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Hershberger C, Mariam A, Pantalone KM, Buse JB, Motsinger-Reif AA, Rotroff DM. Polygenic subtype identified in ACCORD trial displays a favorable type 2 diabetes phenotype in the UKBiobank population. Hum Genomics 2024; 18:70. [PMID: 38909264 PMCID: PMC11193210 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00639-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We previously identified a genetic subtype (C4) of type 2 diabetes (T2D), benefitting from intensive glycemia treatment in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial. Here, we characterized the population of patients that met the C4 criteria in the UKBiobank cohort. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using our polygenic score (PS), we identified C4 individuals in the UKBiobank and tested C4 status with risk of developing T2D, cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes, and differences in T2D medications. RESULTS C4 individuals were less likely to develop T2D, were slightly older at T2D diagnosis, had lower HbA1c values, and were less likely to be prescribed T2D medications (P < .05). Genetic variants in MAS1 and IGF2R, major components of the C4 PS, were associated with fewer overall T2D prescriptions. CONCLUSION We have confirmed C4 individuals are a lower risk subpopulation of patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Hershberger
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Center for Quantitative Metabolic Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Arshiya Mariam
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Center for Quantitative Metabolic Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Kevin M Pantalone
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Center for Quantitative Metabolic Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - John B Buse
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alison A Motsinger-Reif
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel M Rotroff
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Center for Quantitative Metabolic Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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Swiderski J, Gadanec LK, Apostolopoulos V, Moore GJ, Kelaidonis K, Matsoukas JM, Zulli A. Role of Angiotensin II in Cardiovascular Diseases: Introducing Bisartans as a Novel Therapy for Coronavirus 2019. Biomolecules 2023; 13:787. [PMID: 37238657 PMCID: PMC10216788 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main contributors to global morbidity and mortality. Major pathogenic phenotypes of CVDs include the development of endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and hyper-inflammatory responses. These phenotypes have been found to overlap with the pathophysiological complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). CVDs have been identified as major risk factors for severe and fatal COVID-19 states. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important regulatory system in cardiovascular homeostasis. However, its dysregulation is observed in CVDs, where upregulation of angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) signaling via angiotensin II (AngII) leads to the AngII-dependent pathogenic development of CVDs. Additionally, the interaction between the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 leads to the downregulation of the latter, resulting in the dysregulation of the RAS. This dysregulation favors AngII/AT1R toxic signaling pathways, providing a mechanical link between cardiovascular pathology and COVID-19. Therefore, inhibiting AngII/AT1R signaling through angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) has been indicated as a promising therapeutic approach to the treatment of COVID-19. Herein, we review the role of AngII in CVDs and its upregulation in COVID-19. We also provide a future direction for the potential implication of a novel class of ARBs called bisartans, which are speculated to contain multifunctional targeting towards COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Swiderski
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (J.S.); (L.K.G.); (V.A.)
| | - Laura Kate Gadanec
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (J.S.); (L.K.G.); (V.A.)
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (J.S.); (L.K.G.); (V.A.)
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Graham J. Moore
- Pepmetics Incorporated, 772 Murphy Place, Victoria, BC V8Y 3H4, Canada;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | | | - John M. Matsoukas
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (J.S.); (L.K.G.); (V.A.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- NewDrug PC, Patras Science Park, 26500 Patras, Greece;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (J.S.); (L.K.G.); (V.A.)
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Zhao K, Xu T, Mao Y, Wu X, Hua D, Sheng Y, Li P. Alamandine alleviated heart failure and fibrosis in myocardial infarction mice. Biol Direct 2022; 17:25. [PMID: 36167556 PMCID: PMC9516792 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-022-00338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alamandine (Ala) is the newest identified peptide of the renin-angiotensin system and has protective effect on myocyte hypertrophy. However, it is still unclear whether Ala can alleviate heart failure (HF). The aim of this study was to explore the effects of Ala on HF and the related cardiac fibrosis, and to probe the mechanism. HF model was induced by myocardial infarction (MI) in mice. Four weeks after MI, Ala was administrated by intraperitoneal injection for two weeks. Ala injection significantly improved cardiac dysfunction of MI mice in vivo. The cardiac fibrosis and the related biomarkers were attenuated after Ala administration in HF mice in vivo. The increases of collagen I, alpha-smooth muscle actin and transforming growth factor-beta induced by oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) in neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts (NRCFs) were inhibited by Ala treatment in vitro. The biomarkers of apoptosis were elevated in NRCFs induced by OGD, which were attenuated after treating with Ala in vitro. The enhancement of oxidative stress in the heart of MI mice or in the NRCFs treated with OGD was suppressed by treating with Ala in vivo and in vitro. These effects of Ala were reversed by tBHP, an exogenous inducer of oxidative stress in vitro. These results demonstrated that Ala could alleviate cardiac dysfunction and attenuate cardiac fibrosis via inhibition of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianhua Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yukang Mao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoguang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongxu Hua
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanhui Sheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Cardiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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Pagliaro P, Thairi C, Alloatti G, Penna C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: a key enzyme in key organs. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2022; 23:1-11. [PMID: 34091532 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000001218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
2020 marked the 20th anniversary of the discovery of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This major event that changed the way we see the renin-angiotensin system today could have passed quietly. Instead, the discovery that ACE2 is a major player in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic has blown up the literature regarding this enzyme. ACE2 connects the classical arm renin-angiotensin system, consisting mainly of angiotensin II peptide and its AT1 receptor, with a protective arm, consisting mainly of the angiotensin 1-7 peptide and its Mas receptor. In this brief article, we have reviewed the literature to describe how ACE2 is a key protective arm enzyme in the function of many organs, particularly in the context of brain and cardiovascular function, as well as in renal, pulmonary and digestive homeostasis. We also very briefly review and refer to recent literature to present an insight into the role of ACE2 in determining the course of coronavirus diseases 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin
| | - Cecilia Thairi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin
| | | | - Claudia Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin
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Angiotensin-(1-7) Peptide Hormone Reduces Inflammation and Pathogen Burden during Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101614. [PMID: 34683907 PMCID: PMC8539524 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone, angiotensin (Ang-(1–7)), produces anti-inflammatory and protective effects by inhibiting production and expression of many cytokines and adhesion molecules that are associated with a cytokine storm. While Ang-(1–7) has been shown to reduce inflammation and airway hyperreactivity in models of asthma, little is known about the effects of Ang-(1–7) during live respiratory infections. Our studies were developed to test if Ang-(1–7) is protective in the lung against overzealous immune responses during an infection with Mycoplasma pneumonia (Mp), a common respiratory pathogen known to provoke exacerbations in asthma and COPD patients. Wild type mice were treated with infectious Mp and a subset of was given either Ang-(1–7) or peptide-free vehicle via oropharyngeal delivery within 2 h of infection. Markers of inflammation in the lung were assessed within 24 h for each set of animals. During Mycoplasma infection, one high dose of Ang-(1–7) delivered to the lungs reduced neutrophilia and Muc5ac, as well as Tnf-α and chemokines (Cxcl1) associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Despite decreased inflammation, Ang-(1-7)-treated mice also had significantly lower Mp burden in their lung tissue, indicating decreased airway colonization. Ang-(1–7) also had an impact on RAW 264.7 cells, a commonly used macrophage cell line, by dose-dependently inhibiting TNF-α production while promoting Mp killing. These new findings provide additional support to the protective role(s) of Ang1-7 in controlling inflammation, which we found to be highly protective against live Mp-induced lung inflammation.
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Khanna P, Soh HJ, Chen CH, Saxena R, Amin S, Naughton M, Joslin PN, Moore A, Bakouny Z, O'Callaghan C, Catalano P, Signoretti S, McKay R, Choueiri TK, Bhasin M, Walther T, Bhatt RS. ACE2 abrogates tumor resistance to VEGFR inhibitors suggesting angiotensin-(1-7) as a therapy for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/577/eabc0170. [PMID: 33472951 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an enzyme that belongs to the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and antagonizes the classical angiotensin (Ang) II/angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) receptor pathway. Here, we report that higher ACE2 expression correlates with better overall survival in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Moreover, ACE2 has inhibitory effects on tumor proliferation in ccRCC in vitro and in preclinical animal models of ccRCC. We further show that Ang-(1-7), a heptapeptide generated by ACE2, is the likely mediator of this effect. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (VEGFR-TKI) treatment of ccRCC xenografts decreased ACE2 expression, and combination treatment with VEGFR-TKI and Ang-(1-7) generated additive suppression of tumor growth and improved survival outcomes. Last, the addition of Ang-(1-7) to programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway inhibitor and VEGFR-TKI showed further growth suppression in an immunocompetent RCC model. Together, these results suggest that targeting the ACE2/Ang-(1-7) axis is a promising therapeutic strategy against ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Khanna
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Hong Jie Soh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Chun-Hau Chen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ruchi Saxena
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Seema Amin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Maura Naughton
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Patrick Neset Joslin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andrew Moore
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Ziad Bakouny
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Carol O'Callaghan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Paul Catalano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rana McKay
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Toni K Choueiri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Manoj Bhasin
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology and Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Thomas Walther
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland. .,Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Rupal S Bhatt
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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7
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Pathangey G, Fadadu PP, Hospodar AR, Abbas AE. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and COVID-19: patients, comorbidities, and therapies. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 320:L301-L330. [PMID: 33237815 PMCID: PMC7938645 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00259.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic, and the reality of the situation has finally caught up to the widespread reach of the disease. The presentation of the disease is highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic carriers to critical COVID-19. The availability of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors may reportedly increase the susceptibility and/or disease progression of COVID-19. Comorbidities and risk factors have also been noted to increase COVID-19 susceptibility. In this paper, we hereby review the evidence pertaining to ACE2's relationship to common comorbidities, risk factors, and therapies associated with the susceptibility and severity of COVID-19. We also highlight gaps of knowledge that require further investigation. The primary comorbidities of respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, renal disease, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension had strong evidence. The secondary risk factors of age, sex, and race/genetics had limited-to-moderate evidence. The tertiary factors of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers had limited-to-moderate evidence. Ibuprofen and thiazolidinediones had limited evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Pathangey
- William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | | | | | - Amr E Abbas
- William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beaumont Hospital Royal Oak, Royal Oak, Michigan
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Suh SH, Ma SK, Kim SW, Bae EH. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and kidney diseases in the era of coronavirus disease 2019. Korean J Intern Med 2021; 36:247-262. [PMID: 33617712 PMCID: PMC7969072 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2020.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the decades since the discovery of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), its protective role in terms of antagonizing activation of the classical renin-angiotensin system (RAS) axis has been recognized in clinical and experimental studies on kidney and cardiovascular diseases. The effects of ACE inhibitor/angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers (ACEi/ARBs) on ACE2-angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang- (1-7))-Mas receptor (MasR) axis activation has encouraged the use of such blockers in patients with kidney and cardiovascular diseases, until the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The previously unchallenged functions of the ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-MasR axis and ACEi/ARBs are being re-evaluated in the era of COVID-19; the hypothesis is that ACEi/ARBs may increase the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection by upregulating the human ACE2 receptor expression level. In this review, we examine ACE2 molecular structure, function (as an enzyme of the RAS), and distribution. We explore the roles played by ACE2 in kidney, cardiovascular, and pulmonary diseases, highlighting studies that defined the benefits imparted when ACEi/ARBs activated the local ACE2- Ang-(1-7)-MasR axis. Finally, the question of whether ACEi/ARBs therapies should be stopped in COVID-19-infected patients will be reviewed by reference to the available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Heon Suh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seong Kwon Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Soo Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Eun Hui Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Correspondence to Eun Hui Bae, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea Tel: +82-62-220-6503 Fax: +82-62-225-8578 E-mail:
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9
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Joshi S, Montes de Oca I, Maghrabi A, Lopez-Yang C, Quiroz-Olvera J, Garcia CA, Jarajapu YPR. ACE2 gene transfer ameliorates vasoreparative dysfunction in CD34+ cells derived from diabetic older adults. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:367-385. [PMID: 33409538 PMCID: PMC7843404 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes increases the risk for ischemic vascular diseases, which is further elevated in older adults. Bone marrow-derived hematopoietic CD34+ stem/progenitor cells have the potential of revascularization; however, diabetes attenuates vasoreparative functions. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the vasoprotective enzyme of renin-angiotensin system in contrast with the canonical angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). The present study tested the hypothesis that diabetic dysfunction is associated with ACE2/ACE imbalance in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) and that increasing ACE2 expression would restore reparative functions. Blood samples from male and female diabetic (n=71) or nondiabetic (n=62) individuals were obtained and CD34+ cells were enumerated by flow cytometry. ACE and ACE2 enzyme activities were determined in cell lysates. Lentiviral (LV) approach was used to increase the expression of soluble ACE2 protein. Cells from diabetic older adults (DB) or nondiabetic individuals (Control) were evaluated for their ability to stimulate revascularization in a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia (HLI). DB cells attenuated the recovery of blood flow to ischemic areas in nondiabetic mice compared with that observed with Control cells. Administration of DB cells modified with LV-ACE2 resulted in complete restoration of blood flow. HLI in diabetic mice resulted in poor recovery with amputations, which was not reversed by either Control or DB cells. LV-ACE2 modification of Control or DB cells resulted in blood flow recovery in diabetic mice. In vitro treatment with Ang-(1-7) modified paracrine profile in diabetic CD34+ cells. The present study suggests that vasoreparative dysfunction in CD34+ cells from diabetic older adults is associated with ACE2/ACE imbalance and that increased ACE2 expression enhances the revascularization potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrinidh Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, U.S.A
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yagna Prasada Rao Jarajapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, U.S.A
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10
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Kuriakose J, Montezano A, Touyz R. ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas1 axis and the vascular system: vasoprotection to COVID-19-associated vascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:387-407. [PMID: 33511992 PMCID: PMC7846970 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The two axes of the renin-angiotensin system include the classical ACE/Ang II/AT1 axis and the counter-regulatory ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas1 axis. ACE2 is a multifunctional monocarboxypeptidase responsible for generating Ang-(1-7) from Ang II. ACE2 is important in the vascular system where it is found in arterial and venous endothelial cells and arterial smooth muscle cells in many vascular beds. Among the best characterized functions of ACE2 is its role in regulating vascular tone. ACE2 through its effector peptide Ang-(1-7) and receptor Mas1 induces vasodilation and attenuates Ang II-induced vasoconstriction. In endothelial cells activation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas1 axis increases production of the vasodilator's nitric oxide and prostacyclin's and in vascular smooth muscle cells it inhibits pro-contractile and pro-inflammatory signaling. Endothelial ACE2 is cleaved by proteases, shed into the circulation and measured as soluble ACE2. Plasma ACE2 activity is increased in cardiovascular disease and may have prognostic significance in disease severity. In addition to its enzymatic function, ACE2 is the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV) and SARS-Cov-2, which cause SARS and coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) respectively. ACE-2 is thus a double-edged sword: it promotes cardiovascular health while also facilitating the devastations caused by coronaviruses. COVID-19 is associated with cardiovascular disease as a risk factor and as a complication. Mechanisms linking COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease are unclear, but vascular ACE2 may be important. This review focuses on the vascular biology and (patho)physiology of ACE2 in cardiovascular health and disease and briefly discusses the role of vascular ACE2 as a potential mediator of vascular injury in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jithin Kuriakose
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Augusto C. Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rhian M. Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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11
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Magadum A, Kishore R. Cardiovascular Manifestations of COVID-19 Infection. Cells 2020; 9:E2508. [PMID: 33228225 PMCID: PMC7699571 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 induced the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, the most significant medical challenge in the last century. COVID-19 is associated with notable increases in morbidity and death worldwide. Preexisting conditions, like cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, hypertension, and obesity, are correlated with higher severity and a significant increase in the fatality rate of COVID-19. COVID-19 induces multiple cardiovascular complexities, such as cardiac arrest, myocarditis, acute myocardial injury, stress-induced cardiomyopathy, cardiogenic shock, arrhythmias and, subsequently, heart failure (HF). The precise mechanisms of how SARS-CoV-2 may cause myocardial complications are not clearly understood. The proposed mechanisms of myocardial injury based on current knowledge are the direct viral entry of the virus and damage to the myocardium, systemic inflammation, hypoxia, cytokine storm, interferon-mediated immune response, and plaque destabilization. The virus enters the cell through the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor and plays a central function in the virus's pathogenesis. A systematic understanding of cardiovascular effects of SARS-CoV2 is needed to develop novel therapeutic tools to target the virus-induced cardiac damage as a potential strategy to minimize permanent damage to the cardiovascular system and reduce the morbidity. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of COVID-19 mediated damage to the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Magadum
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA;
| | - Raj Kishore
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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12
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Silva GM, França-Falcão MS, Calzerra NTM, Luz MS, Gadelha DDA, Balarini CM, Queiroz TM. Role of Renin-Angiotensin System Components in Atherosclerosis: Focus on Ang-II, ACE2, and Ang-1-7. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1067. [PMID: 33013457 PMCID: PMC7494970 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of vascular disease worldwide and contributes significantly to deaths from cardiovascular complications. There is a remarkably close relationship between atherosclerotic plaque formation and the activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS). However, depending on which RAS pathway is activated, pro- or anti-atherogenic outcomes may be observed. This brief review focuses on the role of three of the most important pieces of RAS axis, angiotensin II (Ang-II), angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2), and angiotensin 1-7 (Ang-1-7) and their involvement in atherosclerosis. We focused on the effects of these molecules on vascular function and inflammation, which are important determinants of atherogenesis. Furthermore, we highlighted potential pharmacological approaches to treat this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M Silva
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mickael S Luz
- Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Camille M Balarini
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Thyago M Queiroz
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
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13
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Apostol CR, Hay M, Polt R. Glycopeptide drugs: A pharmacological dimension between "Small Molecules" and "Biologics". Peptides 2020; 131:170369. [PMID: 32673700 PMCID: PMC7448947 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptides are an important class of molecules with diverse biological activities. Many endogenous peptides, especially neuropeptides and peptide hormones, play critical roles in development and regulating homeostasis. Furthermore, as drug candidates their high receptor selectivity and potent binding leads to reduced off-target interactions and potential negative side effects. However, the therapeutic potential of peptides is severely hampered by their poor stability in vivo and low permeability across biological membranes. Several strategies have been successfully employed over the decades to address these concerns, and one of the most promising strategies is glycosylation. It has been demonstrated in numerous cases that glycosylation is an effective synthetic approach to improve the pharmacokinetic profiles and membrane permeability of peptides. The effects of glycosylation on peptide stability and peptide-membrane interactions in the context of blood-brain barrier penetration will be explored. Numerous examples of glycosylated analogues of endogenous peptides targeting class A and B G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with an emphasis on O-linked glycopeptides will be reviewed. Notable examples of N-, S-, and C-linked glycopeptides will also be discussed. A small section is devoted to synthetic methods for the preparation of glycopeptides and requisite amino acid glycoside building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Apostol
- Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Meredith Hay
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Dept. of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Robin Polt
- Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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14
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Gheblawi M, Wang K, Viveiros A, Nguyen Q, Zhong JC, Turner AJ, Raizada MK, Grant MB, Oudit GY. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 Receptor and Regulator of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Celebrating the 20th Anniversary of the Discovery of ACE2. Circ Res 2020; 126:1456-1474. [PMID: 32264791 PMCID: PMC7188049 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.317015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1295] [Impact Index Per Article: 323.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) has a multiplicity of physiological roles that revolve around its trivalent function: a negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system, facilitator of amino acid transport, and the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2 receptor. ACE2 is widely expressed, including, in the lungs, cardiovascular system, gut, kidneys, central nervous system, and adipose tissue. ACE2 has recently been identified as the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, the infective agent responsible for coronavirus disease 2019, providing a critical link between immunity, inflammation, ACE2, and cardiovascular disease. Although sharing a close evolutionary relationship with SARS-CoV, the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 differs in several key amino acid residues, allowing for stronger binding affinity with the human ACE2 receptor, which may account for the greater pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. The loss of ACE2 function following binding by SARS-CoV-2 is driven by endocytosis and activation of proteolytic cleavage and processing. The ACE2 system is a critical protective pathway against heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction including, myocardial infarction and hypertension, and against lung disease and diabetes mellitus. The control of gut dysbiosis and vascular permeability by ACE2 has emerged as an essential mechanism of pulmonary hypertension and diabetic cardiovascular complications. Recombinant ACE2, gene-delivery of Ace2, Ang 1-7 analogs, and Mas receptor agonists enhance ACE2 action and serve as potential therapies for disease conditions associated with an activated renin-angiotensin system. rhACE2 (recombinant human ACE2) has completed clinical trials and efficiently lowered or increased plasma angiotensin II and angiotensin 1-7 levels, respectively. Our review summarizes the progress over the past 20 years, highlighting the critical role of ACE2 as the novel SARS-CoV-2 receptor and as the negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system, together with implications for the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and associated cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Gheblawi
- From the Department of Physiology (M.G., A.V., G.Y.O.)
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (M.G., K.W., A.V., Q.N., G.Y.O.)
| | - Kaiming Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (K.W., Q.N., G.Y.O.)
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (M.G., K.W., A.V., Q.N., G.Y.O.)
| | - Anissa Viveiros
- From the Department of Physiology (M.G., A.V., G.Y.O.)
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (M.G., K.W., A.V., Q.N., G.Y.O.)
| | - Quynh Nguyen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (K.W., Q.N., G.Y.O.)
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (M.G., K.W., A.V., Q.N., G.Y.O.)
| | - Jiu-Chang Zhong
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, China (J.-C.Z.)
| | - Anthony J. Turner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (A.J.T.)
| | - Mohan K. Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (M.K.R.)
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.B.G.)
| | - Gavin Y. Oudit
- From the Department of Physiology (M.G., A.V., G.Y.O.)
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (K.W., Q.N., G.Y.O.)
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (M.G., K.W., A.V., Q.N., G.Y.O.)
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15
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Jarajapu YPR. Targeting Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas Receptor Axis in the Vascular Progenitor Cells for Cardiovascular Diseases. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 99:29-38. [PMID: 32321734 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.117580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells are vasculogenic and play an important role in endothelial health and vascular homeostasis by participating in postnatal vasculogenesis. Progenitor cells are mobilized from bone marrow niches in response to remote ischemic injury and migrate to the areas of damage and stimulate revascularization largely by paracrine activation of angiogenic functions in the peri-ischemic vasculature. This innate vasoprotective mechanism is impaired in certain chronic clinical conditions, which leads to the development of cardiovascular complications. Members of the renin-angiotensin system-angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACEs) ACE and ACE2, angiotensin II (Ang II), Ang-(1-7), and receptors AT1 and Mas-are expressed in vasculogenic progenitor cells derived from humans and rodents. Ang-(1-7), generated by ACE2, is known to produce cardiovascular protective effects by acting on Mas receptor and is considered as a counter-regulatory mechanism to the detrimental effects of Ang II. Evidence has now been accumulating in support of the activation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor pathway by pharmacologic or molecular maneuvers, which stimulates mobilization of progenitor cells from bone marrow, migration to areas of vascular damage, and revascularization of ischemic areas in pathologic conditions. This minireview summarizes recent studies that have enhanced our understanding of the physiology and pharmacology of vasoprotective axis in bone marrow-derived progenitor cells in health and disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) stimulate revascularization of ischemic areas. However, the reparative potential is diminished in certain chronic clinical conditions, leading to the development of cardiovascular diseases. ACE2 and Mas receptor are key members of the alternative axis of the renin-angiotensin system and are expressed in HSPCs. Accumulating evidence points to activation of ACE2 or Mas receptor as a promising approach for restoring the reparative potential, thereby preventing the development of ischemic vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagna P R Jarajapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
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16
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Janatpour ZC, Korotcov A, Bosomtwi A, Dardzinski BJ, Symes AJ. Subcutaneous Administration of Angiotensin-(1-7) Improves Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:3115-3131. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C. Janatpour
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alexandru Korotcov
- Translational Imaging Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Asamoah Bosomtwi
- Translational Imaging Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bernard J. Dardzinski
- Translational Imaging Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aviva J. Symes
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
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17
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Zhang T, Tang N, Xi D, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Wang L, Tang Y, Zhang X, Zhong H, He F. Calcimimetic R568 improved cardiac remodeling by classic and novel renin-angiotensin system in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:789-801. [PMID: 31159562 PMCID: PMC6643192 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219854325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One major cause of cardiac mortality is heart disease caused by hypertension. The formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is inhibited by calcium-sensitive receptor (CaSR) activation which increases intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and suppresses renin release. As we know, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is closely related to development of essential hypertension (EH). Therefore, we focused on exploring the roles of NPSR568 (R568)-activated CaSR in cardiac remodeling of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), as well as the activity of classic and novel RAS. Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs) and SHRs were treated by R568 for four and eight weeks, respectively, and their blood pressure (BP), echocardiographic values, heart-to-body weight ratio (HW/BW%), and left ventricle-to-body weight ratio (LVW/BW%) were evaluated. Then Masson’s trichrome staining and hematoxylin and eosin staining as well as RT-qPCR analysis of β-isoform of myosin heavy chain and brain natriuretic peptide mRNA expression were performed. A Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay and analysis of apoptosis marker proteins were used to assess the extent of myocardial apoptosis. The CaSR expression and the activity of classic and novel RAS were examined by immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The present study revealed that the development of hypertension was accompanied by increased BP, apoptosis, hypertrophy, and fibrosis, along with decreased expression of CaSR, decreased novel RAS, and increased classic RAS in myocardial tissues. R568 administration for four and eight weeks reduced BP and myocardial remodeling and reversed the low expression of CaSR; moreover, classic RAS was suppressed and novel RAS was activated in the myocardium. Taken together, these data indicate that R568 may effectively inhibit EH myocardial remodeling by inhibiting classic RAS and activating novel RAS in SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang
Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Na Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang
Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Xi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang
Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yongli Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang
Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yongmin Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang
Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Lamei Wang
- Centre of Medical Functional Experiments, Medical College of
Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of
Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, People’s Republic of
China
| | - Xiaoni Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang
Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
and Department of Emergency and critical care medicine, the First Affiliated
Hospital of Medical College of Shihezi University
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang
Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang
Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, People’s
Republic of China
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18
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Santos RAS. Genetic Models. ANGIOTENSIN-(1-7) 2019. [PMCID: PMC7120897 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22696-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetically altered rat and mouse models have been instrumental in the functional analysis of genes in a physiological context. In particular, studies on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) have profited from this technology in the past. In this review, we summarize the existing animal models for the protective axis of the RAS consisting of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin-(1-7)(Ang-(1-7), and its receptor Mas. With the help of models with altered expression of the components of this axis in the brain and cardiovascular organs, its physiological and pathophysiological functions have been elucidated. Thus, novel opportunities for therapeutic interventions in cardiovascular diseases were revealed targeting ACE2 or Mas.
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19
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Tetzner A, Naughton M, Gebolys K, Eichhorst J, Sala E, Villacañas Ó, Walther T. Decarboxylation of Ang-(1-7) to Ala 1-Ang-(1-7) leads to significant changes in pharmacodynamics. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 833:116-123. [PMID: 29792841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The heptapeptide angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) is part of the beneficial arm of the renin-angiotensin system. Ang-(1-7) has cardiovascular protective effects, stimulates regeneration, and opposes the often detrimental effects of AngII. We recently identified the G protein-coupled receptors Mas and MrgD as receptors for the heptapeptide. Ala1-Ang-(1-7) (Alamandine), a decarboxylated form of Ang-(1-7), has similar vasorelaxant effects, but has been described as only stimulating MrgD. Therefore, this study aimed to characterise the consequences of the lack of the carboxyl group in amino acid 1 on intracellular signalling and to identify the receptor fingerprint for Ala1-Ang-(1-7). In primary endothelial and mesangial cells, Ala1-Ang-(1-7) elevated cAMP concentration. Dose response curves generated with Ang-(1-7) and Ala1-Ang-(1-7) significantly differed from each other, with a much lower EC50 and a bell-shape curve for Ala1-Ang-(1-7). We provided pharmacological proof that both, Mas and MrgD, are functional receptors for Ala1-Ang-(1-7). Consequently, in primary mesangial cells with genetic deficiency in both receptors, the heptapeptide failed to increase cAMP concentration. As we previously described for Ang-(1-7), the Ala1-Ang-(1-7)-mediated cAMP increase in Mas/MrgD-transfected HEK293 cells and primary cells was blocked by the AT2 receptor blocker, PD123319. The very distinct dose-response curves for both heptapeptides could be explained by in silico modelling, electrostatic potential calculations, and an involvement of Galpha i for higher concentrations of Ala1-Ang-(1-7). Our results identify Ala1-Ang-(1-7) as a peptide with specific pharmacodynamic properties and builds the basis for the design of more potent and efficient Ang-(1-7) analogues for therapeutic intervention in a rapidly growing number of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Tetzner
- Dept. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and School of Pharmacy, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland; Departments Obstetrics and Paediatric Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maura Naughton
- Dept. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and School of Pharmacy, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
| | - Kinga Gebolys
- Dept. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and School of Pharmacy, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
| | - Jenny Eichhorst
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut for Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Walther
- Dept. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and School of Pharmacy, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland; Departments Obstetrics and Paediatric Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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20
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Santos RAS, Sampaio WO, Alzamora AC, Motta-Santos D, Alenina N, Bader M, Campagnole-Santos MJ. The ACE2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS Axis of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Focus on Angiotensin-(1-7). Physiol Rev 2018; 98:505-553. [PMID: 29351514 PMCID: PMC7203574 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 697] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key player in the control of the cardiovascular system and hydroelectrolyte balance, with an influence on organs and functions throughout the body. The classical view of this system saw it as a sequence of many enzymatic steps that culminate in the production of a single biologically active metabolite, the octapeptide angiotensin (ANG) II, by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). The past two decades have revealed new functions for some of the intermediate products, beyond their roles as substrates along the classical route. They may be processed in alternative ways by enzymes such as the ACE homolog ACE2. One effect is to establish a second axis through ACE2/ANG-(1-7)/MAS, whose end point is the metabolite ANG-(1-7). ACE2 and other enzymes can form ANG-(1-7) directly or indirectly from either the decapeptide ANG I or from ANG II. In many cases, this second axis appears to counteract or modulate the effects of the classical axis. ANG-(1-7) itself acts on the receptor MAS to influence a range of mechanisms in the heart, kidney, brain, and other tissues. This review highlights the current knowledge about the roles of ANG-(1-7) in physiology and disease, with particular emphasis on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Walkyria Oliveira Sampaio
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Andreia C Alzamora
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Maria Jose Campagnole-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
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21
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Khajah MA, Fateel MM, Ananthalakshmi KV, Luqmani YA. Anti-inflammatory action of angiotensin 1-7 in experimental colitis may be mediated through modulation of serum cytokines/chemokines and immune cell functions. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 74:200-208. [PMID: 28487234 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated Ang 1-7 reduced inflammation in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis model. In this study we examined the effect of Ang 1-7 on modulation of plasma levels of selected cytokines and chemokines and immune cell effector functions (apoptosis, chemotaxis and superoxide release) in vitro. The degree of neutrophil recruitment to the colon was assessed by immunofluorescence and myeloperoxidase activity. Daily Ang 1-7 treatment at 0.01 mg/kg dose which previously ameliorated colitis severity, showed a significant reduction in circulating levels of several cytokines and chemokines, and neutrophil recruitment to the colonic tissue. It also significantly enhanced immune cell apoptosis, and reduced neutrophil chemotaxis and superoxide release in vitro. In contrast, daily administration of the Ang 1-7R antagonist A779 which previously worsened colitis severity showed significant up-regulation of specific mediators. Our results demonstrate a novel anti-inflammatory action of Ang 1-7 through modulation of plasma levels of cytokines/chemokines and immune cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitham A Khajah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Maryam M Fateel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | | | - Yunus A Luqmani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
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22
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Fattah C, Nather K, McCarroll CS, Hortigon-Vinagre MP, Zamora V, Flores-Munoz M, McArthur L, Zentilin L, Giacca M, Touyz RM, Smith GL, Loughrey CM, Nicklin SA. Gene Therapy With Angiotensin-(1-9) Preserves Left Ventricular Systolic Function After Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 68:2652-2666. [PMID: 27978950 PMCID: PMC5158000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.09.946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Angiotensin-(1-9) [Ang-(1-9)] is a novel peptide of the counter-regulatory axis of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system previously demonstrated to have therapeutic potential in hypertensive cardiomyopathy when administered via osmotic mini-pump. Here, we investigate whether gene transfer of Ang-(1-9) is cardioprotective in a murine model of myocardial infarction (MI). Objectives The authors evaluated effects of Ang-(1-9) gene therapy on myocardial structural and functional remodeling post-infarction. Methods C57BL/6 mice underwent permanent left anterior descending coronary artery ligation and cardiac function was assessed using echocardiography for 8 weeks followed by a terminal measurement of left ventricular pressure volume loops. Ang-(1-9) was delivered by adeno-associated viral vector via single tail vein injection immediately following induction of MI. Direct effects of Ang-(1-9) on cardiomyocyte excitation/contraction coupling and cardiac contraction were evaluated in isolated mouse and human cardiomyocytes and in an ex vivo Langendorff-perfused whole-heart model. Results Gene delivery of Ang-(1-9) reduced sudden cardiac death post-MI. Pressure volume measurements revealed complete restoration of end-systolic pressure, ejection fraction, end-systolic volume, and the end-diastolic pressure volume relationship by Ang-(1-9) treatment. Stroke volume and cardiac output were significantly increased versus sham. Histological analysis revealed only mild effects on cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, but a significant increase in scar thickness. Direct assessment of Ang-(1-9) on isolated cardiomyocytes demonstrated a positive inotropic effect via increasing calcium transient amplitude and contractility. Ang-(1-9) increased contraction in the Langendorff model through a protein kinase A–dependent mechanism. Conclusions Our novel findings showed that Ang-(1-9) gene therapy preserved left ventricular systolic function post-MI, restoring cardiac function. Furthermore, Ang-(1-9) directly affected cardiomyocyte calcium handling through a protein kinase A–dependent mechanism. These data emphasized Ang-(1-9) gene therapy as a potential new strategy in the context of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fattah
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Katrin Nather
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte S McCarroll
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Maria P Hortigon-Vinagre
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Zamora
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Flores-Munoz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Lisa McArthur
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lorena Zentilin
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mauro Giacca
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Godfrey L Smith
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Loughrey
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A Nicklin
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Chappell MC, Al Zayadneh EM. Angiotensin-(1-7) and the Regulation of Anti-Fibrotic Signaling Pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 2. [PMID: 28691117 DOI: 10.4172/2576-1471.1000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Chappell
- Department of Surgery/Hypertension and Vascular Research, Cardiovascular Sciences Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ebaa M Al Zayadneh
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordon
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Hoffmann BR, Stodola TJ, Wagner JR, Didier DN, Exner EC, Lombard JH, Greene AS. Mechanisms of Mas1 Receptor-Mediated Signaling in the Vascular Endothelium. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:433-445. [PMID: 28082260 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiotensin II (AngII) has been shown to regulate angiogenesis and at high pathophysiological doses to cause vasoconstriction through the AngII receptor type 1. Angiotensin 1 to 7 (Ang-(1-7)) acting through the Mas1 receptor can act antagonistically to high pathophysiological levels of AngII by inducing vasodilation, whereas the effects of Ang-(1-7) signaling on angiogenesis are less defined. To complicate the matter, there is growing evidence that a subpressor dose of AngII produces phenotypes similar to Ang-(1-7). APPROACH AND RESULTS This study shows that low-dose Ang-(1-7), acting through the Mas1 receptor, promotes angiogenesis and vasodilation similar to a low, subpressor dose of AngII acting through AngII receptor type 1. In addition, we show through in vitro tube formation that Ang-(1-7) augments the angiogenic response in rat microvascular endothelial cells. Using proteomic and genomic analyses, downstream components of Mas1 receptor signaling were identified, including Rho family of GTPases, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase D1, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and extracellular signal-related kinase signaling. Further experimental antagonism of extracellular signal-related kinases 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling inhibited endothelial tube formation and vasodilation when stimulated with equimolar, low doses of either AngII or Ang-(1-7). CONCLUSIONS These results significantly expand the known Ang-(1-7)/Mas1 receptor signaling pathway and demonstrate an important distinction between the pathological effects of elevated and suppressed AngII compared with the beneficial effects of AngII normalization and Ang-(1-7) administration. The observed convergence of Ang-(1-7)/Mas1 and AngII/AngII receptor type 1 signaling at low ligand concentrations suggests a nuanced regulation in vasculature. These data also reinforce the importance of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-related kinase signaling in maintaining vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Hoffmann
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (B.R.H.), the Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.R.H., A.S.G.), and the Department of Physiology (T.J.S., J.R.W., J.H.L., D.N.D., E.C.E., A.S.G.), Cardiovascular Center (B.R.H.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Timothy J Stodola
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (B.R.H.), the Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.R.H., A.S.G.), and the Department of Physiology (T.J.S., J.R.W., J.H.L., D.N.D., E.C.E., A.S.G.), Cardiovascular Center (B.R.H.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Jordan R Wagner
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (B.R.H.), the Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.R.H., A.S.G.), and the Department of Physiology (T.J.S., J.R.W., J.H.L., D.N.D., E.C.E., A.S.G.), Cardiovascular Center (B.R.H.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Daniela N Didier
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (B.R.H.), the Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.R.H., A.S.G.), and the Department of Physiology (T.J.S., J.R.W., J.H.L., D.N.D., E.C.E., A.S.G.), Cardiovascular Center (B.R.H.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Eric C Exner
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (B.R.H.), the Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.R.H., A.S.G.), and the Department of Physiology (T.J.S., J.R.W., J.H.L., D.N.D., E.C.E., A.S.G.), Cardiovascular Center (B.R.H.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Julian H Lombard
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (B.R.H.), the Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.R.H., A.S.G.), and the Department of Physiology (T.J.S., J.R.W., J.H.L., D.N.D., E.C.E., A.S.G.), Cardiovascular Center (B.R.H.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Andrew S Greene
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (B.R.H.), the Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.R.H., A.S.G.), and the Department of Physiology (T.J.S., J.R.W., J.H.L., D.N.D., E.C.E., A.S.G.), Cardiovascular Center (B.R.H.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
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Hay M, Vanderah TW, Samareh-Jahani F, Constantopoulos E, Uprety AR, Barnes CA, Konhilas J. Cognitive impairment in heart failure: A protective role for angiotensin-(1-7). Behav Neurosci 2017; 131:99-114. [PMID: 28054808 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) have increased hospital readmission rates and mortality if they are concomitantly diagnosed with cognitive decline and memory loss. Accordingly, we developed a preclinical model of CHF-induced cognitive impairment with the goal of developing novel protective therapies against CHF related cognitive decline. CHF was induced by ligation of the left coronary artery to instigate a myocardial infarction (MI). By 4- and 8-weeks post-MI, CHF mice had approximately a 50% and 70% decline in ejection fraction as measured by echocardiography. At both 4- and 8-weeks post-MI, spatial memory performance in CHF mice as tested using the Morris water task was significantly impaired as compared with sham. In addition, CHF mice had significantly worse performance on object recognition when compared with shams as measured by discrimination ratios during the novel object recognition NOR task. At 8-weeks post-MI, a subgroup of CHF mice were given Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) (50mcg/kg/hr) subcutaneously for 4 weeks. Following 3 weeks treatment with systemic Ang-(1-7), the CHF mice NOR discrimination ratios were similar to shams and significantly better than the performance of CHF mice treated with saline. Ang-(1-7) also improved spatial memory in CHF mice as compared with shams. Ang-(1-7) had no effect on cardiac function. Inflammatory biomarker studies from plasma revealed a pattern of neuroprotection that may underlie the observed improvements in cognition. These results demonstrate a preclinical mouse model of CHF that exhibits both spatial memory and object recognition dysfunction. Furthermore, this CHF-induced cognitive impairment is attenuated by treatment with systemic Ang-(1-7). (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ajay R Uprety
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona
| | - Carol A Barnes
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona
| | - John Konhilas
- Department of Physiology and Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona
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26
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Khajah MA, Fateel MM, Ananthalakshmi KV, Luqmani YA. Anti-Inflammatory Action of Angiotensin 1-7 in Experimental Colitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150861. [PMID: 26963721 PMCID: PMC4786309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is evidence to support a role for angiotensin (Ang) 1–7 in reducing the activity of inflammatory signaling molecules such as MAPK, PKC and SRC. Enhanced angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression has been observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suggesting a role in its pathogenesis, prompting this study. Methods The colonic expression/activity profile of ACE2, Ang 1–7, MAS1-receptor (MAS1-R), MAPK family and Akt were determined by western blot and immunofluorescence. The effect of either exogenous administration of Ang 1–7 or pharmacological inhibition of its function (by A779 treatment) was determined using the mouse dextran sulfate sodium model. Results Enhanced colonic expression of ACE2, Ang1-7 and MAS1-R was observed post-colitis induction. Daily Ang 1–7 treatment (0.01–0.06 mg/kg) resulted in significant amelioration of DSS-induced colitis. In contrast, daily administration of A779 significantly worsened features of colitis. Colitis-associated phosphorylation of p38, ERK1/2 and Akt was reduced by Ang 1–7 treatment. Conclusion Our results indicate important anti-inflammatory actions of Ang 1–7 in the pathogenesis of IBD, which may provide a future therapeutic strategy to control the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitham A. Khajah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat, 13110, Kuwait
- * E-mail:
| | - Maryam M. Fateel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat, 13110, Kuwait
| | | | - Yunus A. Luqmani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat, 13110, Kuwait
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27
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Joshi S, Balasubramanian N, Vasam G, Jarajapu YP. Angiotensin converting enzyme versus angiotensin converting enzyme-2 selectivity of MLN-4760 and DX600 in human and murine bone marrow-derived cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 774:25-33. [PMID: 26851370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzymes, ACE and ACE2, are key members of renin angiotensin system. Activation of ACE2/Ang-(1-7) pathway enhances cardiovascular protective functions of bone marrow-derived stem/progenitor cells. The current study evaluated the selectivity of ACE2 inhibitors, MLN-4760 and DX-600, and ACE and ACE2 activities in human (hu) and murine (mu) bone marrow cells. Assays were carried out in hu and mu mononuclear cells (MNCs) and huCD34(+) cells or mu-lineage-depleted (muLin(-)) cells, human-recombinant (rh) enzymes, and mu-heart with enzyme-specific substrates. ACE or ACE2 inhibition by racemic MLN-4760, its isomers MLN-4760-A and MLN-4760-B, DX600 and captopril were characterized. MLN-4760-B is relatively less efficacious and less-selective than the racemate or MLN-4760-A at hu-rhACE2, and all three of them inhibited 43% rhACE. In huMNCs, MLN-4760-B detected 63% ACE2 with 28-fold selectivity over ACE. In huCD34(+) cells, MLN-4760-B detected 38% of ACE2 activity with 63-fold selectivity. In mu-heart and muMNCs, isomer B was 100- and 228-fold selective for ACE2, respectively. In muLin(-) cells, MLN-4760-B detected 25% ACE2 activity with a pIC50 of 6.3. The racemic mixture and MLN-4760-A showed lower efficacy and poor selectivity for ACE2 in MNCs and mu-heart. ACE activity detected by captopril was 32% and 19%, respectively, in huCD34(+) and muLin(-) cells. DX600 was less efficacious, and more selective for ACE2 compared to MLN-4760-B in all samples tested. These results suggest that MLN-4760-B is a better antagonist of ACE2 than DX600 at 10 µm concentration in human and murine bone marrow cells, and that these cells express more functional ACE2 than ACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrinidh Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | | | - Goutham Vasam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA; Core Synthesis Facility, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Yagna Pr Jarajapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
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28
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Design of a MCoTI-Based Cyclotide with Angiotensin (1-7)-Like Activity. Molecules 2016; 21:152. [PMID: 26821010 PMCID: PMC4795166 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report for the first time the design and synthesis of a novel cyclotide able to activate the unique receptor of angiotensin (1-7) (AT1-7), the MAS1 receptor. This was accomplished by grafting an AT1-7 peptide analog onto loop 6 of cyclotide MCoTI-I using isopeptide bonds to preserve the α-amino and C-terminal carboxylate groups of AT1-7, which are required for activity. The resulting cyclotide construct was able to adopt a cyclotide-like conformation and showed similar activity to that of AT1-7. This cyclotide also showed high stability in human serum thereby providing a promising lead compound for the design of a novel type of peptide-based in the treatment of cancer and myocardial infarction.
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29
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Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) is recognized as a new bioactive peptide in renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Ang-(1-7) is a counter-regulatory mediator of Ang-II which appears to be protective against cardiovascular disease. Recent studies have found that Ang-(1-7) played an important role in reducing smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, improving endothelial function and regulating lipid metabolism, leading to inhibition of atherosclerotic lesions and increase of plaque stability. Although clinical application of Ang-(1-7) is restricted due to its pharmacokinetic properties, identification of stabilized compounds, including more stable analogues and specific delivery compounds, has enabled clinical application of Ang-(1-7). In this review, we discussed recent findings concerning the biological role of Ang-(1-7) and related mechanism during atherosclerosis development. In addition, we highlighted the perspective to develop therapeutic strategies using Ang-(1-7) to treat atherosclerosis.
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30
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Rodgers K, Papinska A, Mordwinkin N. Regulatory aspects of small molecule drugs for heart regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 96:245-52. [PMID: 26150343 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Even though recent discoveries prove the existence of cardiac progenitor cells, internal regenerative capacity of the heart is minimal. As cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of deaths in the United States, a number of approaches are being used to develop treatments for heart repair and regeneration. Small molecule drugs are of particular interest as they are suited for oral administration and can be chemically synthesized. However, the regulatory process for the development of new treatment modalities is protracted, complex and expensive. One of the hurdles to development of appropriate therapies is the need for predictive preclinical models. The use of patient-derived cardiomyocytes from iPSC cells represents a novel tool for this purpose. Among other concepts for induction of heart regeneration, the most advanced is the combination of DPP-IV inhibitors with stem cell mobilizers. This review will focus on regulatory aspects as well as preclinical hurdles of development of new treatments for heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Rodgers
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacoeconomics and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
| | - Anna Papinska
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacoeconomics and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Nicholas Mordwinkin
- Miltenyi Biotec, Inc., 2303 Lindbergh Street, Auburn, CA 95602, United States
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31
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Novel players in cardioprotection: Insulin like growth factor-1, angiotensin-(1–7) and angiotensin-(1–9). Pharmacol Res 2015; 101:41-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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32
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Meinert C, Gembardt F, Böhme I, Tetzner A, Wieland T, Greenberg B, Walther T. Identification of intracellular proteins and signaling pathways in human endothelial cells regulated by angiotensin-(1-7). J Proteomics 2015; 130:129-39. [PMID: 26388433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to identify proteins regulated by the cardiovascular protective peptide angiotensin-(1-7) and to determine potential intracellular signaling cascades. Human endothelial cells were stimulated with Ang-(1-7) for 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 9 h. Peptide effects on intracellular signaling were assessed via antibody microarray, containing antibodies against 725 proteins. Bioinformatics software was used to identify affected intracellular signaling pathways. Microarray data was verified exemplarily by Western blot, Real-Time RT-PCR, and immunohistochemical studies. The microarray identified 110 regulated proteins after 1 h, 119 after 3 h, 31 after 6 h, and 86 after 9 h Ang-(1-7) stimulation. Regulated proteins were associated with high significance to several metabolic pathways like “Molecular Mechanism of Cancer” and “p53 signaling” in a time dependent manner. Exemplarily, Western blots for the E3-type small ubiquitin-like modifier ligase PIAS2 confirmed the microarray data and displayed a decrease by more than 50% after Ang-(1-7) stimulation at 1 h and 3 h without affecting its mRNA. Immunohistochemical studies with PIAS2 in human endothelial cells showed a decrease in cytoplasmic PIAS2 after Ang-(1-7) treatment. The Ang-(1-7) mediated decrease of PIAS2 was reproduced in other endothelial cell types. The results suggest that angiotensin-(1-7) plays a role in metabolic pathways related to cell death and cell survival in human endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Meinert
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Florian Gembardt
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Ilka Böhme
- Department of Obstetrics, Division of Women and Child Health, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Tetzner
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Obstetrics, Division of Women and Child Health, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barry Greenberg
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Thomas Walther
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Obstetrics, Division of Women and Child Health, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Olivon VC, Aires RD, Santiago LB, Ramalho LZN, Cortes SF, Lemos VS. Mas receptor overexpression increased Ang-(1-7) relaxation response in renovascular hypertensive rat carotid. Peptides 2015; 71:250-8. [PMID: 26256416 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important factor in the pathophysiology of hypertension. Mas receptor, Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)]-activated receptor, is an important RAS component and exerts protective effects in the vasculature. Ang-(1-7) vascular effects and Mas receptor expression in carotid from renovascular hypertensive (2K-1C) rats is not clear. In the present study we investigated Mas receptor vasodilator response activated by Ang-(1-7) in the carotid rings from sham and 2K-1C rats. Changes in isometric tension were recorded on organ chamber. Mas receptors expression was investigated in carotid by Western blot. Nitric oxide production was evaluated by 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) and eNOS expression and activity by immunofluoresce and western blot, respectively. Ang-(1-7) induced concentration-dependent vasodilator effect in carotid rings from sham and 2K-1C, which the hypertension increased vasodilatation response. In the 2K-1C carotid rings, A-779 (Mas receptor antagonist) reduced but not abolish the vasodilator effect of Ang-(1-7). Corroborating, Mas receptor protein expression was significantly increased in the 2K-1C rats. L-NAME and ibuprofen decreased Ang-(1-7) vasodilator response and L-NAME plus ibuprofen practically abolish the remaining vasodilatation response. Nitric oxide production is increased due increased of eNOS expression and pSer(1177) activity. Our results demonstrated that renovascular hypertension increased Mas receptors expression and nitric oxide production in the rats carotid which, consequently increased Ang-(1-7)-vasorelaxant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Olivon
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - R D Aires
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - L B Santiago
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - L Z N Ramalho
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto Campus, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - S F Cortes
- Department of Phamacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - V S Lemos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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34
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Farag E, Maheshwari K, Morgan J, Sakr Esa WA, Doyle DJ. An update of the role of renin angiotensin in cardiovascular homeostasis. Anesth Analg 2015; 120:275-92. [PMID: 25602448 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is thought to be the body's main vasoconstrictor system, with physiological effects mediated via the interaction of angiotensin II with angiotensin I receptors (the "classic" RAS model). However, since the discovery of the heptapeptide angiotensin 1-7 and the development of the concept of the "alternate" RAS system, with its ability to reduce arterial blood pressure, our understanding of this physiologic system has changed dramatically. In this review, we focus on the newly discovered functions of the RAS, particularly the potential clinical significance of these developments, especially in the realm of new pharmacologic interventions for treating cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Farag
- From the Departments of *General Anesthesia and †Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; ‡Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and §Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University/Department of General Anesthesia, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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35
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Magalhães GS, Rodrigues-Machado MG, Motta-Santos D, Silva AR, Caliari MV, Prata LO, Abreu SC, Rocco PRM, Barcelos LS, Santos RAS, Campagnole-Santos MJ. Angiotensin-(1-7) attenuates airway remodelling and hyperresponsiveness in a model of chronic allergic lung inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2330-42. [PMID: 25559763 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A long-term imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators leads to airway remodelling, which is strongly correlated to most of the symptoms, severity and progression of chronic lung inflammation. The Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)]/Mas receptor axis of the renin-angiotensin system is associated with attenuation of acute and chronic inflammatory processes. In this study, we investigated the effects of Ang-(1-7) treatment in a model of chronic allergic lung inflammation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA; 4 injections over 42 days, 14 days apart) and were challenged three times per week (days 21-46). These mice received Ang-(1-7) (1 μg·h(-1) , s.c.) by osmotic mini-pumps, for the last 28 days. Histology and morphometric analysis were performed in left lung and right ventricle. Airway responsiveness to methacholine, analysis of Ang-(1-7) levels (RIA), collagen I and III (qRT-PCR), ERK1/2 and JNK (Western blotting), IgE (elisa), cytokines and chemokines (elisa multiplex), and immunohistochemistry for Mas receptors were performed. KEY RESULTS Infusion of Ang-(1-7) in OVA-sensitized and challenged mice decreased inflammatory cell infiltration and collagen deposition in the airways and lung parenchyma, and prevented bronchial hyperresponsiveness. These effects were accompanied by decreased IgE and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines. Mas receptors were detected in the epithelium and bronchial smooth muscle, suggesting a site in the lung for the beneficial actions of Ang-(1-7). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Ang-(1-7) exerted beneficial attenuation of three major features of chronic asthma: lung inflammation, airway remodelling and hyperresponsiveness. Our results support an important protective role of Ang-(1-7) in lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Magalhães
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT-NANOBIOFAR), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Sevá Pessôa B, Becher PM, Van Veghel R, De Vries R, Tempel D, Sneep S, Van Beusekom H, Van Der Velden VHJ, Westermann D, Danser AHJ, Roks AJM. Effect of a stable Angiotensin-(1-7) analogue on progenitor cell recruitment and cardiovascular function post myocardial infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:jah3823. [PMID: 25655571 PMCID: PMC4345874 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Angiotensin‐(1–7) improves cardiac function and remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). This may involve recruitment of hematopoietic progenitor cells that support angiogenesis. However, angiotensin‐(1–7) is rapidly metabolized in plasma and tissue. The authors investigated in mice the effect of a metabolically stable angiotensin‐(1–7) analogue, cyclic angiotensin‐(1–7), on progenitor cell recruitment and on the heart post MI, when given in the angiogenesis phase of remodeling. Methods and Results Angiogenic progenitor cell recruitment was measured by using flow cytometry 24 and 72 hours after a daily bolus injection of cyclic angiotensin‐(1–7) in healthy C57BL/6 mice. Further, mice underwent MI or sham surgery and subsequently received saline or 2 different doses of cyclic angiotensin‐(1–7) for 3 or 9 weeks. Cyclic angiotensin‐(1–7) increased circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells at 24 hours but not 72 hours. Post MI, cyclic angiotensin‐(1–7) diminished cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and reduced myogenic tone, without altering cardiovascular function or cardiac histology at 9 weeks. Importantly, cyclic angiotensin‐(1–7)–treated mice had reduced cardiac capillary density at 3 weeks after MI but not after 9 weeks. Finally, cyclic angiotensin‐(1–7) decreased tube formation by cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Conclusions Our results suggest that cyclic angiotensin‐(1–7), when given early after MI, recruits progenitor cells but does not lead to improved angiogenesis, most likely because it simultaneously exerts antiangiogenic effect in adult endothelial cells. Apparently, optimal treatment with cyclic angiotensin‐(1–7) depends on the time point of onset of application after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Sevá Pessôa
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (B.S.P., R.V.V., R.D.V., J.D., A.M.R.)
| | - Peter Moritz Becher
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (P.M.B., D.W.)
| | - Richard Van Veghel
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (B.S.P., R.V.V., R.D.V., J.D., A.M.R.)
| | - René De Vries
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (B.S.P., R.V.V., R.D.V., J.D., A.M.R.)
| | - Dennie Tempel
- Division of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Department of Interventional Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (D.T.)
| | - Stefan Sneep
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (S.S., H.V.B.)
| | - Heleen Van Beusekom
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (S.S., H.V.B.)
| | - Vincent H J Van Der Velden
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (V.J.V.D.V.)
| | - Dirk Westermann
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (P.M.B., D.W.)
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (B.S.P., R.V.V., R.D.V., J.D., A.M.R.)
| | - Anton J M Roks
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (B.S.P., R.V.V., R.D.V., J.D., A.M.R.)
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Animal Models with a Genetic Alteration of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas Axis. THE PROTECTIVE ARM OF THE RENIN ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM (RAS) 2015. [PMCID: PMC7150279 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801364-9.00022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to describe the animal models generated by transgenic technology for the functional analysis of the protective axis of the renin–angiotensin system, consisting of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7), and Mas. Transgenic overexpression of the components of this axis in general led to an ameliorated cardiac and vascular damage in disease states and to an improved metabolic profile. Knockout models for ACE2 and Mas, however, show aggravated cardiovascular pathologies and a metabolic syndrome-like state. In particular, the local production of Ang-(1-7) in the vascular wall, in the heart, and in the brain was found to be of high physiological relevance by the use of transgenic animals overexpressing ACE2 or Ang-(1-7) in these tissues.
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Singh N, Vasam G, Pawar R, Jarajapu YPR. Angiotensin-(1-7) reverses angiogenic dysfunction in corpus cavernosum by acting on the microvasculature and bone marrow-derived cells in diabetes. J Sex Med 2014; 11:2153-63. [PMID: 24953642 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) is a recently identified vasoprotective heptapeptide, and it appears to activate the reparative functions of bone marrow-derived stem/progenitor cells (BMPCs). AIM This study evaluated the effect of Ang-(1-7) in the angiogenic function of cavernosum in type 1 diabetes (T1D) and delineated the role of BMPCs in this protective function. METHODS T1D was induced by streptozotocin in mice, and mice with 20-24 weeks of diabetes were used for the study. Ang-(1-7) was administered subcutaneously by using osmotic pumps. Cavernosa, and BMPCs from peripheral blood and bone marrow were evaluated in different assay systems. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Angiogenic function was determined by endothelial tube formation in matrigel assay. Circulating BMPCs were enumerated by flow cytometry and proliferation was determined by BrdU incorporation. Cell-free supernatant of BMPCs were collected and tested for paracrine angiogenic effect. Expression of angiogenic factors in BMPCs and cavernosa were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Ang-(1-7) (100 nM) stimulated angiogenesis in mouse cavernosum that was partially inhibited by Mas1 receptor antagonist, A779 (10 μM) (P < 0.05). In cavernosa of T1D, the angiogenic responses to Ang-(1-7) (P < 0.005) and VEGF (100 nM) (P < 0.03) were diminished. Ang-(1-7) treatment for 4 weeks reversed T1D-induced decrease in the VEGF-mediated angiogenesis. Ang-(1-7) treatment increased the circulating number of BMPCs and proliferation that were decreased in T1D (P < 0.02). Paracrine angiogenic function of BMPCs was reduced in diabetic BMPCs, which was reversed by Ang-(1-7). In diabetic BMPCs, SDF and angiopoietin-1 were upregulated by Ang-(1-7), and in cavernosum, VEGFR1, Tie-2, and SDF were upregulated and angiopoietin-2 was down-regulated. CONCLUSIONS Ang-(1-7) stimulates angiogenic function of cavernosum in diabetes via its stimulating effects on both cavernosal microvasculature and BMPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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Jiang F, Yang J, Zhang Y, Dong M, Wang S, Zhang Q, Liu FF, Zhang K, Zhang C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin 1-7: novel therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cardiol 2014; 11:413-26. [PMID: 24776703 PMCID: PMC7097196 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2014.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 and its product angiotensin 1–7 are thought to have effects that counteract the adverse actions of other, better-known renin–angiotensin system (RAS) components Numerous experimental studies have suggested that ACE2 and angiotensin 1–7 have notable protective effects in the heart and blood vessels ACE2-mediated catabolism of angiotensin II is likely to have a major role in cardiovascular protection, whereas the functional importance and signalling mechanisms of angiotensin-1–7-induced actions remain unclear New pharmacological interventions targeting ACE2 are expected to be useful in clinical treatment of cardiovascular disease, especially those associated with overactivation of the conventional RAS More studies, especially randomized controlled clinical trials, are needed to clearly delineate the benefits of therapies targeting angiotensin 1–7 actions
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and its product angiotensin 1–7, are thought to have counteracting effects against the adverse actions of the better-known members of the renin–angiotensin system and might, therefore, be useful therapeutic targets in patients with cardiovascular disease. Professor Jiang and colleagues review the evidence for the potential roles of these proteins in various cardiovascular conditions, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial remodelling, heart failure, ischaemic stroke, and diabetes. The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has pivotal roles in the regulation of normal physiology and the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2, and its product angiotensin 1–7, are thought to have counteracting effects against the adverse actions of other, better known and understood, members of the RAS. The physiological and pathological importance of ACE2 and angiotensin 1–7 in the cardiovascular system are not completely understood, but numerous experimental studies have indicated that these components have protective effects in the heart and blood vessels. Here, we provide an overview on the basic properties of ACE2 and angiotensin 1–7 and a summary of the evidence from experimental and clinical studies of various pathological conditions, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial remodelling, heart failure, ischaemic stroke, and diabetes mellitus. ACE2-mediated catabolism of angiotensin II is likely to have a major role in cardiovascular protection, whereas the relevant functions and signalling mechanisms of actions induced by angiotensin 1–7 have not been conclusively determined. The ACE2–angiotensin 1–7 pathway, however, might provide a useful therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, especially in patients with overactive RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yongtao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuangxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qunye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fang Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
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Angiotensin-(1-7) and angiotensin-(1-9): function in cardiac and vascular remodelling. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 126:815-27. [PMID: 24593683 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The RAS (renin-angiotensin system) is integral to cardiovascular physiology; however, dysregulation of this system largely contributes to the pathophysiology of CVD (cardiovascular disease). It is well established that AngII (angiotensin II), the main effector of the RAS, engages the AT1R (angiotensin type 1 receptor) and promotes cell growth, proliferation, migration and oxidative stress, all processes which contribute to remodelling of the heart and vasculature, ultimately leading to the development and progression of various CVDs, including heart failure and atherosclerosis. The counter-regulatory axis of the RAS, which is centred on the actions of ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) and the resultant production of Ang-(1-7) [angiotensin-(1-7)] from AngII, antagonizes the actions of AngII via the receptor Mas, thereby providing a protective role in CVD. More recently, another ACE2 metabolite, Ang-(1-9) [angiotensin-(1-9)], has been reported to be a biologically active peptide within the counter-regulatory axis of the RAS. The present review will discuss the role of the counter-regulatory RAS peptides Ang-(1-7) and Ang-(1-9) in the cardiovascular system, with a focus on their effects in remodelling of the heart and vasculature.
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Artom N, Montecucco F, Mach F, Dallegri F, Pende A. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists in acute coronary syndromes. Eur J Clin Invest 2014; 44:219-30. [PMID: 24289238 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that inappropriate or exaggerated activity of the renin-angiotensin system might contribute to the development of systemic hypertension with consequent organ injury and associated increased risk of acute cardiovascular (CV) diseases. This review will discuss evidence form basic research and clinical studies, investigating the efficacy of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) in the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). MATERIALS AND METHODS This narrative review is based on the material found on MEDLINE and PubMed up to June 2013. We looked for the terms 'angiotensin, AT1 receptor, ACE inhibitors' in combination with 'acute coronary syndromes, acute myocardial infarction, pathophysiology'. RESULTS Preclinical studies showed relevant protective effects of ARBs to reduce adverse cardiac remodelling in animal models of acute cardiac ischaemia. However, although recommended in Consensus guidelines as a good alternative to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), clinical studies did not confirm a superior efficacy of the ARBs as compared to ACEIs. As a matter of fact for some authors, these drugs might potentially have deleterious effects increasing the CV risk. CONCLUSIONS Emerging evidence from clinical trials suggests that the use of ARBs in ACS might be controversial, and caution should be used for their clinical use to replace ACEIs in ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Artom
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
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A systematic review to investigate whether Angiotensin-(1-7) is a promising therapeutic target in human heart failure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2013; 2013:260346. [PMID: 24454410 PMCID: PMC3876703 DOI: 10.1155/2013/260346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Context. Heart failure (HF) is a common condition causing much morbidity and mortality despite major advances in pharmacological and device therapies. Preclinical data suggest a cardioprotective role of Angiotensin-(1-7) in animal models of HF. Objective. Perform a systematic review on the effects of Angiotensin-(1-7) on humans, focusing on HF. Results. 39 studies were included in the review (4 in human HF and (35) in non-HF patients). There is only one intervention study on 8 patients with human HF, using Angiotensin-(1-7), with forearm blood flow (FBF) as the endpoint. Angiotensin-(1-7) caused no significant effect on FBF in this HF study but caused vasodilation in 3 out of 4 non-HF studies. In one other non-HF study, Angiotensin-(1-7) infusion led to a significant increase in blood pressure in normal men; however, effects were <0.03% that of angiotensin II. Cardioprotective effects seen in non-HF studies include for instance beneficial actions against atherosclerosis and myocardial fibrosis. Conclusions. The main finding of our systematic review is that Angiotensin-(1-7) plays an important cardioprotective role in HF in animals and in patients without heart failure. More research is required to test the hypothesis that Angiotensin-(1-7) benefits patients with heart failure.
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Wang L, Leung PS. The role of renin-angiotensin system in cellular differentiation: implications in pancreatic islet cell development and islet transplantation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 381:261-71. [PMID: 23994025 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the well-characterized circulating renin-angiotensin system (RAS), local RAS has been identified recently in diverse tissues and organs. The presence of key components of the RAS in local tissues is important for our understanding of the patho-physiological mechanism(s) of several metabolic diseases, and may serve as a major therapeutic target for cardiometabolic syndromes. Locally generated and physiologically active RAS components have functions that are distinct from the classical vasoconstriction and fluid homeostasis actions of systemic RAS and cater specifically for local tissues. Local RAS can affect islet-cell function and structure in the adult pancreas as well as proliferation and differentiation of pancreatic stem/progenitor cells during development. Differentiation of stem/progenitor cells into insulin-expressing cells suitable for therapeutic transplantation offers a desperately needed new approach for replacement of glucose-responsive insulin producing cells in diabetic patients. Given that the generation of functional and transplantable islet cells has proven to be difficult, elucidation of RAS involvement in cellular regeneration and differentiation may propel pancreatic stem/progenitor cell development and thus β-cell regeneration forward. This review provides a critical appraisal of current research progress on the role of the RAS, including the newly characterized ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis in the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of pancreatic stem/progenitor cells. It is thus plausible to propose that the AT1 stimulation could be a repair mechanism involving the AT2R as well as the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis in directing β-cell development in diabetic patients using genetic and pharmaceutical manipulation of the RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Despite recent medical advances, cardiovascular disease and heart failure (HF) continue to be major health concerns, and related mortality remains high. As a result, investigation of the mechanisms involved in the development of HF continues to be an active field of study. RECENT ADVANCES The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and its effector molecule, angiotensin (Ang) II, affect cardiac function through both systemic and local actions, and have been shown to play a major role in cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in the failing heart. Many of the downstream effects of AngII signaling are mediated by elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, which have also been implicated in the pathology of HF. CRITICAL ISSUES Inhibitors of the RAS have proven beneficial in the treatment of patients at risk for and suffering from HF, but remain only partially effective. ROS can be generated from several different sources, and the oxidative state is normally tightly regulated in the heart. How AngII increases ROS levels and causes dysregulation of the cardiac oxidative state has been the subject of considerable interest in recent years. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A better understanding of this process and the mechanisms involved should lead to the development of more effective HF therapies and improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zablocki
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey , Newark, New Jersey
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Qi Y, Zhang J, Cole-Jeffrey CT, Shenoy V, Espejo A, Hanna M, Song C, Pepine CJ, Katovich MJ, Raizada MK. Diminazene aceturate enhances angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity and attenuates ischemia-induced cardiac pathophysiology. Hypertension 2013; 62:746-52. [PMID: 23959549 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) plays a critical role against myocardial infarction (MI). We hypothesized that activation of intrinsic ACE2 would be protective against ischemia-induced cardiac pathophysiology. Diminazene aceturate (DIZE), a small molecule ACE2 activator, has been used to evaluate this hypothesis. DIZE (15 mg/kg per day, s.c.) was injected 2 days before MI surgery and continued throughout the study period. MI rats showed a 62% decrease in fractional shortening (%; control, 51.1±3.2; DIZE alone, 52.1±3.2; MI, 19.1±3.0), a 55% decrease in contractility (dP/dtmax mm Hg/s; control, 9480±425.3; DIZE alone, 9585±597.4; MI, 4251±657.7), and a 27% increase in ventricular hypertrophy (mg/mm; control, 26.5±1.5; DIZE alone, 26.9±1.4; MI, 33.4±1.1). DIZE attenuated the MI-induced decrease in fractional shortening by 89%, improved dP/dtmax by 92%, and reversed ventricular hypertrophy by 18%. MI also significantly increased ACE and angiotensin type 1 receptor levels but decreased ACE2 activity by 40% (control, 246.2±25.1; DIZE alone, 254.2±20.6; MI, 148.9±29.2; RFU/min), which was reversed by DIZE treatment. Thus, DIZE treatment decreased the infarct area, attenuated LV remodeling post-MI, and restored normal balance of the cardiac renin-angiotensin system. In addition, DIZE treatment increased circulating endothelial progenitor cells, increased engraftment of cardiac progenitor cells, and decreased inflammatory cells in peri-infarct cardiac regions. All of the beneficial effects associated with DIZE treatment were abolished by C-16, an ACE2 inhibitor. Collectively, DIZE and DIZE-like small molecules may represent promising new therapeutic agents for MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Qi
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610.
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Clarke C, Flores-Muñoz M, McKinney CA, Milligan G, Nicklin SA. Regulation of cardiovascular remodeling by the counter-regulatory axis of the renin-angiotensin system. Future Cardiol 2013; 9:23-38. [PMID: 23259473 DOI: 10.2217/fca.12.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The counter-regulatory axis of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a novel therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. Pathophysiological effects mediated via angiotensin II (Ang II) are well established in regulation of blood pressure, cardiac and vascular remodeling, and renal sodium handling, which lead to disorders such as hypertension and associated end-organ damage, atherosclerosis and heart failure. The counter-regulatory axis of the RAS is centered on the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin-1-7 (Ang-[1-7])/Mas receptor axis and has been shown to inhibit many detrimental phenotypes in cardiovascular disease. More recently, an alternative peptide, angiotensin-(1-9) (Ang-[1-9]), has been reported as a potential new member of this axis. This review will discuss the cardiovascular regulatory roles of Ang-(1-7) and Ang-(1-9) in the counter-regulatory axis of the RAS, and the potential for new therapeutic approaches in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Clarke
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
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Jarajapu YP, Bhatwadekar AD, Caballero S, Hazra S, Shenoy V, Medina R, Kent D, Stitt AW, Thut C, Finney EM, Raizada MK, Grant MB. Activation of the ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis enhances the reparative function of dysfunctional diabetic endothelial progenitors. Diabetes 2013; 62:1258-69. [PMID: 23230080 PMCID: PMC3609564 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that activation of the protective arm of the renin angiotensin system, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)]/Mas receptor axis, corrects the vasoreparative dysfunction typically seen in the CD34(+) cells isolated from diabetic individuals. Peripheral blood CD34(+) cells from patients with diabetes were compared with those of nondiabetic controls. Ang-(1-7) restored impaired migration and nitric oxide bioavailability/cGMP in response to stromal cell-derived factor and resulted in a decrease in NADPH oxidase activity. The survival and proliferation of CD34(+) cells from diabetic individuals were enhanced by Ang-(1-7) in a Mas/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt-dependent manner. ACE2 expression was lower, and ACE2 activators xanthenone and diminazine aceturate were less effective in inducing the migration in cells from patients with diabetes compared with controls. Ang-(1-7) overexpression by lentiviral gene modification restored both the in vitro vasoreparative functions of diabetic cells and the in vivo homing efficiency to areas of ischemia. A cohort of patients who remained free of microvascular complications despite having a history of longstanding inadequate glycemic control had higher expression of ACE2/Mas mRNA than patients with diabetes with microvascular complications matched for age, sex, and glycemic control. Thus, ACE2/Ang-(1-7)\Mas pathway activation corrects existing diabetes-induced CD34(+) cell dysfunction and also confers protection from development of this dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagna P.R. Jarajapu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ashay D. Bhatwadekar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sergio Caballero
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sugata Hazra
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Vinayak Shenoy
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Reinhold Medina
- Center for Vision Science, Queen’s University, Belfast, Ireland
| | | | - Alan W. Stitt
- Center for Vision Science, Queen’s University, Belfast, Ireland
| | - Catherine Thut
- Molecular Profiling and Research Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Eva M. Finney
- Molecular Profiling and Research Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Mohan K. Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Corresponding author: Maria B. Grant, , or Mohan K. Raizada,
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Corresponding author: Maria B. Grant, , or Mohan K. Raizada,
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Botelho-Santos GA, Bader M, Alenina N, Santos RAS. Altered regional blood flow distribution in Mas-deficient mice. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 6:201-11. [PMID: 23045193 DOI: 10.1177/1753944712461164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently shown that the acute infusion of angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] or chronic increase in plasma Ang-(1-7) produces important changes in regional blood flow in rats. METHODS To further assess whether these changes are related to Mas, in this study hemodynamic measurements were performed in Ang-(1-7) receptor Mas knockout C57BL/6 (Mas-KO) mice and age-matched wild type (WT) control mice, using fluorescent microspheres. RESULTS Mean arterial pressure in urethane-anesthetized Mas-KO mice (12-16 weeks old) did not differ from that in WT mice (79 ± 2 and 80 ± 2 mmHg respectively). However, pronounced differences were observed in other hemodynamic measurements. Mas-KO mice exhibited a significant decrease in stroke volume (0.03 ± 0.01 versus 0.05 ± 0.01 ml/beat in WT) and decreased cardiac index (0.81 ± 0.08 versus 1.24 ± 0.24 ml/min/g in WT). Strikingly, Mas-KO mice exhibited a marked increase in vascular resistance and a decrease in blood flow in the kidney, lung, adrenal gland, mesentery, spleen and brown fat tissue. The decrease in blood flow ranged from 34% (spleen) to 55% (brown fat tissue). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis plays an important role in regional and systemic hemodynamic adjustments in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarla Aparecida Botelho-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, ICBUFMG, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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In vivo expression of angiotensin-(1-7) lowers blood pressure and improves baroreflex function in transgenic (mRen2)27 rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 60:150-7. [PMID: 22526299 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3182588b32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic (mRen2)27 rats are hypertensive with impaired baroreflex sensitivity for control of heart rate compared with Hannover Sprague-Dawley rats. We assessed blood pressure and baroreflex function in male hemizygous (mRen2)27 rats (30-40 weeks of age) instrumented for arterial pressure recordings and receiving into the cisterna magna either an Ang-(1-7) fusion protein or a control fusion protein (CTL-FP). The maximum reduction in mean arterial pressure achieved was -38 ± 7 mm Hg on day 3, accompanied by a 55% enhancement in baroreflex sensitivity in Ang-(1-7) fusion protein-treated rats. Both the high-frequency alpha index (HF-α) and heart rate variability increased, suggesting increased parasympathetic tone for cardiac control. The mRNA levels of several components of the renin-angiotensin system in the dorsal medulla were markedly reduced including renin (-80%), neprilysin (-40%), and the AT1a receptor (-40%). However, there was a 2-fold to 3-fold increase in the mRNA levels of the phosphatases PTP-1b and dual-specificity phosphatase 1 in the medulla of Ang-(1-7) fusion protein-treated rats. Our finding that replacement of Ang-(1-7) in the brain of (mRen2)27 rats reverses in part the hypertension and baroreflex impairment is consistent with a functional deficit of Ang-(1-7) in this hypertensive strain. We conclude that the increased mRNA expression of phosphatases known to counteract the phosphoinositol 3 kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinases, and the reduction of renin and AT1a receptor mRNA levels may contribute to the reduction in arterial pressure and improvement in baroreflex sensitivity in response to Ang-(1-7).
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Sevá Pessôa B, van der Lubbe N, Verdonk K, Roks AJM, Hoorn EJ, Danser AHJ. Key developments in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition. Nat Rev Nephrol 2012; 9:26-36. [PMID: 23165302 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2012.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) was initially thought to be fairly simple. However, this idea has been challenged following the development of RAAS blockers, including renin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, type 1 angiotensin II (AT(1))-receptor blockers and mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonists. Consequently, new RAAS components and pathways that might contribute to the effectiveness of these drugs and/or their adverse effects have been identified. For example, an increase in renin levels during RAAS blockade might result in harmful effects via stimulation of the prorenin receptor (PRR), and prorenin-the inactive precursor of renin-might gain enzymatic activity on PRR binding. The increase in angiotensin II levels that occurs during AT(1)-receptor blockade might result in beneficial effects via stimulation of type 2 angiotensin II receptors. Moreover, angiotensin 1-7 levels increase during ACE inhibition and AT(1)-receptor blockade, resulting in Mas receptor activation and the induction of cardioprotective and renoprotective effects, including stimulation of tissue repair by stem cells. Finally, a role of angiotensin II in sodium and potassium handling in the distal nephron has been identified. This finding is likely to have important implications for understanding the effects of RAAS inhibition on whole body sodium and potassium balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Sevá Pessôa
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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