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Abdelilah-Seyfried S, Ola R. Shear stress and pathophysiological PI3K involvement in vascular malformations. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e172843. [PMID: 38747293 PMCID: PMC11093608 DOI: 10.1172/jci172843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization of vascular anomalies has revealed that affected endothelial cells (ECs) harbor gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in the gene encoding the catalytic α subunit of PI3Kα (PIK3CA). These PIK3CA mutations are known to cause solid cancers when occurring in other tissues. PIK3CA-related vascular anomalies, or "PIKopathies," range from simple, i.e., restricted to a particular form of malformation, to complex, i.e., presenting with a range of hyperplasia phenotypes, including the PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum. Interestingly, development of PIKopathies is affected by fluid shear stress (FSS), a physiological stimulus caused by blood or lymph flow. These findings implicate PI3K in mediating physiological EC responses to FSS conditions characteristic of lymphatic and capillary vessel beds. Consistent with this hypothesis, increased PI3K signaling also contributes to cerebral cavernous malformations, a vascular disorder that affects low-perfused brain venous capillaries. Because the GOF activity of PI3K and its signaling partners are excellent drug targets, understanding PIK3CA's role in the development of vascular anomalies may inform therapeutic strategies to normalize EC responses in the diseased state. This Review focuses on PIK3CA's role in mediating EC responses to FSS and discusses current understanding of PIK3CA dysregulation in a range of vascular anomalies that particularly affect low-perfused regions of the vasculature. We also discuss recent surprising findings linking increased PI3K signaling to fast-flow arteriovenous malformations in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roxana Ola
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim, European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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2
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Macionis V. Fetal head-down posture may explain the rapid brain evolution in humans and other primates: An interpretative review. Brain Res 2023; 1820:148558. [PMID: 37634686 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary cerebrovascular consequences of upside-down postural verticality of the anthropoid fetus have been largely overlooked in the literature. This working hypothesis-based report provides a literature interpretation from an aspect that the rapid evolution of the human brain has been promoted by fetal head-down position due to maternal upright and semi-upright posture. Habitual vertical torso posture is a feature not only of humans, but also of monkeys and non-human apes that spend considerable time in a sitting position. Consequently, the head-down position of the fetus may have caused physiological craniovascular hypertension that stimulated expansion of the intracranial vessels and acted as an epigenetic physiological stress, which enhanced neurogenesis and eventually, along with other selective pressures, led to the progressive growth of the anthropoid brain and its organization. This article collaterally opens a new insight into the conundrum of high cephalopelvic proportions (i.e., the tight fit between the pelvic birth canal and fetal head) in phylogenetically distant lineages of monkeys, lesser apes, and humans. Low cephalopelvic proportions in non-human great apes could be accounted for by their energetically efficient horizontal nest-sleeping and consequently by their larger body mass compared to monkeys and lesser apes that sleep upright. One can further hypothesize that brain size varies in anthropoids according to the degree of exposure of the fetus to postural verticality. The supporting evidence for this postulation includes a finding that in fossil hominins cerebral blood flow rate increased faster than brain volume. This testable hypothesis opens a perspective for research on fetal postural cerebral hemodynamics.
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Zhao Y, Xiong W, Li C, Zhao R, Lu H, Song S, Zhou Y, Hu Y, Shi B, Ge J. Hypoxia-induced signaling in the cardiovascular system: pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:431. [PMID: 37981648 PMCID: PMC10658171 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, characterized by reduced oxygen concentration, is a significant stressor that affects the survival of aerobic species and plays a prominent role in cardiovascular diseases. From the research history and milestone events related to hypoxia in cardiovascular development and diseases, The "hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) switch" can be observed from both temporal and spatial perspectives, encompassing the occurrence and progression of hypoxia (gradual decline in oxygen concentration), the acute and chronic manifestations of hypoxia, and the geographical characteristics of hypoxia (natural selection at high altitudes). Furthermore, hypoxia signaling pathways are associated with natural rhythms, such as diurnal and hibernation processes. In addition to innate factors and natural selection, it has been found that epigenetics, as a postnatal factor, profoundly influences the hypoxic response and progression within the cardiovascular system. Within this intricate process, interactions between different tissues and organs within the cardiovascular system and other systems in the context of hypoxia signaling pathways have been established. Thus, it is the time to summarize and to construct a multi-level regulatory framework of hypoxia signaling and mechanisms in cardiovascular diseases for developing more therapeutic targets and make reasonable advancements in clinical research, including FDA-approved drugs and ongoing clinical trials, to guide future clinical practice in the field of hypoxia signaling in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weidong Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chaofu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ranzun Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuai Song
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - You Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yiqing Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Bei Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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4
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Randi AM, Jones D, Peghaire C, Arachchillage DJ. Mechanisms regulating heterogeneity of hemostatic gene expression in endothelial cells. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:3056-3066. [PMID: 37393001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
The hemostatic system involves an array of circulating coagulation factors that work in concert with platelets and the vascular endothelium to promote clotting in a space- and time-defined manner. Despite equal systemic exposure to circulating factors, bleeding and thrombotic diseases tend to prefer specific sites, suggesting an important role for local factors. This may be provided by endothelial heterogeneity. Endothelial cells differ not only between arteries, veins, and capillaries but also between microvascular beds from different organs, which present unique organotypic morphology and functional and molecular profiles. Accordingly, regulators of hemostasis are not uniformly distributed in the vasculature. The establishment and maintenance of endothelial diversity are orchestrated at the transcriptional level. Recent transcriptomic and epigenomic studies have provided a global picture of endothelial cell heterogeneity. In this review, we discuss the organotypic differences in the hemostatic profile of endothelial cells; we focus on 2 major endothelial regulators of hemostasis, namely von Willebrand factor and thrombomodulin, to provide examples of transcriptional mechanisms that control heterogeneity; finally, we consider some of the methodological challenges and opportunities for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Randi
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Daisy Jones
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claire Peghaire
- University of Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche-1034 INSERM, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pessac, France
| | - Deepa J Arachchillage
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Haematology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK. https://twitter.com/DeepaArachchil1
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5
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Schäfer M, Browne LP, Truong U, Bjornstad P, Tell S, Snell-Bergeon J, Baumgartner A, Hunter KS, Reusch JEB, Barker AJ, Nadeau KJ, Schauer IE. Bromocriptine Improves Central Aortic Stiffness in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes: Arterial Health Results From the BCQR-T1D Study. Hypertension 2023; 80:482-491. [PMID: 36472197 PMCID: PMC9852005 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of vascular dysfunction is a well-recognized feature in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D), accentuating their lifetime risk of cardiovascular events. Therapeutic strategies to mitigate vascular dysfunction are a high clinical priority. In the bromocriptine quick release T1D study (BCQR-T1D), we tested the hypothesis that BCQR would improve vascular health in youth with T1D. METHODS BCQR-T1D was a placebo-controlled, random-order, double-blinded, cross-over study investigating the cardiovascular and metabolic impact of BCQR in T1D. Adolescents in the BCQR-T1D study were randomized 1:1 to phase-1: 4 weeks of BCQR or placebo after which blood pressure and central aortic stiffness measurements by pulse wave velocity, relative area change, and distensibility from phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging were performed. Following a 4-week washout period, phase 2 was performed in identical fashion with the alternate treatment. RESULTS Thirty-four adolescents (mean age 15.9±2.6 years, hemoglobin A1c 8.6±1.1%, body mass index percentile 71.4±26.1, median T1D duration 5.8 years) with T1D were enrolled and had magnetic resonance imaging data available. Compared with placebo, BCQR therapy decreased systolic (∆=-5 mmHg [95% CI, -3 to -7]; P<0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (∆=-2 mmHg [95% CI, -4 to 0]; P=0.039). BCQR reduced ascending aortic pulse wave velocity (∆=-0.4 m/s; P=0.018) and increased relative area change (∆=-2.6%, P=0.083) and distensibility (∆=0.08%/mmHg; P=0.017). In the thoraco-abdominal aorta, BCQR decreased pulse wave velocity (∆=-0.2 m/s; P=0.007) and increased distensibility (∆=0.05 %/mmHg; P=0.013). CONCLUSIONS BCQR improved blood pressure and central and peripheral aortic stiffness and pressure hemodynamics in adolescents with T1D over 4 weeks versus placebo. BCQR may improve aortic stiffness in youth with T1D, supporting future longer-term studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Schäfer
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado – School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Lorna P. Browne
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado – School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Uyen Truong
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Richmond at Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Petter Bjornstad
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado – School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Shoshana Tell
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado – School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Janet Snell-Bergeon
- Barbara Davis Center, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado – School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Amy Baumgartner
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado – School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Kendall S. Hunter
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, CO
| | - Jane E. B. Reusch
- Section of Endocrinology, Rocky Mountain Regional VAMC, Aurora, CO
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado – School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Center for Women’s Health Research, University of Colorado – School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Alex J. Barker
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado – School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, CO
| | - Kristen J. Nadeau
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado – School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Irene E. Schauer
- Section of Endocrinology, Rocky Mountain Regional VAMC, Aurora, CO
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado – School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Center for Women’s Health Research, University of Colorado – School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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6
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Danielsson BE, Tieu KV, Spagnol ST, Vu KK, Cabe JI, Raisch TB, Dahl KN, Conway DE. Chromatin condensation regulates endothelial cell adaptation to shear stress. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar101. [PMID: 35895088 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-02-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) have been shown to be mechanoresponsive to the forces of blood flow, including fluid shear stress (FSS), the frictional force of blood on the vessel wall. Recent reports have shown that FSS induces epigenetic changes in chromatin. Epigenetic changes, such as methylation and acetylation of histones, not only affect gene expression but also affect chromatin condensation, which can alter nuclear stiffness. Thus, we hypothesized that changes in chromatin condensation may be an important component for how ECs adapt to FSS. Using both in vitro and in vivo models of EC adaptation to FSS, we observed an increase in histone acetylation and a decrease in histone methylation in ECs adapted to flow as compared with static. Using small molecule drugs, as well as vascular endothelial growth factor, to change chromatin condensation, we show that decreasing chromatin condensation enables cells to more quickly align to FSS, whereas increasing chromatin condensation inhibited alignment. Additionally, we show data that changes in chromatin condensation can also prevent or increase DNA damage, as measured by phosphorylation of γH2AX. Taken together, these results indicate that chromatin condensation, and potentially by extension nuclear stiffness, is an important aspect of EC adaptation to FSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke E Danielsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284
| | - Katie V Tieu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284
| | - Stephen T Spagnol
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Kira K Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284
| | - Jolene I Cabe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284
| | - Tristan B Raisch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284
| | - Kris Noel Dahl
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.,Forensics Department, Thornton Tomasetti, New York City, NY 10271
| | - Daniel E Conway
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,Center for Cancer Engineering, and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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7
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Salvador J, Iruela-Arispe ML. Nuclear Mechanosensation and Mechanotransduction in Vascular Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:905927. [PMID: 35784481 PMCID: PMC9247619 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.905927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular cells are constantly subjected to physical forces associated with the rhythmic activities of the heart, which combined with the individual geometry of vessels further imposes oscillatory, turbulent, or laminar shear stresses on vascular cells. These hemodynamic forces play an important role in regulating the transcriptional program and phenotype of endothelial and smooth muscle cells in different regions of the vascular tree. Within the aorta, the lesser curvature of the arch is characterized by disturbed, oscillatory flow. There, endothelial cells become activated, adopting pro-inflammatory and athero-prone phenotypes. This contrasts the descending aorta where flow is laminar and endothelial cells maintain a quiescent and atheroprotective phenotype. While still unclear, the specific mechanisms involved in mechanosensing flow patterns and their molecular mechanotransduction directly impact the nucleus with consequences to transcriptional and epigenetic states. The linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) protein complex transmits both internal and external forces, including shear stress, through the cytoskeleton to the nucleus. These forces can ultimately lead to changes in nuclear integrity, chromatin organization, and gene expression that significantly impact emergence of pathology such as the high incidence of atherosclerosis in progeria. Therefore, there is strong motivation to understand how endothelial nuclei can sense and respond to physical signals and how abnormal responses to mechanical cues can lead to disease. Here, we review the evidence for a critical role of the nucleus as a mechanosensor and the importance of maintaining nuclear integrity in response to continuous biophysical forces, specifically shear stress, for proper vascular function and stability.
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8
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Kumari R, Dutta R, Ranjan P, Suleiman ZG, Goswami SK, Li J, Pal HC, Verma SK. ALKBH5 Regulates SPHK1-Dependent Endothelial Cell Angiogenesis Following Ischemic Stress. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:817304. [PMID: 35127873 PMCID: PMC8811170 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.817304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial cells dysfunction has been reported in many heart diseases including acute myocardial infarction, and atherosclerosis. The molecular mechanism for endothelial dysfunction in the heart is still not clearly understood. We aimed to study the role of m6A RNA demethylase alkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5) in ECs angiogenesis during ischemic injury. Methods and Results ECs were treated with ischemic insults (lipopolysaccharide and 1% hypoxia) to determine the role of ALKBH5 in ECs angiogenesis. siRNA mediated ALKBH5 gene silencing was used for examining the loss of function. In this study, we report that ALKBH5 levels are upregulated following ischemia and are associated with maintaining ischemia-induced ECs angiogenesis. To decipher the mechanism of action, we found that ALKBH5 is required to maintain eNOS phosphorylation and SPHK1 protein levels. ALKBH5 silencing alone or with ischemic stress significantly increased SPHK1 m6A mRNA methylation. In contrast, METTL3 (RNA methyltransferase) overexpression resulted in the reduced expression of SPHK1. Conclusion We reported that ALKBH5 helps in the maintenance of angiogenesis in endothelial cells following acute ischemic stress via reduced SPHK1 m6A methylation and downstream eNOS-AKT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumari
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Roshan Dutta
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Prabhat Ranjan
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Zainab Gbongbo Suleiman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Sumanta Kumar Goswami
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Harish Chandra Pal
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cellular Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Suresh Kumar Verma
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Suresh Kumar Verma
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9
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Morel S, Schilling S, Diagbouga MR, Delucchi M, Bochaton-Piallat ML, Lemeille S, Hirsch S, Kwak BR. Effects of Low and High Aneurysmal Wall Shear Stress on Endothelial Cell Behavior: Differences and Similarities. Front Physiol 2021; 12:727338. [PMID: 34721060 PMCID: PMC8551710 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.727338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) result from abnormal enlargement of the arterial lumen. IAs are mostly quiescent and asymptomatic, but their rupture leads to severe brain damage or death. As the evolution of IAs is hard to predict and intricates medical decision, it is essential to improve our understanding of their pathophysiology. Wall shear stress (WSS) is proposed to influence IA growth and rupture. In this study, we investigated the effects of low and supra-high aneurysmal WSS on endothelial cells (ECs). Methods: Porcine arterial ECs were exposed for 48 h to defined levels of shear stress (2, 30, or 80 dyne/cm2) using an Ibidi flow apparatus. Immunostaining for CD31 or γ-cytoplasmic actin was performed to outline cell borders or to determine cell architecture. Geometry measurements (cell orientation, area, circularity and aspect ratio) were performed on confocal microscopy images. mRNA was extracted for RNAseq analysis. Results: ECs exposed to low or supra-high aneurysmal WSS were more circular and had a lower aspect ratio than cells exposed to physiological flow. Furthermore, they lost the alignment in the direction of flow observed under physiological conditions. The effects of low WSS on differential gene expression were stronger than those of supra-high WSS. Gene set enrichment analysis highlighted that extracellular matrix proteins, cytoskeletal proteins and more particularly the actin protein family were among the protein classes the most affected by shear stress. Interestingly, most genes showed an opposite regulation under both types of aneurysmal WSS. Immunostainings for γ-cytoplasmic actin suggested a different organization of this cytoskeletal protein between ECs exposed to physiological and both types of aneurysmal WSS. Conclusion: Under both aneurysmal low and supra-high WSS the typical arterial EC morphology molds to a more spherical shape. Whereas low WSS down-regulates the expression of cytoskeletal-related proteins and up-regulates extracellular matrix proteins, supra-high WSS induces opposite changes in gene expression of these protein classes. The differential regulation in EC gene expression observed under various WSS translate into a different organization of the ECs’ architecture. This adaptation of ECs to different aneurysmal WSS conditions may affect vascular remodeling in IAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Morel
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Neurosurgery Division, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Schilling
- Institute of Applied Simulation, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland.,Institute of Tourism and Mobility, Lucerne School of Business, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Mannekomba R Diagbouga
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Delucchi
- Institute of Applied Simulation, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | | | - Sylvain Lemeille
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sven Hirsch
- Institute of Applied Simulation, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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10
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Chen ZB, Liu X, Chen AT. "Enhancing" mechanosensing: Enhancers and enhancer-derived long non-coding RNAs in endothelial response to flow. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2021; 87:153-169. [PMID: 34696884 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs), uniquely localized and strategically forming the inner lining of vascular wall, constitute the largest cell surface by area in the human body. The dynamic sensing and response of ECs to mechanical cues, especially shear stress, is crucial for maintenance of vascular homeostasis. It is well recognized that different flow patterns associated with atheroprotective vs atheroprone regions in the arterial tree, result in distinct EC functional phenotypes with differential transcriptome profiles. Mounting evidence has demonstrated an integrative and essential regulatory role of non-coding genome in EC biology. In particular, recent studies have begun to reveal the importance of enhancers and enhancer-derived transcripts in flow-regulated EC gene expression and function. In this minireview, we summarize studies in this area and discuss examples in support of the emerging importance of enhancers and enhancer(-derived) long non-coding RNAs (elncRNAs) in EC mechanosensing, with a focus on flow-responsive EC transcription. Finally, we will provide perspective and discuss standing questions to elucidate the role of these novel regulators in EC mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Bouman Chen
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, CA, United States; Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, CA, United States.
| | - Xuejing Liu
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Aleysha T Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
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11
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Katakia YT, Thakkar NP, Thakar S, Sakhuja A, Goyal R, Sharma H, Dave R, Mandloi A, Basu S, Nigam I, Kuncharam BVR, Chowdhury S, Majumder S. Dynamic alterations of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 at ADAM17 and Jagged-1 gene promoters cause an inflammatory switch of endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:992-1012. [PMID: 34520565 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Histone protein modifications control the inflammatory state of many immune cells. However, how dynamic alteration in histone methylation causes endothelial inflammation and apoptosis is not clearly understood. To examine this, we explored two contrasting histone methylations; an activating histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and a repressive histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in endothelial cells (EC) undergoing inflammation. Through computer-aided reconstruction and 3D printing of the human coronary artery, we developed a unique model where EC were exposed to a pattern of oscillatory/disturbed flow as similar to in vivo conditions. Upon induction of endothelial inflammation, we detected a significant rise in H3K4me3 caused by an increase in the expression of SET1/COMPASS family of H3K4 methyltransferases, including MLL1, MLL2, and SET1B. In contrast, EC undergoing inflammation exhibited truncated H3K27me3 level engendered by EZH2 cytosolic translocation through threonine 367 phosphorylation and an increase in the expression of histone demethylating enzyme JMJD3 and UTX. Additionally, many SET1/COMPASS family of proteins, including MLL1 (C), MLL2, and WDR5, were associated with either UTX or JMJD3 or both and such association was elevated in EC upon exposure to inflammatory stimuli. Dynamic enrichment of H3K4me3 and loss of H3K27me3 at Notch-associated gene promoters caused ADAM17 and Jagged-1 derepression and abrupt Notch activation. Conversely, either reducing H3K4me3 or increasing H3K27me3 in EC undergoing inflammation attenuated Notch activation, endothelial inflammation, and apoptosis. Together, these findings indicate that dynamic chromatin modifications may cause an inflammatory and apoptotic switch of EC and that epigenetic reprogramming can potentially improve outcomes in endothelial inflammation-associated cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash T Katakia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Niyati P Thakkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Sumukh Thakar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Ashima Sakhuja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Raghav Goyal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Harshita Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Rakshita Dave
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Ayushi Mandloi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Sayan Basu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Ishan Nigam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Bhanu V R Kuncharam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Shibasish Chowdhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Syamantak Majumder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
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12
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Doran S, Arif M, Lam S, Bayraktar A, Turkez H, Uhlen M, Boren J, Mardinoglu A. Multi-omics approaches for revealing the complexity of cardiovascular disease. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:bbab061. [PMID: 33725119 PMCID: PMC8425417 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) can mainly be attributed to the narrowing of blood vessels caused by atherosclerosis and thrombosis, which induces organ damage that will result in end-organ dysfunction characterized by events such as myocardial infarction or stroke. It is also essential to consider other contributory factors to CVD, including cardiac remodelling caused by cardiomyopathies and co-morbidities with other diseases such as chronic kidney disease. Besides, there is a growing amount of evidence linking the gut microbiota to CVD through several metabolic pathways. Hence, it is of utmost importance to decipher the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with these disease states to elucidate the development and progression of CVD. A wide array of systems biology approaches incorporating multi-omics data have emerged as an invaluable tool in establishing alterations in specific cell types and identifying modifications in signalling events that promote disease development. Here, we review recent studies that apply multi-omics approaches to further understand the underlying causes of CVD and provide possible treatment strategies by identifying novel drug targets and biomarkers. We also discuss very recent advances in gut microbiota research with an emphasis on how diet and microbial composition can impact the development of CVD. Finally, we present various biological network analyses and other independent studies that have been employed for providing mechanistic explanation and developing treatment strategies for end-stage CVD, namely myocardial infarction and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Doran
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon Lam
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Abdulahad Bayraktar
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Hasan Turkez
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mathias Uhlen
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Boren
- Institute of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Engler AJ, Wang Y. Editorial: Understanding molecular interactions that underpin vascular mechanobiology. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:030401. [PMID: 34258496 PMCID: PMC8253597 DOI: 10.1063/5.0058611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells are exposed to a variety of mechanical forces in their daily lives, especially endothelial cells that are stretched from vessel distention and are exposed to hemodynamic shear stress from a blood flow. Exposure to excessive forces can induce a disease, but the molecular details on how these cells perceive forces, transduce them into biochemical signals and genetic events, i.e., mechanotransduction, and integrate them into physiological or pathological changes remain unclear. However, seminal studies in endothelial cells over the past several decades have begun to elucidate some of these signals. These studies have been highlighted in APL Bioengineering and elsewhere, describing a complex temporal pattern where forces are sensed immediately by ion channels and force-dependent conformational changes in surface proteins, followed by biochemical cascades, cytoskeletal contraction, and nuclear remodeling that can affect long-term changes in endothelial morphology and fate. Key examples from the endothelial literature that have established these pathways include showing that integrins and Flk-1 or VE-cadherin act as shear stress transducers, activating downstream proteins such as Cbl and Nckβ or Src, respectively. In this Editorial, we summarize a recent literature highlighting these accomplishments, noting the engineering tools and analysis methods used in these discoveries while also highlighting unanswered questions.
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Khan A, Paneni F, Jandeleit-Dahm K. Cell-specific epigenetic changes in atherosclerosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1165-1187. [PMID: 33988232 PMCID: PMC8314213 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a disease of large and medium arteries that can lead to life-threatening cerebrovascular and cardiovascular consequences such as heart failure and stroke and is a major contributor to cardiovascular-related mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis development is a complex process that involves specific structural, functional and transcriptional changes in different vascular cell populations at different stages of the disease. The application of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis has discovered not only disease-related cell-specific transcriptomic profiles but also novel subpopulations of cells once thought as homogenous cell populations. Vascular cells undergo specific transcriptional changes during the entire course of the disease. Epigenetics is the instruction-set-architecture in living cells that defines and maintains the cellular identity by regulating the cellular transcriptome. Although different cells contain the same genetic material, they have different epigenomic signatures. The epigenome is plastic, dynamic and highly responsive to environmental stimuli. Modifications to the epigenome are driven by an array of epigenetic enzymes generally referred to as writers, erasers and readers that define cellular fate and destiny. The reversibility of these modifications raises hope for finding novel therapeutic targets for modifiable pathological conditions including atherosclerosis where the involvement of epigenetics is increasingly appreciated. This article provides a critical review of the up-to-date research in the field of epigenetics mainly focusing on in vivo settings in the context of the cellular role of individual vascular cell types in the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Waheed Khan
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Francesco Paneni
- Cardiovascular Epigenetics and Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin A.M. Jandeleit-Dahm
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- German Diabetes Centre, Leibniz Centre for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany
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15
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Wu Y, Jin X, Zhang Y, Zheng J, Yang R. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in the development of congenital heart diseases. WORLD JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY 2021; 4:e000196. [DOI: 10.1136/wjps-2020-000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common of congenital cardiovascular malformations associated with birth defects, and it results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The classification of CHD is still elusive owing to the complex pathogenesis of CHD. Advances in molecular medicine have revealed the genetic basis of some heart anomalies. Genes associated with CHD might be modulated by various epigenetic factors. Thus, the genetic and epigenetic factors are gradually accepted as important triggers in the pathogenesis of CHD. However, few literatures have comprehensively elaborated the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of CHD. This review focuses on the etiology of CHD from genetics and epigenetics to discuss the role of these factors in the development of CHD. The interactions between genetic and epigenetic in the pathogenesis of CHD are also elaborated. Chromosome abnormalities and gene mutations in genetics, and DNA methylations, histone modifications and on-coding RNAs in epigenetics are summarized in detail. We hope the summative knowledge of these etiologies may be useful for improved diagnosis and further elucidation of CHD so that morbidity and mortality of children with CHD can be reduced in the near future.
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Chu C, Xu G, Li X, Duan Z, Tao L, Cai H, Yang M, Zhang X, Chen B, Zheng Y, Shi H, Li X. Sustained expression of MCP-1 induced low wall shear stress loading in conjunction with turbulent flow on endothelial cells of intracranial aneurysm. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:110-119. [PMID: 33332775 PMCID: PMC7810920 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Shear stress was reported to regulate the expression of AC007362, but its underlying mechanisms remain to be explored. In this study, to isolate endothelial cells of blood vessels, unruptured and ruptured intracranial aneurysm (IA) tissues were collected from IA patients. Subsequently, quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR), Western blot and luciferase assay were performed to investigate the relationships between AC007362, miRNAs‐493 and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to shear stress. Reduced representation bisulphite sequencing (RRBS) was performed to assess the level of DNA methylation in AC007362 promoter. Accordingly, AC007362 and MCP‐1 were significantly up‐regulated while miR‐493 was significantly down‐regulated in HUVECs exposed to shear stress. AC007362 could suppress the miR‐493 expression and elevate the MCP‐1 expression, and miR‐493 was shown to respectively target AC007362 and MCP‐1. Moreover, shear stress in HUVECs led to the down‐regulated DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), as well as the decreased DNA methylation level of AC007362 promoter. Similar results were also observed in ruptured IA tissues when compared with unruptured IA tissues. In conclusion, this study presented a deep insight into the operation of the regulatory network of AC007362, miR‐493 and MCP‐1 upon shear stress. Under shear stress, the expression of AC007362 was enhanced by the inhibited promoter DNA methylation, while the expression of MCP‐1 was enhanced by sponging the expression of miR‐493.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaocong Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zuowei Duan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Tao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Cai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinjiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanyu Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongcan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Andueza A, Kumar S, Kim J, Kang DW, Mumme HL, Perez JI, Villa-Roel N, Jo H. Endothelial Reprogramming by Disturbed Flow Revealed by Single-Cell RNA and Chromatin Accessibility Study. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108491. [PMID: 33326796 PMCID: PMC7801938 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbed flow (d-flow) induces atherosclerosis by regulating gene expression in endothelial cells (ECs). For further mechanistic understanding, we carried out a single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and scATAC-seq study using endothelial-enriched single cells from the left- and right carotid artery exposed to d-flow (LCA) and stable-flow (s-flow in RCA) using the mouse partial carotid ligation (PCL) model. We find eight EC clusters along with immune cells, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells. Analyses of marker genes, pathways, and pseudotime reveal that ECs are highly heterogeneous and plastic. D-flow induces a dramatic transition of ECs from atheroprotective phenotypes to pro-inflammatory cells, mesenchymal (EndMT) cells, hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial stem/progenitor cells, and an unexpected immune cell-like (EndICLT) phenotypes. While confirming KLF4/KLF2 as an s-flow-sensitive transcription factor binding site, we also find those sensitive to d-flow (RELA, AP1, STAT1, and TEAD1). D-flow reprograms ECs from atheroprotective to proatherogenic phenotypes, including EndMT and potentially EndICLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Andueza
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Juyoung Kim
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dong-Won Kang
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hope L Mumme
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julian I Perez
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicolas Villa-Roel
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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18
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Schäfer M, Nadeau KJ, Reusch JEB. Cardiovascular disease in young People with Type 1 Diabetes: Search for Cardiovascular Biomarkers. J Diabetes Complications 2020; 34:107651. [PMID: 32546422 PMCID: PMC7585936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Premature onset of cardiovascular disease is common in people with type 1 diabetes and is relatively understudied in youth. Several reports in adolescents and young adults with diabetes demonstrate evidence of arterial stiffness and cardiac dysfunction, yet critical gaps exist in our current understanding of the temporal progression of cardiac and vascular dysfunction in these youth, and mechanistic investigations with robust pathophysiologic assessment are lacking. This review attempts to summarize relevant cardiovascular studies concerning children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes. We focus on imaging-based biomarkers routinely applied to youth and adults that are well-established in their ability to predict adjudicated cardiovascular outcomes, and their relevant physiologic interpretation. Particularly, we focus the attention to 1) cardiac ventricular strain imaging techniques which are known to be predictive of clinical outcomes in patients with heterogenous causes of heart failure, and 2) stiffness in large arteries, a well-established prognostic marker of cardiovascular events. We conclude that there remains an urgent need for sensitive and quantitative biomarkers to define the natural history of cardiac and vascular disease origination and progression in type 1 diabetes, and set the stage for interpreting interventional studies focused on preventing, reversing or slowing disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Schäfer
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado - School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America.
| | - Kristen J Nadeau
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado - School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Jane E B Reusch
- Section of Endocrinology, Rocky Mountain Regional VAMC, CO, United States of America; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, United States of America; Center for Women's Health Research, University of Colorado - School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
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19
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Expression profiles of the internal jugular and saphenous veins: Focus on hemostasis genes. Thromb Res 2020; 191:113-124. [PMID: 32438216 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Venous bed specificity could contribute to differential vulnerability to thrombus formation, and is potentially reflected in mRNA profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microarray-based transcriptome analysis in wall and valve specimens from internal jugular (IJV) and saphenous (SV) veins collected during IJV surgical reconstruction in patients with impaired brain outflow. Multiplex antigenic assay in paired jugular and peripheral plasma samples. RESULTS Most of the top differentially expressed transcripts have been previously associated with both vascular and neurological disorders. Large expression differences of HOX genes, organ patterning regulators, pinpointed the vein positional identity. The "complement and coagulation cascade" emerged among enriched pathways. In IJV, upregulation of genes for coagulation inhibitors (TFPI, PROS1), activated protein C pathway receptors (THBD, PROCR), fibrinolysis activators (PLAT, PLAUR), and downregulation of the fibrinolysis inhibitor (SERPINE1) and of contact/amplification pathway genes (F11, F12), would be compatible with a thromboprotective profile in respect to SV. Further, in SV valve the prothrombinase complex genes (F5, F2) were up-regulated and the VWF showed the highest expression. Differential expression of several VWF regulators (ABO, ST3GAL4, SCARA5, CLEC4M) was also observed. Among other differentially expressed hemostasis-related genes, heparanase (HPSE)/heparanase inhibitor (HPSE2) were up-/down-regulated in IJV, which might support procoagulant features and disease conditions. The jugular plasma levels of several proteins, encoded by differentially expressed genes, were lower and highly correlated with peripheral levels. CONCLUSIONS The IJV and SV rely on differential expression of many hemostasis and hemostasis-related genes to balance local hemostasis, potentially related to differences in vulnerability to thrombosis.
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20
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Heuslein JL, Gorick CM, Price RJ. Epigenetic regulators of the revascularization response to chronic arterial occlusion. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:701-712. [PMID: 30629133 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is the leading cause of lower limb amputation and estimated to affect over 202 million people worldwide. PAD is caused by atherosclerotic lesions that occlude large arteries in the lower limbs, leading to insufficient blood perfusion of distal tissues. Given the severity of this clinical problem, there has been long-standing interest in both understanding how chronic arterial occlusions affect muscle tissue and vasculature and identifying therapeutic approaches capable of restoring tissue composition and vascular function to a healthy state. To date, the most widely utilized animal model for performing such studies has been the ischaemic mouse hindlimb. Despite not being a model of PAD per se, the ischaemic hindlimb model does recapitulate several key aspects of PAD. Further, it has served as a valuable platform upon which we have built much of our understanding of how chronic arterial occlusions affect muscle tissue composition, muscle regeneration and angiogenesis, and collateral arteriogenesis. Recently, there has been a global surge in research aimed at understanding how gene expression is regulated by epigenetic factors (i.e. non-coding RNAs, histone post-translational modifications, and DNA methylation). Thus, perhaps not unexpectedly, many recent studies have identified essential roles for epigenetic factors in regulating key responses to chronic arterial occlusion(s). In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of action of these epigenetic regulators and highlight several recent studies investigating the role of said regulators in the context of hindlimb ischaemia. In addition, we focus on how these recent advances in our understanding of the role of epigenetics in regulating responses to chronic arterial occlusion(s) can inform future therapeutic applications to promote revascularization and perfusion recovery in the setting of PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Heuslein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Rd, Box 800759, Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Catherine M Gorick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Rd, Box 800759, Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Richard J Price
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Rd, Box 800759, Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Souilhol C, Serbanovic-Canic J, Fragiadaki M, Chico TJ, Ridger V, Roddie H, Evans PC. Endothelial responses to shear stress in atherosclerosis: a novel role for developmental genes. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 17:52-63. [PMID: 31366922 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-41019-40239-41565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Flowing blood generates a frictional force called shear stress that has major effects on vascular function. Branches and bends of arteries are exposed to complex blood flow patterns that exert low or low oscillatory shear stress, a mechanical environment that promotes vascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Conversely, physiologically high shear stress is protective. Endothelial cells are critical sensors of shear stress but the mechanisms by which they decode complex shear stress environments to regulate physiological and pathophysiological responses remain incompletely understood. Several laboratories have advanced this field by integrating specialized shear-stress models with systems biology approaches, including transcriptome, methylome and proteome profiling and functional screening platforms, for unbiased identification of novel mechanosensitive signalling pathways in arteries. In this Review, we describe these studies, which reveal that shear stress regulates diverse processes and demonstrate that multiple pathways classically known to be involved in embryonic development, such as BMP-TGFβ, WNT, Notch, HIF1α, TWIST1 and HOX family genes, are regulated by shear stress in arteries in adults. We propose that mechanical activation of these pathways evolved to orchestrate vascular development but also drives atherosclerosis in low shear stress regions of adult arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Souilhol
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jovana Serbanovic-Canic
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Maria Fragiadaki
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Timothy J Chico
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Bateson Centre for Lifecourse Biology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Victoria Ridger
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hannah Roddie
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul C Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- Bateson Centre for Lifecourse Biology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Souilhol C, Serbanovic-Canic J, Fragiadaki M, Chico TJ, Ridger V, Roddie H, Evans PC. Endothelial responses to shear stress in atherosclerosis: a novel role for developmental genes. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 17:52-63. [PMID: 31366922 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Flowing blood generates a frictional force called shear stress that has major effects on vascular function. Branches and bends of arteries are exposed to complex blood flow patterns that exert low or low oscillatory shear stress, a mechanical environment that promotes vascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Conversely, physiologically high shear stress is protective. Endothelial cells are critical sensors of shear stress but the mechanisms by which they decode complex shear stress environments to regulate physiological and pathophysiological responses remain incompletely understood. Several laboratories have advanced this field by integrating specialized shear-stress models with systems biology approaches, including transcriptome, methylome and proteome profiling and functional screening platforms, for unbiased identification of novel mechanosensitive signalling pathways in arteries. In this Review, we describe these studies, which reveal that shear stress regulates diverse processes and demonstrate that multiple pathways classically known to be involved in embryonic development, such as BMP-TGFβ, WNT, Notch, HIF1α, TWIST1 and HOX family genes, are regulated by shear stress in arteries in adults. We propose that mechanical activation of these pathways evolved to orchestrate vascular development but also drives atherosclerosis in low shear stress regions of adult arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Souilhol
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jovana Serbanovic-Canic
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Maria Fragiadaki
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Timothy J Chico
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Bateson Centre for Lifecourse Biology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Victoria Ridger
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hannah Roddie
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul C Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- Bateson Centre for Lifecourse Biology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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23
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Huo W, Li H, Zhang Y, Li H. Epigenetic silencing of microRNA-874-3p implicates in erectile dysfunction in diabetic rats by activating the Nupr1/Chop-mediated pathway. FASEB J 2019; 34:1695-1709. [PMID: 31914690 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902086r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a global medical problem that causes many deaths every year. Complications caused by diabetes are serious and affect patients' quality of life. Diabetes mellitus erectile dysfunction (DMED) affects more than half of male diabetes patients. In this study, we determined the role of microRNA-874-3p (miR-874-3p) and nuclear protein-1 (Nupr1) in streptozocin-induced DMED rats. Control rats received equal amount of vehicle. These rats were also injected with lentiviral vector or agomir to silence or overexpress miR-874-3p or Nupr1. Apomorphine (100 μg/kg, s.c.) was used to induce erection and time of erection was recorded. Intracavernosal and mean arterial pressure ratio (ICP/MAP) were also recorded. O2- level and concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) were detected using lucigenin-derived chemiluminescence method and Colorimetry. Rat cavernosum tissues were collected for subsequent experiments. Cavernosum smooth muscle cells (CSMCs) were also used for in vitro experiments. Nupr1 was found highly expressed (by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis) in cavernosum tissues from DMED rats. Nupr1 silencing improved the ICP/MAP ratio and erection time. Nupr1 silencing also reduced CSMC apoptosis (by TUNEL assay) as well as decreased O2- level and TBAR concentration. Nupr1 was targeted and inhibited by miR-874-3p (by luciferase activity and RNA immunoprecipitation assays), which was downregulated in DMED. miR-874-3p downregulation was due to increased methylation at the promoter region (methylation-specific PCR). miR-874-3p overexpression improved erection time and reduced apoptosis. In summary, miR-874-3p was downregulated which led to increased apoptosis and erectile dysfunction in DMED rats, through inhibition of Nupr1-mediated pathway. This study may also provide a new therapeutic direction for the treatment of DMED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huo
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Hai Li
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
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24
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Peghaire C, Dufton NP, Lang M, Salles-Crawley II, Ahnström J, Kalna V, Raimondi C, Pericleous C, Inuabasi L, Kiseleva R, Muzykantov VR, Mason JC, Birdsey GM, Randi AM. The transcription factor ERG regulates a low shear stress-induced anti-thrombotic pathway in the microvasculature. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5014. [PMID: 31676784 PMCID: PMC6825134 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12897-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells actively maintain an anti-thrombotic environment; loss of this protective function may lead to thrombosis and systemic coagulopathy. The transcription factor ERG is essential to maintain endothelial homeostasis. Here, we show that inducible endothelial ERG deletion (ErgiEC-KO) in mice is associated with spontaneous thrombosis, hemorrhages and systemic coagulopathy. We find that ERG drives transcription of the anticoagulant thrombomodulin (TM), as shown by reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation. TM expression is regulated by shear stress (SS) via Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2). In vitro, ERG regulates TM expression under low SS conditions, by facilitating KLF2 binding to the TM promoter. However, ERG is dispensable for TM expression in high SS conditions. In ErgiEC-KO mice, TM expression is decreased in liver and lung microvasculature exposed to low SS but not in blood vessels exposed to high SS. Our study identifies an endogenous, vascular bed-specific anticoagulant pathway in microvasculature exposed to low SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Peghaire
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - N P Dufton
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M Lang
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - I I Salles-Crawley
- Centre for Haematology, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Ahnström
- Centre for Haematology, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - V Kalna
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - C Raimondi
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - C Pericleous
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - L Inuabasi
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R Kiseleva
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - V R Muzykantov
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - J C Mason
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - G M Birdsey
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A M Randi
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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25
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Lee DY, Chiu JJ. Atherosclerosis and flow: roles of epigenetic modulation in vascular endothelium. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:56. [PMID: 31387590 PMCID: PMC6685237 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunctions, including turnover enrichment, gap junction disruption, inflammation, and oxidation, play vital roles in the initiation of vascular disorders and atherosclerosis. Hemodynamic forces, i.e., atherprotective pulsatile (PS) and pro-atherogenic oscillatory shear stress (OS), can activate mechanotransduction to modulate EC function and dysfunction. This review summarizes current studies aiming to elucidate the roles of epigenetic factors, i.e., histone deacetylases (HDACs), non-coding RNAs, and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), in mechanotransduction to modulate hemodynamics-regulated EC function and dysfunction. Main body of the abstract OS enhances the expression and nuclear accumulation of class I and class II HDACs to induce EC dysfunction, i.e., proliferation, oxidation, and inflammation, whereas PS induces phosphorylation-dependent nuclear export of class II HDACs to inhibit EC dysfunction. PS induces overexpression of the class III HDAC Sirt1 to enhance nitric oxide (NO) production and prevent EC dysfunction. In addition, hemodynamic forces modulate the expression and acetylation of transcription factors, i.e., retinoic acid receptor α and krüppel-like factor-2, to transcriptionally regulate the expression of microRNAs (miRs). OS-modulated miRs, which stimulate proliferative, pro-inflammatory, and oxidative signaling, promote EC dysfunction, whereas PS-regulated miRs, which induce anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative signaling, inhibit EC dysfunction. PS also modulates the expression of long non-coding RNAs to influence EC function. i.e., turnover, aligmant, and migration. On the other hand, OS enhances the expression of DNMT-1 and -3a to induce EC dysfunction, i.e., proliferation, inflammation, and NO repression. Conclusion Overall, epigenetic factors play vital roles in modulating hemodynamic-directed EC dysfunction and vascular disorders, i.e., atherosclerosis. Understanding the detailed mechanisms through which epigenetic factors regulate hemodynamics-directed EC dysfunction and vascular disorders can help us to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of atherosclerosis and develop potential therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Yu Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Jiann Chiu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 350, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan. .,Collage of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan. .,Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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26
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Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Cunha PG, Lacolley P, Nilsson PM. Concept of Extremes in Vascular Aging. Hypertension 2019; 74:218-228. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Laurent
- From the Department of Pharmacology, INSERM U970, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, France (S.L., P.B.)
| | - Pierre Boutouyrie
- From the Department of Pharmacology, INSERM U970, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, France (S.L., P.B.)
| | - Pedro Guimarães Cunha
- Center for the Research and Treatment of Arterial Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk, Serviço de Medicina Interna do Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal (P.G.C.)
- Life and Health Science Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal (P.G.C.)
| | | | - Peter M. Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Malmo, Sweden (P.M.N.)
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27
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Lu Y, Thavarajah T, Gu W, Cai J, Xu Q. Impact of miRNA in Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:e159-e170. [PMID: 30354259 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.310227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- From the Center of Clinical Pharmacology (Y.L.)
| | - Tanuja Thavarajah
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, United Kingdom (T.T., W.G., Q.X.)
| | - Wenduo Gu
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, United Kingdom (T.T., W.G., Q.X.)
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Cardiology (J.C., Q.X.), Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Department of Cardiology (J.C., Q.X.), Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, United Kingdom (T.T., W.G., Q.X.)
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28
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Charbonier FW, Zamani M, Huang NF. Endothelial Cell Mechanotransduction in the Dynamic Vascular Environment. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2019; 3:e1800252. [PMID: 31328152 PMCID: PMC6640152 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelial cells (ECs) that line the inner layer of blood vessels are responsible for maintaining vascular homeostasis under physiological conditions. In the presence of disease or injury, ECs can become dysfunctional and contribute to a progressive decline in vascular health. ECs are constantly exposed to a variety of dynamic mechanical stimuli, including hemodynamic shear stress, pulsatile stretch, and passive signaling cues derived from the extracellular matrix. This review describes the molecular mechanisms by which ECs perceive and interpret these mechanical signals. The translational applications of mechanosensing are then discussed in the context of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and engineering of vascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W. Charbonier
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Maedeh Zamani
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Ngan F. Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304
- The Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
- Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC 5407, Stanford, CA 94305-5407, USA
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29
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James BD, Allen JB. Vascular Endothelial Cell Behavior in Complex Mechanical Microenvironments. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:3818-3842. [PMID: 33429612 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vascular mechanical microenvironment consists of a mixture of spatially and temporally changing mechanical forces. This exposes vascular endothelial cells to both hemodynamic forces (fluid flow, cyclic stretching, lateral pressure) and vessel forces (basement membrane mechanical and topographical properties). The vascular mechanical microenvironment is "complex" because these forces are dynamic and interrelated. Endothelial cells sense these forces through mechanosensory structures and transduce them into functional responses via mechanotransduction pathways, culminating in behavior directly affecting vascular health. Recent in vitro studies have shown that endothelial cells respond in nuanced and unique ways to combinations of hemodynamic and vessel forces as compared to any single mechanical force. Understanding the interactive effects of the complex mechanical microenvironment on vascular endothelial behavior offers the opportunity to design future biomaterials and biomedical devices from the bottom-up by engineering for the cellular response. This review describes and defines (1) the blood vessel structure, (2) the complex mechanical microenvironment of the vascular endothelium, (3) the process in which vascular endothelial cells sense mechanical forces, and (4) the effect of mechanical forces on vascular endothelial cells with specific attention to recent works investigating the influence of combinations of mechanical forces. We conclude this review by providing our perspective on how the field can move forward to elucidate the effects of the complex mechanical microenvironment on vascular endothelial cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D James
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Florida, 100 Rhines Hall, PO Box 116400, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.,Institute for Computational Engineering, University of Florida, 300 Weil Hall, PO Box 116550, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Josephine B Allen
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Florida, 100 Rhines Hall, PO Box 116400, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.,Institute for Cell and Tissue Science and Engineering, 300 Weil Hall, PO Box 116550, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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30
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Chen YC, Huang AL, Kyaw TS, Bobik A, Peter K. Atherosclerotic Plaque Rupture: Identifying the Straw That Breaks the Camel's Back. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 36:e63-72. [PMID: 27466619 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chih Chen
- From the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Y.-C.C., A.L.H., K.P.), and Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory (T.S.K., A.B.), Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.H., A.B., K.P.)
| | - Alex L Huang
- From the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Y.-C.C., A.L.H., K.P.), and Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory (T.S.K., A.B.), Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.H., A.B., K.P.)
| | - Tin S Kyaw
- From the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Y.-C.C., A.L.H., K.P.), and Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory (T.S.K., A.B.), Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.H., A.B., K.P.)
| | - Alex Bobik
- From the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Y.-C.C., A.L.H., K.P.), and Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory (T.S.K., A.B.), Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.H., A.B., K.P.)
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- From the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Y.-C.C., A.L.H., K.P.), and Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory (T.S.K., A.B.), Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.H., A.B., K.P.).
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Schlereth K, Weichenhan D, Bauer T, Heumann T, Giannakouri E, Lipka D, Jaeger S, Schlesner M, Aloy P, Eils R, Plass C, Augustin HG. The transcriptomic and epigenetic map of vascular quiescence in the continuous lung endothelium. eLife 2018; 7:34423. [PMID: 29749927 PMCID: PMC5947988 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of a quiescent and organotypically-differentiated layer of blood vessel-lining endothelial cells (EC) is vital for human health. Yet, the molecular mechanisms of vascular quiescence remain largely elusive. Here we identify the genome-wide transcriptomic program controlling the acquisition of quiescence by comparing lung EC of infant and adult mice, revealing a prominent regulation of TGFß family members. These transcriptomic changes are distinctly accompanied by epigenetic modifications, measured at single CpG resolution. Gain of DNA methylation affects developmental pathways, including NOTCH signaling. Conversely, loss of DNA methylation preferentially occurs in intragenic clusters affecting intronic enhancer regions of genes involved in TGFβ family signaling. Functional experiments prototypically validated the strongly epigenetically regulated inhibitors of TGFβ family signaling SMAD6 and SMAD7 as regulators of EC quiescence. These data establish the transcriptional and epigenetic landscape of vascular quiescence that will serve as a foundation for further mechanistic studies of vascular homeostasis and disease-associated activation. The vascular system is made up of vessels including arteries, capillaries and veins that carry blood throughout the body. The inner surfaces of these blood vessels are lined with a thin layer of cells, called endothelial cells, which form a barrier and a communicating interface between the circulation and the surrounding tissue. Early in an organism’s life, when the vascular system is still growing, endothelial cells increase in number by dividing into more cells. In adulthood, as the vascular system reaches its full size, the endothelial cells maintain a stable number. As a result, an adult’s vascular system has a resting layer of endothelial cells that does not divide. This is known as vascular quiescence, and scientists know little about how the body achieves and maintains it. To unravel the mechanisms controlling vascular quiescence, Schlereth et al. studied endothelial cells taken from blood vessels in the lungs of newborn and adult mice. By comparing all the genes present at both developmental stages, the changes of gene activity in these cells could be measured. The results showed that the activity of genes strongly correlated with so called epigenetic changes in the genes involved in vascular quiescence. These are DNA modifications that can alter the function of a gene without affecting its underlying sequence. Two genes in particular (Smad6 and Smad7) appeared to play an important role in vascular quiescence. Their corresponding proteins, SMAD6 and SMAD7, inhibit another group of proteins (TGFβ family) important for cell growth. The results showed that the endothelial cells in adult mice produced more SMAD6 and SMAD7 than in young mice. Therefore, endothelial cells of adult mice stop to increase in number and to migrate. For the first time ever, Schlereth et al. have provided an extensive comparative analysis of gene activity and epigenetic changes to study vascular quiescence. The findings open a new chapter of vascular biology and will serve as a foundation for future research into the mechanisms of vascular quiescence. Problems in maintaining a resting layer of cells may lead to vascular dysfunction, which is associated with a wide range of diseases, such as stroke, heart disease and cancer making it a leading cause of death. In future, scientists may be able to develop new treatments that target specific molecules to help the body achieve a resting blood vessel system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schlereth
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Weichenhan
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Bauer
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tina Heumann
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Evangelia Giannakouri
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Lipka
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Samira Jaeger
- Joint IRB-BSC-CRG Program in Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matthias Schlesner
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Bioinformatics and Omics Data Analytics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Aloy
- Joint IRB-BSC-CRG Program in Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roland Eils
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Bioquant Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Plass
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hellmut G Augustin
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
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Fancher IS, Ahn SJ, Adamos C, Osborn C, Oh MJ, Fang Y, Reardon CA, Getz GS, Phillips SA, Levitan I. Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Loss of Flow-Induced Vasodilation and Lesion Formation in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Critically Depend on Inwardly Rectifying K + Channels. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e007430. [PMID: 29502106 PMCID: PMC5866319 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypercholesterolemia-induced decreased availability of nitric oxide (NO) is a major factor in cardiovascular disease. We previously established that cholesterol suppresses endothelial inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir) channels and that Kir2.1 is an upstream mediator of flow-induced NO production. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that suppression of Kir2.1 is responsible for hypercholesterolemia-induced inhibition of flow-induced NO production and flow-induced vasodilation (FIV). We also tested the role of Kir2.1 in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS Kir2.1 currents are significantly suppressed in microvascular endothelial cells exposed to acetylated-low-density lipoprotein or isolated from apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/- ) mice and rescued by cholesterol depletion. Genetic deficiency of Kir2.1 on the background of hypercholesterolemic Apoe-/- mice, Kir2.1+/-/Apoe-/- exhibit the same blunted FIV and flow-induced NO response as Apoe-/- or Kir2.1+/- alone, but while FIV in Apoe-/- mice can be rescued by cholesterol depletion, in Kir2.1+/-/Apoe-/- mice cholesterol depletion has no effect on FIV. Endothelial-specific overexpression of Kir2.1 in arteries from Apoe-/- and Kir2.1+/-/Apoe-/- mice results in full rescue of FIV and NO production in Apoe-/- mice with and without the addition of a high-fat diet. Conversely, endothelial-specific expression of dominant-negative Kir2.1 results in the opposite effect. Kir2.1+/-/Apoe-/- mice also show increased lesion formation, particularly in the atheroresistant area of descending aorta. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that hypercholesterolemia-induced reduction in FIV is largely attributable to cholesterol suppression of Kir2.1 function via the loss of flow-induced NO production, whereas the stages downstream of flow-induced Kir2.1 activation appear to be mostly intact. Kir2.1 channels also have an atheroprotective role.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/metabolism
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/physiopathology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/physiopathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cholesterol/blood
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Hypercholesterolemia/genetics
- Hypercholesterolemia/metabolism
- Hypercholesterolemia/pathology
- Hypercholesterolemia/physiopathology
- Male
- Mesenteric Arteries/metabolism
- Mesenteric Arteries/physiopathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/deficiency
- Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/genetics
- Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Vasodilation
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibra S Fancher
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - Sang Joon Ahn
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - Crystal Adamos
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - Catherine Osborn
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - Myung-Jin Oh
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL
| | - Yun Fang
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL
| | | | | | - Shane A Phillips
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - Irena Levitan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
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Kwa FA, Jackson DE. Manipulating the epigenome for the treatment of disorders with thrombotic complications. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:719-726. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Altered DNA methylation indicates an oscillatory flow mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition signature in ascending aorta of patients with bicuspid aortic valve. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2777. [PMID: 29426841 PMCID: PMC5807320 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20642-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbed flow has been suggested to contribute to aneurysm susceptibility in bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) patients. Lately, flow has emerged as an important modulator of DNA methylation. Hear we combined global methylation analysis with in vitro studies of flow-sensitive methylation to identify biological processes associated with BAV-aortopathy and the potential contribution of flow. Biopsies from non-dilated and dilated ascending aortas were collected from BAV (n = 21) and tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) patients (n = 23). DNA methylation and gene expression was measured in aortic intima-media tissue samples, and in EA.hy926 and primary aortic endothelial cells (ECs) isolated from BAV and TAV exposed to oscillatory (±12 dynes/cm2) or laminar (12 dynes/cm2) flow. We show methylation changes related to epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) in the non-dilated BAV aorta, associated with oscillatory flow related to endocytosis. The results indicate that the flow-response in BAV ECs involves hypomethylation and increased expression of WNT/β-catenin genes, as opposed to an angiogenic profile in TAV ECs. The EMT-signature was exasperated in dilated BAV aortas. Aberrant EMT in BAV aortic walls could contribute to increased aneurysm susceptibility, and may be due to disturbed flow-exposure. Perturbations during the spatiotemporally related embryonic development of ascending aorta and semilunar valves can however not be excluded.
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Abstract
Edema is typically presented as a secondary effect from injury, illness, disease, or medication, and its impact on patient wellness is nested within the underlying etiology. Therefore, it is often thought of more as an amplifier to current preexisting conditions. Edema, however, can be an independent risk factor for patient deterioration. Improper management of edema is costly not only to the patient, but also to treatment and care facilities, as mismanagement of edema results in increased lengths of hospital stay. Direct tissue trauma, disease, or inappropriate resuscitation and/or ventilation strategies result in edema formation through physical disruption and chemical messenger-based structural modifications of the microvascular barrier. Derangements in microvascular barrier function limit tissue oxygenation, nutrient flow, and cellular waste removal. Recent studies have sought to elucidate cellular signaling and structural alterations that result in vascular hyperpermeability in a variety of critical care conditions to include hemorrhage, burn trauma, and sepsis. These studies and many others have highlighted how multiple mechanisms alter paracellular and/or transcellular pathways promoting hyperpermeability. Roles for endothelial glycocalyx, extracellular matrix and basement membrane, vesiculo-vacuolar organelles, cellular junction and cytoskeletal proteins, and vascular pericytes have been described, demonstrating the complexity of microvascular barrier regulation. Understanding these basic mechanisms inside and out of microvessels aid in developing better treatment strategies to mitigate the harmful effects of excessive edema formation.
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Le Master E, Huang RT, Zhang C, Bogachkov Y, Coles C, Shentu TP, Sheng Y, Fancher IS, Ng C, Christoforidis T, Subbaiah PV, Berdyshev E, Qain Z, Eddington DT, Lee J, Cho M, Fang Y, Minshall RD, Levitan I. Proatherogenic Flow Increases Endothelial Stiffness via Enhanced CD36-Mediated Uptake of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:64-75. [PMID: 29025707 PMCID: PMC5746473 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disturbed flow (DF) is well-known to induce endothelial dysfunction and synergistically with plasma dyslipidemia facilitate plaque formation. Little is known, however, about the synergistic impact of DF and dyslipidemia on endothelial biomechanics. Our goal was to determine the impact of DF on endothelial stiffness and evaluate the role of dyslipidemia/oxLDL (oxidized low-density lipoprotein) in this process. APPROACH AND RESULTS Endothelial elastic modulus of intact mouse aortas ex vivo and of human aortic endothelial cells exposed to laminar flow or DF was measured using atomic force microscopy. Endothelial monolayer of the aortic arch is found to be significantly stiffer than the descending aorta (4.2+1.1 versus 2.5+0.2 kPa for aortic arch versus descending aorta) in mice maintained on low-fat diet. This effect is significantly exacerbated by short-term high-fat diet (8.7+2.5 versus 4.5+1.2 kPa for aortic arch versus descending aorta). Exposure of human aortic endothelial cells to DF in vitro resulted in 50% increase in oxLDL uptake and significant endothelial stiffening in the presence but not in the absence of oxLDL. DF also increased the expression of oxLDL receptor CD36 (cluster of differentiation 36), whereas downregulation of CD36 abrogated DF-induced endothelial oxLDL uptake and stiffening. Furthermore, genetic deficiency of CD36 abrogated endothelial stiffening in the aortic arch in vivo in mice fed either low-fat diet or high-fat diet. We also show that the loss of endothelial stiffening in CD36 knockout aortas is not mediated by the loss of CD36 in circulating cells. CONCLUSIONS DF facilitates endothelial CD36-dependent uptake of oxidized lipids resulting in local increase of endothelial stiffness in proatherogenic areas of the aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Le Master
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Ru-Ting Huang
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Chongxu Zhang
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Yedida Bogachkov
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Cassandre Coles
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Tzu-Pin Shentu
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Yue Sheng
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Ibra S Fancher
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Carlos Ng
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Theodore Christoforidis
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Pappasani V Subbaiah
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Evgeny Berdyshev
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Zhijian Qain
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - David T Eddington
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - James Lee
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Michael Cho
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Yun Fang
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Richard D Minshall
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.)
| | - Irena Levitan
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (E.L.M., C.Z., T.-P.S., I.S.F., I.L.), Division of Endocrinology (P.V.S.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (Y.S., Z.Q.), and Departments of Bioengineering (E.L.M., T.-P.S., C.N., T.C., D.T.E., J.L., M.C., I.L.), Pharmacology (Y.B., C.C., R.D.M., I.L.), and Anesthesiology (R.D.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (R.-T.H., Y.F.); and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (E.B.).
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Schäfer M, Barker AJ, Kheyfets V, Stenmark KR, Crapo J, Yeager ME, Truong U, Buckner JK, Fenster BE, Hunter KS. Helicity and Vorticity of Pulmonary Arterial Flow in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension: Quantitative Analysis of Flow Formations. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.007010. [PMID: 29263034 PMCID: PMC5779020 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Qualitative and quantitative flow hemodynamic indexes have been shown to reflect right ventricular (RV) afterload and function in pulmonary hypertension (PH). We aimed to quantify flow hemodynamic formations in pulmonary arteries using 4‐dimensional flow cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and the spatial velocity derivatives helicity and vorticity in a heterogeneous PH population. Methods and Results Patients with PH (n=35) and controls (n=10) underwent 4‐dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging study for computation of helicity and vorticity in the main pulmonary artery (MPA), the right pulmonary artery, and the RV outflow tract. Helicity and vorticity were correlated with standard RV volumetric and functional indexes along with MPA stiffness assessed by measuring relative area change. Patients with PH had a significantly decreased helicity in the MPA (8 versus 32 m/s2; P<0.001), the right pulmonary artery (24 versus 50 m/s2; P<0.001), and the RV outflow tract–MPA unit (15 versus 42 m/s2; P<0.001). Vorticity was significantly decreased in patients with PH only in the right pulmonary artery (26 versus 45 1/s; P<0.001). Total helicity computed correlated with the cardiac magnetic resonance imaging–derived ventricular‐vascular coupling (−0.927; P<0.000), the RV ejection fraction (0.865; P<0.0001), cardiac output (0.581; P<0.0001), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (−0.581; P=0.0008), and relative area change measured at the MPA (0.789; P<0.0001). Conclusions The flow hemodynamic character in patients with PH assessed via quantitative analysis is considerably different when compared with healthy and normotensive controls. A strong association between helicity in pulmonary arteries and ventricular‐vascular coupling suggests a relationship between the mechanical and flow hemodynamic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Schäfer
- Division of Cardiology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO .,Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO
| | - Alex J Barker
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Vitaly Kheyfets
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO.,Pediatric Division, Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine, University of Colorado Denver
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO
| | - James Crapo
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | - Michael E Yeager
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO
| | - Uyen Truong
- Division of Cardiology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO
| | - J Kern Buckner
- Division of Cardiology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | | | - Kendall S Hunter
- Division of Cardiology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO
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39
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Schäfer M, Kheyfets VO, Barker AJ, Stenmark K, Hunter KS, McClatchey PM, Buckner JK, Reece TB, Jazaeri O, Fenster BE. Reduced shear stress and associated aortic deformation in the thoracic aorta of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Vasc Surg 2017; 68:246-253. [PMID: 28986100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.06.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Central aortic stiffness and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with increased incidence of devastating aortopathies. However, the exact mechanism leading to elevated aortic stiffness in patients with COPD is unknown. The purpose of this study was to quantify flow and shear hemodynamic indices, known markers of vascular remodeling, in the thoracic aorta of patients with mild to moderate COPD (n = 16) and to compare these results with an age-matched control group (n = 10). METHODS Four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging has been applied to measure hemodynamic wall shear stress (WSS) at four specific planes along the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and proximal descending aorta for all subjects. Peak systolic WSS and time-averaged WSS, which respectively reflect magnitude and temporal shear variability, were calculated at standardized planes. Aortic deformation was measured by means of relative area change (RAC) at the midlevel of the ascending and descending aorta. RESULTS Compared with controls, patients with COPD had significantly reduced RAC in the mid ascending aorta (9% vs 18%; P < .0001) and descending aorta (15% vs 19%; P = .0206). Peak systolic WSS in COPD patients was significantly reduced in all considered planes, with the most dramatic difference occurring in the descending aorta (0.46 vs 0.86 N/m2; P < .0001). Peak systolic WSS and time-averaged WSS were both significantly correlated with aortic RAC at each evaluated plane. CONCLUSIONS Reduced flow shear metrics assessed at specific aortic regions correlated with RAC, a marker of aortic stiffness. Reduced hemodynamic WSS may then contribute to central aortic stiffening and perpetuate the risk for development of severe aortopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Schäfer
- Department of Cardiology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo.
| | - Vitaly O Kheyfets
- Department of Cardiology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo
| | - Alex J Barker
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill
| | - Kurt Stenmark
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo
| | - Kendall S Hunter
- Department of Cardiology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo
| | - P Mason McClatchey
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo
| | - J Kern Buckner
- Department of Cardiology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - T Brett Reece
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo
| | - Omid Jazaeri
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo
| | - Brett E Fenster
- Department of Cardiology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
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40
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Watson A, Nong Z, Yin H, O’Neil C, Fox S, Balint B, Guo L, Leo O, Chu MW, Gros R, Pickering JG. Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase in Smooth Muscle Cells Maintains Genome Integrity, Resists Aortic Medial Degeneration, and Is Suppressed in Human Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Disease. Circ Res 2017; 120:1889-1902. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.310022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rationale:
The thoracic aortic wall can degenerate over time with catastrophic consequences. Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) can resist and repair artery damage, but their capacities decline with age and stress. Recently, cellular production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD
+
) via nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) has emerged as a mediator of cell vitality. However, a role for Nampt in aortic SMCs in vivo is unknown.
Objectives:
To determine whether a Nampt-NAD
+
control system exists within the aortic media and is required for aortic health.
Methods and Results:
Ascending aortas from patients with dilated aortopathy were immunostained for NAMPT, revealing an inverse relationship between SMC NAMPT content and aortic diameter. To determine whether a Nampt-NAD
+
control system in SMCs impacts aortic integrity, mice with
Nampt
-deficient SMCs were generated. SMC-
Nampt
knockout mice were viable but with mildly dilated aortas that had a 43% reduction in NAD
+
in the media. Infusion of angiotensin II led to aortic medial hemorrhage and dissection. SMCs were not apoptotic but displayed senescence associated-ß-galactosidase activity and upregulated p16, indicating premature senescence. Furthermore, there was evidence for oxidized DNA lesions, double-strand DNA strand breaks, and pronounced susceptibility to single-strand breakage. This was linked to suppressed poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 activity and was reversible on resupplying NAD
+
with nicotinamide riboside. Remarkably, we discovered unrepaired DNA strand breaks in SMCs within the human ascending aorta, which were specifically enriched in SMCs with low NAMPT.
NAMPT
promoter analysis revealed CpG hypermethylation within the dilated human thoracic aorta and in SMCs cultured from these tissues, which inversely correlated with
NAMPT
expression.
Conclusions:
The aortic media depends on an intrinsic NAD
+
fueling system to protect against DNA damage and premature SMC senescence, with relevance to human thoracic aortopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna Watson
- From the Robarts Research Institute (A.W., Z.N., H.Y., C.O., R.G., J.G.P.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (J.G.P.), Department of Biochemistry (A.W., J.G.P.), Department of Medical Biophysics (B.B., J.G.P.), Department of Surgery (S.F., L.G., M.W.A.C.), and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.), The University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre, Canada; and Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (O.L.)
| | - Zengxuan Nong
- From the Robarts Research Institute (A.W., Z.N., H.Y., C.O., R.G., J.G.P.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (J.G.P.), Department of Biochemistry (A.W., J.G.P.), Department of Medical Biophysics (B.B., J.G.P.), Department of Surgery (S.F., L.G., M.W.A.C.), and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.), The University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre, Canada; and Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (O.L.)
| | - Hao Yin
- From the Robarts Research Institute (A.W., Z.N., H.Y., C.O., R.G., J.G.P.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (J.G.P.), Department of Biochemistry (A.W., J.G.P.), Department of Medical Biophysics (B.B., J.G.P.), Department of Surgery (S.F., L.G., M.W.A.C.), and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.), The University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre, Canada; and Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (O.L.)
| | - Caroline O’Neil
- From the Robarts Research Institute (A.W., Z.N., H.Y., C.O., R.G., J.G.P.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (J.G.P.), Department of Biochemistry (A.W., J.G.P.), Department of Medical Biophysics (B.B., J.G.P.), Department of Surgery (S.F., L.G., M.W.A.C.), and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.), The University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre, Canada; and Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (O.L.)
| | - Stephanie Fox
- From the Robarts Research Institute (A.W., Z.N., H.Y., C.O., R.G., J.G.P.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (J.G.P.), Department of Biochemistry (A.W., J.G.P.), Department of Medical Biophysics (B.B., J.G.P.), Department of Surgery (S.F., L.G., M.W.A.C.), and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.), The University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre, Canada; and Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (O.L.)
| | - Brittany Balint
- From the Robarts Research Institute (A.W., Z.N., H.Y., C.O., R.G., J.G.P.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (J.G.P.), Department of Biochemistry (A.W., J.G.P.), Department of Medical Biophysics (B.B., J.G.P.), Department of Surgery (S.F., L.G., M.W.A.C.), and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.), The University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre, Canada; and Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (O.L.)
| | - Linrui Guo
- From the Robarts Research Institute (A.W., Z.N., H.Y., C.O., R.G., J.G.P.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (J.G.P.), Department of Biochemistry (A.W., J.G.P.), Department of Medical Biophysics (B.B., J.G.P.), Department of Surgery (S.F., L.G., M.W.A.C.), and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.), The University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre, Canada; and Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (O.L.)
| | - Oberdan Leo
- From the Robarts Research Institute (A.W., Z.N., H.Y., C.O., R.G., J.G.P.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (J.G.P.), Department of Biochemistry (A.W., J.G.P.), Department of Medical Biophysics (B.B., J.G.P.), Department of Surgery (S.F., L.G., M.W.A.C.), and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.), The University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre, Canada; and Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (O.L.)
| | - Michael W.A. Chu
- From the Robarts Research Institute (A.W., Z.N., H.Y., C.O., R.G., J.G.P.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (J.G.P.), Department of Biochemistry (A.W., J.G.P.), Department of Medical Biophysics (B.B., J.G.P.), Department of Surgery (S.F., L.G., M.W.A.C.), and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.), The University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre, Canada; and Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (O.L.)
| | - Robert Gros
- From the Robarts Research Institute (A.W., Z.N., H.Y., C.O., R.G., J.G.P.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (J.G.P.), Department of Biochemistry (A.W., J.G.P.), Department of Medical Biophysics (B.B., J.G.P.), Department of Surgery (S.F., L.G., M.W.A.C.), and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.), The University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre, Canada; and Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (O.L.)
| | - J. Geoffrey Pickering
- From the Robarts Research Institute (A.W., Z.N., H.Y., C.O., R.G., J.G.P.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (J.G.P.), Department of Biochemistry (A.W., J.G.P.), Department of Medical Biophysics (B.B., J.G.P.), Department of Surgery (S.F., L.G., M.W.A.C.), and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.), The University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre, Canada; and Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (O.L.)
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41
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Pesce M, Santoro R. Feeling the right force: How to contextualize the cell mechanical behavior in physiologic turnover and pathologic evolution of the cardiovascular system. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 171:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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42
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Teasdale JE, Hazell GGJ, Peachey AMG, Sala-Newby GB, Hindmarch CCT, McKay TR, Bond M, Newby AC, White SJ. Cigarette smoke extract profoundly suppresses TNFα-mediated proinflammatory gene expression through upregulation of ATF3 in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39945. [PMID: 28059114 PMCID: PMC5216376 DOI: 10.1038/srep39945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction caused by the combined action of disturbed flow, inflammatory mediators and oxidants derived from cigarette smoke is known to promote coronary atherosclerosis and increase the likelihood of myocardial infarctions and strokes. Conversely, laminar flow protects against endothelial dysfunction, at least in the initial phases of atherogenesis. We studied the effects of TNFα and cigarette smoke extract on human coronary artery endothelial cells under oscillatory, normal laminar and elevated laminar shear stress for a period of 72 hours. We found, firstly, that laminar flow fails to overcome the inflammatory effects of TNFα under these conditions but that cigarette smoke induces an anti-oxidant response that appears to reduce endothelial inflammation. Elevated laminar flow, TNFα and cigarette smoke extract synergise to induce expression of the transcriptional regulator activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), which we show by adenovirus driven overexpression, decreases inflammatory gene expression independently of activation of nuclear factor-κB. Our results illustrate the importance of studying endothelial dysfunction in vitro over prolonged periods. They also identify ATF3 as an important protective factor against endothelial dysfunction. Modulation of ATF3 expression may represent a novel approach to modulate proinflammatory gene expression and open new therapeutic avenues to treat proinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack E. Teasdale
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Georgina G. J. Hazell
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Alasdair M. G. Peachey
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Graciela B. Sala-Newby
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Charles C. T. Hindmarch
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada, K7L 3N6
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tristan R. McKay
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Mark Bond
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Andrew C. Newby
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Stephen J. White
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
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43
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Exercise Training and Epigenetic Regulation: Multilevel Modification and Regulation of Gene Expression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1000:281-322. [PMID: 29098627 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4304-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training elicits acute and adaptive long term changes in human physiology that mediate the improvement of performance and health state. The responses are integrative and orchestrated by several mechanisms, as gene expression. Gene expression is essential to construct the adaptation of the biological system to exercise training, since there are molecular processes mediating oxidative and non-oxidative metabolism, angiogenesis, cardiac and skeletal myofiber hypertrophy, and other processes that leads to a greater physiological status. Epigenetic is the field that studies about gene expression changes heritable by meiosis and mitosis, by changes in chromatin and DNA conformation, but not in DNA sequence, that studies the regulation on gene expression that is independent of genotype. The field approaches mechanisms of DNA and chromatin conformational changes that inhibit or increase gene expression and determine tissue specific pattern. The three major studied epigenetic mechanisms are DNA methylation, Histone modification, and regulation of noncoding RNA-associated genes. This review elucidates these mechanisms, focusing on the relationship between them and their relationship with exercise training, physical performance and the enhancement of health status. On this chapter, we clarified the relationship of epigenetic modulations and their intimal relationship with acute and chronic effect of exercise training, concentrating our effort on skeletal muscle, heart and vascular responses, that are the most responsive systems against to exercise training and play crucial role on physical performance and improvement of health state.
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44
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Biofluids, cell mechanics and epigenetics: Flow-induced epigenetic mechanisms of endothelial gene expression. J Biomech 2016; 50:3-10. [PMID: 27865480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is the regulation of gene expression (transcription) in response to changes in the cell environment through genomic modifications that largely involve the non-coding fraction of the human genome and that cannot be attributed to modification of the primary DNA sequence. Epigenetics is dominant in establishing cell fate and positioning during programmed embryonic development. However the same pathways are used by mature postnatal and adult mammalian cells during normal physiology and are implicated in disease mechanisms. Recent research demonstrates that blood flow and pressure are cell environments that can influence transcription via epigenetic pathways. The principal epigenetic pathways are chemical modification of cytosine residues of DNA (DNA methylation) and of the amino tails of histone proteins associated with DNA in nucleosomes. They also encompass the post-transcriptional degradation of mRNA transcripts by non-coding RNAs (ncRNA). In vascular endothelium, epigenetic pathways respond to temporal and spatial variations of flow and pressure, particularly hemodynamic disturbed blood flow, with important consequences for gene expression. The biofluid environment is linked by mechanotransduction and solute transport to cardiovascular cell phenotypes via signaling pathways and epigenetic regulation for which there is an adequate interdisciplinary infrastructure with robust tools and methods available. Epigenetic mechanisms may be less familiar than acute genomic signaling to Investigators at the interface of biofluids, biomechanics and cardiovascular biology. Here we introduce a biofluids / cellular biomechanics readership to the principal epigenetic pathways and provide a contextual overview of endothelial epigenetic plasticity in the regulation of flow-responsive transcription.
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45
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Mason JC. Cytoprotective pathways in the vascular endothelium. Do they represent a viable therapeutic target? Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 86:41-52. [PMID: 27520362 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is a critical interface, which separates the organs from the blood and its contents. The endothelium has a wide variety of functions and maintenance of endothelial homeostasis is a multi-dimensional active process, disruption of which has potentially deleterious consequences if not reversed. Vascular injury predisposes to endothelial apoptosis, dysfunction and development of atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction is an end-point, a central feature of which is increased ROS generation, a reduction in endothelial nitric oxide synthase and increased nitric oxide consumption. A dysfunctional endothelium is a common feature of diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes mellitus and chronic renal impairment. The endothelium is endowed with a variety of constitutive and inducible mechanisms that act to minimise injury and facilitate repair. Endothelial cytoprotection can be enhanced by exogenous factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor, prostacyclin and laminar shear stress. Target genes include endothelial nitric oxide synthase, heme oxygenase-1, A20 and anti-apoptotic members of the B cell lymphoma protein-2 family. In light of the importance of endothelial function, and the link between its disruption and the risk of atherothrombosis, interest has focused on therapeutic conditioning and reversal of endothelial dysfunction. A detailed understanding of cytoprotective signalling pathways, their regulation and target genes is now required to identify novel therapeutic targets. The ultimate aim is to add vasculoprotection to current therapeutic strategies for systemic inflammatory diseases, in an attempt to reduce vascular injury and prevent or retard atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Mason
- Vascular Science, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
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46
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Thomas JM, Surendran S, Abraham M, Rajavelu A, Kartha CC. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in the development of arteriovenous malformations in the brain. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:78. [PMID: 27453762 PMCID: PMC4957361 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular malformations are developmental congenital abnormalities of the vascular system which may involve any segment of the vascular tree such as capillaries, veins, arteries, or lymphatics. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are congenital vascular lesions, initially described as “erectile tumors,” characterized by atypical aggregation of dilated arteries and veins. They may occur in any part of the body, including the brain, heart, liver, and skin. Severe clinical manifestations occur only in the brain. There is absence of normal vascular structure at the subarteriolar level and dearth of capillary bed resulting in aberrant arteriovenous shunting. The causative factor and pathogenic mechanisms of AVMs are unknown. Importantly, no marker proteins have been identified for AVM. AVM is a high flow vascular malformation and is considered to develop because of variability in the hemodynamic forces of blood flow. Altered local hemodynamics in the blood vessels can affect cellular metabolism and may trigger epigenetic factors of the endothelial cell. The genes that are recognized to be associated with AVM might be modulated by various epigenetic factors. We propose that AVMs result from a series of changes in the DNA methylation and histone modifications in the genes connected to vascular development. Aberrant epigenetic modifications in the genome of endothelial cells may drive the artery or vein to an aberrant phenotype. This review focuses on the molecular pathways of arterial and venous development and discusses the role of hemodynamic forces in the development of AVM and possible link between hemodynamic forces and epigenetic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of AVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Mary Thomas
- Cardiovascular Disease Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojapura, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala India
| | - Sumi Surendran
- Cardiovascular Disease Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojapura, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala India
| | - Mathew Abraham
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala India
| | - Arumugam Rajavelu
- Cardiovascular Disease Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojapura, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala India ; Tropical Disease Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojapura, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala India
| | - Chandrasekharan C Kartha
- Cardiovascular Disease Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojapura, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala India
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47
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Man HSJ, Yan MS, Lee JJ, Marsden PA. Epigenetic determinants of cardiovascular gene expression: vascular endothelium. Epigenomics 2016; 8:959-79. [PMID: 27381277 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The modern landscape of gene regulation involves interacting factors that ultimately lead to gene activation or repression. Epigenetic mechanisms provide a perspective of cellular phenotype as dynamically regulated and responsive to input. This perspective is supported by the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from fully differentiated cell types. In vascular endothelial cells, evidence suggests that epigenetic mechanisms play a major role in the expression of endothelial cell-specific genes such as the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3/eNOS). These mechanisms are also important for eNOS expression in response to environmental stimuli such as hypoxia and shear stress. A newer paradigm in epigenetics, long noncoding RNAs offer a link between genetic variation, epigenetic regulation and disease. While the understanding of epigenetic mechanisms is early in its course, it is becoming clear that approaches to understanding the interaction of these factors and their inputs will be necessary to improve outcomes in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hon-Sum Jeffrey Man
- Department of Medicine, Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Respirology & Critical Care, University Health Network & Mt Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew S Yan
- Department of Medicine, Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Jy Lee
- Department of Medicine, Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip A Marsden
- Department of Medicine, Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Nephrology, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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48
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Aman J, Weijers EM, van Nieuw Amerongen GP, Malik AB, van Hinsbergh VWM. Using cultured endothelial cells to study endothelial barrier dysfunction: Challenges and opportunities. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L453-66. [PMID: 27343194 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00393.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable progress in the understanding of endothelial barrier regulation and the identification of approaches that have the potential to improve endothelial barrier function, no drug- or stem cell-based therapy is presently available to reverse the widespread vascular leak that is observed in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis. The translational gap suggests a need to develop experimental approaches and tools that better mimic the complex environment of the microcirculation in which the vascular leak develops. Recent studies have identified several elements of this microenvironment. Among these are composition and stiffness of the extracellular matrix, fluid shear stress, interaction of endothelial cells (ECs) with pericytes, oxygen tension, and the combination of toxic and mechanic injurious stimuli. Development of novel cell culture techniques that integrate these elements would allow in-depth analysis of EC biology that closely approaches the (patho)physiological conditions in situ. In parallel, techniques to isolate organ-specific ECs, to define EC heterogeneity in its full complexity, and to culture patient-derived ECs from inducible pluripotent stem cells or endothelial progenitor cells are likely to advance the understanding of ARDS and lead to development of therapeutics. This review 1) summarizes the advantages and pitfalls of EC cultures to study vascular leak in ARDS, 2) provides an overview of elements of the microvascular environment that can directly affect endothelial barrier function, and 3) discusses alternative methods to bridge the gap between basic research and clinical application with the intent of improving the translational value of present EC culture approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurjan Aman
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Ester M Weijers
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geerten P van Nieuw Amerongen
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Victor W M van Hinsbergh
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal M. Boulanger
- From the INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center–PARCC, and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970, Paris, France
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50
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Baeyens N, Bandyopadhyay C, Coon BG, Yun S, Schwartz MA. Endothelial fluid shear stress sensing in vascular health and disease. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:821-8. [PMID: 26928035 DOI: 10.1172/jci83083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells transduce the frictional force from blood flow (fluid shear stress) into biochemical signals that regulate gene expression and cell behavior via specialized mechanisms and pathways. These pathways shape the vascular system during development and during postnatal and adult life to optimize flow to tissues. The same pathways also contribute to atherosclerosis and vascular malformations. This Review covers recent advances in basic mechanisms of flow signaling and the involvement of these mechanisms in vascular physiology, remodeling, and these diseases. We propose that flow sensing pathways that govern normal morphogenesis can contribute to disease under pathological conditions or can be altered to induce disease. Viewing atherosclerosis and vascular malformations as instances of pathological morphogenesis provides a unifying perspective that may aid in developing new therapies.
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