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Jin C, Chen H, Xie L, Zhou Y, Liu LL, Wu J. GPCRs involved in metabolic diseases: pharmacotherapeutic development updates. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:1321-1336. [PMID: 38326623 PMCID: PMC11192902 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01215-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are expressed in a variety of cell types and tissues, and activation of GPCRs is involved in enormous metabolic pathways, including nutrient synthesis, transportation, storage or insulin sensitivity, etc. This review intends to summarize the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and mechanisms by a series of GPCRs, such as GPR91, GPR55, GPR119, GPR109a, GPR142, GPR40, GPR41, GPR43 and GPR120. With deep understanding of GPCR's structure and signaling pathways, it is attempting to uncover the role of GPCRs in major metabolic diseases, including metabolic syndrome, diabetes, dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, for which the global prevalence has risen during last two decades. An extensive list of agonists and antagonists with their chemical structures in a nature of small molecular compounds for above-mentioned GPCRs is provided as pharmacologic candidates, and their preliminary data of preclinical studies are discussed. Moreover, their beneficial effects in correcting abnormalities of metabolic syndrome, diabetes and dyslipidemia are summarized when clinical trials have been undertaken. Thus, accumulating data suggest that these agonists or antagonists might become as new pharmacotherapeutic candidates for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jin
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li-Li Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Xu M, Zhang P, Lv W, Chen Y, Chen M, Leng Y, Hu T, Wang K, Zhao Y, Shen J, You X, Gu D, Zhao W, Tan S. A bifunctional anti-PCSK9 scFv/Exendin-4 fusion protein exhibits enhanced lipid-lowering effects via targeting multiple signaling pathways in HFD-fed mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127003. [PMID: 37739280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Fusion protein which encompasses more than one functional component, has become one of the most important representatives of macromolecular drugs for disease treatment since that monotherapy itself might not be effective enough to eradicate the disease. In this study, we sought to construct a bifunctional antibody fusion protein by fusing anti-PCSK9 scFv with Exendin-4 for simultaneously lowering both LDL-C and TG. Firstly, three Ex4-anti-PCSK9 scFv fusion proteins were constructed by genetically connecting the C-terminal of Exendin-4 to the N-terminal of anti-PCSK9 scFv through various flexible linker peptides (G4S)n (n = 2, 3, 4). After soluble expression in E. coli, the most potent Ex4-(G4S)4-anti-PCSK9 scFv fusion protein was selected based on in vitro activity assays. Then, we investigated the in vivo therapeutic effects of Ex4-(G4S)4-anti-PCSK9 scFv on the serum lipid profile and bodyweight changes as well as underlying molecular mechanism in HFD-fed C57BL/6 mice. The data showed that Ex4-(G4S)4-anti-PCSK9 scFv exhibits enhanced effects of lowering both LDL-C and TG in serum, reducing food intake and body weight via blocking PCSK9/LDLR, activating AMPK/SREBP-1 pathways, and up-regulating sirt6. Conclusively, Ex4-(G4S)4-anti-PCSK9 has the potential to serve as a promising therapeutic agent for effectively treating dyslipidemia with high levels of both LDL-C and TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglong Xu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wenxiu Lv
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Manman Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yeqing Leng
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Tuo Hu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yaqiang Zhao
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Shen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xiangyan You
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Dian Gu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wenfeng Zhao
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Shuhua Tan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Bany Bakar R, Reimann F, Gribble FM. The intestine as an endocrine organ and the role of gut hormones in metabolic regulation. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:784-796. [PMID: 37626258 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00830-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Gut hormones orchestrate pivotal physiological processes in multiple metabolically active tissues, including the pancreas, liver, adipose tissue, gut and central nervous system, making them attractive therapeutic targets in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Most gut hormones are derived from enteroendocrine cells, but bioactive peptides that are derived from other intestinal epithelial cell types have also been implicated in metabolic regulation and can be considered gut hormones. A deeper understanding of the complex inter-organ crosstalk mediated by the intestinal endocrine system is a prerequisite for designing more effective drugs that are based on or target gut hormones and their receptors, and extending their therapeutic potential beyond obesity and diabetes mellitus. In this Review, we present an overview of gut hormones that are involved in the regulation of metabolism and discuss their action in the gastrointestinal system and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rula Bany Bakar
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Madsen S, Bak SY, Yde CC, Jensen HM, Knudsen TA, Bæch-Laursen C, Holst JJ, Laustsen C, Hedemann MS. Unravelling Effects of Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Extract on Hepatic Fat Accumulation and Plasma Lipid Profile in Rats Fed a High-Fat Western-Style Diet. Metabolites 2023; 13:974. [PMID: 37755254 PMCID: PMC10534343 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13090974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the preventive effect on obesity-related conditions of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract (RE) in young, healthy rats fed a high-fat Western-style diet to complement the existing knowledge gap concerning the anti-obesity effects of RE in vivo. Sprague Dawley rats (71.3 ± 0.46 g) were fed a high-fat Western-style diet (WD) or WD containing either 1 g/kg feed or 4 g/kg feed RE for six weeks. A group fed standard chow served as a negative control. The treatments did not affect body weight; however, the liver fat percentage was reduced in rats fed RE, and NMR analyses of liver tissue indicated that total cholesterol and triglycerides in the liver were reduced. In plasma, HDL cholesterol was increased while triglycerides were decreased. Rats fed high RE had significantly increased fasting plasma concentrations of Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Proteomics analyses of liver tissue showed that RE increased enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation, possibly associated with the higher fasting GLP-1 levels, which may explain the improvement of the overall lipid profile and hepatic fat accumulation. Furthermore, high levels of succinic acid in the cecal content of RE-treated animals suggested a modulation of the microbiota composition. In conclusion, our results suggest that RE may alleviate the effects of consuming a high-fat diet through increased GLP-1 secretion and changes in microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidsel Madsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Steffen Yde Bak
- IFF—Nutrition Biosciences Aps, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark; (S.Y.B.); (C.C.Y.); (H.M.J.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Christian Clement Yde
- IFF—Nutrition Biosciences Aps, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark; (S.Y.B.); (C.C.Y.); (H.M.J.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Henrik Max Jensen
- IFF—Nutrition Biosciences Aps, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark; (S.Y.B.); (C.C.Y.); (H.M.J.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Tine Ahrendt Knudsen
- IFF—Nutrition Biosciences Aps, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark; (S.Y.B.); (C.C.Y.); (H.M.J.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Cecilie Bæch-Laursen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.B.-L.); (J.J.H.)
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.B.-L.); (J.J.H.)
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- The MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Mette Skou Hedemann
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Yildirim V, ter Horst KW, Gilijamse PW, van Harskamp D, Schierbeek H, Jansen H, Schimmel AW, Nieuwdorp M, Groen AK, Serlie MJ, van Riel NA, Dallinga-Thie GM. Bariatric surgery improves postprandial VLDL kinetics and restores insulin-mediated regulation of hepatic VLDL production. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e166905. [PMID: 37432744 PMCID: PMC10543721 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.166905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia in obesity results from excessive production and impaired clearance of triglyceride-rich (TG-rich) lipoproteins, which are particularly pronounced in the postprandial state. Here, we investigated the impact of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery on postprandial VLDL1 and VLDL2 apoB and TG kinetics and their relationship with insulin-responsiveness indices. Morbidly obese patients without diabetes who were scheduled for RYGB surgery (n = 24) underwent a lipoprotein kinetics study during a mixed-meal test and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp study before the surgery and 1 year later. A physiologically based computational model was developed to investigate the impact of RYGB surgery and plasma insulin on postprandial VLDL kinetics. After the surgery, VLDL1 apoB and TG production rates were significantly decreased, whereas VLDL2 apoB and TG production rates remained unchanged. The TG catabolic rate was increased in both VLDL1 and VLDL2 fractions, but only the VLDL2 apoB catabolic rate tended to increase. Furthermore, postsurgery VLDL1 apoB and TG production rates, but not those of VLDL2, were positively correlated with insulin resistance. Insulin-mediated stimulation of peripheral lipoprotein lipolysis was also improved after the surgery. In summary, RYGB resulted in reduced hepatic VLDL1 production that correlated with reduced insulin resistance, elevated VLDL2 clearance, and improved insulin sensitivity in lipoprotein lipolysis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vehpi Yildirim
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Mathematics, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | | | - Dewi van Harskamp
- Department of Experimental and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Schierbeek
- Department of Experimental and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Jansen
- Department of Experimental and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alinda W.M. Schimmel
- Department of Experimental and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Experimental and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K. Groen
- Department of Experimental and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Natal A.W. van Riel
- Department of Experimental and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Geesje M. Dallinga-Thie
- Department of Experimental and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Genetic Markers of Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030427. [PMID: 36984867 PMCID: PMC10054456 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by impaired insulin secretion on a background of insulin resistance (IR). IR and T2DM are associated with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). The mechanisms of IR and atherosclerosis are known to share similar genetic and environmental roots. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) detected at the earliest stages of IR might be the origin of atherosclerosis progression. ED influences the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and their encoding genes. The genes and their single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) act as potential genetic markers of IR and atherosclerosis. This review focuses on the link between IR, T2DM, atherosclerosis, CAD, and the potential genetic markers CHI3L1, CD36, LEPR, RETN, IL-18, RBP-4, and RARRES2 genes.
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Hori M, Hasegawa Y, Hayashi Y, Nakagami T, Harada-Shiba M. Acute Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Exendin-4 in Ldlr -/- and C57BL/6J Mice. J Atheroscler Thromb 2023; 30:74-86. [PMID: 35314564 PMCID: PMC9899697 DOI: 10.5551/jat.60921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS We previously reported that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) reduced serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving statins, which increased LDL receptor (LDLR) expression. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how much LDLR expression contributes to the LDL-C-lowering effect of GLP-1RAs. We examined the effect of a GLP-1RA, namely, exendin-4, on serum LDL-C levels and its mechanism in Ldlr-/- and C57BL/6J mice. METHODS Ten-week-old Ldlr-/- and C57BL/6J mice received exendin-4 or saline for 5 days, and serum lipid profiles and hepatic lipid levels were examined. Cholesterol metabolism-related gene expression and protein levels in the liver and ileum and the fecal bile acid (BA) composition were also examined. RESULTS Exendin-4 treatment significantly decreased serum very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and LDL-C levels and mature hepatic SREBP2 levels and increased hepatic Insig1/2 mRNA expression in both mouse strains. In Ldlr-/- mice, exendin-4 treatment also significantly decreased hepatic cholesterol levels and fecal BA excretion, decreased hepatic Cyp7a1 mRNA expression, and increased small intestinal Fgf15 mRNA expression. In C57BL/6J mice, exendin-4 treatment significantly decreased small intestinal NPC1L1 levels. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that exendin-4 treatment decreased serum VLDL-C and LDL-C levels in a manner that was independent of LDLR. Exendin-4 treatment might decrease serum cholesterol levels by lowering hepatic SREBP2 levels and cholesterol absorption in Ldlr-/- and C57BL/6J mice. Exendin-4 treatment might decrease cholesterol absorption by different mechanisms in Ldlr-/- and C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Hori
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan,Department of Endocrinology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan,Department of Endocrinology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hasegawa
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan,Division of Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women’s Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hayashi
- Department of Endocrinology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan,Department of Endocrinology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nakagami
- Division of Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women’s Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Harada-Shiba
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
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Mirzaei F, Khodadadi I, Majdoub N, Vafaei SA, Tayebinia H, Abbasi E. Role of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Agonists in the Management of Diabetic Patients with or without COVID-19. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/18741045-v16-e2212130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a gut-derived hormone released after a meal, which alleviates hyperglycemia, increases β-cell survival, reduces body weight, and reduces inflammation. These thrilling effects motivated clinical studies to discover the potential use of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) in the management of T2D. GLP-1 RAs are potential anti-diabetic agents that can reduce blood pressure, glucose levels, HbA1c and, weight loss without hypoglycemia risk. This manuscript reviews the importance of GLP-1 RAs and their role in the management of T2D with or without COVID-19 infection. Hence, this manuscript can help physicians and researchers to choose the most appropriate drugs for the individualized treatment of subjects.
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Mahapatra MK, Karuppasamy M, Sahoo BM. Therapeutic Potential of Semaglutide, a Newer GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, in Abating Obesity, Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Neurodegenerative diseases: A Narrative Review. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1233-1248. [PMID: 35650449 PMCID: PMC9159769 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Semaglutide, a peptidic GLP-1 receptor agonist, has been clinically approved for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and is available in subcutaneous and oral dosage form. Diabetes, insulin resistance, and obesity are responsible for the pathological manifestations of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Similarly, insulin resistance in brain is also responsible for neurodegeneration and impaired cognitive functions. BACKGROUND Observations from phase-3 clinical trials like SUSTAIN and PIONEER indicated anti-obesity potential of semaglutide, which was established in STEP trials. Various pre-clinical and phase-2 studies have indicated the therapeutic potential of semaglutide in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. DISCUSSION Significant weight reduction ability of semaglutide has been demonstrated in various phase-3 clinical trials, for which recently semaglutide became the first long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist to be approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for management of obesity. Various pre-clinical and clinical studies have revealed the hepatoprotective effect of semaglutide in NASH and neuroprotective effect in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSION Many GLP-1 receptor agonists have shown hepatoprotective and neuroprotective activity in animal and human trials. As semaglutide is an already clinically approved drug, successful human trials would hasten its inclusion into therapeutic treatment of NASH and neurodegenerative diseases. Semaglutide improves insulin resistance, insulin signalling pathway, and reduce body weight which are responsible for prevention or progression of NASH and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Mahapatra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kanak Manjari Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chhend, Rourkela, 769015, Odisha, India.
| | - Muthukumar Karuppasamy
- YaAn Pharmaceutical and Medical Communications, 1798, Balaji Nagar, Sithurajapuram, Sivakasi, 626189, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Biswa M Sahoo
- Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, 760010, Odisha, India
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Chen Y, Xu YN, Ye CY, Feng WB, Zhou QT, Yang DH, Wang MW. GLP-1 mimetics as a potential therapy for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1156-1166. [PMID: 34934197 PMCID: PMC9061743 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00836-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), as a severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is characterized by liver steatosis, inflammation, hepatocellular injury and different degrees of fibrosis. The pathogenesis of NASH is complex and multifactorial, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been implicated as major risk factors. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is one of the most successful drug targets of T2DM and obesity, and its peptidic ligands have been proposed as potential therapeutic agents for NASH. In this article we provide an overview of the pathophysiology and management of NASH, with a special focus on the pharmacological effects and possible mechanisms of GLP-1 mimetics in treating NAFLD/NASH, including dual and triple agonists at GLP-1R, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor or glucagon receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Ying-na Xu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Chen-yu Ye
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Wen-bo Feng
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Qing-tong Zhou
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - De-hua Yang
- grid.419093.60000 0004 0619 8396The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, 572025 China
| | - Ming-wei Wang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.419093.60000 0004 0619 8396The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, 572025 China ,grid.440637.20000 0004 4657 8879School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210 China
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Yaribeygi H, Maleki M, Butler AE, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. The Impact of Incretin-Based Medications on Lipid Metabolism. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:1815178. [PMID: 35005028 PMCID: PMC8731296 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1815178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathophysiological pathways that are induced by chronic hyperglycemia negatively impact lipid metabolism. Thus, diabetes is commonly accompanied by varying degrees of dyslipidemia which is itself a major risk factor for further macro- and microvascular diabetes complications such as atherosclerosis and nephropathy. Therefore, normalizing lipid metabolism is an attractive goal for therapy in patients with diabetes. Incretin-based medications are a novel group of antidiabetic agents with potent hypoglycemic effects. While the impact of incretins on glucose metabolism is clear, recent evidence indicates their positive modulatory roles on various aspects of lipid metabolism. Therefore, incretins may offer additional beneficial effects beyond that of glucose normalization. In the current review, how these antidiabetic medications can regulate lipid homeostasis and the possible cellular pathways involved are discussed, incorporating related clinical evidence about incretin effects on lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Yaribeygi
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mina Maleki
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexandra E. Butler
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, PO Box 15503, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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12
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Guo Z, Wu Y, Zhu L, Wang Y, Wang D, Sun X. PEX-168 improves insulin resistance, inflammatory response and adipokines in simple obese mice: a mechanistic exploration. BMC Endocr Disord 2021; 21:245. [PMID: 34923973 PMCID: PMC8686575 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-021-00908-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyethylene glycol loxenatide (PEX-168) is a new antidiabetic drug; as such, there are not yet any reports on its weight loss effect. Therefore, this trial was designed to investigate the effect of PEX-168 on simple obese mice. METHODS Thirty healthy male C57BL/6 mice were randomly selected and divided into a control group (NC) and an obesity model group. The high-fat diet-induced simple obesity mice were divided into a model control group (HF) and three intervention groups. The intervention groups were injected with different doses of PEX-168 intraperitoneally once a week for 12 weeks (low (LD), medium (MD) and high (HD)). Fasting blood glucose (FBG), body weight and food intake were measured from 1 to 12 weeks after PEX-168 injection. The serum insulin (INS), C-reactive protein (CRP), chemerin and omentin levels were measured after 12 weeks. RESULTS Compared with the HF group, the low dose of PEX-168 reduced the body weight of the mice in a short period of time (8 weeks), and the mice in the MD and HD groups showed a significant decrease in body weight (P < 0.05). The low dose of PEX-168 could effectively improve the blood glucose and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (Homa-IR) of the mice (FBG P < 0.05 INS, Homa-IR P < 0.001), but there was no significant difference between different doses (P > 0.05). CRP levels in the MD and HD groups were significantly improved (P < 0.05). The levels of serum chemerin and omentin in the intervention groups were also significantly improved (P < 0.01), but there was no significant difference between the different doses (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS PEX-168 significantly reduced the body weight of simple obese mice and improved the insulin resistance. PEX-168 may regulate the expression of chemerin and omentin through its hypoglycaemic effect, and the weight-reducing effect of PEX-168 is unlikely to be the reason for the changes in both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyuan Guo
- College of Nursing, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Wu
- College of Nursing, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Zhu
- Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yong Wang
- General Surgery Institute of Yangzhou, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daorong Wang
- Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
- General Surgery Institute of Yangzhou, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- College of Nursing, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
- Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China.
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13
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Zhao J, Zhao Y, Hu Y, Peng J. Targeting the GPR119/incretin axis: a promising new therapy for metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2021; 26:32. [PMID: 34233623 PMCID: PMC8265056 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-021-00276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, G protein-coupled receptors have emerged as drug targets, and their physiological and pathological effects have been extensively studied. Among these receptors, GPR119 is expressed in multiple organs, including the liver. It can be activated by a variety of endogenous and exogenous ligands. After GPR119 is activated, the cell secretes a variety of incretins, including glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-2, which may attenuate the metabolic dysfunction associated with fatty liver disease, including improving glucose and lipid metabolism, inhibiting inflammation, reducing appetite, and regulating the intestinal microbial system. GPR119 has been a potential therapeutic target for diabetes mellitus type 2 for many years, but its role in metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease deserves further attention. In this review, we discuss relevant research and current progress in the physiology and pharmacology of the GPR119/incretin axis and speculate on the potential therapeutic role of this axis in metabolic dysfunction associated with fatty liver disease, which provides guidance for transforming experimental research into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Zhao
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated To Shanghai, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated To Shanghai, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyang Hu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated To Shanghai, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinghua Peng
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated To Shanghai, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Mughrabi IT, Hickman J, Jayaprakash N, Thompson D, Ahmed U, Papadoyannis ES, Chang YC, Abbas A, Datta-Chaudhuri T, Chang EH, Zanos TP, Lee SC, Froemke RC, Tracey KJ, Welle C, Al-Abed Y, Zanos S. Development and characterization of a chronic implant mouse model for vagus nerve stimulation. eLife 2021; 10:e61270. [PMID: 33821789 PMCID: PMC8051950 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) suppresses inflammation and autoimmune diseases in preclinical and clinical studies. The underlying molecular, neurological, and anatomical mechanisms have been well characterized using acute electrophysiological stimulation of the vagus. However, there are several unanswered mechanistic questions about the effects of chronic VNS, which require solving numerous technical challenges for a long-term interface with the vagus in mice. Here, we describe a scalable model for long-term VNS in mice developed and validated in four research laboratories. We observed significant heart rate responses for at least 4 weeks in 60-90% of animals. Device implantation did not impair vagus-mediated reflexes. VNS using this implant significantly suppressed TNF levels in endotoxemia. Histological examination of implanted nerves revealed fibrotic encapsulation without axonal pathology. This model may be useful to study the physiology of the vagus and provides a tool to systematically investigate long-term VNS as therapy for chronic diseases modeled in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim T Mughrabi
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell HealthManhassetUnited States
| | - Jordan Hickman
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Naveen Jayaprakash
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell HealthManhassetUnited States
| | - Dane Thompson
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell HealthManhassetUnited States
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular MedicineManhassetUnited States
| | - Umair Ahmed
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell HealthManhassetUnited States
| | - Eleni S Papadoyannis
- Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, Center for Neural Science, New York University School of Medicine, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Faculty Scholar, New York University School of Medicine, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Yao-Chuan Chang
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell HealthManhassetUnited States
| | - Adam Abbas
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell HealthManhassetUnited States
| | - Timir Datta-Chaudhuri
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell HealthManhassetUnited States
| | - Eric H Chang
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell HealthManhassetUnited States
| | - Theodoros P Zanos
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell HealthManhassetUnited States
| | - Sunhee C Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell HealthManhassetUnited States
| | - Robert C Froemke
- Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, Center for Neural Science, New York University School of Medicine, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Faculty Scholar, New York University School of Medicine, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell HealthManhassetUnited States
| | - Cristin Welle
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell HealthManhassetUnited States
| | - Stavros Zanos
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell HealthManhassetUnited States
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15
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Yang M, Zhang CY. G protein-coupled receptors as potential targets for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:677-691. [PMID: 33716447 PMCID: PMC7934005 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i8.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a broad-spectrum disease, ranging from simple hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, which can progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Abnormal hepatic lipid accumulation is the major manifestation of this disease, and lipotoxicity promotes NAFLD progression. In addition, intermediate metabolites such as succinate can stimulate the activation of hepatic stellate cells to produce extracellular matrix proteins, resulting in progression of NAFLD to fibrosis and even cirrhosis. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been shown to play essential roles in metabolic disorders, such as NAFLD and obesity, through their function as receptors for bile acids and free fatty acids. In addition, GPCRs link gut microbiota-mediated connections in a variety of diseases, such as intestinal diseases, hepatic steatosis, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. The latest findings show that gut microbiota-derived acetate contributes to liver lipogenesis by converting dietary fructose into hepatic acetyl-CoA and fatty acids. GPCR agonists, including peptides and natural products like docosahexaenoic acid, have been applied to investigate their role in liver diseases. Therapies such as probiotics and GPCR agonists may be applied to modulate GPCR function to ameliorate liver metabolism syndrome. This review summarizes the current findings regarding the role of GPCRs in the development and progression of NAFLD and describes some preclinical and clinical studies of GPCR-mediated treatment. Overall, understanding GPCR-mediated signaling in liver disease may provide new therapeutic options for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Chun-Ye Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
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16
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Rehman K, Haider K, Jabeen K, Akash MSH. Current perspectives of oleic acid: Regulation of molecular pathways in mitochondrial and endothelial functioning against insulin resistance and diabetes. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2020; 21:631-643. [PMID: 32125563 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09549-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a leading cause of deaths due to metabolic disorders in recent years. Molecular mechanisms involved in the initiation and development of IR and T2DM are multiples. The major factors include mitochondrial dysfunction which may cause incomplete fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Oleic acid upregulates the expression of genes causing FAO by deacetylation of PGC1α by PKA-dependent activation of SIRT1-PGC1α complex. Another potent factor for the development of IR and T2DM is endothelial dysfunction as damaged endothelium causes increased release of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, sVCAM, sICAM, E-selectin and other proinflammatory cytokines. While, on the other hand, oleic acid has the ability to regulate E-selectin, and sICAM expression. Rest of the risk factors may include inflammation, β-cell dysfunction, oxidative stress, hormonal imbalance, apoptosis, and enzyme dysregulation. Here, we have highlighted how oleic acid regulates underlying causatives factors and hence, keeps surpassing effect in prevention and treatment of IR and T2DM. However, the percentage contribution of these factors in combating IR and ultimately averting T2DM is still debatable. Thus, because of its exceptional protective effect, it can be considered as an improved therapeutic agent in prophylaxis and/or treatment of IR and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Kamran Haider
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Komal Jabeen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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17
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Vincent RK, Williams DM, Evans M. A look to the future in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Are glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues or sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors the answer? Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:2227-2240. [PMID: 32945071 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing public health concern associated with significant morbidity, mortality and economic cost, particularly in those who progress to cirrhosis. Medical treatment is frequently limited, with no specific licensed treatments currently available for people with NAFLD. Its association with diabetes raises the possibility of shared mechanisms of disease progression and treatment. With the ever-growing interest in the non-glycaemic effects of diabetes medications, studies and clinical trials have investigated hepatic outcomes associated with the use of drug classes used for people with type 2 diabetes (T2D), such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues or sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Studies exploring the use of GLP-1 analogues or SGLT2 inhibitors in people with NAFLD have observed improved measures of hepatic inflammation, liver enzymes and radiological features over short periods. However, these studies tend to have variable study populations and inconsistent reported outcomes, limiting comparison between drugs and drug classes. As these drugs appear to improve biomarkers of NAFLD, clinicians should consider their use in patients with NAFLD and T2D. However, further evidence with greater participant numbers and longer trial durations is required to support specific licensing for people with NAFLD. Larger trials would allow reporting of major adverse hepatic events, akin to cardiovascular and renal outcome trials, to be determined. This would provide a more meaningful evaluation of the impact of these drugs in NAFLD. Nevertheless, these drugs represent a future potential therapeutic avenue in this difficult-to-treat population and may beget significant health and economic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Vincent
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff, UK
| | - David M Williams
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marc Evans
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff, UK
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18
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Huang KP, Goodson ML, Vang W, Li H, Page AJ, Raybould HE. Leptin signaling in vagal afferent neurons supports the absorption and storage of nutrients from high-fat diet. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 45:348-357. [PMID: 32917985 PMCID: PMC7854885 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-00678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Activation of vagal afferent neurons (VAN) by postprandial gastrointestinal signals terminates feeding and facilitates nutrient digestion and absorption. Leptin modulates responsiveness of VAN to meal-related gastrointestinal signals. Rodents with high-fat diet (HF) feeding develop leptin resistance that impairs responsiveness of VAN. We hypothesized that lack of leptin signaling in VAN reduces responses to meal-related signals, which in turn decreases absorption of nutrients and energy storage from high-fat, calorically dense food. Methods: Mice with conditional deletion of the leptin receptor from VAN (Nav1.8-Cre/LepRfl/fl; KO) were used in this study. Six-week-old male mice were fed a 45% HF for 4 weeks; metabolic phenotype, food intake, and energy expenditure were measured. Absorption and storage of nutrients were investigated in the refed state. Results: After 4 weeks of HF feeding, KO mice gained less body weight and fat mass that WT controls, but this was not due to differences in food intake or energy expenditure. KO mice had reduced expression of carbohydrate transporters and absorption of carbohydrate in the jejunum. KO mice had fewer hepatic lipid droplets and decreased expression of de novo lipogenesis-associated enzymes and lipoproteins for endogenous lipoprotein pathway in liver, suggesting decreased long-term storage of carbohydrate in KO mice. Conclusions: Impairment of leptin signaling in VAN reduces responsiveness to gastrointestinal signals, which reduces intestinal absorption of carbohydrates and de novo lipogenesis resulting in reduced long-term energy storage. This study reveals a novel role of vagal afferents to support digestion and energy storage that may contribute to the effectiveness of vagal blockade to induce weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Pin Huang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michael L Goodson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Wendie Vang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Amanda J Page
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Helen E Raybould
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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19
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Perrone MA, Babu Dasari J, Intorcia A, Gualtieri P, Marche M, Di Luozzo M, Merra G, Bernardini S, Romeo F, Sergi D. Phenotypic classification and biochemical profile of obesity for cardiovascular prevention. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.20.04259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Lu HS, Schmidt AM, Hegele RA, Mackman N, Rader DJ, Weber C, Daugherty A. Reporting Sex and Sex Differences in Preclinical Studies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:e171-e184. [PMID: 30354222 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong S Lu
- From the Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.S.L., A.D.)
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (A.M.S.)
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Medicine and Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.A.H.)
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Medicine (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.,Department of Genetics (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Christian Weber
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (C.W.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W.)
| | - Alan Daugherty
- From the Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.S.L., A.D.)
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21
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El Khoury D, Vien S, Sanchez-Hernandez D, Kung B, Wright A, Goff HD, Anderson GH. Increased milk protein content and whey-to-casein ratio in milk served with breakfast cereal reduce postprandial glycemia in healthy adults: An examination of mechanisms of action. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:6766-6780. [PMID: 31229285 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the effects on glycemic response and the underlying mechanisms of action of increasing the protein concentration and decreasing the casein-to-whey ratio in milk when consumed with a high glycemic breakfast cereal. Twelve healthy men and women, aged 18 to 30 yr and with a body mass index of 20 to 24.9 kg/m2, consumed (in random order) milk beverages (250 mL) containing either 3.1 or 9.3% protein and casein-to-whey ratios of either 80:20 or 40:60. We measured postprandial appetite, glucose, regulatory hormones, and stomach emptying rate over 200 min, as well as food intake at an ad libitum meal at 120 min. Although pre-meal appetite was suppressed to a greater extent with milk beverages that had high (9.3%) compared with regular (3.1%) protein content, food intake was similar among all 4 treatments. Pre-meal mean blood glucose was lower with beverages that had high rather than regular milk protein content, with the lowest glucose peaks after the high milk protein treatment with the 40:60 casein-to-whey ratio. Pre-meal insulin and C-peptide levels were not affected by milk protein content or casein-to-whey ratio, but pre-meal glucagon-like peptide 1 was higher after the treatment containing high milk protein and the 40:60 casein-to-whey ratio, and pre-meal cholecystokinin was higher after the treatments containing high milk protein content. Plasma paracetamol response was also lower after the treatments containing high compared with regular milk protein content. When consumed with carbohydrate, milk beverages with high protein content and (to a lesser extent) a decreased casein-to-whey ratio lowered postprandial glycemia through insulin-independent mechanisms, primarily associated with delayed stomach emptying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia El Khoury
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Shirley Vien
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Diana Sanchez-Hernandez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Bonnie Kung
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Amanda Wright
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - H Douglas Goff
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - G Harvey Anderson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8.
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22
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Yu B, Zhang M, Chen J, Wang L, Peng X, Zhang X, Wang H, Wang A, Zhao D, Pang D, OuYang H, Tang X. Abnormality of hepatic triglyceride metabolism in Apc Min/+ mice with colon cancer cachexia. Life Sci 2019; 227:201-211. [PMID: 31002917 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Colorectal cancer syndrome has been one of the greatest concerns in the world. Although several epidemiological studies have shown that hepatic low lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA expression may be associated with dyslipidemia and tumor progression, it is still not known whether the liver plays an essential role in hyperlipidemia of ApcMin/+ mice. MAIN METHODS We measured the expression of metabolic enzymes that involved fatty acid uptake, de novo lipogenesis (DNL), β-oxidation and investigated hepatic triglyceride production in the liver of wild-type and ApcMin/+ mice. KEY FINDINGS We found that hepatic fatty acid uptake and DNL decreased, but there was no significant difference in fatty acid β-oxidation. Interestingly, the production of hepatic very low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride (VLDL-TG) decreased at 20 weeks of age, but marked steatosis was observed in the livers of the ApcMin/+ mouse. To further explore hypertriglyceridemia, we assessed the function of hepatic glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1) for the first time. GPIHBP1 is governed by the transcription factor octamer-binding transcription factor-1 (Oct-1) which are involved in the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway in the liver of ApcMin/+ mice. Importantly, it was also confirmed that sn50 (100 μg/mL, an inhibitor of the NF-κB) reversed the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced Oct-1 and GPIHBP1 reduction in HepG2 cells. SIGNIFICANCE Altogether, these findings highlighted a novel role of GPIHBP1 that might be responsible for hypertriglyceridemia in ApcMin/+ mice. Hypertriglyceridemia in these mice may be associated with their hepatic lipid metabolism development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jiahuan Chen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lingyu Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaohuan Peng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - He Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Anbei Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Dazhong Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hongsheng OuYang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaochun Tang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China.
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Gut peptide and neuroendocrine regulation of hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:326-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Abstract
The organs require oxygen and other types of nutrients (amino acids, sugars, and lipids) to function, the heart consuming large amounts of fatty acids for oxidation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S Dron
- From the Department of Biochemistry (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Julieta Lazarte
- From the Department of Biochemistry (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine (J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Robert A Hegele
- From the Department of Biochemistry (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine (J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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26
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Charpentier J, Waget A, Klopp P, Magnan C, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Lee SJ, Burcelin R, Grasset E. Lixisenatide requires a functional gut-vagus nerve-brain axis to trigger insulin secretion in controls and type 2 diabetic mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G671-G684. [PMID: 30070580 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00348.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) regulates glucose-induced insulin secretion through both direct β-cell-dependent and indirect gut-brain axis-dependent pathways. However, little is known about the mode of action of the GLP-1 receptor agonist lixisenatide. We studied the effects of lixisenatide (intraperitoneal injection) on insulin secretion, gastric emptying, vagus nerve activity, and brain c-Fos activation in naive, chronically vagotomized, GLP-1 receptor knockout (KO), high-fat diet-fed diabetic mice, or db/db mice. Lixisenatide dose-dependently increased oral glucose-induced insulin secretion that is correlated with a decrease of glycemia. In addition, lixisenatide inhibited gastric emptying. These effects of lixisenatide were abolished in vagotomized mice, characterized by a delay of gastric emptying and in GLP-1 receptor KO mice. Intraperitoneal administration of lixisenatide also increased the vagus nerve firing rate and the number of c-Fos-labeled neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of the brainstem. In diabetic mouse models, lixisenatide increased the firing rate of the vagus nerve when administrated simultaneously to an intraduodenal glucose. It increased also insulin secretion and c-Fos activation in the NTS. Altogether, our findings show that lixisenatide requires a functional vagus nerve and neuronal gut-brain-islets axis as well as the GLP-1 receptor to regulate glucose-induced insulin secretion in healthy and diabetic mice. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Lixisenatide is an agonist of the glucagon-like protein (GLP)-1 receptor, modified from exendin 4, used to treat type 2 diabetic patients. However, whereas the mode of action of endogenous GLP-1 is extensively studied, the mode of action of the GLP-1 analog lixisenatide is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that lixisenatide activates the vagus nerve and recruits the gut-brain axis through the GLP-1 receptor to decrease gastric emptying and stimulate insulin secretion to improve glycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Charpentier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale , Toulouse , France.,Université Paul Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Aurélie Waget
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale , Toulouse , France.,Université Paul Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Pascale Klopp
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale , Toulouse , France.,Université Paul Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Denis Diderot, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8251, Paris , France
| | - Céline Cruciani-Guglielmacci
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Denis Diderot, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8251, Paris , France
| | - Shin Jae Lee
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Burcelin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale , Toulouse , France.,Université Paul Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Estelle Grasset
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale , Toulouse , France.,Université Paul Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse Cedex, France
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27
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Bifari F, Manfrini R, Dei Cas M, Berra C, Siano M, Zuin M, Paroni R, Folli F. Multiple target tissue effects of GLP-1 analogues on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Pharmacol Res 2018; 137:219-229. [PMID: 30359962 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating experimental and clinical evidences over the last decade indicate that GLP-1 analogues have a series of central nervous system and peripheral target tissues actions which are able to significantly influence the liver metabolism. GLP-1 analogues pleiotropic effects proved to be efficacious in T2DM subjects not only reducing liver steatosis and ameliorating NAFLD and NASH, but also in lowering plasma glucose and liver inflammation, improving cardiac function and protecting from kidney dysfunction. While the experimental and clinical data are robust, the precise mechanisms of action potentially involved in these protective multi-target effects need further investigation. Here we present a systematic review of the most recent literature data on the multi-target effects of GLP-1 analogues on the liver, on adipose and muscular tissue and on the nervous system, all capable of influencing significant aspects of the fatty liver disease physiopathology. From this analysis, we can conclude that the multi-target beneficial action of the GLP-1 analogues could explain the positive effects observed in animal and human models on progression of NAFLD to NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Manfrini
- Department of Internal Medicine ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Dei Cas
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Berra
- Metabolic Disease and Diabetes, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Siano
- Department of Internal Medicine ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Zuin
- Unit of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Paroni
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Folli
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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