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Huang R, Pang Q, Zheng L, Lin J, Li H, Wan L, Wang T. Cholesterol metabolism: physiological versus pathological aspects in intracerebral hemorrhage. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1015-1030. [PMID: 38989934 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an important component of plasma membranes and participates in many basic life functions, such as the maintenance of cell membrane stability, the synthesis of steroid hormones, and myelination. Cholesterol plays a key role in the establishment and maintenance of the central nervous system. The brain contains 20% of the whole body's cholesterol, 80% of which is located within myelin. A huge number of processes (e.g., the sterol regulatory element-binding protein pathway and liver X receptor pathway) participate in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the brain via mechanisms that include cholesterol biosynthesis, intracellular transport, and efflux. Certain brain injuries or diseases involving crosstalk among the processes above can affect normal cholesterol metabolism to induce detrimental consequences. Therefore, we hypothesized that cholesterol-related molecules and pathways can serve as therapeutic targets for central nervous system diseases. Intracerebral hemorrhage is the most severe hemorrhagic stroke subtype, with high mortality and morbidity. Historical cholesterol levels are associated with the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Moreover, secondary pathological changes after intracerebral hemorrhage are associated with cholesterol metabolism dysregulation, such as neuroinflammation, demyelination, and multiple types of programmed cell death. Intracellular cholesterol accumulation in the brain has been found after intracerebral hemorrhage. In this paper, we review normal cholesterol metabolism in the central nervous system, the mechanisms known to participate in the disturbance of cholesterol metabolism after intracerebral hemorrhage, and the links between cholesterol metabolism and cell death. We also review several possible and constructive therapeutic targets identified based on cholesterol metabolism to provide cholesterol-based perspectives and a reference for those interested in the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Huang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Wu B, Liu Y, Li H, Zhu L, Zeng L, Zhang Z, Peng W. Liver as a new target organ in Alzheimer's disease: insight from cholesterol metabolism and its role in amyloid-beta clearance. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:695-714. [PMID: 38886936 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.391305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, the primary cause of dementia, is characterized by neuropathologies, such as amyloid plaques, synaptic and neuronal degeneration, and neurofibrillary tangles. Although amyloid plaques are the primary characteristic of Alzheimer's disease in the central nervous system and peripheral organs, targeting amyloid-beta clearance in the central nervous system has shown limited clinical efficacy in Alzheimer's disease treatment. Metabolic abnormalities are commonly observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease. The liver is the primary peripheral organ involved in amyloid-beta metabolism, playing a crucial role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Notably, impaired cholesterol metabolism in the liver may exacerbate the development of Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we explore the underlying causes of Alzheimer's disease and elucidate the role of the liver in amyloid-beta clearance and cholesterol metabolism. Furthermore, we propose that restoring normal cholesterol metabolism in the liver could represent a promising therapeutic strategy for addressing Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Wu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lemei Zhu
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lingfeng Zeng
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Yangsheng College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
- Qinhuangdao Shanhaiguan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China
| | - Weijun Peng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorder, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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3
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Lindner K, Gavin AC. Isoform- and cell-state-specific APOE homeostasis and function. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2456-2466. [PMID: 38526282 PMCID: PMC11090418 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E is the major lipid transporter in the brain and an important player in neuron-astrocyte metabolic coupling. It ensures the survival of neurons under stressful conditions and hyperactivity by nourishing and detoxifying them. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism, combined with environmental stresses and/or age-related alterations, influences the risk of developing late-onset Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge of how apolipoprotein E homeostasis, i.e. its synthesis, secretion, degradation, and lipidation, is affected in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Lindner
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Claude Gavin
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Neven J, Issayama LK, Dewachter I, Wilson DM. Genomic stress and impaired DNA repair in Alzheimer disease. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 139:103678. [PMID: 38669748 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2024.103678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most prominent form of dementia and has received considerable attention due to its growing burden on economic, healthcare and basic societal infrastructures. The two major neuropathological hallmarks of AD, i.e., extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide plaques and intracellular hyperphosphorylated Tau neurofibrillary tangles, have been the focus of much research, with an eye on understanding underlying disease mechanisms and identifying novel therapeutic avenues. One often overlooked aspect of AD is how Aβ and Tau may, through indirect and direct mechanisms, affect genome integrity. Herein, we review evidence that Aβ and Tau abnormalities induce excessive genomic stress and impair genome maintenance mechanisms, events that can promote DNA damage-induced neuronal cell loss and associated brain atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Neven
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute, BIOMED, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
| | - Luidy Kazuo Issayama
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute, BIOMED, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
| | - Ilse Dewachter
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute, BIOMED, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
| | - David M Wilson
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute, BIOMED, Hasselt 3500, Belgium.
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Song Y, Lai M, Liao Z, Zhang Z, Zhu G, Yang M, Ai Z, Zheng Q, Su D. Saikosaponin antidepressant mechanism: Improving the sphingolipid metabolism in the cortex via Apolipoprotein E and triggering neurovascular coupling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 132:155829. [PMID: 38941813 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the pathogenesis of depression is complex, antidepressant therapy remains unsatisfactory. Recent evidence suggests a link between depression and lipid metabolism. Saikosaponin (SS) exhibits antidepression and lipid-regulating effects in modern pharmacology. However, it is unknown whether lipid regulation is the key mechanism of the SS antidepressant effect and how it works. PURPOSE In this study, we investigated the relationship between the antidepressant activity of SS and the regulation of lipid metabolism and explored potential mechanisms. METHODS APOE-/- mice, in combination with the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model, were used to study the relationship between SS antidepressant activity and lipid metabolism through behavioral, electrophysiological techniques, and non-targeted lipidomics. Western blot, primary cell culture technology, and laser speckle cerebral blood flow imaging were employed to elucidate potential mechanisms. GraphPad Prism was used for statistical analysis, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS APOE-/- mice exhibit more severe depressive-like behavior and dysregulation of sphingolipid metabolism in CUMS. SS alleviates depressive behavior and cortical sphingolipid metabolism disorder caused by CUMS, but has no effect on APOE-/- mice. SS alleviates the imbalance between ceramide (Cer) and sphingomyelin (SM) through acidic sphingomyelinase (AMSase). In addition, SS regulates neuronal glutamate release via sphingolipid metabolism, thereby alleviating the CUMS-induced inhibition of neurovascular coupling (regulates metabotropic glutamate receptor and IP3 receptor), which ameliorates the reduction of cerebral blood flow in depressed mice. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the role of lipid metabolism in the antidepressant activity of SS and explores its underlying mechanisms. This study provided new insights into the better understanding of the antidepressant mechanisms of phytomedicine while increasing the possibility of lipid metabolism as a therapeutic strategy for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggui Song
- Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Meixizi Lai
- Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Zhou Liao
- Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Genhua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Guxiang Jinyun Comprehensive Health Industry Co., Ltd., Nanchang, PR China
| | - Zhifu Ai
- Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Qin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Dan Su
- Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
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Mirdha L. Aggregation Behavior of Amyloid Beta Peptide Depends Upon the Membrane Lipid Composition. J Membr Biol 2024:10.1007/s00232-024-00314-3. [PMID: 38888760 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-024-00314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Protein aggregation plays a crucial role in the development of several neurodegenerative diseases. It is important to understand the aggregation process for the detection of the onset of these diseases. Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases caused by the aggregation of Aβ-40 and Aβ-42 peptides. The smaller oligomers lead to the formation of protein plaque at the neural membranes leading to memory loss and other disorders. Interestingly, aggregation takes place at the neural membranes, therefore the membrane composition seems to play an important role in the aggregation process. Despite a large number of literatures on the effect of lipid composition on protein aggregation, there are very few concise reviews that highlight the role of membrane composition in protein aggregation. In this review, we have discussed the implication of membrane composition on the aggregation of amyloid beta peptide with a special emphasis on cholesterol. We have further discussed the role of the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids and the participation of apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) in the onset of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipika Mirdha
- School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha, 768 019, India.
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Chen F, Dong X, Yu Z, Zhang Y, Shi Y. The brain-heart axis: Integrative analysis of the shared genetic etiology between neuropsychiatric disorders and cardiovascular disease. J Affect Disord 2024; 355:147-156. [PMID: 38518856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple observational studies have reported substantial comorbidity between neuropsychiatric disorders and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. METHODS Using GWAS summary datasets of 8 neuropsychiatric disorders and 6 cardiovascular diseases, an integrative analysis incorporating linkage-disequilibrium-score-regression (LDSC), Mendelian randomization (MR), functional mapping and annotation (FUMA), and functional enrichment analysis, was conducted to investigate shared genetic etiology of the brain-heart axis from the whole genome level, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level, gene level, and biological pathway level. RESULTS In LDSC analysis, 18 pairwise traits between neuropsychiatric disorders and CVD were identified with significant genetic overlaps, revealing extensive genome-wide genetic correlations. In bidirectional MR analysis, 19 pairwise traits were identified with significant causal relationships. Genetic liabilities to neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and major depressive disorder, conferred extensive significant causal effects on the risk of CVD, while hypertension seemed to be a risk factor for multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, with no significant heterogeneity or pleiotropy. In FUMA analysis, 13 shared independent significant SNPs and 887 overlapping protein-coding genes were detected between neuropsychiatric disorders and CVD. With GO and KEEG functional enrichment analysis, biological pathways of the brain-heart axis were highly concentrated in neurotransmitter synaptic transmission, lipid metabolism, aldosterone synthesis and secretion, glutathione metabolism, and MAPK signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Extensive genetic correlations and genetic overlaps between neuropsychiatric disorders and CVD were identified in this study, which might provide some new insights into the brain-heart axis and the therapeutic targets in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Rare Diseases in Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China.
| | - Xinyu Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.
| | - Zhiwei Yu
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China.
| | - Yihan Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Rare Diseases in Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China.
| | - Yuan Shi
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Rare Diseases in Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China.
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Mesa H, Zhang EY, Wang Y, Zhang Q. Human neurons lacking amyloid precursor protein exhibit cholesterol-associated developmental and presynaptic deficits. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e30999. [PMID: 36966431 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) produces aggregable β-amyloid peptides and its mutations are associated with familial Alzheimer's disease (AD), which makes it one of the most studied proteins. However, APP's role in the human brain remains unclear despite years of investigation. One problem is that most studies on APP have been carried out in cell lines or model organisms, which are physiologically different from human neurons in the brain. Recently, human-induced neurons (hiNs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a practical platform for studying the human brain in vitro. Here, we generated APP-null iPSCs using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology and differentiate them into matured human neurons with functional synapses using a two-step procedure. During hiN differentiation and maturation, APP-null cells exhibited less neurite growth and reduced synaptogenesis in serum-free but not serum-containing media. We have found that cholesterol (Chol) remedies those developmental defects in APP-null cells, consistent with Chol's role in neurodevelopment and synaptogenesis. The phenotypic rescue was also achieved by coculturing those cells with wild-type mouse astrocytes, suggesting that APP's developmental role is likely astrocytic. Next, we examined matured hiNs using patch-clamp recording and detected reduced synaptic transmission in APP-null cells. This change was largely due to decreased synaptic vesicle (SV) release and retrieval, which was confirmed by live-cell imaging using two SV-specific fluorescent reporters. Adding Chol shortly before stimulation mitigated the SV deficits in APP-null iNs, indicating that APP facilitates presynaptic membrane Chol turnover during the SV exo-/endocytosis cycle. Taken together, our study in hiNs supports the notion that APP contributes to neurodevelopment, synaptogenesis, and neurotransmission via maintaining brain Chol homeostasis. Given the vital role of Chol in the central nervous system, the functional connection between APP and Chol bears important implications in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haylee Mesa
- Stiles-Nicholson Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Elaine Y Zhang
- Stiles-Nicholson Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, USA
- Brentwood High School, Brentwood, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yingcai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Stiles-Nicholson Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
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Yasamineh S, Mehrabani FJ, Derafsh E, Danihiel Cosimi R, Forood AMK, Soltani S, Hadi M, Gholizadeh O. Potential Use of the Cholesterol Transfer Inhibitor U18666A as a Potent Research Tool for the Study of Cholesterol Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3503-3527. [PMID: 37995080 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03798-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of mammalian cell membranes and a precursor for crucial signaling molecules. The brain contains the highest level of cholesterol in the body, and abnormal cholesterol metabolism links to many neurodegenerative disorders. The results indicate that faulty cholesterol metabolism is a common feature among people living with neurodegenerative conditions. The researchers suggest that restoring cholesterol levels may become a beneficial new strategy in treating certain neurodegenerative conditions. Several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease, and Parkinson's disease (PD), have been connected to abnormalities in brain cholesterol metabolism. Consequently, using a lipid research tool is vital to study further and understand the effect of lipids in neurodegenerative disorders such as NPC, AD, PD, and Huntington's disease (HD). U18666A, also known as 3-(2-(diethylamino) ethoxy) androst-5-en-17-one, is a pharmaceutical drug that suppresses cholesterol trafficking and is a well-known class-2 amphiphile. U18666A has performed many functions, allowing for essential discoveries in lipid studies and shedding light on the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, U18666A prevented the downregulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors that are induced by LDL and led to the buildup of cholesterol in lysosomes. Numerous studies show that U18666A impacts the function of cholesterol trafficking to control the metabolism and transport of amyloid precursor proteins (APPs). Treating cortical neurons with U18666A may provide a new in vitro model system for studying the underlying molecular process of NPC, AD, HD, and PD. In this article, we review the mechanism and function of U18666A as a vital tool for studying cholesterol mechanisms in neurological diseases related to abnormal cholesterol metabolism, such as AD, NPC, HD, and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ehsan Derafsh
- Windsor University School of Medicine, Cayon, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | | | | | - Siamak Soltani
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meead Hadi
- Department Of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tehran Central Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Jiang WI, Cao Y, Xue Y, Ji Y, Winer BY, Zhang M, Singhal NS, Pierce JT, Chen S, Ma DK. Suppressing APOE4-induced mortality and cellular damage by targeting VHL. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.28.582664. [PMID: 38464138 PMCID: PMC10925324 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.28.582664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Mortality rate increases with age and can accelerate upon extrinsic or intrinsic damage to individuals. Identifying factors and mechanisms that curb population mortality rate has wide-ranging implications. Here, we show that targeting the VHL-1 (Von Hippel-Lindau) protein suppresses C. elegans mortality caused by distinct factors, including elevated reactive oxygen species, temperature, and APOE4, the genetic variant that confers high risks of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's diseases and all-cause mortality in humans. These mortality factors are of different physical-chemical nature, yet result in similar cellular dysfunction and damage that are suppressed by deleting VHL-1. Stabilized HIF-1 (hypoxia inducible factor), a transcription factor normally targeted for degradation by VHL-1, recapitulates the protective effects of deleting VHL-1. HIF-1 orchestrates a genetic program that defends against mitochondrial abnormalities, excess oxidative stress, cellular proteostasis dysregulation, and endo-lysosomal rupture, key events that lead to mortality. Genetic Vhl inhibition also alleviates cerebral vascular injury and synaptic lesions in APOE4 mice, supporting an evolutionarily conserved mechanism. Collectively, we identify the VHL-HIF axis as a potent modifier of APOE4 and mortality and propose that targeting VHL-HIF in non-proliferative animal tissues may suppress tissue injuries and mortality by broadly curbing cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei I. Jiang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yiming Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yichun Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Benjamin Y. Winer
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Neel S. Singhal
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jonathan T. Pierce
- Department of Neuroscience, The Center for Learning and Memory, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Song Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dengke K. Ma
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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11
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Okeke ES, Feng W, Luo M, Mao G, Chen Y, Zhao T, Wu X, Yang L. RNA-Seq analysis offers insight into the TBBPA-DHEE-induced endocrine-disrupting effect and neurotoxicity in juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 350:114469. [PMID: 38360373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether (TBBPA-DHEE) is the major TBBPA derivative. It has been detected in different environmental samples. Previous studies show that TBBPA-DHEE caused neurotoxicity in rats. In this study, juvenile zebrafish were exposed to various concentrations of TBBPA-DHEE to ascertain the potential neurotoxicity of TBBPA-DHEE, the chemical, and its possible molecular mechanism of action. Behavioral analysis revealed that TBBPA-DHEE could significantly increase the swimming distance and speed in the 1.5 mg/L group compared to the control. In contrast, the swimming distance and speed were significantly reduced in the 0.05 and 0.3 mg/L groups, affecting learning, memory, and neurodevelopment. Similarly, TBBPA-DHEE exposure caused a concentration-dependent significant increase in the levels of excitatory neurotransmitters, namely, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, which could be attributed to the change observed in zebrafish behavior. This demonstrates the neurotoxicity of TBBPA-DHEE on juvenile zebrafish. The concentration-dependent increase in the IBR value revealed by the IBR index reveals the noticeable neurotoxic effect of TBBPA-DHEE. Transcriptomic analysis shows that TBBPA-DHEE exposure activated the PPAR signaling pathways, resulting in a disturbance of fatty acid (FA) metabolism and changes in the transcript levels of genes involved in these pathways, which could lead to lipotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Our findings demonstrate a distinct endocrine-disrupting response to TBBPA-DHEE exposure, possibly contributing to abnormal behavioral alterations. This study provides novel insights into underlying the mechanisms and effects of TBBPA-DHEE on aquatic organisms, which may be helpful forenvironmental/human health risk assessments of the emerging pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria; Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria
| | - Weiwei Feng
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Mengna Luo
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanghua Mao
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liuqing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Malara M, Prestel M, Tahirovic S. Endo-lysosomal dysfunction and neuronal-glial crosstalk in Niemann-Pick type C disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220388. [PMID: 38368932 PMCID: PMC10874755 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is a rare progressive lysosomal lipid storage disorder that manifests with a heterogeneous spectrum of clinical syndromes, including visceral, neurological and psychiatric symptoms. This monogenetic autosomal recessive disease is largely caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene, which controls intracellular lipid homeostasis. Vesicle-mediated endo-lysosomal lipid trafficking and non-vesicular lipid exchange via inter-organelle membrane contact sites are both regulated by the NPC1 protein. Loss of NPC1 function therefore triggers intracellular accumulation of diverse lipid species, including cholesterol, glycosphingolipids, sphingomyelin and sphingosine. The NPC1-mediated dysfunction of lipid transport has severe consequences for all brain cells, leading to neurodegeneration. Besides the cell-autonomous contribution of neuronal NPC1, aberrant NPC1 signalling in other brain cells is critical for the pathology. We discuss here the importance of endo-lysosomal dysfunction and a tight crosstalk between neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia in NPC pathology. We strongly believe that a cell-specific rescue may not be sufficient to counteract the severity of the NPC pathology, but targeting common mechanisms, such as endo-lysosomal and lipid trafficking dysfunction, may ameliorate NPC pathology. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Understanding the endo-lysosomal network in neurodegeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagiovanna Malara
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Prestel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sabina Tahirovic
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
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13
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Ohgita T, Sakai K, Fukui N, Namba N, Nakano M, Kiguchi Y, Morita I, Oyama H, Yamaki K, Nagao K, Kobayashi N, Saito H. Generation of novel anti-apoE monoclonal antibodies that selectively recognize apoE isoforms. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:902-914. [PMID: 38529702 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a regulator of lipid metabolism, cholesterol transport, and the clearance and aggregation of amyloid β in the brain. The three human apoE isoforms apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4 only differ in one or two residues. Nevertheless, the functions highly depend on the isoform types and lipidated states. Here, we generated novel anti-apoE monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and obtained an apoE4-selective mAb whose epitope is within residues 110-117. ELISA and bio-layer interferometry measurements demonstrated that the dissociation constants of mAbs are within the nanomolar range. Using the generated antibodies, we successfully constructed sandwich ELISA systems, which can detect all apoE isoforms or selectively detect apoE4. These results suggest the usability of the generated anti-apoE mAbs for selective detection of apoE isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohgita
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan
- Center for Instrumental Analysis, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Koto Sakai
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Nodoka Fukui
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Norihiro Namba
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Miyu Nakano
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Yuki Kiguchi
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Izumi Morita
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Oyama
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Kouya Yamaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Kohjiro Nagao
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Saito
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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14
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Rasmussen KL, Frikke-Schmidt R. The current state of apolipoprotein E in dyslipidemia. Curr Opin Lipidol 2024; 35:78-84. [PMID: 38054895 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays a pivotal role in lipid metabolism in the peripheral circulation and in the brain. This has been recognized for decades; however, the importance of the full spectrum of variation in the APOE gene has been less investigated. This review focusses on current progresses in this field with main focus on apoE in dyslipidemia and vascular disease. RECENT FINDINGS Whereas ε4 is the risk increasing allele for Alzheimer disease, ε2 is associated with increased risk for age-related macular degeneration. Rare functional ε2-like variants in APOE have previously been reported to have protective associations for Alzheimer disease but recent findings suggest a simultaneous high risk of age-related macular degeneration, in line with observations for the ε2 allele. SUMMARY ApoE plays an important and well established role in dyslipidemia, vascular disease, and dementia. Recent evidence from large general population studies now also suggests that apoE is involved in age-related macular degeneration. ApoE-targeted therapeutics are being developed for multiple purposes; this heralds a promising change in the approach to disease processes involving apoE. The different risk profile for dementia and age-related macular degeneration should, however, be kept in mind when developing drugs targeting mechanisms resembling these variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine L Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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O’Donnell C, Demler TL, Trigoboff E, Lee C. The Impact of High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) Levels and Risk of Movement Disorders in Patients Taking Antipsychotics. INNOVATIONS IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2024; 21:27-30. [PMID: 38938537 PMCID: PMC11208005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Well-known adverse events of antipsychotics are movement disorders, or extrapyramidal symptoms, such as drug-induced parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia. Objective With new evidence suggesting a link between low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and risk of Parkinson's disease, this study sought to investigate if that link also translated to patients taking antipsychotics with low HDL-C and an increased risk for developing a movement disorder. Design Adult patients (n=89) at an inpatient state psychiatric facility taking at least one antipsychotic with at least one HDL-C level were assessed for signs of a movement disorder through their history and physical, progress notes, and Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) score. Results There was no statistical significance when comparing a patient's movement disorder, AIMS scores, and HDL-C levels to suggest that the HDL-C level influenced a patient's movement disorder. Conclusion This study did not show a correlation between HDL-C levels and a patient's risk of developing a movement disorder while taking an antipsychotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn O’Donnell
- Dr. O’Donnell is with Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Administration Hospital in Hines, Illinois, and was with the New York State Office of Mental Health at Buffalo Psychiatric Center in Buffalo, New York, at the time of the study
| | - Tammie Lee Demler
- Dr. Demler is with Department of Pharmacy Practice, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences in Buffalo, New York; Department of Pharmacy, New York State Office of Mental Health at Buffalo Psychiatric Center in Buffalo, New York; and Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in Buffalo, New York
| | - Eileen Trigoboff
- Dr. Trigoboff is with SCH Pharmacy, SCH Medicine Department of Psychiatry at The State University of New York at Buffalo in Buffalo, New York
| | - Claudia Lee
- Dr. Lee is with Buffalo Psychiatric Center in Buffalo, New York
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Fujitani N, Akashi T, Saito M, Morita M, So T, Oka K. Increased neurotoxicity of high-density lipoprotein secreted from murine reactive astrocytes deficient in a peroxisomal very-long-chain fatty acid transporter Abcd1. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024; 47:289-301. [PMID: 38146202 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder caused by pathogenic variants in ABCD1, resulting in the accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in tissues. The etiology of X-ALD is unclear. Activated astrocytes play a pathological role in X-ALD. Recently, reactive astrocytes have been shown to induce neuronal cell death via saturated lipids in high-density lipoprotein (HDL), although how HDL from reactive astrocytes exhibits neurotoxic effects has yet to be determined. In this study, we obtained astrocytes from wild-type and Abcd1-deficient mice. HDL was purified from the culture supernatant of astrocytes, and the effect of HDL on neurons was evaluated in vitro. To our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that HDL obtained from Abcd1-deficient reactive astrocytes induces a significantly higher level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, a marker of cell damage, from mouse primary cortical neurons as compared to HDL from wild-type reactive astrocytes. Notably, HDL from Abcd1-deficient astrocytes contained significantly high amounts of VLCFA-containing phosphatidylcholine (PC) and LysoPC. Activation of Abcd1-deficient astrocytes led to the production of HDL containing decreased amounts of PC with arachidonic acid in sn-2 acyl moieties and increased amounts of LysoPC, presumably through cytosolic phospholipase A2 α upregulation. These results suggest that compositional changes in PC and LysoPC in HDL, due to Abcd1 deficiency and astrocyte activation, may contribute to neuronal damage. Our findings provide novel insights into central nervous system pathology in X-ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Fujitani
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Research Unit/Neuroscience, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tomoya Akashi
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, DMPK Research Laboratories (Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics), Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Saito
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, DMPK Research Laboratories (Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics), Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Morita
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takanori So
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kozo Oka
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Research Unit/Neuroscience, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
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17
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Chaves JCS, Dando SJ, White AR, Oikari LE. Blood-brain barrier transporters: An overview of function, dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and strategies for treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166967. [PMID: 38008230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain-barrier (BBB) has a major function in maintaining brain homeostasis by regulating the entry of molecules from the blood to the brain. Key players in BBB function are BBB transporters which are highly expressed in brain endothelial cells (BECs) and critical in mediating the exchange of nutrients and waste products. BBB transporters can also influence drug delivery into the brain by inhibiting or facilitating the entry of brain targeting therapeutics for the treatment of brain disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies have shown that AD is associated with a disrupted BBB and transporter dysfunction, although their roles in the development in AD are not fully understand. Modulation of BBB transporter activity may pose a novel approach to enhance the delivery of drugs to the brain for enhanced treatment of AD. In this review, we will give an overview of key functions of BBB transporters and known changes in AD. In addition, we will discuss current strategies for transporter modulation for enhanced drug delivery into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C S Chaves
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Samantha J Dando
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anthony R White
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lotta E Oikari
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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18
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McInvale JJ, Canoll P, Hargus G. Induced pluripotent stem cell models as a tool to investigate and test fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Brain Pathol 2024; 34:e13231. [PMID: 38246596 PMCID: PMC11189780 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are increasing in prevalence and comprise a large socioeconomic burden on patients and their caretakers. The need for effective therapies and avenues for disease prevention and monitoring is of paramount importance. Fluid biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases have gained a variety of uses, including informing participant selection for clinical trials, lending confidence to clinical diagnosis and disease staging, determining prognosis, and monitoring therapeutic response. Their role is expected to grow as disease-modifying therapies start to be available to a broader range of patients and as prevention strategies become established. Many of the underlying molecular mechanisms of currently used biomarkers are incompletely understood. Animal models and in vitro systems using cell lines have been extensively employed but face important translatability limitations. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, where a theoretically unlimited range of cell types can be reprogrammed from peripheral cells sampled from patients or healthy individuals, has gained prominence over the last decade. It is a promising avenue to study physiological and pathological biomarker function and response to experimental therapeutics. Such systems are amenable to high-throughput drug screening or multiomics readouts such as transcriptomics, lipidomics, and proteomics for biomarker discovery, investigation, and validation. The present review describes the current state of biomarkers in the clinical context of neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. We include a discussion of how iPSC models have been used to investigate and test biomarkers such as amyloid-β, phosphorylated tau, neurofilament light chain or complement proteins, and even nominate novel biomarkers. We discuss the limitations of current iPSC methods, mentioning alternatives such as coculture systems and three-dimensional organoids which address some of these concerns. Finally, we propose exciting prospects for stem cell transplantation paradigms using animal models as a preclinical tool to study biomarkers in the in vivo context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie J. McInvale
- Department of Pathology and Cell BiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology and Cell BiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Gunnar Hargus
- Department of Pathology and Cell BiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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19
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Duan L, Xiao R, Liu S, Shi Y, Feng Y. Causality between cognitive performance and cardiovascular disease: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Gene 2024; 891:147822. [PMID: 37758004 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence points to a connection between cardiovascular disease and cognitive impairment. These observational study findings, however, were not all uniform, and some did not discover a link like this. Investigating the causal link between cognitive impairment and cardiovascular disease is vital. METHOD Using publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary datasets and stringent screening instrumental variables, we carried out a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. To investigate the causality between cardiovascular disease and cognitive impairment, three different MR techniques-inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, and weighted median-as well as various sensitivity analyses-Cochran's Q, ivw_radial, leave-one-out (LOO), MR-Egger intercept, and MR-PRESSO-were used. RESULTS The causal impact of genetically predicted cognitive performance on hypertension, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, coronary atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction was detected in the forward MR analysis, but not stroke or any subtypes. We only discover the causal effects of hypertension, any stroke, and its subtypes (ischemic and small vessel stroke) on cognitive performance in the reverse MR analysis. CONCLUSION This MR analysis offers proof of a causal link between cognitive impairment and elevated cardiovascular disease risk. Our research emphasizes the value of cognitively impaired patients being screened for cardiovascular disease, which may offer fresh perspectives on cardiovascular disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincheng Duan
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shupei Liu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Shi
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Feng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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20
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Ghasemi DR, Okonechnikov K, Rademacher A, Tirier S, Maass KK, Schumacher H, Joshi P, Gold MP, Sundheimer J, Statz B, Rifaioglu AS, Bauer K, Schumacher S, Bortolomeazzi M, Giangaspero F, Ernst KJ, Clifford SC, Saez-Rodriguez J, Jones DTW, Kawauchi D, Fraenkel E, Mallm JP, Rippe K, Korshunov A, Pfister SM, Pajtler KW. Compartments in medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity are connected through differentiation along the granular precursor lineage. Nat Commun 2024; 15:269. [PMID: 38191550 PMCID: PMC10774372 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastomas with extensive nodularity are cerebellar tumors characterized by two distinct compartments and variable disease progression. The mechanisms governing the balance between proliferation and differentiation in MBEN remain poorly understood. Here, we employ a multi-modal single cell transcriptome analysis to dissect this process. In the internodular compartment, we identify proliferating cerebellar granular neuronal precursor-like malignant cells, along with stromal, vascular, and immune cells. In contrast, the nodular compartment comprises postmitotic, neuronally differentiated malignant cells. Both compartments are connected through an intermediate cell stage resembling actively migrating CGNPs. Notably, we also discover astrocytic-like malignant cells, found in proximity to migrating and differentiated cells at the transition zone between the two compartments. Our study sheds light on the spatial tissue organization and its link to the developmental trajectory, resulting in a more benign tumor phenotype. This integrative approach holds promise to explore intercompartmental interactions in other cancers with varying histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Ghasemi
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Okonechnikov
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Rademacher
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Tirier
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
- Resolve BioSciences GmbH, Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Kendra K Maass
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanna Schumacher
- Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Piyush Joshi
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maxwell P Gold
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julia Sundheimer
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Britta Statz
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ahmet S Rifaioglu
- Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, İskenderun Technical University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Katharina Bauer
- Single-cell Open Lab, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schumacher
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Felice Giangaspero
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Kati J Ernst
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Glioma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steven C Clifford
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David T W Jones
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Glioma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daisuke Kawauchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Edythe Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jan-Philipp Mallm
- Single-cell Open Lab, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karsten Rippe
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Kristian W Pajtler
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Guo D, Sheng W, Cai Y, Shu J, Cai C. Genetic Association of Lipids and Lipid-Lowering Drug Target Genes With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Atten Disord 2024:10870547231222219. [PMID: 38166458 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231222219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid metabolism plays an essential role in nervous system development. Cholesterol deficiency leads to a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder and fragile X syndrome. There have been a lot of efforts to search for biological markers associated with and causal to ADHD, among which lipid is one possible etiological factor that is quite widely studied. We aimed to evaluate the causal relationship between lipids traits, lipid-lowering drugs, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) outcomes using Mendelian randomization (MR) studies. METHODS We used summary data from genome-wide association studies to explore the causal relationships between circulating lipid-related traits and ADHD. Then, quantitative trait loci for the expression of lipid-lowering drug target genes and genetic variants associated with lipid traits were extracted. Summary-data-based MR and inverse-variance-weighted MR (IVW-MR) were used to investigate the correlation between the expression of these drug-target genes and ADHD. RESULTS After rigorous screening, 939 instrumental variables were finally included for univariable mendelian randomization analysis. However, there is no correlation between lipid profile and ADHD risk. Drug target analysis by IVW-MR method observed that APOB-mediated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was associated with lower ADHD risk (odds ratio [OR] = 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.84, 0.97]; p = .007), whereas LPL-mediated triglycerides levels were associated with a higher risk of ADHD (OR = 1.13, 95% CI [1.06, 1.21]; p < .001). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that APOB gene and LPL gene may be candidate drug target genes for the treatment of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detong Guo
- Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), China
- Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Wenchao Sheng
- Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), China
- Tianjin Medical University, China
| | | | - Jianbo Shu
- Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, China
| | - Chunquan Cai
- Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, China
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Safieh M, Liraz O, Ovadia M, Michaelson D. The Role of Impaired Receptor Trafficking in Mediating the Pathological Effects of APOE4 in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:753-775. [PMID: 38217595 PMCID: PMC10894586 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) is the most prevalent genetic risk factor of Alzheimer's disease. Several studies suggest that APOE4 binding to its receptors is associated with their internalization and accumulation in intracellular compartments. Importantly, this phenomenon also occurs with other, non-ApoE receptors. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that APOE4 pathological effects are mediated by impairment in the life cycle of distinct receptors (APOER2, LRP1, IR, VEGFR). OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of APOE genotype on receptors protein levels and compartmentalization. METHODS Primary mouse neurons were prepared from APOE3 or APOE4 targeted replacement mice, or APOE-KO mice. Specific receptors protein levels were evaluated in these neurons, utilizing immunofluorescent staining. Additionally, surface membrane protein levels of those receptors were assessed by cell surface biotinylation assay and ELISA. Receptors' colocalization with intracellular compartments was assessed by double staining and confocal microscopy, followed by colocalization analysis. Finally, LRP1 or APOER2 were knocked-down with CRISPR/Cas9 system to examine their role in mediating APOE4 effects on the receptors. RESULTS Our results revealed lower receptors' levels in APOE4, specifically on the membrane surface. Additionally, APOE4 affects the compartmentation of these receptors in two patterns: the first was observed with LRP1 and was associated with decreased receptor levels in numerous intracellular compartments. The second was obtained with the other receptors and was associated with their accumulation in early endosomes and their decrease in the late endosomes. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a unifying mechanism, in which APOE4 drives the down regulation of various receptors, which plays important roles in distinct APOE4 related pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Safieh
- Department of Neurobiology, Sagol School of Neurosciences, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ori Liraz
- Department of Neurobiology, Sagol School of Neurosciences, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maayan Ovadia
- Department of Neurobiology, Sagol School of Neurosciences, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Danny Michaelson
- Department of Neurobiology, Sagol School of Neurosciences, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
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23
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Gątarek P, Kałużna-Czaplińska J. Integrated metabolomics and proteomics analysis of plasma lipid metabolism in Parkinson's disease. Expert Rev Proteomics 2024; 21:13-25. [PMID: 38346207 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2024.2315193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolomics and proteomics are two growing fields of science which may shed light on the molecular mechanisms that contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. Studies focusing on these aspects can reveal specific metabolites and proteins that can halt or reverse the progressive neurodegenerative process leading to dopaminergic cell death in the brain. AREAS COVERED In this article, an overview of the current status of metabolomic and proteomic profiling in the neurodegenerative disease such as Parkinson's disease (PD) is presented. We discuss the importance of state-of-the-art metabolomics and proteomics using advanced analytical methodologies and their potential for discovering new biomarkers in PD. We critically review the research to date, highlighting how metabolomics and proteomics can have an important impact on early disease diagnosis, future therapy development and the identification of new biomarkers. Finally, we will discuss interactions between lipids and α-synuclein (SNCA) and also consider the role of SNCA in lipid metabolism. EXPERT OPINION Metabolomic and proteomic studies contribute to understanding the biological basis of PD pathogenesis, identifying potential biomarkers and introducing new therapeutic strategies. The complexity and multifactorial nature of this disease requires a comprehensive approach, which can be achieved by integrating just these two omic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Gątarek
- Institute Of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
- CONEM Poland Chemistry and Nutrition Research Group, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska
- Institute Of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
- CONEM Poland Chemistry and Nutrition Research Group, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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24
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Vilella A, Bodria M, Papotti B, Zanotti I, Zimetti F, Remaggi G, Elviri L, Potì F, Ferri N, Lupo MG, Panighel G, Daini E, Vandini E, Zoli M, Giuliani D, Bernini F. PCSK9 ablation attenuates Aβ pathology, neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunctions in 5XFAD mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:517-534. [PMID: 37967665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence highlights the importance of novel players in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology, including alterations of lipid metabolism and neuroinflammation. Indeed, a potential involvement of Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in AD has been recently postulated. Here, we first investigated the effects of PCSK9 on neuroinflammation in vitro. Then, we examined the impact of a genetic ablation of PCSK9 on cognitive performance in a severe mouse model of AD. Finally, in the same animals we evaluated the effect of PCSK9 loss on Aβ pathology, neuroinflammation, and brain lipids. METHODS For in vitro studies, U373 human astrocytoma cells were treated with Aβ fibrils and human recombinant PCSK9. mRNA expression of the proinflammatory cytokines and inflammasome-related genes were evaluated by q-PCR, while MCP-1 secretion was measured by ELISA. For in vivo studies, the cognitive performance of a newly generated mouse line - obtained by crossing 5XFADHet with PCSK9KO mice - was tested by the Morris water maze test. After sacrifice, immunohistochemical analyses were performed to evaluate Aβ plaque deposition, distribution and composition, BACE1 immunoreactivity, as well as microglia and astrocyte reactivity. Cholesterol and hydroxysterols levels in mouse brains were quantified by fluorometric and LC-MS/MS analyses, respectively. Statistical comparisons were performed according to one- or two-way ANOVA, two-way repeated measure ANOVA or Chi-square test. RESULTS In vitro, PCSK9 significantly increased IL6, IL1B and TNFΑ mRNA levels in Aβ fibrils-treated U373 cells, without influencing inflammasome gene expression, except for an increase in NLRC4 mRNA levels. In vivo, PCSK9 ablation in 5XFAD mice significantly improved the performance at the Morris water maze test; these changes were accompanied by a reduced corticohippocampal Aβ burden without affecting plaque spatial/regional distribution and composition or global BACE1 expression. Furthermore, PCSK9 loss in 5XFAD mice induced decreased microgliosis and astrocyte reactivity in several brain regions. Conversely, knocking out PCSK9 had minimal impact on brain cholesterol and hydroxysterol levels. CONCLUSIONS In vitro studies showed a pro-inflammatory effect of PCSK9. Consistently, in vivo data indicated a protective role of PCSK9 ablation against cognitive impairments, associated with improved Aβ pathology and attenuated neuroinflammation in a severe mouse model of AD. PCSK9 may thus be considered a novel pharmacological target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Vilella
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Martina Bodria
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Bianca Papotti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanotti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Zimetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Giulia Remaggi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Lisa Elviri
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Potì
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neurosciences, University of Parma, 43121, Parma, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35129, Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), 35129, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Panighel
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Eleonora Daini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Eleonora Vandini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Zoli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Daniela Giuliani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Franco Bernini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
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25
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Ayyubova G. APOE4 is a Risk Factor and Potential Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:342-352. [PMID: 36872358 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230303114425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, the main pathological hallmark of which is the loss of neurons, resulting in cognitive and memory impairments. Sporadic late-onset AD is a prevalent form of the disease and the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) genotype is the strongest predictor of the disease development. The structural variations of APOE isoforms affect their roles in synaptic maintenance, lipid trafficking, energy metabolism, inflammatory response, and BBB integrity. In the context of AD, APOE isoforms variously control the key pathological elements of the disease, including Aβ plaque formation, tau aggregation, and neuroinflammation. Taking into consideration the limited number of therapy choices that can alleviate symptoms and have little impact on the AD etiology and progression to date, the precise research strategies guided by apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms are required to assess the potential risk of age-related cognitive decline in people carrying APOE4 genotype. In this review, we summarize the evidence implicating the significance of APOE isoforms on brain functions in health and pathology with the aim to identify the possible targets that should be addressed to prevent AD manifestation in individuals with the APOE4 genotype and to explore proper treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunel Ayyubova
- Department of Cytology, Embryology and Histology, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
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26
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Ji X, Peng X, Tang H, Pan H, Wang W, Wu J, Chen J, Wei N. Alzheimer's disease phenotype based upon the carrier status of the apolipoprotein E ɛ4 allele. Brain Pathol 2024; 34:e13208. [PMID: 37646624 PMCID: PMC10711266 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E ɛ4 allele (APOE4) is universally acknowledged as the most potent genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). APOE4 promotes the initiation and progression of AD. Although the underlying mechanisms are unclearly understood, differences in lipid-bound affinity among the three APOE isoforms may constitute the basis. The protein APOE4 isoform has a high affinity with triglycerides and cholesterol. A distinction in lipid metabolism extensively impacts neurons, microglia, and astrocytes. APOE4 carriers exhibit phenotypic differences from non-carriers in clinical examinations and respond differently to multiple treatments. Therefore, we hypothesized that phenotypic classification of AD patients according to the status of APOE4 carrier will help specify research and promote its use in diagnosing and treating AD. Recent reviews have mainly evaluated the differences between APOE4 allele carriers and non-carriers from gene to protein structures, clinical features, neuroimaging, pathology, the neural network, and the response to various treatments, and have provided the feasibility of phenotypic group classification based on APOE4 carrier status. This review will facilitate the application of APOE phenomics concept in clinical practice and promote further medical research on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Yu Ji
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeGuangdongChina
- Brain Function and Disease LaboratoryShantou University Medical CollegeGuangdongChina
| | - Xin‐Yuan Peng
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeGuangdongChina
| | - Hai‐Liang Tang
- Fudan University Huashan Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory for Medical NeurobiologyInstitutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College‐Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hui Pan
- Shantou Longhu People's HospitalShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Wei‐Tang Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeGuangdongChina
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeGuangdongChina
- Brain Function and Disease LaboratoryShantou University Medical CollegeGuangdongChina
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeGuangdongChina
| | - Nai‐Li Wei
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeGuangdongChina
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27
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Polis B, Samson AO. Addressing the Discrepancies Between Animal Models and Human Alzheimer's Disease Pathology: Implications for Translational Research. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:1199-1218. [PMID: 38517793 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Animal models, particularly transgenic mice, are extensively used in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research to emulate key disease hallmarks, such as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles formation. Although these models have contributed to our understanding of AD pathogenesis and can be helpful in testing potential therapeutic interventions, their reliability is dubious. While preclinical studies have shown promise, clinical trials often yield disappointing results, highlighting a notable gap and disparity between animal models and human AD pathology. Existing models frequently overlook early-stage human pathologies and other key AD characteristics, thereby limiting their application in identifying optimal therapeutic interventions. Enhancing model reliability necessitates rigorous study design, comprehensive behavioral evaluations, and biomarker utilization. Overall, a nuanced understanding of each model's neuropathology, its fidelity to human AD, and its limitations is essential for accurate interpretation and successful translation of findings. This article analyzes the discrepancies between animal models and human AD pathology that complicate the translation of findings from preclinical studies to clinical applications. We also delve into AD pathogenesis and attributes to propose a new perspective on this pathology and deliberate over the primary limitations of key experimental models. Additionally, we discuss several fundamental problems that may explain the translational failures and suggest some possible directions for more effective preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baruh Polis
- Bar-Ilan University Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Safed, Israel
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28
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Davra V, Benzeroual KE. Flavonoids and fibrate modulate apoE4-induced processing of amyloid precursor protein in neuroblastoma cells. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1245895. [PMID: 38204816 PMCID: PMC10777729 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1245895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Apolipoprotein (apo) E4, being a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), is actively involved in the proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) to amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, the principle constituent of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer Disease (AD) patients. ApoE4 is believed to affect APP processing through intracellular cholesterol homeostasis, whereas lowering the cholesterol level by pharmacological agents has been suggested to reduce Aβ production. This study has investigated the effects of hypolipidemic agents fenofibrate, and the flavonoids-naringenin and diosmetin-on apoE4-induced APP processing in rat neuroblastoma cells stably transfected with human wild-type APP 695 (B103-hAPP695wt). Results B103-hAPP695wt cells were pretreated with different doses of flavonoids and fenofibrate for 1 h prior to apoE4 exposure for 24 h. ApoE4-induced production of intra- and extracellular Aβ peptides has been reduced with fenofibrate, naringenin, and diosmetin treatments. Pretreatment with diosmetin has significantly reduced apoE4-induced full-length APP (fl- APP) expression, whereas naringenin and fenofibrate had no effect on it. In addition, the increase in the apoE4-induced secretion of sAPPtotal and sAPPα has been dose-dependently reduced with drug pretreatment. On the other hand, the decrease in the expression of both APP-carboxy terminal fragments (CTF)-α and -β (generated by the α- or β-secretase cleavage of APP) by apoE4 was dose-dependently increased in cells pretreated with fenofibrate and naringenin but not diosmetin. Conclusion Thus, we suggest that fenofibrate, naringenin, and diosmetin treatments can reduce apoE4- induced Aβ production by distinct mechanisms that may prove useful in developing drugs for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenza E. Benzeroual
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, United States
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29
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Valencia-Olvera AC, Balu D, Bellur S, McNally T, Saleh Y, Pham D, Ghura S, York J, Johansson JO, LaDu MJ, Tai L. A novel apoE-mimetic increases brain apoE levels, reduces Aβ pathology and improves memory when treated before onset of pathology in male mice that express APOE3. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:216. [PMID: 38102668 PMCID: PMC10722727 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive dysfunction and amyloid plaques composed of the amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ). APOE is the greatest genetic risk for AD with APOE4 increasing risk up to ~ 15-fold compared to APOE3. Evidence suggests that levels and lipidation of the apoE protein could regulate AD progression. In glia, apoE is lipidated via cholesterol efflux from intracellular pools, primarily by the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). Therefore, increasing ABCA1 activity is suggested to be a therapeutic approach for AD. CS-6253 (CS) is a novel apoE mimetic peptide that was developed to bind and stabilize ABCA1 and maintain its localization into the plasma membrane therefore promoting cholesterol efflux. The goal of this study was to determine whether CS could modulate apoE levels and lipidation, Aβ pathology, and behavior in a model that expresses human APOE and overproduce Aβ. METHODS In vitro, APOE3-glia or APOE4-glia were treated with CS. In vivo, male and female, E3FAD (5xFAD+/-/APOE3+/+) and E4FAD (5xFAD+/-/APOE4+/+) mice were treated with CS via intraperitoneal injection at early (from 4 to 8 months of age) and late ages (from 8 to 10 months of age). ApoE levels, ABCA1 levels and, apoE lipidation were measured by western blot and ELISA. Aβ and amyloid levels were assessed by histochemistry and ELISA. Learning and memory were tested by Morris Water Maze and synaptic proteins were measured by Western blot. RESULTS CS treatment increased apoE levels and cholesterol efflux in primary glial cultures. In young male E3FAD mice, CS treatment increased soluble apoE and lipid-associated apoE, reduced soluble oAβ and insoluble Aβ levels as well as Aβ and amyloid deposition, and improved memory and synaptic protein levels. CS treatment did not induce any therapeutic benefits in young female E3FAD and E4FAD mice or in any groups when treatment was started at later ages. CONCLUSIONS CS treatment reduced Aβ pathology and improved memory only in young male E3FAD, the cohort with the least AD pathology. Therefore, the degree of Aβ pathology or Aβ overproduction may impact the ability of targeting ABCA1 to be an effective AD therapeutic. This suggests that ABCA1-stabilizing treatment by CS-6253 works best in conditions of modest Aβ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Valencia-Olvera
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deebika Balu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shreya Bellur
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas McNally
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yaseen Saleh
- University of Miami/Jackson Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Don Pham
- Department of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shivesh Ghura
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason York
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leon Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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30
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Liu S, Yang S, Zhu X, Li X, Zhang X, Zhou X, Cheng H, Huo FQ, Mao Q, Liang L. Spinal apolipoprotein E is involved in inflammatory pain via regulating lipid metabolism and glial activation in the spinal dorsal horn. Biol Direct 2023; 18:85. [PMID: 38071369 PMCID: PMC10710718 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-023-00444-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammation and nerve injury promote astrocyte activation, which regulates the development and resolution of pain, in the spinal dorsal horn. APOE regulates lipid metabolism and is predominantly expressed in the astrocytes. However, the effect of astrocytic APOE and lipid metabolism on spinal cellular function is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of spinal Apoe on spinal cellular functions using the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain mouse model. METHODS After intraplantar injection of CFA, we assessed pain behaviors in C57BL6 and Apoe knockout (Apoe-/-) mice using von Frey and Hargreaves' tests and analyzed dorsal horn samples (L4-5) using western blotting, immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and RNA sequencing. RESULTS The Apoe levels were markedly upregulated at 2 h and on days 1 and 3 post-CFA treatment. Apoe was exclusively expressed in the astrocytes. Apoe-/- mice exhibited decreased pain on day 1, but not at 2 h, post-CFA treatment. Apoe-/- mice also showed decreased spinal neuron excitability and paw edema on day 1 post-CFA treatment. Global transcriptomic analysis of the dorsal horn on day 1 post-CFA treatment revealed that the differentially expressed mRNAs in Apoe-/- mice were associated with lipid metabolism and the immune system. Astrocyte activation was impaired in Apoe-/- mice on day 1 post-CFA treatment. The intrathecal injection of Apoe antisense oligonucleotide mitigated CFA-induced pain hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Apoe deficiency altered lipid metabolism in astrocytes, exerting regulatory effects on immune response, astrocyte activation, and neuronal activity and consequently disrupting the maintenance of inflammatory pain after peripheral inflammation. Targeting APOE is a potential anti-nociception and anti-inflammatory strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuting Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiong Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Quan Huo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxiang Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingli Liang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Chen K, Wang M, Long D, Zou D, Li X, Wang R, Wang Y, Yang L. Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteomic Profiles in Patients with Postherpetic Neuralgia. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:3879-3892. [PMID: 37966014 PMCID: PMC10696610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic mechanism of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to seek the hub proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which display significant changes between the PHN and nonpainful patients (Control). First, the proteomic results showed that compared with the Control-CSF, there were 100 upregulated and 50 downregulated differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the PHN-CSF. Besides, functional analyses including gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that biological processes and pathways including complement activation, infection, coagulation, and lipid metabolism were activated, while synaptic organization was suppressed. Next, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis indicated that increased PLG, F2, APOA1, APOA2, SERPINC1, and KNG1 and reduced APOE, which were all enriched in the top pathways according to the KEGG analysis, were defined as hub proteins. Finally, three of the hub proteins, such as PLG, APOA1, and APOE, were reconfirmed in a larger cohort using both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting methods. Above all, the results indicated that PLG, APOA1, and APOE and their involved processes such as infection, inflammation, cholesterol metabolism, and coagulation shall be potential therapeutic approaches. (The raw mass spectrometry proteome data and search results have been deposited to the iProx-integrated Proteome Resources (http://www.iprox.cn) with the data set identifier IPX0007372000.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department
of Pain Management, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Department
of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Clinical
Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Hunan
Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department
of Pain Management, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Department
of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Clinical
Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Hunan
Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Dongju Long
- Department
of Pain Management, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Department
of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Clinical
Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Hunan
Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Dingquan Zou
- Department
of Pain Management, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Department
of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Clinical
Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Hunan
Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department
of Pain Management, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Department
of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Clinical
Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Hunan
Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Ruixuan Wang
- Bourns
Engineering, The University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department
of Pain Management, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Department
of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Clinical
Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Hunan
Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department
of Pain Management, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Department
of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Clinical
Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Hunan
Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
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Hu ZL, Yuan YQ, Tong Z, Liao MQ, Yuan SL, Jian Y, Yang JL, Liu WF. Reexamining the Causes and Effects of Cholesterol Deposition in the Brains of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6852-6868. [PMID: 37507575 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03529-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system. Numerous studies have shown that imbalances in cholesterol homeostasis in the brains of AD patients precede the onset of clinical symptoms. In addition, cholesterol deposition has been observed in the brains of AD patients even though peripheral cholesterol does not enter the brain through the blood‒brain barrier (BBB). Studies have demonstrated that cholesterol metabolism in the brain is associated with many pathological conditions, such as amyloid beta (Aβ) production, Tau protein phosphorylation, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In 2022, some scholars put forward a new hypothesis of AD: the disease involves lipid invasion and its exacerbation of the abnormal metabolism of cholesterol in the brain. In this review, by discussing the latest research progress, the causes and effects of cholesterol retention in the brains of AD patients are analyzed and discussed. Additionally, the possible mechanism through which AD may be improved by targeting cholesterol is described. Finally, we propose that improving the impairments in cholesterol removal observed in the brains of AD patients, instead of further reducing the already impaired cholesterol synthesis in the brain, may be the key to preventing cholesterol deposition and improving the corresponding pathological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Lin Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Yang-Qi Yuan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Zhen Tong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Mei-Qing Liao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Shun-Ling Yuan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Ye Jian
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Jia-Lun Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Wen-Feng Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China.
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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Riley-Gillis B, Huh H, Shen J, den Hollander AI. Genetic and molecular biomarkers for geographic atrophy. Acta Ophthalmol 2023; 101:869-880. [PMID: 37933607 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Geographic atrophy (GA) is characterized by atrophy of the retina, retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris, causing a gradual loss of vision over time. Treatment options to prevent initiation or progression of GA are limited; two recently FDA-approved inhibitors of the complement system (pegcetacoplan, avacincaptad pegol) showed a modest decrease in GA lesion growth in phase 3 clinical trials. Exploration of genetic and molecular biomarkers in GA plays a critical role in our battle against this blinding disease to improve early disease detection, to find more effective therapies, and to provide personalized care to patients. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current literature investigating genetic and molecular biomarkers for GA. Genetic studies identified multiple genes and variants that play a role in progression to GA and GA lesion growth, involving pathways such as complement activation, extracellular matrix interaction and lipid metabolism. The number of published studies assessing molecular biomarkers for GA initiation and progression in ocular matrices is limited. Several studies evaluated molecular biomarkers in the systemic circulation, showing higher levels of complement activation and a causal role of lipid subfractions in GA. Larger, well-powered studies are needed to identify novel and validate existing biomarkers, and to investigate the potential of combining genetic and molecular markers with imaging techniques for more accurate diagnosis and monitoring of GA. The development of personalized medicine approaches based on individual genetic and molecular profiles could hold promise for more effective and targeted treatments for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Huh
- AbbVie, Local Delivery Translational Sciences, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jie Shen
- AbbVie, Local Delivery Translational Sciences, Irvine, California, USA
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Bhunia S, Kolishetti N, Vashist A, Yndart Arias A, Brooks D, Nair M. Drug Delivery to the Brain: Recent Advances and Unmet Challenges. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2658. [PMID: 38139999 PMCID: PMC10747851 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain cancers and neurodegenerative diseases are on the rise, treatments for central nervous system (CNS) diseases remain limited. Despite the significant advancement in drug development technology with emerging biopharmaceuticals like gene therapy or recombinant protein, the clinical translational rate of such biopharmaceuticals to treat CNS disease is extremely poor. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), which separates the brain from blood and protects the CNS microenvironment to maintain essential neuronal functions, poses the greatest challenge for CNS drug delivery. Many strategies have been developed over the years which include local disruption of BBB via physical and chemical methods, and drug transport across BBB via transcytosis by targeting some endogenous proteins expressed on brain-capillary. Drug delivery to brain is an ever-evolving topic, although there were multiple review articles in literature, an update is warranted due to continued growth and new innovations of research on this topic. Thus, this review is an attempt to highlight the recent strategies employed to overcome challenges of CNS drug delivery while emphasizing the necessity of investing more efforts in CNS drug delivery technologies parallel to drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Bhunia
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Nagesh Kolishetti
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Arti Vashist
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Adriana Yndart Arias
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Deborah Brooks
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Akyol O, Akyol S, Chou MC, Chen S, Liu CK, Selek S, Soares JC, Chen CH. Lipids and lipoproteins may play a role in the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1275932. [PMID: 38033552 PMCID: PMC10687420 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1275932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other classes of dementia are important public health problems with overwhelming social, physical, and financial effects for patients, society, and their families and caregivers. The pathophysiology of AD is poorly understood despite the extensive number of clinical and experimental studies. The brain's lipid-rich composition is linked to disturbances in lipid homeostasis, often associated with glucose and lipid abnormalities in various neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. Moreover, elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels may be related to a higher probability of AD. Here, we hypothesize that lipids, and electronegative LDL (L5) in particular, may be involved in the pathophysiology of AD. Although changes in cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and glucose levels are seen in AD, the cause remains unknown. We believe that L5-the most electronegative subfraction of LDL-may be a crucial factor in understanding the involvement of lipids in AD pathology. LDL and L5 are internalized by cells through different receptors and mechanisms that trigger separate intracellular pathways. One of the receptors involved in L5 internalization, LOX-1, triggers apoptotic pathways. Aging is associated with dysregulation of lipid homeostasis, and it is believed that alterations in lipid metabolism contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Proposed mechanisms of lipid dysregulation in AD include mitochondrial dysfunction, blood-brain barrier disease, neuronal signaling, inflammation, and oxidative stress, all of which lead ultimately to memory loss through deficiency of synaptic integration. Several lipid species and their receptors have essential functions in AD pathogenesis and may be potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Akyol
- Molecular Cardiology, Vascular and Medicinal Research, The Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Mei-Chuan Chou
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shioulan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Kuan Liu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Salih Selek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UTHealth Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jair C. Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UTHealth Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Molecular Cardiology, Vascular and Medicinal Research, The Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States
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Connolly KJ, Margaria J, Di Biase E, Cooper O, Hallett PJ, Isacson O. Loss of Lipid Carrier ApoE Exacerbates Brain Glial and Inflammatory Responses after Lysosomal GBA1 Inhibition. Cells 2023; 12:2564. [PMID: 37947642 PMCID: PMC10647680 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tightly regulated and highly adaptive lipid metabolic and transport pathways are critical to maintaining brain cellular lipid homeostasis and responding to lipid and inflammatory stress to preserve brain function and health. Deficits in the lipid handling genes APOE and GBA1 are the most significant genetic risk factors for Lewy body dementia and related dementia syndromes. Parkinson's disease patients who carry both APOE4 and GBA1 variants have accelerated cognitive decline compared to single variant carriers. To investigate functional interactions between brain ApoE and GBA1, in vivo GBA1 inhibition was tested in WT versus ApoE-deficient mice. The experiments demonstrated glycolipid stress caused by GBA1 inhibition in WT mice induced ApoE expression in several brain regions associated with movement and dementia disorders. The absence of ApoE in ApoE-KO mice amplified complement C1q elevations, reactive microgliosis and astrocytosis after glycolipid stress. Mechanistically, GBA1 inhibition triggered increases in cell surface and intracellular lipid transporters ABCA1 and NPC1, respectively. Interestingly, the absence of NPC1 in mice also triggered elevations of brain ApoE levels. These new data show that brain ApoE, GBA1 and NPC1 functions are interconnected in vivo, and that the removal or reduction of ApoE would likely be detrimental to brain function. These results provide important insights into brain ApoE adaptive responses to increased lipid loads.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Penelope J. Hallett
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology Harvard Medical School, Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology Harvard Medical School, Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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Reed AL, Mitchell W, Alexandrescu AT, Alder NN. Interactions of amyloidogenic proteins with mitochondrial protein import machinery in aging-related neurodegenerative diseases. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1263420. [PMID: 38028797 PMCID: PMC10652799 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1263420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Most mitochondrial proteins are targeted to the organelle by N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequences (MTSs, or "presequences") that are recognized by the import machinery and subsequently cleaved to yield the mature protein. MTSs do not have conserved amino acid compositions, but share common physicochemical properties, including the ability to form amphipathic α-helical structures enriched with basic and hydrophobic residues on alternating faces. The lack of strict sequence conservation implies that some polypeptides can be mistargeted to mitochondria, especially under cellular stress. The pathogenic accumulation of proteins within mitochondria is implicated in many aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. Mechanistically, these diseases may originate in part from mitochondrial interactions with amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) or its cleavage product amyloid-β (Aβ), α-synuclein (α-syn), and mutant forms of huntingtin (mHtt), respectively, that are mediated in part through their associations with the mitochondrial protein import machinery. Emerging evidence suggests that these amyloidogenic proteins may present cryptic targeting signals that act as MTS mimetics and can be recognized by mitochondrial import receptors and transported into different mitochondrial compartments. Accumulation of these mistargeted proteins could overwhelm the import machinery and its associated quality control mechanisms, thereby contributing to neurological disease progression. Alternatively, the uptake of amyloidogenic proteins into mitochondria may be part of a protein quality control mechanism for clearance of cytotoxic proteins. Here we review the pathomechanisms of these diseases as they relate to mitochondrial protein import and effects on mitochondrial function, what features of APP/Aβ, α-syn and mHtt make them suitable substrates for the import machinery, and how this information can be leveraged for the development of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Reed
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Wayne Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andrei T. Alexandrescu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Nathan N. Alder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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Rasmussen KL, Luo J, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Frikke-Schmidt R. APOE and vascular disease: Sequencing and genotyping in general population cohorts. Atherosclerosis 2023; 385:117218. [PMID: 37586954 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The apolipoprotein E(APOE) ϵ2/ϵ3/ϵ4 polymorphism plays a central role in lipid metabolism, vascular disease and dementia. The impact of the full range of structural genetic variation in APOE for lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins and for vascular disease in the general population is not known. METHODS We systematically sequenced APOE in 10,296 individuals from the Copenhagen City Heart Study and genotyped nine rare variants (frequency≥2/10,296) in 95,227 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study. The UK Biobank was used for validation of common APOE variants. RESULTS Rare mutations in APOE, predicted to be deleterious, are present in 1 in 257 individuals in the general population. In the meta-analysis, multifactorially adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for ϵ44 and ϵ22 versus ϵ33 were 1.15 (1.04-1.26) and 1.02 (0.83-1.24) for ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ICVD), 1.11 (1.04-1.19) and 0.94 (0.83-1.08) for ischemic heart disease (IHD) and 1.03 (0.89-1.17) and 1.49 (1.20-1.87) for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). A multifactorially and ϵ2/ϵ3/ϵ4 adjusted weighted allele score on the continuous scale including all common and rare structural variants showed that for individuals with genetically predicted high plasma apoE and remnant cholesterol the risk for PAD was increased. CONCLUSIONS APOE variants with high apoE, triglycerides, and remnant cholesterol are associated with PAD, whereas common APOE variants with high LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and remnant cholesterol are associated with IHD. APOE variants with low apoE are associated with increased risk of ICVD. These findings highlight that both rare and common structural variations in APOE play a role in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine L Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Nordsjællands Hospital, Dyrehavevej 29, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark.
| | - Jiao Luo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Tobeh NS, Bruce KD. Emerging Alzheimer's disease therapeutics: promising insights from lipid metabolism and microglia-focused interventions. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1259012. [PMID: 38020773 PMCID: PMC10630922 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1259012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 55 million people suffer from dementia, with this number projected to double every 20 years. In the United States, 1 in 3 aged individuals dies from Alzheimer's disease (AD) or another type of dementia and AD kills more individuals than breast cancer and prostate cancer combined. AD is a complex and multifactorial disease involving amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation, glial cell dysfunction, and lipid droplet accumulation (among other pathologies), ultimately leading to neurodegeneration and neuronal death. Unfortunately, the current FDA-approved therapeutics do not reverse nor halt AD. While recently approved amyloid-targeting antibodies can slow AD progression to improve outcomes for some patients, they are associated with adverse side effects, may have a narrow therapeutic window, and are expensive. In this review, we evaluate current and emerging AD therapeutics in preclinical and clinical development and provide insight into emerging strategies that target brain lipid metabolism and microglial function - an approach that may synergistically target multiple mechanisms that drive AD neuropathogenesis. Overall, we evaluate whether these disease-modifying emerging therapeutics hold promise as interventions that may be able to reverse or halt AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour S Tobeh
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kimberley D Bruce
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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40
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Liang R, Rao H, Pang Q, Xu R, Jiao Z, Lin L, Li L, Zhong L, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Xiao N, Liu S, Chen XF, Su XZ, Li J. Human ApoE2 protects mice against Plasmodium berghei ANKA experimental cerebral malaria. mBio 2023; 14:e0234623. [PMID: 37874152 PMCID: PMC10746236 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02346-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe neurological complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection with acute brain lesions. Genetic variations in both host and parasite have been associated with susceptibility to CM, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that variants of human apolipoprotein E (hApoE) impact the outcome of Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA)-induced experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). Mice carrying the hApoE2 isoform have fewer intracerebral hemorrhages and are more resistant to ECM than mice bearing the hApoE3, hApoE4, or endogenous murine ApoE (mApoE). hApoE2 mice infected with PbA showed increased splenomegaly and IFN-γ levels in serum but reduced cerebral cell apoptosis that correlated with the survival advantage against ECM. In addition, upregulated expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism and downregulated expression of genes linked to immune responses were observed in the brain tissue of hApoE2 mice relative to ECM-susceptible mice after PbA infection. Notably, serum cholesterol and the cholesterol content of brain-infiltrating CD8+ T cells are significantly higher in infected hApoE2 mice, which might contribute to a significant reduction in the sequestration of brain CD8+ T cells. Consistent with the finding that fewer brain lesions occurred in infected hApoE2 mice, fewer behavioral deficits were observed in the hApoE2 mice. Finally, a meta-analysis of publicly available data also showed an increased hApoE2 allele in the malaria-endemic African population, suggesting malaria selection. This study shows that hApoE2 protects mice from ECM through suppression of CD8+ T cell activation and migration to the brain and enhanced cholesterol metabolism.IMPORTANCECerebral malaria (CM) is the deadliest complication of malaria infection with an estimated 15%-25% mortality. Even with timely and effective treatment with antimalarial drugs such as quinine and artemisinin derivatives, survivors of CM may suffer long-term cognitive and neurological impairment. Here, we show that human apolipoprotein E variant 2 (hApoE2) protects mice from experimental CM (ECM) via suppression of CD8+ T cell activation and infiltration to the brain, enhanced cholesterol metabolism, and increased IFN-γ production, leading to reduced endothelial cell apoptosis, BBB disruption, and ECM symptoms. Our results suggest that hApoE can be an important factor for risk assessment and treatment of CM in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hengjun Rao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Qin Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ruixue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiwei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lirong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yazhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Nengming Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shengfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao-Fen Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin-zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Son Y, Yeo IJ, Hong JT, Eo SK, Lee D, Kim K. Side-Chain Immune Oxysterols Induce Neuroinflammation by Activating Microglia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15288. [PMID: 37894967 PMCID: PMC10607006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In individuals with Alzheimer's disease, the brain exhibits elevated levels of IL-1β and oxygenated cholesterol molecules (oxysterols). This study aimed to investigate the effects of side-chain oxysterols on IL-1β expression using HMC3 microglial cells and ApoE-deficient mice. Treatment of HMC3 cells with 25-hydroxycholesterol (25OHChol) and 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHChol) led to increased IL-1β expression at the transcript and protein levels. Additionally, these oxysterols upregulated the surface expression of MHC II, a marker of activated microglia. Immunohistochemistry performed on the mice showed increased microglial expression of IL-1β and MHC II when fed a high-cholesterol diet. However, cholesterol and 24s-hydroxycholesterol did not increase IL-1β transcript levels or MHC II expression. The extent of IL-1β increase induced by 25OHChol and 27OHChol was comparable to that caused by oligomeric β-amyloid, and the IL-1β expression induced by the oxysterols was not impaired by polymyxin B, which inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-1β expression. Both oxysterols enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt, ERK, and Src, and inhibition of these kinase pathways with pharmacological inhibitors suppressed the expression of IL-1β and MHC II. The pharmacological agents chlorpromazine and cyclosporin A also impaired the oxysterol-induced expression of IL-1β and upregulation of MHC II. Overall, these findings suggest that dysregulated cholesterol metabolism leading to elevated levels of side-chain oxysterols, such as 25OHChol and 27OHChol, can activate microglia to secrete IL-1β through a mechanism amenable to pharmacologic intervention. The activation of microglia and subsequent neuroinflammation elicited by the immune oxysterols can contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghae Son
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea;
| | - In-Jun Yeo
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea;
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju 28160, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jin-Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju 28160, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seong-Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dongjun Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea;
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Wang Y, Cai L, Li H, Chen H, Yang T, Tan Y, Guo Z, Wang X. Overcoming Cancer Resistance to Platinum Drugs by Inhibiting Cholesterol Metabolism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309043. [PMID: 37612842 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a serious challenge for platinum anticancer drugs. Platinum complexes may get over the drug resistance via a distinct mechanism of action. Cholesterol is a key factor contributing to the drug resistance. Inhibiting cellular cholesterol synthesis and uptake provides an alternative strategy for cancer treatment. Platinum(IV) complexes FP and DFP with fenofibric acid as axial ligand(s) were designed to combat the drug resistance through regulating cholesterol metabolism besides damaging DNA. In addition to producing reactive oxygen species and active platinum(II) species to damage DNA, FP and DFP inhibited cellular cholesterol accumulation, promoted cholesterol efflux, upregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), induced caspase-1 activation and gasdermin D (GSDMD) cleavage, thus leading to both apoptosis and pyroptosis in cancer cells. The reduction of cholesterol significantly relieved the drug resistance of cancer cells. The double-acting mechanism gave the complexes strong anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo, particularly against cisplatin-resistant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Linxiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Hanhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yehong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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Girych M, Kulig W, Enkavi G, Vattulainen I. How Neuromembrane Lipids Modulate Membrane Proteins: Insights from G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) and Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs). Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041419. [PMID: 37487628 PMCID: PMC10547395 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Lipids play a diverse and critical role in cellular processes in all tissues. The unique lipid composition of nerve membranes is particularly interesting because it contains, among other things, polyunsaturated lipids, such as docosahexaenoic acid, which the body only gets through the diet. The crucial role of lipids in neurological processes, especially in receptor-mediated cell signaling, is emphasized by the fact that in many neuropathological diseases there are significant deviations in the lipid composition of nerve membranes compared to healthy individuals. The lipid composition of neuromembranes can significantly affect the function of receptors by regulating the physical properties of the membrane or by affecting specific interactions between receptors and lipids. In addition, it is worth noting that the ligand-binding pocket of many receptors is located inside the cell membrane, due to which lipids can even modulate the binding of ligands to their receptors. These mechanisms highlight the importance of lipids in the regulation of membrane receptor activation and function. In this article, we focus on two major protein families: G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and discuss how lipids affect their function in neuronal membranes, elucidating the basic mechanisms underlying neuronal function and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykhailo Girych
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Waldemar Kulig
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giray Enkavi
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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44
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Razouqi Y, El Bouchikhi I, El-Abid H, Baammi S, Nedbour A, Touhami Ahami AO, El Allali A, Bouguenouch L. Novel APOE Mutation in a Moroccan Subject Suffering from Alzheimer Disease: A Case Study and Exploration of Pathogenic Implication. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2023; 37:370-372. [PMID: 38015425 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a major public health concern worldwide. It is a severe neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects the elderly and causes significant brain cell death. According to the most complete scientific research, the APOE gene, which encodes the APOE protein, maybe the key to identifying the likely cause of delayed AD. The development of plaques and tangles, as well as increased amyloid (amyloid-β) levels and deposition, have been linked to APOE4. Pathogenic mutations in this gene can impact how beta-amyloid deposits and how they are cleared from the body. In this study, we report a novel pathogenic mutation, Arg160Leu, in APOE that was identified in a Moroccan patient. The magnetic resonance imaging of this 67-year-old woman revealed hippocampal shrinkage, and the results of her cognition testing revealed that she is suffering from severe AD. The current study may increase awareness of the genetic risk factors for AD caused by APOE4 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Razouqi
- Biology and Health Laboratory, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, Hassan II University Hospital
| | - Ihssane El Bouchikhi
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, Hassan II University Hospital
- Laboratory of Biomedical and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry of Fez, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Research and Innovation, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Kouribga
| | | | - Soukayna Baammi
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Ayoub Nedbour
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, Hassan II University Hospital
| | | | - Achraf El Allali
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Laila Bouguenouch
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, Hassan II University Hospital
- Laboratory of Biomedical and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry of Fez, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez
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45
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Zhang JL, Lv M, Yang CF, Zhu YX, Li CJ. Mevalonate pathway and male reproductive aging. Mol Reprod Dev 2023; 90:774-781. [PMID: 37733694 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Male fertility declines with age. The mevalonate pathway, through which cholesterol and nonsteroidal isoprenoids are synthesized, plays key role in metabolic processes and is an essential pathway for cholesterol production and protein prenylation. Male reproductive aging is accompanied by dramatic changes in the metabolic microenvironment of the testis. Since the mevalonate pathway has an important role in spermatogenesis, we attempted to explore the association between male reproductive aging and the mevalonate pathway to explain the mechanism of male reproductive aging. Alterations in the mevalonate pathway may affect male reproductive aging by decreasing cholesterol synthesis and altering testis protein prenylation. Decreased cholesterol levels affect cholesterol modification, testosterone production, and remodeling of germ cell membranes. Aging-related metabolic disorders also affect the metabolic coupling between somatic cells and spermatogenic cells, leading to male fertility decline. Therefore, we hypothesized that alterations in the mevalonate pathway represent one of the metabolic causes of reproductive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Le Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and China International Joint Research Center on Environment and Human Health, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and China International Joint Research Center on Environment and Human Health, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao-Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and China International Joint Research Center on Environment and Human Health, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying-Xi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and China International Joint Research Center on Environment and Human Health, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and China International Joint Research Center on Environment and Human Health, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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46
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Aslam MM, Fan KH, Lawrence E, Bedison MA, Snitz BE, DeKosky ST, Lopez OL, Feingold E, Kamboh MI. Genome-wide analysis identifies novel loci influencing plasma apolipoprotein E concentration and Alzheimer's disease risk. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4451-4462. [PMID: 37666928 PMCID: PMC10827653 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The APOE 2/3/4 polymorphism is the greatest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). This polymorphism is also associated with variation in plasma ApoE level; while APOE*4 lowers, APOE*2 increases ApoE level. Lower plasma ApoE level has also been suggested to be a risk factor for incident dementia. To our knowledge, no large genome-wide association study (GWAS) has been reported on plasma ApoE level. This study aimed to identify new genetic variants affecting plasma ApoE level as well as to test if baseline ApoE level is associated with cognitive function and incident dementia in a longitudinally followed cohort of the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory (GEM) study. Baseline plasma ApoE concentration was measured in 3031 participants (95.4% European Americans (EAs)). GWAS analysis was performed on 2580 self-identified EAs where both genotype and plasma ApoE data were available. Lower ApoE concentration was associated with worse cognitive function, but not with incident dementia. As expected, the risk for AD increased from E2/2 through to E4/4 genotypes (P for trend = 4.8E-75). In addition to confirming the expected and opposite associations of APOE*2 (P = 4.73E-79) and APOE*4 (P = 8.73E-12) with ApoE level, GWAS analysis revealed nine additional independent signals in the APOE region, and together they explained about 22% of the variance in plasma ApoE level. We also identified seven new loci on chromosomes 1, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12 and 20 (P range = 5.49E-08 to 5.36E-10) that explained about 9% of the variance in ApoE level. Plasma ApoE level-associated independent variants, especially in the APOE region, were also associated with AD risk and amyloid deposition in the brain, indicating that genetically determined ApoE level variation may be a risk factor for developing AD. These results improve our understanding of the genetic determinants of plasma ApoE level and their potential value in affecting AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Muaaz Aslam
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kang-Hsien Fan
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lawrence
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Margaret Anne Bedison
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Beth E Snitz
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven T DeKosky
- McKnight Brain Institute and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M Ilyas Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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47
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Yao Y, Chen Z, Wu Q, Lu Y, Zhou X, Zhu X. Single-cell RNA sequencing of retina revealed novel transcriptional landscape in high myopia and underlying cell-type-specific mechanisms. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e372. [PMID: 37746666 PMCID: PMC10511833 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
High myopia is a leading cause of blindness worldwide with increasing prevalence. Retina percepts visual information and triggers myopia development, but the underlying etiology is not fully understood because of cellular heterogeneity. In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing analysis was performed on retinas of mouse highly myopic and control eyes to dissect the involvement of each cell type during high myopia progression. For highly myopic photoreceptors, Hk2 inhibition underlying metabolic remodeling from aerobic glycolysis toward oxidative phosphorylation and excessive oxidative stress was identified. Importantly, a novel Apoe + rod subpopulation was specifically identified in highly myopic retina. In retinal neurons of highly myopic eyes, neurodegeneration was generally discovered, and the imbalanced ON/OFF signaling driven by cone-bipolar cells and the downregulated dopamine receptors in amacrine cells were among the most predominant findings, indicating the aberrant light processing in highly myopic eyes. Besides, microglia exhibited elevated expression of cytokines and TGF-β receptors, suggesting enhanced responses to inflammation and the growth-promoting states involved in high myopia progression. Furthermore, cell-cell communication network revealed attenuated neuronal interactions and increased glial/vascular interactions in highly myopic retinas. In conclusion, this study outlines the transcriptional landscape of highly myopic retina, providing novel insights into high myopia development and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqian Yao
- Eye Institute and Department of OphthalmologyEye & ENT HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of MyopiaChinese Academy of Medical SciencesNational Health Center Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University)ShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and OptometryShanghaiChina
| | - Zhenhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qingfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
- Beijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yi Lu
- Eye Institute and Department of OphthalmologyEye & ENT HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of MyopiaChinese Academy of Medical SciencesNational Health Center Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University)ShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and RestorationShanghaiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologyFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xingtao Zhou
- Eye Institute and Department of OphthalmologyEye & ENT HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of MyopiaChinese Academy of Medical SciencesNational Health Center Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University)ShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and OptometryShanghaiChina
| | - Xiangjia Zhu
- Eye Institute and Department of OphthalmologyEye & ENT HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of MyopiaChinese Academy of Medical SciencesNational Health Center Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University)ShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and RestorationShanghaiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologyFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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48
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Zuniga G, Frost B. Selective neuronal vulnerability to deficits in RNA processing. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 229:102500. [PMID: 37454791 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that errors in RNA processing can causally drive neurodegeneration. Given that RNA produced from expressed genes of all cell types undergoes processing (splicing, polyadenylation, 5' capping, etc.), the particular vulnerability of neurons to deficits in RNA processing calls for careful consideration. The activity-dependent transcriptome remodeling associated with synaptic plasticity in neurons requires rapid, multilevel post-transcriptional RNA processing events that provide additional opportunities for dysregulation and consequent introduction or persistence of errors in RNA transcripts. Here we review the accumulating evidence that neurons have an enhanced propensity for errors in RNA processing alongside grossly insufficient defenses to clear misprocessed RNA compared to other cell types. Additionally, we explore how tau, a microtubule-associated protein implicated in Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies, contributes to deficits in RNA processing and clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Zuniga
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Bess Frost
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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49
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Guardia-Escote L, Biosca-Brull J, Cabré M, Blanco J, Mladenova-Koleva M, Basaure P, Pérez-Fernández C, Sánchez-Santed F, Domingo JL, Colomina MT. Developmental brain lipidomics is influenced by postnatal chlorpyrifos exposure and APOE genetic background in mice. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2463-2475. [PMID: 37439814 PMCID: PMC10404178 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are a major component of the brain, and are involved in structural and neurodevelopmental processes such as neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and signaling. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is the main lipoprotein involved in lipid transport in the brain. The apoE isoforms can determine vulnerability to the toxic effects of the pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF), which can interfere with normal neurodevelopment. We aimed to study the effects of postnatal exposure to CPF and of the APOE genotype on the lipid composition of the brain at early ages. For it, we used apoE3 and apoE4 targeted-replacement (TR) male mice, as well as wild-type C57BL/6. The mice were orally exposed to 1 mg/kg/day of CPF on postnatal days 10-15 and, four hours after the treatment, we obtained samples to assess the cerebral lipid composition. Differences between APOE genotypes were found in the cerebral lipid profile in the postnatal period. ApoE4-TR mice exhibited higher lipid concentrations compared to the other groups in most of the cases. CPF exposure led to a decrease in cholesteryl ester and triglyceride concentrations, while modulating the levels of phosphatidylcholine species based on the apoE isoform. Specifically, CPF treatment decreased the concentration of some species of this lipid (PC30:0, PC31:0, PC32:2, PC36:5, PC40:4 and PC40:5) in C57BL/6 mice exposed to CPF, increased (PC31:0 and PC37:6) in apoE3-TR exposed mice while exposed apoE4-TR mice remained unaltered. These results provide further insights into the lipid composition of the brain at early ages, and how it can be modulated by environmental and genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Guardia-Escote
- Research Group in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Judit Biosca-Brull
- Research Group in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health (TECNATOX), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Maria Cabré
- Research Group in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jordi Blanco
- Research Group in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health (TECNATOX), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Mikaela Mladenova-Koleva
- Research Group in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pia Basaure
- Research Group in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Sánchez-Santed
- Department of Psychology, Health Research Center (CEINSA), Almería University, Almería, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health (TECNATOX), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Colomina
- Research Group in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
- Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health (TECNATOX), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
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Merrill NJ, Davidson WS, He Y, Díaz Ludovico I, Sarkar S, Berger MR, McDermott JE, Van Eldik LJ, Wilcock DM, Monroe ME, Kyle JE, Bruce KD, Heinecke JW, Vaisar T, Raber J, Quinn JF, Melchior JT. Human cerebrospinal fluid contains diverse lipoprotein subspecies enriched in proteins implicated in central nervous system health. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi5571. [PMID: 37647397 PMCID: PMC10468133 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi5571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipoproteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the central nervous system (CNS) resemble plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), which are a compositionally and structurally diverse spectrum of nanoparticles with pleiotropic functionality. Whether CSF lipoproteins (CSF-Lps) exhibit similar heterogeneity is poorly understood because they are present at 100-fold lower concentrations than plasma HDL. To investigate the diversity of CSF-Lps, we developed a sensitive fluorescent technology to characterize lipoprotein subspecies in small volumes of human CSF. We identified 10 distinctly sized populations of CSF-Lps, most of which were larger than plasma HDL. Mass spectrometric analysis identified 303 proteins across the populations, over half of which have not been reported in plasma HDL. Computational analysis revealed that CSF-Lps are enriched in proteins important for wound healing, inflammation, immune response, and both neuron generation and development. Network analysis indicated that different subpopulations of CSF-Lps contain unique combinations of these proteins. Our study demonstrates that CSF-Lp subspecies likely exist that contain compositional signatures related to CNS health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J. Merrill
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - W. Sean Davidson
- Center for Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Science, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Yi He
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ivo Díaz Ludovico
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Snigdha Sarkar
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Madelyn R. Berger
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Jason E. McDermott
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Linda J. Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40504, USA
| | - Donna M. Wilcock
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40504, USA
| | - Matthew E. Monroe
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Kyle
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Kimberley D. Bruce
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jay W. Heinecke
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Radiation Medicine, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Joseph F. Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Neurology and Parkinson’s Disease Research Education and Clinical Care Center (PADRECC), VA Portland Healthcare System, Portland OR 97239, USA
| | - John T. Melchior
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
- Center for Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Science, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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