the impact of pemt upon LPS-tolerant FcgRIIB–/– macrophages. Additionally, phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK-p), a molecule for ATP-restoration associated with pemt, and phosphorylated acetyl CoA carboxylase, a downstream signaling of AMPK-p, were higher in LPS-tolerant FcgRIIB–/– macrophages than WT. Furthermore, Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, attenuated LPS-tolerance in both FcgRIIB–/– macrophages and mice. Taken together, the intense decrease in cytokine production after the second LPS stimulation (LPS-tolerance) in FcgRIIB–/– macrophages was possibly due to the impact of an immense cytokine synthesis after the first dose of LPS. This includes using up PEMT, an enzyme of phospholipid synthesis during cytokine production, and AMPK-p induction in response to profound ATP-depletion. Therefore, the manipulation of the AMPK/PEMT axis provides a novel therapeutic candidate for the treatment of severe LPS-tolerance in lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peerapat Visitchanakun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phi Cong Dang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patcharee Ritprajak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit (TRIRU), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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10
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Zhong C, Yang X, Feng Y, Yu J. Trained Immunity: An Underlying Driver of Inflammatory Atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:284. [PMID: 32153588 PMCID: PMC7046758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall, is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The persistence of low-grade vascular inflammation has been considered to fuel the development of atherosclerosis. However, fundamental mechanistic understanding of the establishment of non-resolving low-grade inflammation is lacking, and a large number of atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular complications cannot be prevented by current therapeutic regimens. Trained immunity is an emerging new concept describing a prolonged hyperactivation of the innate immune system after exposure to certain stimuli, leading to an augmented immune response to a secondary stimulus. While it exerts beneficial effects for host defense against invading pathogens, uncontrolled persistent innate immune activation causes chronic inflammatory diseases. In light of the above, the long-term over-activation of the innate immune system conferred by trained immunity has been recently hypothesized to serve as a link between non-resolving vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Here, we provide an overview of current knowledge on trained immunity triggered by various exogenous and endogenous inducers, with particular emphasis on its pro-atherogenic effects and the underlying intracellular mechanisms that act at both the cellular level and systems level. We also discuss how trained immunity could be mechanistically linked to atherosclerosis from both preclinical and clinical perspectives. This review details the mechanisms underlying the induction of trained immunity by different stimuli, and highlights that the intracellular training programs can be different, though partly overlapping, depending on the stimulus and the biological system. Thus, clinical investigation of risk factor specific innate immune memory is necessary for future use of trained immunity-based therapy in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Translational Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Nanchang, Center for Translational Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China.,Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yulin Feng
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Zhang RJ, Yin YF, Xie XJ, Gu HF. Acid-sensing ion channels: Linking extracellular acidification with atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 502:183-190. [PMID: 31901478 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular acidification in atherosclerosis-prone regions of arterial walls is considered pro-atherosclerotic by exerting detrimental effect on macrophages, endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), a family of extracellular H+ (proton)-gated cation channels, are present extensively in the nervous system and other tissues, implying physiologic as well as pathophysiologic importance. Aberrant activation of ASICs is thought to be associated in EC dysfunction, macrophage phenotypic switch, and VSMC migration and proliferation. Although in vitro evidence acknowledges the contribution of ASIC activation in atherosclerosis, no direct evidence confirms their pro-atherosclerotic roles in vivo. In this review, the effect of extracellular acidity on three major contributors, ECs, macrophages, and VSMCs, is discussed focusing on the potential roles of ASICs in atherosclerotic development and underlying pathology. A more comprehensive understanding of ASICs in these processes may provide promising new therapeutic targets for treatment and prevention of atherosclerotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Jie Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Institute of Neuroscience, University of South China, Hengyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Fang Yin
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University Springfield, Illinois, United States
| | - Xue-Jiao Xie
- Department of Zhongjing' Theory, College of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Feng Gu
- Department of Physiology & Institute of Neuroscience, University of South China, Hengyang, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Dietary compounds have potential in controlling atherosclerosis by modulating macrophage cholesterol metabolism and inflammation via miRNA. NPJ Sci Food 2018; 2:13. [PMID: 31304263 PMCID: PMC6550192 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-018-0022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a typical example of a widespread fatal cardiovascular disease. Accumulation of cholesterol-laden macrophages in the artery wall forms the starting point of AS. Increased influx of oxidized low-density lipoprotein to macrophages and decreased efflux of free cholesterol out of macrophages constitute major factors promoting the development of AS. Inflammation further aggravates the development of AS along or via interaction with the cholesterol metabolism. Many microRNAs (miRNAs) are related to the regulation of macrophage in AS in aspects of cholesterol metabolism and inflammation signaling. Dietary compounds perform AS inhibitory effects via miRNAs in the cholesterol metabolism (miR-19b, miR-378, miR-10b, miR-33a, and miR-33b) and two miRNAs in the inflammation signaling (miR-155 and miR-146a). The targeted miRNAs in the cholesterol metabolism vary greatly among different food compounds; however, in inflammation signaling, most food compounds target miR-155. Many receptors are involved in macrophages via miRNAs, including ABCA1 and ABCG1 as major receptors in the cholesterol metabolism, while nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and Nrf2 signaling and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways are targeted during inflammation. This article reviews current literature to investigate possible AS therapy with dietary compounds via targeting miRNAs. Currently existing problems were also discussed to guide further studies.
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Iqbal F, Baker WS, Khan MI, Thukuntla S, McKinney KH, Abate N, Tuvdendorj D. Current and future therapies for addressing the effects of inflammation on HDL cholesterol metabolism. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3986-4006. [PMID: 28326542 PMCID: PMC5660004 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Inflammatory processes arising from metabolic abnormalities are known to precipitate the development of CVD. Several metabolic and inflammatory markers have been proposed for predicting the progression of CVD, including high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). For ~50 years, HDL-C has been considered as the atheroprotective 'good' cholesterol because of its strong inverse association with the progression of CVD. Thus, interventions to increase the concentration of HDL-C have been successfully tested in animals; however, clinical trials were unable to confirm the cardiovascular benefits of pharmaceutical interventions aimed at increasing HDL-C levels. Based on these data, the significance of HDL-C in the prevention of CVD has been called into question. Fundamental in vitro and animal studies suggest that HDL-C functionality, rather than HDL-C concentration, is important for the CVD-preventive qualities of HDL-C. Our current review of the literature positively demonstrates the negative impact of systemic and tissue (i.e. adipose tissue) inflammation in the healthy metabolism and function of HDL-C. Our survey indicates that HDL-C may be a good marker of adipose tissue health, independently of its atheroprotective associations. We summarize the current findings on the use of anti-inflammatory drugs to either prevent HDL-C clearance or improve the function and production of HDL-C particles. It is evident that the therapeutic agents currently available may not provide the optimal strategy for altering HDL-C metabolism and function, and thus, further research is required to supplement this mechanistic approach for preventing the progression of CVD. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Targeting Inflammation to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.22/issuetoc and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.v82.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Iqbal
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
| | - Wendy S Baker
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
| | - Madiha I Khan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
| | - Shwetha Thukuntla
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
| | - Kevin H McKinney
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
| | - Nicola Abate
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
| | - Demidmaa Tuvdendorj
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
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Du F, Gesang Q, Cao J, Qian M, Ma L, Wu D, Yu H. Isoliquiritigenin Attenuates Atherogenesis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111932. [PMID: 27869741 PMCID: PMC5133927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) exhibits antioxidation and anti-inflammation activity. We sought to investigate the effects and mechanism of ISL on the development of atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE−/−) mice. Firstly, we determined that ISL reduced the mRNA levels of inflammatory factors interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), while it increased the expression of several lipoprotein-related genes in peritoneal macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). ISL also enhanced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) protein levels and reversed the changes of ATP-binding cassette transporter A (ABCA1) and cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) in macrophages treated with oxidative low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). Then, in an in vivo study, female apoE−/− mice were fed a Western diet with ISL (0, 20, 100 mg/kg/day) added for 12 weeks. We found that ISL decreased the plasma cholesterol levels of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)/LDL, promoted plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activities, and decreased plasma IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1 levels. Moreover, ISL significantly reduced the atherosclerotic lesions and hepatic steatosis in apoE−/− mice. In the liver, ISL altered the expression of several key genes (such as SRBI, ABCA1, ABCG8, PPARγ, and FASN) involving cholesterol-selective uptake and excretion into bile, triglyceride (TG) biosynthesis, and inflammation. These results suggest that the atheroprotective effects of ISL are due to the improvement of lipid metabolism, antioxidation, and anti-inflammation, which involve PPARγ-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 185 Donghu Road, Bldg. 2, 2-209, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Quzhen Gesang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 185 Donghu Road, Bldg. 2, 2-209, Wuhan 430071, China.
- Medical College, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China.
| | - Jia Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 185 Donghu Road, Bldg. 2, 2-209, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Mei Qian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 185 Donghu Road, Bldg. 2, 2-209, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 185 Donghu Road, Bldg. 2, 2-209, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Dongfang Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 185 Donghu Road, Bldg. 2, 2-209, Wuhan 430071, China.
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The persistence of low-grade inflammatory monocytes contributes to aggravated atherosclerosis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13436. [PMID: 27824038 PMCID: PMC5105176 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained low-grade inflammation mediated by non-resolving inflammatory monocytes has long been suspected in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis; however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the sustainment of non-resolving inflammatory monocytes during atherosclerosis are poorly understood. Here we observe that subclinical endotoxemia, often seen in humans with chronic inflammation, aggravates murine atherosclerosis through programming monocytes into a non-resolving inflammatory state with elevated Ly6C, CCR5, MCP-1 and reduced SR-B1. The sustainment of inflammatory monocytes is due to the disruption of homeostatic tolerance through the elevation of miR-24 and reduction of the key negative-feedback regulator IRAK-M. miR-24 reduces the levels of Smad4 required for the expression of IRAK-M and also downregulates key lipid-processing molecule SR-B1. IRAK-M deficiency in turn leads to elevated miR-24 levels, sustains disruption of monocyte homeostasis and aggravates atherosclerosis. Our data define an integrated feedback circuit in monocytes and its disruption may lead to non-resolving low-grade inflammation conducive to atherosclerosis.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Studies have shown that chronic inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and psoriasis are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The mechanism by which inflammation increases cardiovascular disease is likely multifactorial but changes in HDL structure and function that occur during inflammation could play a role. RECENT FINDINGS HDL levels decrease with inflammation and there are marked changes in HDL-associated proteins. Serum amyloid A markedly increases whereas apolipoprotein A-I, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, cholesterol ester transfer protein, paraoxonase 1, and apolipoprotein M decrease. The exact mechanism by which inflammation decreases HDL levels is not defined but decreases in apolipoprotein A-I production, increases in serum amyloid A, increases in endothelial lipase and secretory phospholipase A2 activity, and decreases in lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity could all contribute. The changes in HDL induced by inflammation reduce the ability of HDL to participate in reverse cholesterol transport and protect LDL from oxidation. SUMMARY During inflammation multiple changes in HDL structure occur leading to alterations in HDL function. In the short term, these changes may be beneficial resulting in an increase in cholesterol in peripheral cells to improve host defense and repair but over the long term these changes may increase the risk of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Feingold
- Metabolism Section, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Tardif JC, Rhainds D, Brodeur M, Feroz Zada Y, Fouodjio R, Provost S, Boulé M, Alem S, Grégoire JC, L'Allier PL, Ibrahim R, Guertin MC, Mongrain I, Olsson AG, Schwartz GG, Rhéaume E, Dubé MP. Genotype-Dependent Effects of Dalcetrapib on Cholesterol Efflux and Inflammation: Concordance With Clinical Outcomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:340-8. [PMID: 27418594 PMCID: PMC4982759 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.116.001405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dalcetrapib effects on cardiovascular outcomes are determined by adenylate cyclase 9 gene polymorphisms. Our aim was to determine whether these clinical end point results are also associated with changes in reverse cholesterol transport and inflammation. METHODS AND RESULTS Participants of the dal-OUTCOMES and dal-PLAQUE-2 trials were randomly assigned to receive dalcetrapib or placebo in addition to standard care. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein was measured at baseline and at end of study in 5243 patients from dal-OUTCOMES also genotyped for the rs1967309 polymorphism in adenylate cyclase 9. Cholesterol efflux capacity of high-density lipoproteins from J774 macrophages after cAMP stimulation was determined at baseline and 12 months in 171 genotyped patients from dal-PLAQUE-2. Treatment with dalcetrapib resulted in placebo-adjusted geometric mean percent increases in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein from baseline to end of trial of 18.1% (P=0.0009) and 18.7% (P=0.00001) in participants with the GG and AG genotypes, respectively, but the change was -1.0% (P=0.89) in those with the protective AA genotype. There was an interaction between the treatment arm and the genotype groups (P=0.02). Although the mean change in cholesterol efflux was similar among study arms in patients with GG genotype (mean: 7.8% and 7.4%), increases were 22.3% and 3.5% with dalcetrapib and placebo for those with AA genotype (P=0.005). There was a significant genetic effect for change in efflux for dalcetrapib (P=0.02), but not with placebo. CONCLUSIONS Genotype-dependent effects on C-reactive protein and cholesterol efflux are supportive of dalcetrapib benefits on atherosclerotic cardiovascular outcomes in patients with the AA genotype at polymorphism rs1967309. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov; Unique Identifiers: NCT00658515 and NCT01059682.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Tardif
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.).
| | - David Rhainds
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Mathieu Brodeur
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Yassamin Feroz Zada
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - René Fouodjio
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Sylvie Provost
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Marie Boulé
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Sonia Alem
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Jean C Grégoire
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Philippe L L'Allier
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Reda Ibrahim
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Marie-Claude Guertin
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Ian Mongrain
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Anders G Olsson
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Gregory G Schwartz
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Eric Rhéaume
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.).
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Guo H, Diao N, Yuan R, Chen K, Geng S, Li M, Li L. Subclinical-Dose Endotoxin Sustains Low-Grade Inflammation and Exacerbates Steatohepatitis in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2300-2308. [PMID: 26810228 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Subclinical circulating bacterial endotoxin LPS has been implicated as an important cofactor in the development and progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that 4-wk injection with superlow-dose LPS significantly promoted neutrophil infiltration and accelerated nonalcoholic steatohepatitis progression, including exacerbated macrovesicular steatosis, inflammation, and hepatocyte ballooning in high-fat diet-fed apolipoprotein E knockout mice. This effect could sustain for a month after stoppage of LPS injection. LPS also significantly increased numbers of apoptotic nuclei in hepatocytes and expressions of proapoptotic regulators. Moreover, LPS sustained the low-grade activation of p38 MAPK and inhibited the expression of the upstream MAPK phosphatase 7. By applying selective inhibitors, we demonstrated that the activation of p38 MAPKs is required for neutrophil migration induced by superlow-dose LPS in vitro. Together, these data suggest that superlow-dose LPS may sustain the low-grade activation of p38 MAPKs and neutrophil infiltration, leading to the exacerbation of steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Guo
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0910, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Henry Fok School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
| | - Na Diao
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0910, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ruoxi Yuan
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0910, USA
| | - Keqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0910, USA
| | - Shuo Geng
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0910, USA
| | - Mingsong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Liwu Li
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0910, USA
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19
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Dynamic modulation of innate immunity programming and memory. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:38-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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20
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IRAK1 mediates TLR4-induced ABCA1 downregulation and lipid accumulation in VSMCs. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1949. [PMID: 26512959 PMCID: PMC5399175 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling has an important role in promoting lipid accumulation and pro-inflammatory effects in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which facilitate atherosclerosis development and progression. Previous studies have demonstrated that excess lipid accumulation in VSMCs is due to an inhibition of the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), an important molecular mediator of lipid efflux from VSMCs. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this process are unclear. The purpose of this study was to disclose the underlying molecular mechanisms of TLR4 signaling in regulating ABCA1 expression. Primary cultured VSMCs were stimulated with 50 μg/ml oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). We determined that enhancing TLR4 signaling using oxLDL significantly downregulated ABCA1 expression and induced lipid accumulation in VSMCs. However, TLR4 knockout significantly rescued oxLDL-induced ABCA1 downregulation and lipid accumulation. In addition, IL-1R-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) was involved in the effects of TLR4 signaling on ABCA1 expression and lipid accumulation. Silencing IRAK1 expression using a specific siRNA reversed TLR4-induced ABCA1 downregulation and lipid accumulation in vitro. These results were further confirmed by our in vivo experiments. We determined that enhancing TLR4 signaling by administering a 12-week-long high-fat diet (HFD) to mice significantly increased IRAK1 expression, which downregulated ABCA1 expression and induced lipid accumulation. In addition, TLR4 knockout in vivo reversed the effects of the HFD on IRAK1 and ABCA1 expression, as well as on lipid accumulation. In conclusion, IRAK1 is involved in TLR4-mediated downregulation of ABCA1 expression and lipid accumulation in VSMCs.
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Abstract
Janeway's pattern recognition theory holds that the immune system detects infection through a limited number of the so-called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). These receptors bind specific chemical compounds expressed by entire groups of related pathogens, but not by host cells (pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In contrast, Matzinger's danger hypothesis postulates that products released from stressed or damaged cells have a more important role in the activation of immune system than the recognition of nonself. These products, named by analogy to PAMPs as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), are proposed to act through the same receptors (PRRs) as PAMPs and, consequently, to stimulate largely similar responses. Herein, I review direct and indirect evidence that contradict the widely accepted danger theory, and suggest that it may be false.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szczepan Józefowski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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22
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Zheng C, Sun Q, Zhang L, Guo S, Zheng M, Tang Y, Wu J, Wu J, Liu W, Su Z, Chen X. Autophagosome activity in macrophage for atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE−/− mice enhanced by Tiaozhi Tongmai Granules. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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23
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Chistiakov DA, Bobryshev YV, Kozarov E, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN. Role of gut microbiota in the modulation of atherosclerosis-associated immune response. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:671. [PMID: 26175728 PMCID: PMC4485310 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and metabolic abnormalities are linked to each other. At present, pathogenic inflammatory response was recognized as a major player in metabolic diseases. In humans, intestinal microflora could significantly influence the development of metabolic diseases including atherosclerosis. Commensal bacteria were shown to activate inflammatory pathways through altering lipid metabolism in adipocytes, macrophages, and vascular cells, inducing insulin resistance, and producing trimethylamine-N-oxide. However, gut microbiota could also play the atheroprotective role associated with anthocyanin metabolism and administration of probiotics and their components. Here, we review the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota may influence atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A. Chistiakov
- Department of Molecular Genetic Diagnostics and Cell Biology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Research Center for Children’s Health, MoscowRussia
- The Mount Sinai Community Clinical Oncology Program, Mount Sinai Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FLUSA
| | - Yuri V. Bobryshev
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, MoscowRussia
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSWAustralia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSWAustralia
| | - Emil Kozarov
- Department of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NYUSA
| | - Igor A. Sobenin
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, MoscowRussia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, MoscowRussia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, MoscowRussia
- Institute for Atherosclerosis, Skolkovo Innovation Center, MoscowRussia
- Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, MoscowRussia
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24
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Endocytic Adaptor Protein Tollip Inhibits Canonical Wnt Signaling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130818. [PMID: 26110841 PMCID: PMC4482507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Many adaptor proteins involved in endocytic cargo transport exhibit additional functions in other cellular processes which may be either related to or independent from their trafficking roles. The endosomal adaptor protein Tollip is an example of such a multitasking regulator, as it participates in trafficking and endosomal sorting of receptors, but also in interleukin/Toll/NF-κB signaling, bacterial entry, autophagic clearance of protein aggregates and regulation of sumoylation. Here we describe another role of Tollip in intracellular signaling. By performing a targeted RNAi screen of soluble endocytic proteins for their additional functions in canonical Wnt signaling, we identified Tollip as a potential negative regulator of this pathway in human cells. Depletion of Tollip potentiates the activity of β-catenin/TCF-dependent transcriptional reporter, while its overproduction inhibits the reporter activity and expression of Wnt target genes. These effects are independent of dynamin-mediated endocytosis, but require the ubiquitin-binding CUE domain of Tollip. In Wnt-stimulated cells, Tollip counteracts the activation of β-catenin and its nuclear accumulation, without affecting its total levels. Additionally, under conditions of ligand-independent signaling, Tollip inhibits the pathway after the stage of β-catenin stabilization, as observed in human cancer cell lines, characterized by constitutive β-catenin activity. Finally, the regulation of Wnt signaling by Tollip occurs also during early embryonic development of zebrafish. In summary, our data identify a novel function of Tollip in regulating the canonical Wnt pathway which is evolutionarily conserved between fish and humans. Tollip-mediated inhibition of Wnt signaling may contribute not only to embryonic development, but also to carcinogenesis. Mechanistically, Tollip can potentially coordinate multiple cellular pathways of trafficking and signaling, possibly by exploiting its ability to interact with ubiquitin and the sumoylation machinery.
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25
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Singh NK, Kotla S, Dyukova E, Traylor JG, Orr AW, Chernoff J, Marion TN, Rao GN. Disruption of p21-activated kinase 1 gene diminishes atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7450. [PMID: 26104863 PMCID: PMC4480433 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pak1 plays an important role in various cellular processes, including cell motility, polarity, survival and proliferation. To date, its role in atherogenesis has not been explored. Here we report the effect of Pak1 on atherogenesis using atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice as a model. Disruption of Pak1 in ApoE−/− mice results in reduced plaque burden, significantly attenuates circulating IL-6 and MCP-1 levels, limits the expression of adhesion molecules and diminishes the macrophage content in the aortic root of ApoE−/− mice. We also observed reduced oxidized LDL uptake and increased cholesterol efflux by macrophages and smooth muscle cells of ApoE−/−:Pak1−/− mice as compared with ApoE−/− mice. In addition, we detect increased Pak1 phosphorylation in human atherosclerotic arteries, suggesting its role in human atherogenesis. Altogether, these results identify Pak1 as an important factor in the initiation and progression of atherogenesis. Atherogenesis involves coordinated action of different cell types and factors. Here the authors show that the kinase Pak1 represents a key pro-atherogenic factor affecting the function of macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells, including their production of proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 and chemokine MCP-1, and retention of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhlesh K Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Sivareddy Kotla
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Elena Dyukova
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - James G Traylor
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71103, USA
| | - A Wayne Orr
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71103, USA
| | - Jonathan Chernoff
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
| | - Tony N Marion
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Gadiparthi N Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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26
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Kardassis D, Gafencu A, Zannis VI, Davalos A. Regulation of HDL genes: transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 224:113-179. [PMID: 25522987 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
HDL regulation is exerted at multiple levels including regulation at the level of transcription initiation by transcription factors and signal transduction cascades; regulation at the posttranscriptional level by microRNAs and other noncoding RNAs which bind to the coding or noncoding regions of HDL genes regulating mRNA stability and translation; as well as regulation at the posttranslational level by protein modifications, intracellular trafficking, and degradation. The above mechanisms have drastic effects on several HDL-mediated processes including HDL biogenesis, remodeling, cholesterol efflux and uptake, as well as atheroprotective functions on the cells of the arterial wall. The emphasis is on mechanisms that operate in physiologically relevant tissues such as the liver (which accounts for 80% of the total HDL-C levels in the plasma), the macrophages, the adrenals, and the endothelium. Transcription factors that have a significant impact on HDL regulation such as hormone nuclear receptors and hepatocyte nuclear factors are extensively discussed both in terms of gene promoter recognition and regulation but also in terms of their impact on plasma HDL levels as was revealed by knockout studies. Understanding the different modes of regulation of this complex lipoprotein may provide useful insights for the development of novel HDL-raising therapies that could be used to fight against atherosclerosis which is the underlying cause of coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Kardassis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, 71110, Greece,
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27
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Öörni K, Rajamäki K, Nguyen SD, Lähdesmäki K, Plihtari R, Lee-Rueckert M, Kovanen PT. Acidification of the intimal fluid: the perfect storm for atherogenesis. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:203-14. [PMID: 25424004 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r050252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic lesions are often hypoxic and exhibit elevated lactate concentrations and local acidification of the extracellular fluids. The acidification may be a consequence of the abundant accumulation of lipid-scavenging macrophages in the lesions. Activated macrophages have a very high energy demand and they preferentially use glycolysis for ATP synthesis even under normoxic conditions, resulting in enhanced local generation and secretion of lactate and protons. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the effects of acidic extracellular pH on three key players in atherogenesis: macrophages, apoB-containing lipoproteins, and HDL particles. Acidic extracellular pH enhances receptor-mediated phagocytosis and antigen presentation by macrophages and, importantly, triggers the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from macrophages through activation of the inflammasome pathway. Acidity enhances the proteolytic, lipolytic, and oxidative modifications of LDL and other apoB-containing lipoproteins, and strongly increases their affinity for proteoglycans, and may thus have major effects on their retention and the ensuing cellular responses in the arterial intima. Finally, the decrease in the expression of ABCA1 at acidic pH may compromise cholesterol clearance from atherosclerotic lesions. Taken together, acidic extracellular pH amplifies the proatherogenic and proinflammatory processes involved in atherogenesis.
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28
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Murphy AJ, Dragoljevic D, Tall AR. Cholesterol efflux pathways regulate myelopoiesis: a potential link to altered macrophage function in atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:490. [PMID: 25352845 PMCID: PMC4195367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the blood vessels that can lead to myocardial infarction or stroke. The major cell in the atherosclerotic lesion, the macrophage, is thought to be an important contributor to the production of inflammatory mediators that exacerbate this disease. Macrophages are generally derived from circulating monocytes, which are in turn produced by hematopoietic stem and multipotential progenitor cells (HSPCs) in the bone marrow and other medullary organs. Recent studies suggest that disruption in cholesterol homeostasis or prolonged exposure to a hypercholesterolemic environment can influence HSPCs to over-produce monocytes, resulting in monocytosis. These monocytes may carry a pre-programed ability to become M1-like macrophages once they enter the atherosclerotic lesion. Future studies may help to differentiate the role of such pre-programing versus responses to local environmental cues in determining M1, M2, or other macrophage phenotypes in atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew James Murphy
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker IDI , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Department of Immunology, Monash University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Dragana Dragoljevic
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker IDI , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Alan Richard Tall
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center , New York, NY , USA
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29
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McAlpine CS, Werstuck GH. Protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase and glycogen synthase kinase-3α/β regulate foam cell formation. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2320-33. [PMID: 25183803 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m051094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests a causative role for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the development of atherosclerosis. This study investigated the potential role of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3α/β in proatherogenic ER stress signaling. Thp1-derived macrophages were treated with the ER stress-inducing agents, glucosamine, thapsigargin, or palmitate. Using small-molecule inhibitors of specific unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways, we found that protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK), but not inositol requiring enzyme 1 or activating transcription factor 6, is required for the activation of GSK3α/β by ER stress. GSK3α/β inhibition or siRNA-directed knockdown attenuated ER stress-induced expression of distal components of the PERK pathway. Macrophage foam cells within atherosclerotic plaques and isolated macrophages from ApoE(-/-) mice fed a diet supplemented with the GSK3α/β inhibitor valproate had reduced levels of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). GSK3α/β inhibition blocked ER stress-induced lipid accumulation and the upregulation of genes associated with lipid metabolism. In primary mouse macrophages, PERK inhibition blocked ER stress-induced lipid accumulation, whereas constitutively active S9A-GSK3β promoted foam cell formation and CHOP expression, even in cells treated with a PERK inhibitor. These findings suggest that ER stress-PERK-GSK3α/β signaling promotes proatherogenic macrophage lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S McAlpine
- Departments of Medicine McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoff H Werstuck
- Departments of Medicine McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Yin K, Agrawal DK. High-density lipoprotein: a novel target for antirestenosis therapy. Clin Transl Sci 2014; 7:500-11. [PMID: 25043950 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Restenosis is an integral pathological process central to the recurrent vessel narrowing after interventional procedures. Although the mechanisms for restenosis are diverse in different pathological conditions, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, and myofibroblasts transition have been thought to play crucial role in the development of restenosis. Indeed, there is an inverse relationship between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). However, relatively studies on the direct assessment of HDL effect on restenosis are limited. In addition to involvement in the cholesterol reverse transport, many vascular protective effects of HDL, including protection of endothelium, antiinflammation, antithrombus actions, inhibition of SMC proliferation, and regulation by adventitial effects may contribute to the inhibition of restenosis, though the exact relationships between HDL and restenosis remain to be elucidated. This review summarizes the vascular protective effects of HDL, emphasizing the potential role of HDL in intimal hyperplasia and vascular remodeling, which may provide novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for antirestenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yin
- Center for Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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31
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Baker B, Maitra U, Geng S, Li L. Molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for cellular stress and low-grade inflammation induced by a super-low dose of endotoxin. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:16262-9. [PMID: 24759105 PMCID: PMC4047395 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.569210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Super-low-dose endotoxemia in experimental animals and humans is linked to low-grade chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we examined the effects of a super-low dose of LPS on low-grade inflammation in macrophages as well as underlying mechanisms. We observed that a super-low dose of LPS induces mitochondrial fission and cell necroptosis in primary murine macrophages, dependent upon interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK-1). Mechanistically, our study reveals that a super-low dose of LPS causes protein ubiquitination and degradation of mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), a molecule required for maintaining proper mitochondrial fusion. A super-low dose of LPS also leads to dephosphorylation and activation of Drp1, a molecule responsible for mitochondrial fission and cell necroptosis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that a super-low dose of LPS activates receptor interacting protein 3 kinase (RIP3), a key molecule critical for the assembly of the necrosome complex, the initiation of Drp1 dephosphorylation, and necroptosis. The effects of a super-low dose of LPS are abolished in macrophages harvested from IRAK-1-deficient mice. Taken together, our study identified a novel molecular pathway that leads to cellular stress and necroptosis in macrophages challenged with a super-low dose of endotoxin. This may reconcile low-grade inflammation often associated with low-grade endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Baker
- From the Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0910
| | - Urmila Maitra
- From the Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0910
| | - Shuo Geng
- From the Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0910
| | - Liwu Li
- From the Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0910
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32
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Zhao GJ, Tang SL, Lv YC, Ouyang XP, He PP, Yao F, Chen WJ, Lu Q, Tang YY, Zhang M, Fu Y, Zhang DW, Yin K, Tang CK. Antagonism of betulinic acid on LPS-mediated inhibition of ABCA1 and cholesterol efflux through inhibiting nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway and miR-33 expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74782. [PMID: 24086374 PMCID: PMC3783495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is critical in exporting cholesterol from macrophages and plays a protective role in the development of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid, on ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux, and to further determine the underlying mechanism. BA promoted ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux, decreased cellular cholesterol and cholesterol ester content in LPS-treated macrophages. Furthermore, we found that BA promoted ABCA1 expression via down-regulation of miR-33s. The inhibition of LPS-induced NF-κB activation further decreased miR-33s expression and enhanced ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux when compared with BA only treatment. In addition, BA suppressed IκB phosphorylation, p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, and the transcription of NF-κB-dependent related gene. Moreover, BA reduced atherosclerotic lesion size, miR-33s levels and NF-κB activation, and promoted ABCA1 expression in apoE−/− mice. Taken together, these results reveal a novel mechanism for the BA-mediated ABCA1 expression, which may provide new insights for developing strategies for modulating vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jun Zhao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Shi-Lin Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yun-Cheng Lv
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xin-Ping Ouyang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Ping-Ping He
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- School of Nursing, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Yao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wu-Jun Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Lu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yan-Yan Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yuchang Fu
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kai Yin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- * E-mail: (KY); (C-KT)
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- * E-mail: (KY); (C-KT)
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33
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Yu XH, Fu YC, Zhang DW, Yin K, Tang CK. Foam cells in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 424:245-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sharifov OF, Nayyar G, Ternovoy VV, Mishra VK, Litovsky SH, Palgunachari MN, Garber DW, Anantharamaiah GM, Gupta H. Cationic peptide mR18L with lipid lowering properties inhibits LPS-induced systemic and liver inflammation in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 436:705-10. [PMID: 23791744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The cationic single domain peptide mR18L has demonstrated lipid-lowering and anti-atherogenic properties in different dyslipidemic mouse models. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammation is considered as one of the potential triggers for atherosclerosis. Here, we evaluated anti-inflammatory effects of mR18L peptide against LPS-mediated inflammation. First, we tested the efficacy and tolerance of 1, 2.5 and 5mg/kg mR18L in normolipidemic rats stimulated with 5mg/kg LPS. LPS and then mR18L were injected in different intraperitoneal regions. By 2h post LPS, mR18L inhibited LPS-mediated plasma TNF-α elevation at all doses, with the effect being stronger for 2.5mg/kg (P<0.05 vs. 1mg/kg, non-significant vs. 5mg/kg). In a similar model, 2.5mg/kg mR18L reduced LPS-mediated inflammation in the liver, as assessed by microscopic examination of liver sections and measurements of iNOS expression in the liver tissue. In plasma, 2.5mg/kg mR18L decreased levels of TNF-α and IL-6, decreased endotoxin activity and enhanced HDL binding to LPS. In another similar experiment, mR18L administered 1h post LPS, prevented elevation of plasma triglycerides by 6h post LPS and increased plasma activity of anti-oxidant enzyme paraoxonase 1, along with noted trends in reducing plasma levels of endotoxin and IL-6. Surface plasmon resonance study revealed that mR18L readily binds LPS. We conclude that mR18L exerts anti-endotoxin activity at least in part due to direct LPS-binding and LPS-neutralizing effects. We suggest that anti-endotoxin activity of mR18L is an important anti-inflammatory property, which may increase anti-atherogenic potential of this promising orally active lipid-lowering peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg F Sharifov
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35216, United States
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Fredericks WJ, Yin H, Lal P, Puthiyaveettil R, Malkowicz SB, Fredericks NJ, Tomaszewski J, Rauscher FJ, Malkowicz SB. Ectopic expression of the TERE1 (UBIAD1) protein inhibits growth of renal clear cell carcinoma cells: altered metabolic phenotype associated with reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and SXR target genes involved in cholesterol and lipid metabolism. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:638-52. [PMID: 23759948 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Current studies of the TERE1 (UBIAD1) protein emphasize its multifactorial influence on the cell, in part due to its broad sub-cellular distribution to mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and golgi. However, the profound effects of TERE1 relate to its prenyltransferase activity for synthesis of the bioactive quinones menaquinone and COQ10. Menaquinone (aka, vitamin K-2) serves multiple roles: as a carrier in mitochondrial electron transport, as a ligand for SXR nuclear hormone receptor activation, as a redox modulator, and as an alkylator of cellular targets. We initially described the TERE1 (UBIAD1) protein as a tumor suppressor based upon reduced expression in urological cancer specimens and the inhibition of growth of tumor cell lines/xenografts upon ectopic expression. To extend this potential tumor suppressor role for the TERE1 protein to renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we applied TERE1 immunohistochemistry to a TMA panel of 28 RCC lesions and determined that in 57% of RCC lesions, TERE1 expression was reduced (36%) or absent (21%). Ectopic TERE1 expression caused an 80% decrease in growth of Caki-1 and Caki-2 cell lines, a significantly decreased colony formation, and increased caspase 3/7 activity in a panel of RCC cell lines. Furthermore, TERE1 expression increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption and hydrogen production, oxidative stress and NO production. Based on the elevated cholesterol and altered metabolic phenotype of RCC, we also examined the effects of TERE1 and the interacting protein TBL2 on cellular cholesterol. Ectopic TERE1 or TBL2 expression in Caki-1, Caki-2 and HEK 293 cells reduced cholesterol by up to 40%. RT-PCR analysis determined that TERE1 activated several SXR targets known to regulate lipid metabolism, consistent with predictions based on its role in menaquinone synthesis. Loss of TERE1 may contribute to the altered lipid metabolic phenotype associated with progression in RCC via an uncoupling of ROS/RNS and SXR signaling from apoptosis by elevation of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Fredericks
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania and Veterans Affairs Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Dikkers A, Tietge UJF. The neglected cousin of the hepatocyte: how gallbladder epithelial cells might contribute to cholesterol gallstone formation. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:296-8. [PMID: 23371007 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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