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Najafi Z, Rahmanian-Devin P, Baradaran Rahimi V, Nokhodchi A, Askari VR. Challenges and opportunities of medicines for treating tendon inflammation and fibrosis: A comprehensive and mechanistic review. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2024:e12999. [PMID: 38468183 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tendinopathy refers to conditions characterized by collagen degeneration within tendon tissue, accompanied by the proliferation of capillaries and arteries, resulting in reduced mechanical function, pain, and swelling. While inflammation in tendinopathy can play a role in preventing infection, uncontrolled inflammation can hinder tissue regeneration and lead to fibrosis and impaired movement. OBJECTIVES The inability to regulate inflammation poses a significant limitation in tendinopathy treatment. Therefore, an ideal treatment strategy should involve modulation of the inflammatory process while promoting tissue regeneration. METHODS The current review article was prepared by searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. Several treatment approaches based on biomaterials have been developed. RESULTS This review examines various treatment methods utilizing small molecules, biological compounds, herbal medicine-inspired approaches, immunotherapy, gene therapy, cell-based therapy, tissue engineering, nanotechnology, and phototherapy. CONCLUSION These treatments work through mechanisms of action involving signaling pathways such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), all of which contribute to the repair of injured tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Najafi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Pouria Rahmanian-Devin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Nokhodchi
- Lupin Pharmaceutical Research Center, 4006 NW 124th Ave., Coral Springs, Florida, Florida, 33065, USA
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Carmona R, López-Sánchez C, Garcia-Martinez V, Garcia-López V, Muñoz-Chápuli R, Lozano-Velasco E, Franco D. Novel Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms Governing Embryonic Epicardium Formation. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:440. [PMID: 37998498 PMCID: PMC10672416 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10110440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryonic epicardium originates from the proepicardium, an extracardiac primordium constituted by a cluster of mesothelial cells. In early embryos, the embryonic epicardium is characterized by a squamous cell epithelium resting on the myocardium surface. Subsequently, it invades the subepicardial space and thereafter the embryonic myocardium by means of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Within the myocardium, epicardial-derived cells present multilineage potential, later differentiating into smooth muscle cells and contributing both to coronary vasculature and cardiac fibroblasts in the mature heart. Over the last decades, we have progressively increased our understanding of those cellular and molecular mechanisms driving proepicardial/embryonic epicardium formation. This study provides a state-of-the-art review of the transcriptional and emerging post-transcriptional mechanisms involved in the formation and differentiation of the embryonic epicardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Carmona
- Department of Human Anatomy, Legal Medicine and History of Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Carmen López-Sánchez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (C.L.-S.); (V.G.-M.)
| | - Virginio Garcia-Martinez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (C.L.-S.); (V.G.-M.)
| | - Virginio Garcia-López
- Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, Pharmacology Area, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Ramón Muñoz-Chápuli
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Estefanía Lozano-Velasco
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain;
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain;
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Thatcher K, Mattern CR, Chaparro D, Goveas V, McDermott MR, Fulton J, Hutcheson JD, Hoffmann BR, Lincoln J. Temporal Progression of Aortic Valve Pathogenesis in a Mouse Model of Osteogenesis Imperfecta. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:355. [PMID: 37623368 PMCID: PMC10455328 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10080355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Organization of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, including collagens, proteoglycans, and elastin, is essential for maintaining the structure and function of heart valves throughout life. Mutations in ECM genes cause connective tissue disorders, including Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI), and progressive debilitating heart valve dysfunction is common in these patients. Despite this, effective treatment options are limited to end-stage interventions. Mice with a homozygous frameshift mutation in col1a2 serve as a murine model of OI (oim/oim), and therefore, they were used in this study to examine the pathobiology of aortic valve (AoV) disease in this patient population at structural, functional, and molecular levels. Temporal echocardiography of oim/oim mice revealed AoV dysfunction by the late stages of disease in 12-month-old mice. However, structural and proteomic changes were apparent much earlier, at 3 months of age, and were associated with disturbances in ECM homeostasis primarily related to collagen and proteoglycan abnormalities and disorganization. Together, findings from this study provide insights into the underpinnings of late onset AoV dysfunction in connective tissue disease patients that can be used for the development of mechanistic-based therapies administered early to halt progression, thereby avoiding late-stage surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Thatcher
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (K.T.); (C.R.M.); (V.G.)
- Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Carol R. Mattern
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (K.T.); (C.R.M.); (V.G.)
- Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Daniel Chaparro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA; (D.C.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Veronica Goveas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (K.T.); (C.R.M.); (V.G.)
- Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Michael R. McDermott
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; (M.R.M.); (J.F.)
| | - Jessica Fulton
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; (M.R.M.); (J.F.)
| | - Joshua D. Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA; (D.C.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Brian R. Hoffmann
- Mass Spectrometry and Protein Chemistry, Protein Sciences, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA;
| | - Joy Lincoln
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (K.T.); (C.R.M.); (V.G.)
- Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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4
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Wang T, Chen X, Wang K, Ju J, Yu X, Wang S, Liu C, Wang K. Cre-loxP-mediated genetic lineage tracing: Unraveling cell fate and origin in the developing heart. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1085629. [PMID: 36923960 PMCID: PMC10008892 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1085629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cre-loxP-mediated genetic lineage tracing system is essential for constructing the fate mapping of single-cell progeny or cell populations. Understanding the structural hierarchy of cardiac progenitor cells facilitates unraveling cell fate and origin issues in cardiac development. Several prospective Cre-loxP-based lineage-tracing systems have been used to analyze precisely the fate determination and developmental characteristics of endocardial cells (ECs), epicardial cells, and cardiomyocytes. Therefore, emerging lineage-tracing techniques advance the study of cardiovascular-related cellular plasticity. In this review, we illustrate the principles and methods of the emerging Cre-loxP-based genetic lineage tracing technology for trajectory monitoring of distinct cell lineages in the heart. The comprehensive demonstration of the differentiation process of single-cell progeny using genetic lineage tracing technology has made outstanding contributions to cardiac development and homeostasis, providing new therapeutic strategies for tissue regeneration in congenital and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinzhe Chen
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Ju
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xue Yu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shaocong Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cuiyun Liu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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5
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McCallinhart PE, Lee YU, Lee A, Anghelescu M, Tonniges JR, Calomeni E, Agarwal G, Lincoln J, Trask AJ. Dissociation of pulse wave velocity and aortic wall stiffness in diabetic db/db mice: The influence of blood pressure. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1154454. [PMID: 37035668 PMCID: PMC10080125 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1154454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Vascular stiffness is a predictor of cardiovascular disease and pulse wave velocity (PWV) is the current standard for measuring in vivo vascular stiffness. Mean arterial pressure is the largest confounding variable to PWV; therefore, in this study we aimed to test the hypothesis that increased aortic PWV in type 2 diabetic mice is driven by increased blood pressure rather than vascular biomechanics. Methods and Results: Using a combination of in vivo PWV and ex vivo pressure myography, our data demonstrate no difference in ex vivo passive mechanics, including outer diameter, inner diameter, compliance (Db/db: 0.0094 ± 0.0018 mm2/mmHg vs. db/db: 0.0080 ± 0.0008 mm2/mmHg, p > 0.05 at 100 mmHg), and incremental modulus (Db/db: 801.52 ± 135.87 kPa vs. db/db: 838.12 ± 44.90 kPa, p > 0.05 at 100 mmHg), in normal versus diabetic 16 week old mice. We further report no difference in basal or active aorta biomechanics in normal versus diabetic 16 week old mice. Finally, we show here that the increase in diabetic in vivo aortic pulse wave velocity at baseline was completely abolished when measured at equivalent pharmacologically-modulated blood pressures, indicating that the elevated PWV was attributed to the concomitant increase in blood pressure at baseline, and therefore "stiffness." Conclusions: Together, these animal model data suggest an intimate regulation of blood pressure during collection of pulse wave velocity when determining in vivo vascular stiffness. These data further indicate caution should be exerted when interpreting elevated PWV as the pure marker of vascular stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E. McCallinhart
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yong Ung Lee
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Tissue Engineering Program and Surgical Research, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Avione Lee
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Tissue Engineering Program and Surgical Research, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mircea Anghelescu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine (PCOM), Suwanee, GA, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Tonniges
- Biophysics Graduate Program at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ed Calomeni
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Gunjan Agarwal
- Biophysics Graduate Program at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Joy Lincoln
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Aaron J. Trask
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Aaron J. Trask,
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6
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Nagalingam RS, Chattopadhyaya S, Al-Hattab DS, Cheung DYC, Schwartz LY, Jana S, Aroutiounova N, Ledingham DA, Moffatt TL, Landry NM, Bagchi RA, Dixon IMC, Wigle JT, Oudit GY, Kassiri Z, Jassal DS, Czubryt MP. Scleraxis and fibrosis in the pressure-overloaded heart. Eur Heart J 2022; 43:4739-4750. [PMID: 36200607 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS In response to pro-fibrotic signals, scleraxis regulates cardiac fibroblast activation in vitro via transcriptional control of key fibrosis genes such as collagen and fibronectin; however, its role in vivo is unknown. The present study assessed the impact of scleraxis loss on fibroblast activation, cardiac fibrosis, and dysfunction in pressure overload-induced heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS Scleraxis expression was upregulated in the hearts of non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy patients, and in mice subjected to pressure overload by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Tamoxifen-inducible fibroblast-specific scleraxis knockout (Scx-fKO) completely attenuated cardiac fibrosis, and significantly improved cardiac systolic function and ventricular remodelling, following TAC compared to Scx+/+ TAC mice, concomitant with attenuation of fibroblast activation. Scleraxis deletion, after the establishment of cardiac fibrosis, attenuated the further functional decline observed in Scx+/+ mice, with a reduction in cardiac myofibroblasts. Notably, scleraxis knockout reduced pressure overload-induced mortality from 33% to zero, without affecting the degree of cardiac hypertrophy. Scleraxis directly regulated transcription of the myofibroblast marker periostin, and cardiac fibroblasts lacking scleraxis failed to upregulate periostin synthesis and secretion in response to pro-fibrotic transforming growth factor β. CONCLUSION Scleraxis governs fibroblast activation in pressure overload-induced heart failure, and scleraxis knockout attenuated fibrosis and improved cardiac function and survival. These findings identify scleraxis as a viable target for the development of novel anti-fibrotic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu S Nagalingam
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sikta Chattopadhyaya
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Danah S Al-Hattab
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - David Y C Cheung
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Leah Y Schwartz
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sayantan Jana
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Nina Aroutiounova
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - D Allison Ledingham
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Teri L Moffatt
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Natalie M Landry
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Rushita A Bagchi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Ian M C Dixon
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jeffrey T Wigle
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Davinder S Jassal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada.,Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Michael P Czubryt
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
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7
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Tendon-Specific Activation of Tenogenic Transcription Factors Enables Keeping Tenocytes' Identity In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214078. [PMID: 36430562 PMCID: PMC9695818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated a novel tetracycline-inducible transgenic mouse line with the tendon-specific expression of a series of tendon-critical transcription factors. Primary tenocytes derived from this mouse line consistently expressed green fluorescent protein reporter transcription factors in response to doxycycline. The tenocytes maintained their tendon cell properties for a longer time after the transient induction in the absence of growth factors and mechanical stress. Four key transcription factors for tendon development and the green fluorescent protein reporter were linked with different viral 2A self-cleaving peptides. They were expressed under the control of the tet-responsive element. In combination with the expression of BFP, which reports on the tendon-specific collagen I, and mScarlet, which reports on the tendon-specific transcription factor Scleraxis (Scx), we observed the more extended maintenance of the tendon cell identity of in vitro cultured tendon cells and Achilles tendon explants. This means that the Scleraxis bHLH transcription factor (Scx), mohawk homeobox (Mkx), early growth response 1 (Egr1) and early growth response 2 (Egr2) contributed to the maintenance of tenocytes' identity in vitro, providing a new model for studying extracellular matrix alterations and identifying alternative biomaterials in vitro.
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8
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Yan S, Peng Y, Lu J, Shakil S, Shi Y, Crossman DK, Johnson WH, Liu S, Rokosh DG, Lincoln J, Wang Q, Jiao K. Differential requirement for DICER1 activity during the development of mitral and tricuspid valves. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259783. [PMID: 35946425 PMCID: PMC9482344 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitral and tricuspid valves are essential for unidirectional blood flow in the heart. They are derived from similar cell sources, and yet congenital dysplasia affecting both valves is clinically rare, suggesting the presence of differential regulatory mechanisms underlying their development. Here, we specifically inactivated Dicer1 in the endocardium during cardiogenesis and found that Dicer1 deletion caused congenital mitral valve stenosis and regurgitation, whereas it had no impact on other valves. We showed that hyperplastic mitral valves were caused by abnormal condensation and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Our single-cell RNA sequencing analysis revealed impaired maturation of mesenchymal cells and abnormal expression of ECM genes in mutant mitral valves. Furthermore, expression of a set of miRNAs that target ECM genes was significantly lower in tricuspid valves compared to mitral valves, consistent with the idea that the miRNAs are differentially required for mitral and tricuspid valve development. We thus reveal miRNA-mediated gene regulation as a novel molecular mechanism that differentially regulates mitral and tricuspid valve development, thereby enhancing our understanding of the non-association of inborn mitral and tricuspid dysplasia observed clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yan
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yin Peng
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jin Lu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Saima Shakil
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Population Health Science, and Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - David K. Crossman
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Walter H. Johnson
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Shanrun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Donald G. Rokosh
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Joy Lincoln
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- The Herma Heart Institute, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, August, GA 30912, USA
| | - Kai Jiao
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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9
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Single-cell transcriptome atlas of the human corpus cavernosum. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4302. [PMID: 35879305 PMCID: PMC9314400 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31950-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpus cavernosum is the most important structure for penile erection, and its dysfunction causes many physiological and psychological problems. However, its cellular heterogeneity and signalling networks at the molecular level are poorly understood because of limited access to samples. Here, we profile 64,993 human cavernosal single-cell transcriptomes from three males with normal erection and five organic erectile dysfunction patients. Cell communication analysis reveals that cavernosal fibroblasts are central to the paracrine signalling network and regulate microenvironmental homeostasis. Combining with immunohistochemical staining, we reveal the cellular heterogeneity and describe a detailed spatial distribution map for each fibroblast, smooth muscle and endothelial subcluster in the corpus cavernosum. Furthermore, comparative analysis and related functional experiments identify candidate regulatory signalling pathways in the pathological process. Our study provides an insight into the human corpus cavernosum microenvironment and a reference for potential erectile dysfunction therapies. The corpus cavernosum is the most important structure for penile erection, and its dysfunction causes physiological and psychological problems. Here the authors perform single-cell RNA-sequencing on corpus cavernosum samples from males with normal erection and erectile dysfunction patients, providing insights into this pathology.
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10
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Shojaee A, Ejeian F, Parham A, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Optimizing Tenogenic Differentiation of Equine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (eq-ASC) Using TGFB3 Along with BMP Antagonists. CELL JOURNAL 2022; 24:370-379. [PMID: 36043405 PMCID: PMC9428478 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2022.7892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tendon repair strategies usually are accompanied by pathological mineralization and scar tissue formation that increases the risk of re-injuries. This study aimed to establish an efficient tendon regeneration method simultaneously with a reduced risk of ectopic bone formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, tenogenic differentiation was induced through transforming growth factor- β3 (TGFB3) treatment in combination with the inhibiting concentrations of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) antagonists, gremlin-2 (GREM2), and a Wnt inhibitor, namely sclerostin (SOST). The procedure's efficacy was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for expression analysis of tenogenic markers and osteochondrogenic marker genes. The expression level of two tenogenic markers, SCX and MKX, was also evaluated by immunocytochemistry. Sirius Red staining was performed to examine the amounts of collagen fibers. Moreover, to investigate the impact of the substrate on tenogenic differentiation, the nanofibrous scaffolds that highly resemble tendon extracellular matrix was employed. RESULTS Aggregated features formed in spontaneous normal culture conditions followed by up-regulation of tenogenic and osteogenic marker genes, including SCX, MKX, COL1A1, RUNX2, and CTNNB1. TGFB3 treatment exaggerated morphological changes and markedly amplified tenogenic differentiation in a shorter period of time. Along with TGFB3 treatment, inhibition of BMPs by GREM2 and SOST delayed migratory events to some extent and dramatically reduced osteo-chondrogenic markers synergistically. Nanofibrous scaffolds increased tenogenic markers while declining the expression of osteo-chondrogenic genes. CONCLUSION These findings revealed an appropriate in vitro potential of spontaneous tenogenic differentiation of eq- ASCs that can be improved by simultaneous activation of TGFB and inhibition of osteoinductive signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiyeh Shojaee
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,
Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ejeian
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Parham
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,
Mashhad, Iran,Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,
Mashhad, Iran,P.O.Box: 9177948974Division of PhysiologyDepartment of Basic SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi
University of MashhadMashhadIranP.O.Box: 8159358686Department of Animal BiotechnologyReproductive Biomedicine Research CenterRoyan Institute for BiotechnologyACECRIsfahanIran
Emails:,
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran,P.O.Box: 9177948974Division of PhysiologyDepartment of Basic SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi
University of MashhadMashhadIranP.O.Box: 8159358686Department of Animal BiotechnologyReproductive Biomedicine Research CenterRoyan Institute for BiotechnologyACECRIsfahanIran
Emails:,
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11
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Matsui M, Bouchareb R, Storto M, Hussain Y, Gregg A, Marx SO, Pitt GS. Increased Ca2+ influx through CaV1.2 drives aortic valve calcification. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155569. [PMID: 35104251 PMCID: PMC8983132 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is heritable as revealed by recent genome wide association studies. While polymorphisms linked to increased expression of CACNA1C, encoding the CaV1.2 L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel, and increased Ca2+ signaling are associated with CAVD, whether increased Ca2+ influx through the druggable CaV1.2 is causal for calcific aortic valve disease is unknown. With surgically removed aortic valves from patients, we confirmed the association between increased CaV1.2 expression and CAVD. We extended our studies with a transgenic mouse model that mimics increased CaV1.2 expression in within aortic valve interstitial cells (VICs). In young mice maintained on normal chow, we observed dystrophic valve lesions that mimic changes found in pre-symptomatic CAVD, and showed activation of chondrogenic and osteogenic transcriptional regulators within these valve lesions. Chronic administration of verapamil, a clinically used CaV1.2 antagonist, slowed the progression of lesion development in vivo. Exploiting VIC cultures we demonstrated that increased Ca2+ influx through CaV1.2 drives signaling programs that lead to myofibroblast activation of VICs and upregulation of genes associated with aortic valve calcification. Our data support a causal role for Ca2+ influx through CaV1.2 in CAVD and suggest that early treatment with Ca2+ channel blockers is an effective therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Matsui
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Rihab Bouchareb
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
| | - Mara Storto
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Yasin Hussain
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew Gregg
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Steven O Marx
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey S Pitt
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America
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12
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He P, Ruan D, Huang Z, Wang C, Xu Y, Cai H, Liu H, Fei Y, Heng BC, Chen W, Shen W. Comparison of Tendon Development Versus Tendon Healing and Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:821667. [PMID: 35141224 PMCID: PMC8819183 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.821667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon is a vital connective tissue in human skeletal muscle system, and tendon injury is very common and intractable in clinic. Tendon development and repair are two closely related but still not fully understood processes. Tendon development involves multiple germ layer, as well as the regulation of diversity transcription factors (Scx et al.), proteins (Tnmd et al.) and signaling pathways (TGFβ et al.). The nature process of tendon repair is roughly divided in three stages, which are dominated by various cells and cell factors. This review will describe the whole process of tendon development and compare it with the process of tendon repair, focusing on the understanding and recent advances in the regulation of tendon development and repair. The study and comparison of tendon development and repair process can thus provide references and guidelines for treatment of tendon injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dengfeng Ruan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zizhan Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Canlong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Honglu Cai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hengzhi Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Fei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Boon Chin Heng
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School of Stomatology, Bejing, China
| | - Weishan Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Weishan Chen, ; Weiliang Shen,
| | - Weiliang Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Weishan Chen, ; Weiliang Shen,
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13
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Decellularized tendon matrix membranes prevent post-surgical tendon adhesion and promote functional repair. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:160-176. [PMID: 34303866 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion often occurs after tendon injury, and results in sliding disorder and movement limitation with no ideal solution for it in clinic. In this study, an anti-adhesion membrane, i.e., decellularized tendon matrix (DTM) for tendon is successfully prepared by an optimized tendon decellularization method from homologous extracellular matrix. Microsection technology has been used to optimize the method of decellularization in order to better preserve the bioactive components in tissues and reduce the chemical reagent residues on the premise of effective decellularization with relatively shorter time and less reagents for decellularization. The physic-chemical properties and biological functions of DTM are evaluated, and high-throughput and high-precision tandem mass tags (TMT) labeling proteomics technology is used to analyze protein components of DTM, which may provide the scientific support for application of the innovative product. In vitro biosafety tests show that DTM not only is non-toxic but also promote cell proliferation. Subcutaneous implantation test confirms that DTM is completely degraded after 12 weeks and there is no obvious inflammatory reaction. The results of Achilles tendon repair in rabbits show that DTM can not only prevent tendon adhesion but also improve the quality of tendon repair, which demonstrates its tremendous application potential. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: There is no ideal solution for adhesion after tendon injury. In this study, a dense tendon anti-adhesion membrane (DTM) was successfully prepared from homologous extracellular matrix (ECM). This DTM could effectively retain bioactive ingredients, and prevent adhesion as well as improve the quality of tendon repair in vivo. An optimized decellularization method was used which could effectively decellularize tendon in a short time, better preserve bioactive components, and reduce reagent residues. For the first time, high-throughput and high-precision tandem mass tags (TMT) labeling proteomics technology was used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the protein composition of fresh tendon, acellular tendon and DTM, which provided not only scientific support for the application of DTM, but also comprehensive and accurate data support for related research of bovine tendons and decellularization.
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14
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Excess Provisional Extracellular Matrix: A Common Factor in Bicuspid Aortic Valve Formation. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8080092. [PMID: 34436234 PMCID: PMC8396938 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8080092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common cardiac malformation, found in 0.5% to 2% of the population. BAVs are present in approximately 50% of patients with severe aortic stenosis and are an independent risk factor for aortic aneurysms. Currently, there are no therapeutics to treat BAV, and the human mutations identified to date represent a relatively small number of BAV patients. However, the discovery of BAV in an increasing number of genetically modified mice is advancing our understanding of molecular pathways that contribute to BAV formation. In this study, we utilized the comparison of BAV phenotypic characteristics between murine models as a tool to advance our understanding of BAV formation. The collation of murine BAV data indicated that excess versican within the provisional extracellular matrix (P-ECM) is a common factor in BAV development. While the percentage of BAVs is low in many of the murine BAV models, the remaining mutant mice exhibit larger and more amorphous tricuspid AoVs, also with excess P-ECM compared to littermates. The identification of common molecular characteristics among murine BAV models may lead to BAV therapeutic targets and biomarkers of disease progression for this highly prevalent and heterogeneous cardiovascular malformation.
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15
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Clift CL, Su YR, Bichell D, Jensen Smith HC, Bethard JR, Norris-Caneda K, Comte-Walters S, Ball LE, Hollingsworth MA, Mehta AS, Drake RR, Angel PM. Collagen fiber regulation in human pediatric aortic valve development and disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9751. [PMID: 33963260 PMCID: PMC8105334 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89164-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) affects up to 10% of the world population without medical therapies to treat the disease. New molecular targets are continually being sought that can halt CAVS progression. Collagen deregulation is a hallmark of CAVS yet remains mostly undefined. Here, histological studies were paired with high resolution accurate mass (HRAM) collagen-targeting proteomics to investigate collagen fiber production with collagen regulation associated with human AV development and pediatric end-stage CAVS (pCAVS). Histological studies identified collagen fiber realignment and unique regions of high-density collagen in pCAVS. Proteomic analysis reported specific collagen peptides are modified by hydroxylated prolines (HYP), a post-translational modification critical to stabilizing the collagen triple helix. Quantitative data analysis reported significant regulation of collagen HYP sites across patient categories. Non-collagen type ECM proteins identified (26 of the 44 total proteins) have direct interactions in collagen synthesis, regulation, or modification. Network analysis identified BAMBI (BMP and Activin Membrane Bound Inhibitor) as a potential upstream regulator of the collagen interactome. This is the first study to detail the collagen types and HYP modifications associated with human AV development and pCAVS. We anticipate that this study will inform new therapeutic avenues that inhibit valvular degradation in pCAVS and engineered options for valve replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Clift
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, MUSC Proteomics Center, Bruker-MUSC Clinical Glycomics Center of Excellence, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, BSB358, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Yan Ru Su
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David Bichell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Heather C Jensen Smith
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - M A Hollingsworth
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Anand S Mehta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, MUSC Proteomics Center, Bruker-MUSC Clinical Glycomics Center of Excellence, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, BSB358, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Richard R Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, MUSC Proteomics Center, Bruker-MUSC Clinical Glycomics Center of Excellence, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, BSB358, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Peggi M Angel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, MUSC Proteomics Center, Bruker-MUSC Clinical Glycomics Center of Excellence, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, BSB358, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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16
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Li Y, Wu T, Liu S. Identification and Distinction of Tenocytes and Tendon-Derived Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:629515. [PMID: 33937230 PMCID: PMC8085586 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.629515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Restoring the normal structure and function of injured tendons is one of the biggest challenges in orthopedics and sports medicine department. The discovery of tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs) provides a novel perspective to treat tendon injuries, which is expected to be an ideal seed cell to promote tendon repair and regeneration. Because of the lack of specific markers, the identification of tenocytes and TDSCs has not been conclusive in the in vitro study of tendons. In addition, the morphology of tendon derived cells is similar, and the comparison and identification of tenocytes and TDSCs are insufficient, which causes some obstacles to the in vitro study of tendon. In this review, the characteristics of tenocytes and TDSCs are summarized and compared based on some existing research results (mainly in terms of biomarkers), and a potential marker selection for identification is suggested. It is of profound significance to further explore the mechanism of biomarkers in vivo and to find more specific markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuange Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyi Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Best KT, Korcari A, Mora KE, Nichols AE, Muscat SN, Knapp E, Buckley MR, Loiselle AE. Scleraxis-lineage cell depletion improves tendon healing and disrupts adult tendon homeostasis. eLife 2021; 10:62203. [PMID: 33480357 PMCID: PMC7850622 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the requirement for Scleraxis-lineage (ScxLin) cells during tendon development, the function of ScxLin cells during adult tendon repair, post-natal growth, and adult homeostasis have not been defined. Therefore, we inducibly depleted ScxLin cells (ScxLinDTR) prior to tendon injury and repair surgery and hypothesized that ScxLinDTR mice would exhibit functionally deficient healing compared to wild-type littermates. Surprisingly, depletion of ScxLin cells resulted in increased biomechanical properties without impairments in gliding function at 28 days post-repair, indicative of regeneration. RNA sequencing of day 28 post-repair tendons highlighted differences in matrix-related genes, cell motility, cytoskeletal organization, and metabolism. We also utilized ScxLinDTR mice to define the effects on post-natal tendon growth and adult tendon homeostasis and discovered that adult ScxLin cell depletion resulted in altered tendon collagen fibril diameter, density, and dispersion. Collectively, these findings enhance our fundamental understanding of tendon cell localization, function, and fate during healing, growth, and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Best
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Antonion Korcari
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Keshia E Mora
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Anne Ec Nichols
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Samantha N Muscat
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Emma Knapp
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Mark R Buckley
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Alayna E Loiselle
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, New York, United States
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18
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Varshney A, Chahal G, Santos L, Stolper J, Hallab JC, Nim HT, Nikolov M, Yip A, Ramialison M. Human Cardiac Transcription Factor Networks. SYSTEMS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11597-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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19
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Ma C, Jing Y, Li H, Wang K, Wang Z, Xu C, Sun X, Kaji D, Han X, Huang A, Feng J. Scx Lin cells directly form a subset of chondrocytes in temporomandibular joint that are sharply increased in Dmp1-null mice. Bone 2021; 142:115687. [PMID: 33059101 PMCID: PMC7749445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been assumed that the secondary cartilage in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), which is the most complex and mystery joint and expands rapidly after birth, is formed by periochondrium-derived chondrocytes. The TMJ condyle has rich attachment sites of tendon, which is thought to be solely responsible for joint movement with a distinct cell lineage. Here, we used a Scx-Cre ERT2 mouse line (the tracing line for progenitor and mature tendon cells) to track the fate of tendon cells during TMJ postnatal growth. Our data showed a progressive differentiation of Scx lineage cells started at tendon and the fibrous layer, to cells at the prechondroblasts (Sox9 -/Col I +), and then to cells at the chondrocytic layer (Sox9 +/Col I -). Importantly, the Scx + chondrocytes remained as "permanent" chondrocytes to maintain cartilage mass with no further cell trandifferentiation to bone cells. This notion was substantiated in an assessment of these cells in Dmp1 -null mice (a hypophosphatemic rickets model), where there was a significant increase in the number of Scx lineage cells in response to hypophosphatemia. In addition, we showed the origin of disc, which is derived from Scx + cells. Thus, we propose Scx lineage cells play an important role in TMJ postnatal growth by forming the disc and a new subset of Scx + chondrocytes that do not undergo osteogenesis as the Scx - chondrocytes and are sensitive to the level of phosphorous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yan Jing
- Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
- Corresponding authors Yan Jing, Assistant professor, Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Tx, USA, , 2143707237, Jian Feng, Professor, Department of Biomedical sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Tx, USA, , 2143707235
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chunmei Xu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA; Zhongshan Affiliated Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Deepak Kaji
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Xianglong Han
- Department of Orthodontics & Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Alice Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
- Corresponding authors Yan Jing, Assistant professor, Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Tx, USA, , 2143707237, Jian Feng, Professor, Department of Biomedical sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Tx, USA, , 2143707235
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20
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Biology and Biomechanics of the Heart Valve Extracellular Matrix. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7040057. [PMID: 33339213 PMCID: PMC7765611 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart valves are dynamic structures that, in the average human, open and close over 100,000 times per day, and 3 × 109 times per lifetime to maintain unidirectional blood flow. Efficient, coordinated movement of the valve structures during the cardiac cycle is mediated by the intricate and sophisticated network of extracellular matrix (ECM) components that provide the necessary biomechanical properties to meet these mechanical demands. Organized in layers that accommodate passive functional movements of the valve leaflets, heart valve ECM is synthesized during embryonic development, and remodeled and maintained by resident cells throughout life. The failure of ECM organization compromises biomechanical function, and may lead to obstruction or leaking, which if left untreated can lead to heart failure. At present, effective treatment for heart valve dysfunction is limited and frequently ends with surgical repair or replacement, which comes with insuperable complications for many high-risk patients including aged and pediatric populations. Therefore, there is a critical need to fully appreciate the pathobiology of biomechanical valve failure in order to develop better, alternative therapies. To date, the majority of studies have focused on delineating valve disease mechanisms at the cellular level, namely the interstitial and endothelial lineages. However, less focus has been on the ECM, shown previously in other systems, to be a promising mechanism-inspired therapeutic target. Here, we highlight and review the biology and biomechanical contributions of key components of the heart valve ECM. Furthermore, we discuss how human diseases, including connective tissue disorders lead to aberrations in the abundance, organization and quality of these matrix proteins, resulting in instability of the valve infrastructure and gross functional impairment.
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21
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Yin Z, Lin J, Yan R, Liu R, Liu M, Zhou B, Zhou W, An C, Chen Y, Hu Y, Fan C, Zhao K, Wu B, Zou X, Zhang J, El‐Hashash AH, Chen X, Ouyang H. Atlas of Musculoskeletal Stem Cells with the Soft and Hard Tissue Differentiation Architecture. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000938. [PMID: 33304744 PMCID: PMC7710003 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although being of utmost importance for human health and mobility, stem cell identity and hierarchical organization of musculoskeletal progenitors remain largely unexplored. Here, cells from E10.5, E12.5, and E15.5 murine limbs are analyzed by high throughput single-cell RNA sequencing to illustrate the cellular architecture during limb development. Single-cell transcriptional profiling demonstrates the identity and differentiation architecture of musculoskeletal stem cells (MSSC), soft and hard tissue progenitors through expression pattern of musculoskeletal markers (scleraxis [Scx], Hoxd13, Sox9, and Col1a1). This is confirmed by genetic in vivo lineage tracing. Moreover, single-cell analyses of Scx knockout mice tissues illustrates that Scx regulates MSSC self-renewal and proliferation potential. A high-throughput and low-cost multi-tissues RNA sequencing strategy further provides evidence that musculoskeletal system tissues, including muscle, bone, meniscus, and cartilage, are all abnormally developed in Scx knockout mice. These results establish the presence of an indispensable limb Scx+Hoxd13+ MSSC population and their differentiation into soft tissue progenitors (Scx+Col1a1+) and hard tissue progenitors (Scx+Sox9+). Collectively, this study paves the way for systematically decoding the complex molecular mechanisms and cellular programs of musculoskeletal tissues morphogenesis in limb development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Yin
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine (CORMed)Hangzhou310058China
| | - Junxin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Ruojin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Richun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Mengfei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Wenyan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- Zhejiang University‐University of Edinburgh Institute & School of Basic MedicineZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Chengrui An
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Yangwu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Yejun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Chunmei Fan
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Bingbing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Xiaohui Zou
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- Department of Gynecologythe First Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Jin Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital and Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineDepartment of Basic Medical SciencesSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Ahmed H. El‐Hashash
- Zhejiang University‐University of Edinburgh Institute & School of Basic MedicineZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- Edinburgh Medical SchoolUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH16 4SBUK
| | - Xiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine (CORMed)Hangzhou310058China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- Department of Sports MedicineSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine (CORMed)Hangzhou310058China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- Zhejiang University‐University of Edinburgh Institute & School of Basic MedicineZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- Department of Sports MedicineSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
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22
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Shen H, Schwartz AG, Civitelli R, Thomopoulos S. Connexin 43 Is Necessary for Murine Tendon Enthesis Formation and Response to Loading. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:1494-1503. [PMID: 32227614 PMCID: PMC7725385 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The enthesis is a mineralized fibrocartilage transition that attaches tendon to bone and is vital for musculoskeletal function. Despite recent studies demonstrating the necessity of muscle loading for enthesis formation, the mechanisms that regulate enthesis formation and mechanoresponsiveness remain unclear. Therefore, the current study investigated the role of the gap junction protein connexin 43 in these processes by deleting Gja1 (the Cx43 gene) in the tendon and enthesis. Compared with their wild-type (WT) counterparts, mice lacking Cx43 showed disrupted entheseal cell alignment, reduced mineralized fibrocartilage, and impaired biomechanical properties of the supraspinatus tendon entheses during postnatal development. Cx43-deficient mice also exhibited reduced ability to complete a treadmill running protocol but no apparent deficits in daily activity, metabolic indexes, shoulder muscle size, grip strength, and major trabecular bone properties of the adjacent humeral head. To examine enthesis mechanoresponsiveness, young adult mice were subjected to modest treadmill exercise. Gja1 deficiency in the tendon and enthesis reduced entheseal anabolic responses to treadmill exercise: WT mice had increased expression of Sox9, Ihh, and Gli1 and increased Brdu incorporation, whereas Cx43-deficient mice showed no changes or decreased levels with exercise. Collectively, the results demonstrated an essential role for Cx43 in postnatal tendon enthesis formation, function, and response to loading; results further provided evidence implicating a link between Cx43 function and the hedgehog signaling pathway. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrea G Schwartz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Roberto Civitelli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stavros Thomopoulos
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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23
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Ramírez-Aragón M, Hernández-Sánchez F, Rodríguez-Reyna TS, Buendía-Roldán I, Güitrón-Castillo G, Núñez-Alvarez CA, Hernández-Ramírez DF, Benavides-Suárez SA, Esquinca-González A, Torres-Machorro AL, Mendoza-Milla C. The Transcription Factor SCX is a Potential Serum Biomarker of Fibrotic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145012. [PMID: 32708589 PMCID: PMC7404299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosing diseases are causes of morbidity and mortality around the world, and they are characterized by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation. The bHLH transcription factor scleraxis (SCX) regulates the synthesis of ECM proteins in heart fibrosis. SCX expression was evaluated in lung fibroblasts and tissue derived from fibrotic disease patients and healthy controls. We also measured SCX in sera from 57 healthy controls, and 56 Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), 40 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (HP), and 100 Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) patients. We report high SCX expression in fibroblasts and tissue from IPF patients versus controls. High SCX-serum levels were observed in IPF (0.663 ± 0.559 ng/mL, p < 0.01) and SSc (0.611 ± 0.296 ng/mL, p < 0.001), versus controls (0.351 ± 0.207 ng/mL) and HP (0.323 ± 0.323 ng/mL). Serum levels of the SCX heterodimerization partner, TCF3, did not associate with fibrotic illness. IPF patients with severely affected respiratory capacities and late-stage SSc patients presenting anti-topoisomerase I antibodies and interstitial lung disease showed the highest SCX-serum levels. SCX gain-of-function induced the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA/ACTA2) in fibroblasts when co-overexpressed with TCF3. As late and severe stages of the fibrotic processes correlated with high circulating SCX, we postulate it as a candidate biomarker of fibrosis and a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ramírez-Aragón
- Departamento de Investigación en Fibrosis Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Colonia Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Alcaldía Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.R.-A.); (I.B.-R.); (G.G.-C.)
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Fernando Hernández-Sánchez
- Departamento de Investigación en Virología y Micología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Colonia Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Alcaldía Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Tatiana S. Rodríguez-Reyna
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga 15, Colonia Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI. Alcaldía Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (T.S.R.-R.); (C.A.N.-A.); (D.F.H.-R.); (S.A.B.-S.); (A.E.-G.)
| | - Ivette Buendía-Roldán
- Departamento de Investigación en Fibrosis Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Colonia Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Alcaldía Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.R.-A.); (I.B.-R.); (G.G.-C.)
| | - Gael Güitrón-Castillo
- Departamento de Investigación en Fibrosis Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Colonia Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Alcaldía Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.R.-A.); (I.B.-R.); (G.G.-C.)
| | - Carlos A. Núñez-Alvarez
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga 15, Colonia Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI. Alcaldía Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (T.S.R.-R.); (C.A.N.-A.); (D.F.H.-R.); (S.A.B.-S.); (A.E.-G.)
| | - Diego F. Hernández-Ramírez
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga 15, Colonia Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI. Alcaldía Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (T.S.R.-R.); (C.A.N.-A.); (D.F.H.-R.); (S.A.B.-S.); (A.E.-G.)
| | - Sergio A. Benavides-Suárez
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga 15, Colonia Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI. Alcaldía Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (T.S.R.-R.); (C.A.N.-A.); (D.F.H.-R.); (S.A.B.-S.); (A.E.-G.)
| | - Alexia Esquinca-González
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga 15, Colonia Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI. Alcaldía Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (T.S.R.-R.); (C.A.N.-A.); (D.F.H.-R.); (S.A.B.-S.); (A.E.-G.)
| | - Ana Lilia Torres-Machorro
- Departamento de Investigación en Fibrosis Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Colonia Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Alcaldía Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.R.-A.); (I.B.-R.); (G.G.-C.)
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología and Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Colonia Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Alcaldía Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Correspondence: (A.L.T.-M.); (C.M.-M.); Tel.: +52-555-487-1700 (ext.5257) (A.L.T.-M. & C.M.-M.)
| | - Criselda Mendoza-Milla
- Departamento de Investigación en Fibrosis Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Colonia Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Alcaldía Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.R.-A.); (I.B.-R.); (G.G.-C.)
- Correspondence: (A.L.T.-M.); (C.M.-M.); Tel.: +52-555-487-1700 (ext.5257) (A.L.T.-M. & C.M.-M.)
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24
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Huang S, Chen B, Humeres C, Alex L, Hanna A, Frangogiannis NG. The role of Smad2 and Smad3 in regulating homeostatic functions of fibroblasts in vitro and in adult mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118703. [PMID: 32179057 PMCID: PMC7261645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The heart contains an abundant fibroblast population that may play a role in homeostasis, by maintaining the extracellular matrix (ECM) network, by regulating electrical impulse conduction, and by supporting survival and function of cardiomyocytes and vascular cells. Despite an explosion in our understanding of the role of fibroblasts in cardiac injury, the homeostatic functions of resident fibroblasts in adult hearts remain understudied. TGF-β-mediated signaling through the receptor-activated Smads, Smad2 and Smad3 critically regulates fibroblast function. We hypothesized that baseline expression of Smad2/3 in fibroblasts may play an important role in cardiac homeostasis. Smad2 and Smad3 were constitutively expressed in normal mouse hearts and in cardiac fibroblasts. In cultured cardiac fibroblasts, Smad2 and Smad3 played distinct roles in regulation of baseline ECM gene synthesis. Smad3 knockdown attenuated collagen I, collagen IV and fibronectin mRNA synthesis and reduced expression of the matricellular protein thrombospondin-1. Smad2 knockdown on the other hand attenuated expression of collagen V mRNA and reduced synthesis of fibronectin, periostin and versican. In vivo, inducible fibroblast-specific Smad2 knockout mice and fibroblast-specific Smad3 knockout mice had normal heart rate, preserved cardiac geometry, ventricular systolic and diastolic function, and normal myocardial structure. Fibroblast-specific Smad3, but not Smad2 loss modestly but significantly reduced collagen content. Our findings suggest that fibroblast-specific Smad3, but not Smad2, may play a role in regulation of baseline collagen synthesis in adult hearts. However, at least short term, these changes do not have any impact on homeostatic cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaibo Huang
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Bijun Chen
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Claudio Humeres
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Linda Alex
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Anis Hanna
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America.
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25
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Tan HY, Tan SL, Teo SH, Roebuck MM, Frostick SP, Kamarul T. Development of a novel in vitro insulin resistance model in primary human tenocytes for diabetic tendinopathy research. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8740. [PMID: 32587790 PMCID: PMC7304430 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) had been reported to be associated with tendinopathy. However, the underlying mechanisms of diabetic tendinopathy still remain largely to be discovered. The purpose of this study was to develop insulin resistance (IR) model on primary human tenocytes (hTeno) culture with tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) treatment to study tenocytes homeostasis as an implication for diabetic tendinopathy. Methods hTenowere isolated from human hamstring tendon. Presence of insulin receptor beta (INSR-β) on normal tendon tissues and the hTeno monolayer culture were analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. The presence of Glucose Transporter Type 1 (GLUT1) and Glucose Transporter Type 4 (GLUT4) on the hTeno monolayer culture were also analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Primary hTeno were treated with 0.008, 0.08, 0.8 and 8.0 µM of TNF-α, with and without insulin supplement. Outcome measures include 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino]-2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-NBDG) assay to determine the glucose uptake activity; colourimetric total collagen assay to quantify the total collagen expression levels; COL-I ELISA assay to measure the COL-I expression levels and real-time qPCR to analyze the mRNA gene expressions levels of Scleraxis (SCX), Mohawk (MKX), type I collagen (COL1A1), type III collagen (COL3A1), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9 and MMP-13 in hTeno when treated with TNF-α. Apoptosis assay for hTeno induced with TNF-α was conducted using Annexin-V FITC flow cytometry analysis. Results Immunofluorescence imaging showed the presence of INSR-β on the hTeno in the human Achilles tendon tissues and in the hTeno in monolayer culture. GLUT1 and GLUT4 were both positively expressed in the hTeno. TNF-α significantly reduced the insulin-mediated 2-NBDG uptake in all the tested concentrations, especially at 0.008 µM. Total collagen expression levels and COL-I expression levels in hTeno were also significantly reduced in hTeno treated with 0.008 µM of TNF-α. The SCX, MKX and COL1A1 mRNA expression levels were significantly downregulated in all TNF-α treated hTeno, whereas the COL3A1, MMP-9 and MMP-13 were significantly upregulated in the TNF–α treated cells. TNF-α progressively increased the apoptotic cells at 48 and 72 h. Conclusion At 0.008 µM of TNF-α, an IR condition was induced in hTeno, supported with the significant reduction in glucose uptake, as well as significantly reduced total collagen, specifically COL-I expression levels, downregulation of candidate tenogenic markers genes (SCX and MKX), and upregulation of ECM catabolic genes (MMP-9 and MMP-13). Development of novel IR model in hTeno provides an insight on how tendon homeostasis could be affected and can be used as a tool for further discovering the effects on downstream molecular pathways, as the implication for diabetic tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yee Tan
- Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedics Centre of Excellent Research & Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia
| | - Sik Loo Tan
- Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedics Centre of Excellent Research & Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia
| | - Seow Hui Teo
- National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia
| | - Margaret M Roebuck
- Musculoskeletal Science Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Other, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Frostick
- Musculoskeletal Science Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Other, United Kingdom
| | - Tunku Kamarul
- Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedics Centre of Excellent Research & Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia
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26
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Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts and fibrosis contribute to the pathogenesis of heart failure, a prevalent cause of mortality. Therefore, a majority of the existing information regarding cardiac fibroblasts is focused on their function and behavior after heart injury. Less is understood about the signaling and transcriptional networks required for the development and homeostatic roles of these cells. This review is devoted to describing our current understanding of cardiac fibroblast development. I detail cardiac fibroblast formation during embryogenesis including the discovery of a second embryonic origin for cardiac fibroblasts. Additional information is provided regarding the roles of the genes essential for cardiac fibroblast development. It should be noted that many questions remain regarding the cell-fate specification of these fibroblast progenitors, and it is hoped that this review will provide a basis for future studies regarding this topic.
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27
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Havis E, Duprez D. EGR1 Transcription Factor is a Multifaceted Regulator of Matrix Production in Tendons and Other Connective Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051664. [PMID: 32121305 PMCID: PMC7084410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the transcription factor EGR1 is known as NGF1-A, TIS8, Krox24, zif/268, and ZENK, it still has many fewer names than biological functions. A broad range of signals induce Egr1 gene expression via numerous regulatory elements identified in the Egr1 promoter. EGR1 is also the target of multiple post-translational modifications, which modulate EGR1 transcriptional activity. Despite the myriad regulators of Egr1 transcription and translation, and the numerous biological functions identified for EGR1, the literature reveals a recurring theme of EGR1 transcriptional activity in connective tissues, regulating genes related to the extracellular matrix. Egr1 is expressed in different connective tissues, such as tendon (a dense connective tissue), cartilage and bone (supportive connective tissues), and adipose tissue (a loose connective tissue). Egr1 is involved in the development, homeostasis, and healing processes of these tissues, mainly via the regulation of extracellular matrix. In addition, Egr1 is often involved in the abnormal production of extracellular matrix in fibrotic conditions, and Egr1 deletion is seen as a target for therapeutic strategies to fight fibrotic conditions. This generic EGR1 function in matrix regulation has little-explored implications but is potentially important for tendon repair.
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28
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Tendon and ligament mechanical loading in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 16:193-207. [PMID: 32080619 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical loading is an important factor in musculoskeletal health and disease. Tendons and ligaments require physiological levels of mechanical loading to develop and maintain their tissue architecture, a process that is achieved at the cellular level through mechanotransduction-mediated fine tuning of the extracellular matrix by tendon and ligament stromal cells. Pathological levels of force represent a biological (mechanical) stress that elicits an immune system-mediated tissue repair pathway in tendons and ligaments. The biomechanics and mechanobiology of tendons and ligaments form the basis for understanding how such tissues sense and respond to mechanical force, and the anatomical extent of several mechanical stress-related disorders in tendons and ligaments overlaps with that of chronic inflammatory arthritis in joints. The role of mechanical stress in 'overuse' injuries, such as tendinopathy, has long been known, but mechanical stress is now also emerging as a possible trigger for some forms of chronic inflammatory arthritis, including spondyloarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, seemingly diverse diseases of the musculoskeletal system might have similar mechanisms of immunopathogenesis owing to conserved responses to mechanical stress.
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29
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Abstract
The heart is lined by a single layer of mesothelial cells called the epicardium that provides important cellular contributions for embryonic heart formation. The epicardium harbors a population of progenitor cells that undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition displaying characteristic conversion of planar epithelial cells into multipolar and invasive mesenchymal cells before differentiating into nonmyocyte cardiac lineages, such as vascular smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and fibroblasts. The epicardium is also a source of paracrine cues that are essential for fetal cardiac growth, coronary vessel patterning, and regenerative heart repair. Although the epicardium becomes dormant after birth, cardiac injury reactivates developmental gene programs that stimulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; however, it is not clear how the epicardium contributes to disease progression or repair in the adult. In this review, we will summarize the molecular mechanisms that control epicardium-derived progenitor cell migration, and the functional contributions of the epicardium to heart formation and cardiomyopathy. Future perspectives will be presented to highlight emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at harnessing the regenerative potential of the fetal epicardium for cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Quijada
- From the Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (P.Q., E.M.S.), University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY.,Department of Medicine (P.Q., E.M.S.), University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | | | - Eric M Small
- From the Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (P.Q., E.M.S.), University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY.,Department of Medicine (P.Q., E.M.S.), University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
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30
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Tan GK, Pryce BA, Stabio A, Brigande JV, Wang C, Xia Z, Tufa SF, Keene DR, Schweitzer R. Tgfβ signaling is critical for maintenance of the tendon cell fate. eLife 2020; 9:52695. [PMID: 31961320 PMCID: PMC7025861 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of cell fate focus on specification, but little is known about maintenance of the differentiated state. In this study, we find that the mouse tendon cell fate requires continuous maintenance in vivo and identify an essential role for TGFβ signaling in maintenance of the tendon cell fate. To examine the role of TGFβ signaling in tenocyte function the TGFβ type II receptor (Tgfbr2) was targeted in the Scleraxis-expressing cell lineage using the ScxCre deletor. Tendon development was not disrupted in mutant embryos, but shortly after birth tenocytes lost differentiation markers and reverted to a more stem/progenitor state. Viral reintroduction of Tgfbr2 to mutants prevented and even rescued tenocyte dedifferentiation suggesting a continuous and cell autonomous role for TGFβ signaling in cell fate maintenance. These results uncover the critical importance of molecular pathways that maintain the differentiated cell fate and a key role for TGFβ signaling in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guak-Kim Tan
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, United States
| | - Brian A Pryce
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, United States
| | - Anna Stabio
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, United States
| | - John V Brigande
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - ChaoJie Wang
- Computational Biology Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Zheng Xia
- Computational Biology Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Sara F Tufa
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, United States
| | - Douglas R Keene
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, United States
| | - Ronen Schweitzer
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, United States.,Department of Orthopedics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
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Metalloprotease-Dependent Attenuation of BMP Signaling Restricts Cardiac Neural Crest Cell Fate. Cell Rep 2019; 29:603-616.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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The Influence of Cell Source and Donor Age on the Tenogenic Potential and Chemokine Secretion of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:1613701. [PMID: 31205472 PMCID: PMC6530320 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1613701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cellular therapy is proposed for tendinopathy treatment. Bone marrow- (BM-MSC) and adipose tissue- (ASC) derived mesenchymal stromal cells are candidate populations for such a therapy. The first aim of the study was to compare human BM-MSCs and ASCs for their basal expression of factors associated with tenogenesis as well as chemotaxis. The additional aim was to evaluate if the donor age influences these features. Methods Cells were isolated from 24 human donors, 8 for each group: hASC, hBM-MSC Y (age ≤ 45), and hBM-MSC A (age > 45). The microarray analysis was performed on RNA isolated from hASC and hBM-MSC A cells. Based on microarray results, 8 factors were chosen for further evaluation. Two genes were additionally included in the analysis: SCLERAXIS and PPARγ. All these 10 factors were tested for gene expression by the qRT-PCR method, and all except of RUNX2 were additionally evaluated for protein expression or secretion. Results Microarray analysis showed over 1,400 genes with a significantly different expression between hASC and hBM-MSC groups. Eight of these genes were selected for further analysis: CXCL6, CXCL12, CXCL16, TGF-β2, SMAD3, COLLAGEN 14A1, MOHAWK, and RUNX2. In the subsequent qRT-PCR analysis, hBM-MSCs showed a significantly higher expression than did hASCs in following genes: CXCL12, CXCL16, TGF-β2, SMAD3, COLLAGEN 14A1, and SCLERAXIS (p < 0.05, regardless of BM donor age). In the case of CXCL12, the difference between hASC and hBM-MSC was significant only for younger BM donors, whereas for COLLAGEN 14A1—only for elder BM donors. PPARγ displayed a higher expression in hASCs compared to hBM-MSCs. In regard to CXCL6, MOHAWK, and RUNX2 gene expression, no statistically significant differences between groups were observed. Conclusions In the context of cell-based therapy for tendinopathies, bone marrow appears to be a more attractive source of MSCs than does adipose tissue. The age of cell donors seems to be less important than cell source, although cells from elder donors show slightly higher basal tenogenic potential than do cells from younger donors.
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Hulin A, Hortells L, Gomez-Stallons MV, O'Donnell A, Chetal K, Adam M, Lancellotti P, Oury C, Potter SS, Salomonis N, Yutzey KE. Maturation of heart valve cell populations during postnatal remodeling. Development 2019; 146:dev.173047. [PMID: 30796046 DOI: 10.1242/dev.173047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Heart valve cells mediate extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling during postnatal valve leaflet stratification, but phenotypic and transcriptional diversity of valve cells in development is largely unknown. Single cell analysis of mouse heart valve cells was used to evaluate cell heterogeneity during postnatal ECM remodeling and leaflet morphogenesis. The transcriptomic analysis of single cells from postnatal day (P)7 and P30 murine aortic (AoV) and mitral (MV) heart valves uncovered distinct subsets of melanocytes, immune and endothelial cells present at P7 and P30. By contrast, interstitial cell populations are different from P7 to P30. P7 valve leaflets exhibit two distinct collagen- and glycosaminoglycan-expressing interstitial cell clusters, and prevalent ECM gene expression. At P30, four interstitial cell clusters are apparent with leaflet specificity and differential expression of complement factors, ECM proteins and osteogenic genes. This initial transcriptomic analysis of postnatal heart valves at single cell resolution demonstrates that subpopulations of endothelial and immune cells are relatively constant throughout postnatal development, but interstitial cell subpopulations undergo changes in gene expression and cellular functions in primordial and mature valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Hulin
- The Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH45229, USA.,Laboratory of Cardiology, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Luis Hortells
- The Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH45229, USA
| | - M Victoria Gomez-Stallons
- The Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH45229, USA
| | - Anna O'Donnell
- The Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH45229, USA
| | - Kashish Chetal
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH45229, USA
| | - Mike Adam
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH45229, USA
| | - Patrizio Lancellotti
- Laboratory of Cardiology, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium.,University of Liège Hospital, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Cardiology, Heart Valve Clinic, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium.,Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Anthea Hospital, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Cecile Oury
- Laboratory of Cardiology, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - S Steven Potter
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH45229, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH45229, USA
| | - Nathan Salomonis
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH45229, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH45229, USA
| | - Katherine E Yutzey
- The Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH45229, USA .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH45229, USA
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Markwald RR, Moreno-Rodriguez RA, Ghatak S, Misra S, Norris RA, Sugi Y. Role of Periostin in Cardiac Valve Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1132:177-191. [PMID: 31037635 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-6657-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although periostin plays a significant role in adult cardiac remodeling diseases, the focus of this review is on periostin as a valvulogenic gene. Periostin is expressed throughout valvular development, initially being expressed in endocardial endothelial cells that have been activated to transform into prevalvular mesenchyme termed "cushion tissues" that sustain expression of periostin throughout their morphogenesis into mature (compacted) valve leaflets. The phenotype of periostin null indicates that periostin is not required for endocardial transformation nor the proliferation of its mesenchymal progeny but rather promotes cellular behaviors that promote migration, survival (anti-apoptotic), differentiation into fibroblastic lineages, collagen secretion and postnatal remodeling/maturation. These morphogenetic activities are promoted or coordinated by periostin signaling through integrin receptors activating downstream kinases in cushion cells that activate hyaluronan synthetase II (Akt/PI3K), collagen synthesis (Erk/MapK) and changes in cytoskeletal organization (Pak1) which regulate postnatal remodeling of cells and associated collagenous matrix into a trilaminar (zonal) histoarchitecture. Pak1 binding to filamin A is proposed as one mechanism by which periostin supports remodeling. The failure to properly remodel cushions sets up a trajectory of degenerative (myxomatous-like) changes that over time reduce biomechanical properties and increase chances for prolapse, regurgitation or calcification of the leaflets. Included in the review are considerations of lineage diversity and the role of periostin as a determinant of mesenchymal cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger R Markwald
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina CRI 609, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Ricardo A Moreno-Rodriguez
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina CRI 609, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sibnath Ghatak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina CRI 609, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Suniti Misra
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina CRI 609, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Russell A Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina CRI 609, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Yukiko Sugi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina CRI 609, Charleston, SC, USA
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Zeglinski MR, Moghadam AR, Ande SR, Sheikholeslami K, Mokarram P, Sepehri Z, Rokni H, Mohtaram NK, Poorebrahim M, Masoom A, Toback M, Sareen N, Saravanan S, Jassal DS, Hashemi M, Marzban H, Schaafsma D, Singal P, Wigle JT, Czubryt MP, Akbari M, Dixon IM, Ghavami S, Gordon JW, Dhingra S. Myocardial Cell Signaling During the Transition to Heart Failure. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:75-125. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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36
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Wang R, Lin J, Bagchi RA. Novel molecular therapeutic targets in cardiac fibrosis: a brief overview 1. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 97:246-256. [PMID: 30388374 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis, characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix, abolishes cardiac contractility, impairs cardiac function, and ultimately leads to heart failure. In recent years, significant evidence has emerged that supports the highly dynamic and responsive nature of the cardiac extracellular matrix. Although our knowledge of cardiac fibrosis has advanced tremendously over the past decade, there is still a lack of specific therapies owing to an incomplete understanding of the disease etiology and process. In this review, we attempt to highlight some of the recently investigated molecular determinants of ischemic and non-ischemic fibrotic remodeling of the myocardium that present as promising avenues for development of anti-fibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Wang
- a Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Justin Lin
- b Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Rushita A Bagchi
- c Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Nichols AEC, Settlage RE, Werre SR, Dahlgren LA. Novel roles for scleraxis in regulating adult tenocyte function. BMC Cell Biol 2018; 19:14. [PMID: 30086712 PMCID: PMC6081934 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-018-0166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tendinopathies are common and difficult to resolve due to the formation of scar tissue that reduces the mechanical integrity of the tissue, leading to frequent reinjury. Tenocytes respond to both excessive loading and unloading by producing pro-inflammatory mediators, suggesting that these cells are actively involved in the development of tendon degeneration. The transcription factor scleraxis (Scx) is required for the development of force-transmitting tendon during development and for mechanically stimulated tenogenesis of stem cells, but its function in adult tenocytes is less well-defined. The aim of this study was to further define the role of Scx in mediating the adult tenocyte mechanoresponse. Results Equine tenocytes exposed to siRNA targeting Scx or a control siRNA were maintained under cyclic mechanical strain before being submitted for RNA-seq analysis. Focal adhesions and extracellular matrix-receptor interaction were among the top gene networks downregulated in Scx knockdown tenocytes. Correspondingly, tenocytes exposed to Scx siRNA were significantly softer, with longer vinculin-containing focal adhesions, and an impaired ability to migrate on soft surfaces. Other pathways affected by Scx knockdown included increased oxidative phosphorylation and diseases caused by endoplasmic reticular stress, pointing to a larger role for Scx in maintaining tenocyte homeostasis. Conclusions Our study identifies several novel roles for Scx in adult tenocytes, which suggest that Scx facilitates mechanosensing by regulating the expression of several mechanosensitive focal adhesion proteins. Furthermore, we identified a number of other pathways and targets affected by Scx knockdown that have the potential to elucidate the role that tenocytes may play in the development of degenerative tendinopathy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12860-018-0166-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E C Nichols
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0442, USA
| | - Robert E Settlage
- Advanced Research Computing, Virginia Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Stephen R Werre
- Laboratory for Study Design and Statistical Analysis, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Linda A Dahlgren
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0442, USA.
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Zhang C, Zhang E, Yang L, Tu W, Lin J, Yuan C, Bunpetch V, Chen X, Ouyang H. Histone deacetylase inhibitor treated cell sheet from mouse tendon stem/progenitor cells promotes tendon repair. Biomaterials 2018; 172:66-82. [PMID: 29723756 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) have been identified as a rare population in tendons. In vitro propagation is indispensable to obtain sufficient quantities of TSPCs for therapies. However, culture-expanded TSPCs are prone to lose their phenotype, resulting in an inferior repaired capability. And little is known about the underlying mechanism. Here, we found that altered gene expression was associated with increased histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity and expression of HDAC subtypes. Therefore, we exposed ScxGFP mice-derived TSPCs to HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) trichostatin A (TSA) or valproic acid (VPA), and observed significant expansion of ScxGFP+ cells without altering phenotypic properties. TSA upregulated Scx expression by inhibiting HDAC1 and -3, and increasing the H3K27Ac level of Tgfb1 and -2 genome region. Additionally, cell sheets formed from TSA-pretreated mTSPCs retained the ability to accelerate tendon repair in vivo. Thus, our results uncovered an unrecognized role of HDACi in phenotypic and functional mTSPCs expansion to enhance their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Erchen Zhang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Long Yang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenjing Tu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junxin Lin
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chunhui Yuan
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Varisara Bunpetch
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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39
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Scleraxis: a force-responsive cell phenotype regulator. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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Sun C, Kontaridis MI. Physiology of Cardiac Development: From Genetics to Signaling to Therapeutic Strategies. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 29532042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The heart is one of the first organs to form and function during embryonic development. It is comprised of multiple cell lineages, each integral for proper cardiac development, and include cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, epicardial cells and neural crest cells. The molecular mechanisms regulating cardiac development and morphogenesis are dependent on signaling crosstalk between multiple lineages through paracrine interactions, cell-ECM interactions, and cell-cell interactions, which together, help facilitate survival, growth, proliferation, differentiation and migration of cardiac tissue. Aberrant regulation of any of these processes can induce developmental disorders and pathological phenotypes. Here, we will discuss each of these processes, the genetic factors that contribute to each step of cardiac development, as well as the current and future therapeutic targets and mechanisms of heart development and disease. Understanding the complex interactions that regulate cardiac development, proliferation and differentiation is not only vital to understanding the causes of congenital heart defects, but to also finding new therapeutics that can treat both pediatric and adult cardiac disease in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria I Kontaridis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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41
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Naudin C, Smith B, Bond DR, Dun MD, Scott RJ, Ashman LK, Weidenhofer J, Roselli S. Characterization of the early molecular changes in the glomeruli of Cd151 -/- mice highlights induction of mindin and MMP-10. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15987. [PMID: 29167507 PMCID: PMC5700190 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15993-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans and FVB/N mice, loss of functional tetraspanin CD151 is associated with glomerular disease characterised by early onset proteinuria and ultrastructural thickening and splitting of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms associated with disease development, we characterised the glomerular gene expression profile at an early stage of disease progression in FVB/N Cd151 -/- mice compared to Cd151 +/+ controls. This study identified 72 up-regulated and 183 down-regulated genes in FVB/N Cd151 -/- compared to Cd151 +/+ glomeruli (p < 0.05). Further analysis highlighted induction of the matrix metalloprotease MMP-10 and the extracellular matrix protein mindin (encoded by Spon2) in the diseased FVB/N Cd151 -/- GBM that did not occur in the C57BL/6 diseased-resistant strain. Interestingly, mindin was also detected in urinary samples of FVB/N Cd151 -/- mice, underlining its potential value as a biomarker for glomerular diseases associated with GBM alterations. Gene set enrichment and pathway analysis of the microarray dataset showed enrichment in axon guidance and actin cytoskeleton signalling pathways as well as activation of inflammatory pathways. Given the known function of mindin, its early expression in the diseased GBM could represent a trigger of both further podocyte cytoskeletal changes and inflammation, thereby playing a key role in the mechanisms of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Naudin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia.,Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Brian Smith
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Danielle R Bond
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew D Dun
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodney J Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Area Pathology Service, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leonie K Ashman
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Judith Weidenhofer
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Séverine Roselli
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. .,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia.
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Sharma V, Dogra N, Saikia UN, Khullar M. Transcriptional regulation of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cardiac fibrosis: role of myocardin-related transcription factor A and activating transcription factor 3. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:1263-1270. [PMID: 28686848 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of cardiac fibrogenesis is quite diverse, but a common feature is the presence of activated fibroblasts. Experimental evidence suggests that a subset of cardiac fibroblasts is derived via transition of vascular endothelial cells into fibroblasts by endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). During EndMT, endothelial cells lose their endothelial characteristics and acquire a mesenchymal phenotype. Molecular mechanisms and the transcriptional mediators controlling EndMT in heart during development or disease remain relatively undefined. Myocardin-related transcription factor A facilitates the transcription of cytoskeletal genes by serum response factor during fibrosis; therefore, its specific role in cardiac EndMT might be of importance. Activation of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF-3) during cardiac EndMT is speculative, since ATF-3 responds to a transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) stimulus and controls the expression of the primary epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers Snail, Slug, and Twist. Although the role of TGF-β in EndMT-mediated cardiac fibrosis has been established, targeting of the TGF-β ligand has not proven to be a viable anti-fibrotic strategy owing to the broad functional importance of this ligand. Thus, targeting of downstream transcriptional mediators may be a useful therapeutic approach in attenuating cardiac fibrosis. Here, we discuss some of the transcription factors that may regulate EndMT-mediated cardiac fibrosis and their involvement in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti Sharma
- a Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160 012, India
| | - Nilambra Dogra
- b Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160 012, India
| | - Uma Nahar Saikia
- a Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160 012, India
| | - Madhu Khullar
- b Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160 012, India
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43
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Hu JJ, Yin Z, Shen WL, Xie YB, Zhu T, Lu P, Cai YZ, Kong MJ, Heng BC, Zhou YT, Chen WS, Chen X, Ouyang HW. Pharmacological Regulation of In Situ Tissue Stem Cells Differentiation for Soft Tissue Calcification Treatment. Stem Cells 2017; 34:1083-96. [PMID: 26851078 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Calcification of soft tissues, such as heart valves and tendons, is a common clinical problem with limited therapeutics. Tissue specific stem/progenitor cells proliferate to repopulate injured tissues. But some of them become divergent to the direction of ossification in the local pathological microenvironment, thereby representing a cellular target for pharmacological approach. We observed that HIF-2alpha (encoded by EPAS1 inclined form) signaling is markedly activated within stem/progenitor cells recruited at calcified sites of diseased human tendons and heart valves. Proinflammatory microenvironment, rather than hypoxia, is correlated with HIF-2alpha activation and promoted osteochondrogenic differentiation of tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs). Abnormal upregulation of HIF-2alpha served as a key switch to direct TSPCs differentiation into osteochondral-lineage rather than teno-lineage. Notably, Scleraxis (Scx), an essential tendon specific transcription factor, was suppressed on constitutive activation of HIF-2alpha and mediated the effect of HIF-2alpha on TSPCs fate decision. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of HIF-2alpha with digoxin, which is a widely utilized drug, can efficiently inhibit calcification and enhance tenogenesis in vitro and in the Achilles's tendinopathy model. Taken together, these findings reveal the significant role of the tissue stem/progenitor cells fate decision and suggest that pharmacological regulation of HIF-2alpha function is a promising approach for soft tissue calcification treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jie Hu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Zi Yin
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Wei-Liang Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital , School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Yu-Bin Xie
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - You-Zhi Cai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Min-Jian Kong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital , School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Boon Chin Heng
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi-Ting Zhou
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Wei-Shan Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital , School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Hong-Wei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China.,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed)
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44
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Ayoub S, Ferrari G, Gorman RC, Gorman JH, Schoen FJ, Sacks MS. Heart Valve Biomechanics and Underlying Mechanobiology. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1743-1780. [PMID: 27783858 PMCID: PMC5537387 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Heart valves control unidirectional blood flow within the heart during the cardiac cycle. They have a remarkable ability to withstand the demanding mechanical environment of the heart, achieving lifetime durability by processes involving the ongoing remodeling of the extracellular matrix. The focus of this review is on heart valve functional physiology, with insights into the link between disease-induced alterations in valve geometry, tissue stress, and the subsequent cell mechanobiological responses and tissue remodeling. We begin with an overview of the fundamentals of heart valve physiology and the characteristics and functions of valve interstitial cells (VICs). We then provide an overview of current experimental and computational approaches that connect VIC mechanobiological response to organ- and tissue-level deformations and improve our understanding of the underlying functional physiology of heart valves. We conclude with a summary of future trends and offer an outlook for the future of heart valve mechanobiology, specifically, multiscale modeling approaches, and the potential directions and possible challenges of research development. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1743-1780, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Ayoub
- Center for Cardiovascular Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Giovanni Ferrari
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Robert C. Gorman
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Joseph H. Gorman
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Frederick J. Schoen
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael S. Sacks
- Center for Cardiovascular Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
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Roche PL, Nagalingam RS, Bagchi RA, Aroutiounova N, Belisle BMJ, Wigle JT, Czubryt MP. Role of scleraxis in mechanical stretch-mediated regulation of cardiac myofibroblast phenotype. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C297-307. [PMID: 27357547 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00333.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The phenotype conversion of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts plays a key role in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis. Numerous triggers of this conversion process have been identified, including plating of cells on solid substrates, cytokines such as transforming growth factor-β, and mechanical stretch; however, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely defined. Recent studies from our laboratory revealed that the transcription factor scleraxis is a key regulator of cardiac fibroblast phenotype and extracellular matrix expression. Here we report that mechanical stretch induces type I collagen expression and morphological changes indicative of cardiac myofibroblast conversion, as well as scleraxis expression via activation of the scleraxis promoter. Scleraxis causes phenotypic changes similar to stretch, and the effect of stretch is attenuated in scleraxis null cells. Scleraxis was also sufficient to upregulate expression of vinculin and F-actin, to induce stress fiber and focal adhesion formation, and to attenuate both cell migration and proliferation, further evidence of scleraxis-mediated regulation of fibroblast to myofibroblast conversion. Together, these data confirm that scleraxis is sufficient to promote the myofibroblast phenotype and is a required effector of stretch-mediated conversion. Scleraxis may thus represent a potential target for the development of novel antifibrotic therapies aimed at inhibiting myofibroblast formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Roche
- St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; and
| | - Raghu S Nagalingam
- St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; and
| | - Rushita A Bagchi
- St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; and
| | - Nina Aroutiounova
- St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Breanna M J Belisle
- St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jeffrey T Wigle
- St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michael P Czubryt
- St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; and
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46
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Bagchi RA, Lin J, Wang R, Czubryt MP. Regulation of fibronectin gene expression in cardiac fibroblasts by scleraxis. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 366:381-391. [PMID: 27324126 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The glycoprotein fibronectin is a key component of the extracellular matrix. By interacting with numerous matrix and cell surface proteins, fibronectin plays important roles in cell adhesion, migration and intracellular signaling. Up-regulation of fibronectin occurs in tissue fibrosis, and previous studies have identified the pro-fibrotic factor TGFβ as an inducer of fibronectin expression, although the mechanism responsible remains unknown. We have previously shown that a key downstream effector of TGFβ signaling in cardiac fibroblasts is the transcription factor scleraxis, which in turn regulates the expression of a wide variety of extracellular matrix genes. We noted that fibronectin expression tracked closely with scleraxis expression, but it was unclear whether scleraxis directly regulated the fibronectin gene. Here, we report that scleraxis acts via two E-box binding sites in the proximal human fibronectin promoter to govern fibronectin expression, with the second E-box being both sufficient and necessary for scleraxis-mediated fibronectin expression to occur. A combination of electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that scleraxis interacted to a greater degree with the second E-box. Over-expression or knockdown of scleraxis resulted in increased or decreased fibronectin expression, respectively, and scleraxis null mice presented with dramatically decreased immunolabeling for fibronectin in cardiac tissue sections compared to wild-type controls. Furthermore, scleraxis was required for TGFβ-induced fibronectin expression: TGFβ lost its ability to induce fibronectin expression following scleraxis knockdown. Together, these results demonstrate a novel and required role for scleraxis in the regulation of cardiac fibroblast fibronectin gene expression basally or in response to TGFβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushita A Bagchi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, RC2- Room 8450, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Justin Lin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Ryan Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Michael P Czubryt
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada. .,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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47
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Bagchi RA, Roche P, Aroutiounova N, Espira L, Abrenica B, Schweitzer R, Czubryt MP. The transcription factor scleraxis is a critical regulator of cardiac fibroblast phenotype. BMC Biol 2016; 14:21. [PMID: 26988708 PMCID: PMC4794909 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resident fibroblasts synthesize the cardiac extracellular matrix, and can undergo phenotype conversion to myofibroblasts to augment matrix production, impairing function and contributing to organ failure. A significant gap in our understanding of the transcriptional regulation of these processes exists. Given the key role of this phenotype conversion in fibrotic disease, the identification of such novel transcriptional regulators may yield new targets for therapies for fibrosis. Results Using explanted primary cardiac fibroblasts in gain- and loss-of-function studies, we found that scleraxis critically controls cardiac fibroblast/myofibroblast phenotype by direct transcriptional regulation of myriad genes that effectively define these cells, including extracellular matrix components and α-smooth muscle actin. Scleraxis furthermore potentiated the TGFβ/Smad3 signaling pathway, a key regulator of myofibroblast conversion, by facilitating transcription complex formation. While scleraxis promoted fibroblast to myofibroblast conversion, loss of scleraxis attenuated myofibroblast function and gene expression. These results were confirmed in scleraxis knockout mice, which were cardiac matrix-deficient and lost ~50 % of their complement of cardiac fibroblasts, with evidence of impaired epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Scleraxis directly transactivated several EMT marker genes, and was sufficient to induce mesenchymal/fibroblast phenotype conversion of A549 epithelial cells. Conversely, loss of scleraxis attenuated TGFβ-induced EMT marker expression. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that scleraxis is a novel and potent regulator of cellular progression along the continuum culminating in the cardiac myofibroblast phenotype. Scleraxis was both sufficient to drive conversion, and required for full conversion to occur. Scleraxis fulfills this role by direct transcriptional regulation of key target genes, and by facilitating TGFβ/Smad signaling. Given the key role of fibroblast to myofibroblast conversion in fibrotic diseases in the heart and other tissue types, scleraxis may be an important target for therapeutic development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0243-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushita A Bagchi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, R4008 St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Patricia Roche
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, R4008 St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Nina Aroutiounova
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, R4008 St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Leon Espira
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, R4008 St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Bernard Abrenica
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, R4008 St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Ronen Schweitzer
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Research Division and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Michael P Czubryt
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, R4008 St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada.
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48
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Lincoln J. The cardiac matrix revolution: Post-translational modification of Scleraxis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 93:106-7. [PMID: 26964702 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joy Lincoln
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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49
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Krainock M, Toubat O, Danopoulos S, Beckham A, Warburton D, Kim R. Epicardial Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Heart Development and Disease. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5020027. [PMID: 26907357 PMCID: PMC4773783 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epicardium is an epithelial monolayer that plays a central role in heart development and the myocardial response to injury. Recent developments in our understanding of epicardial cell biology have revealed this layer to be a dynamic participant in fundamental processes underlying the development of the embryonic ventricles, the coronary vasculature, and the cardiac valves. Likewise, recent data have identified the epicardium as an important contributor to reparative and regenerative processes in the injured myocardium. These essential functions of the epicardium rely on both non-cell autonomous and cell-autonomous mechanisms, with the latter featuring the process of epicardial Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). This review will focus on the induction and regulation of epicardial EMT, as it pertains to both cardiogenesis and the response of the myocardium to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krainock
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - Omar Toubat
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - Soula Danopoulos
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - Allison Beckham
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - David Warburton
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - Richard Kim
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
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50
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Bagchi RA, Wang R, Jahan F, Wigle JT, Czubryt MP. Regulation of scleraxis transcriptional activity by serine phosphorylation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 92:140-8. [PMID: 26883788 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts are the major extracellular matrix producing cells in the heart. Our laboratory was the first to demonstrate that the transcription factor scleraxis induces collagen 1α2 expression in both cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Here we identify a novel post-translational mechanism by which scleraxis activity is regulated and determine its effect on transcription of genes targeted by scleraxis. Putative serine phosphorylation sites on scleraxis were revealed by in silico analysis using motif prediction software. Mutation of key serine residues to alanine, which cannot be phosphorylated, significantly attenuated the expression of fibrillar type I collagen and myofibroblast marker genes that are normally induced by scleraxis. Down-regulation of collagen 1α2 expression was due to reduced binding of the non-phosphorylated scleraxis mutant to specific E-box DNA-binding sites within the promoter as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation in human cardiac myofibroblast cells and by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. This is the first evidence suggesting that scleraxis is phosphorylated under basal conditions. The phosphorylation sequence matched that targeted by Casein Kinase 2, and inhibition of this kinase activity disrupted the ability of scleraxis to modulate the expression of its target genes while also attenuating TGFβ-induced expression of type I collagen and myofibroblast phenotype conversion marker genes. These results demonstrate a novel mechanism for regulation of scleraxis activity, which may prove to be tractable for pharmacologic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushita A Bagchi
- St. Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ryan Wang
- St. Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Fahmida Jahan
- St. Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jeffrey T Wigle
- St. Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michael P Czubryt
- St. Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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