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Tang D, Liu Y, Duan R, Lin R, Li Z, Liu X, Huang J, Zhao M. COL6A6 Peptide Vaccine Alleviates Atherosclerosis through Inducing Immune Response and Regulating Lipid Metabolism in Apoe-/- Mice. Cells 2024; 13:1589. [PMID: 39329770 PMCID: PMC11429512 DOI: 10.3390/cells13181589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an autoimmune disease characterized by lipid imbalances and chronic inflammation within blood vessels, with limited preventive and treatment options currently available. In this study, a vaccine prepared with COL6A6 peptide (named the Pep_A6 vaccine) was administered to immunize Apoe-/- mice, and the immune mechanism of the Pep_A6 vaccine against atherosclerosis was first investigated. The results of arterial oil red O staining demonstrated that the Pep_A6 vaccine significantly reduced the atherosclerotic plaque area in Apoe-/- mice fed with a high-fat diet for 20 weeks. A flow cytometry analysis revealed that the Pep_A6 vaccine inhibited Th1 cell differentiation and increased the proportion of Treg cells. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in Ly6Clow monocytes observed in the vaccinated group. The ELISA results showed that the Pep_A6 vaccine induced a significant expression of Pep_A6-specific antibody IgG and IgG1 in mouse serum. Additionally, we found that the Pep_A6 vaccine significantly decreased serum LDL-C content and regulated the expression of genes related to liver lipid metabolism. Together, our findings suggest that the Pep_A6 vaccine alleviates atherosclerosis by inducing a positive immune response and regulating lipid metabolism, providing new insights into potential prevention strategies for atherosclerosis as an innovative vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (D.T.)
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Valeriani E, Bartimoccia S, Pignatelli P, Pastori D. Aging and Antithrombotic Treatment. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024; 41:542-556. [PMID: 37742116 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Several aging-related pathophysiological mechanisms have been described to contribute to increased thrombotic risk in the elderly, including oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and platelet and coagulation cascade activation. Antithrombotic treatment in the elderly should be individualized. Recent Advances: Recent studies have clarified some pathophysiological mechanisms of enhanced oxidative stress and thrombotic alterations in older adults. In the last decade, randomized trials have evaluated different antithrombotic strategies to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in these patients. Critical Issues: The proportion of elderly patients included in clinical trials is generally low, thus not reflecting the daily clinical practice. There is no consensus on the most appropriate antithrombotic treatment in the elderly, also considering that bleeding risk management may be challenging in this high-risk subgroup of patients. Routine antiplatelet treatment is not a valid strategy for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events given the associated high risk of bleeding. In elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome, low-dose prasugrel or clopidogrel, shorter dual antiplatelet therapy, and no pretreatment before stent placement should be considered. Advanced age should not be the only reason for the underuse of oral anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation, with direct oral anticoagulants preferred over warfarin for stroke prevention. Instead, a case-by-case clinical evaluation is warranted based on patient's bleeding risk also. Future Directions: There is a need for a structured tailored approach to manage thrombotic risk in elderly patients. The choice of the most appropriate antithrombotic treatment should balance efficacy and safety to reduce the risk of bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Valeriani
- Department of General Surgery, Surgical Specialties and Organ Transplantation "Paride Stefanini", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Infectious Disease Department, Umberto I Hospital of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Bartimoccia
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pignatelli
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Pastori
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Kumar V, Narisawa M, Cheng XW. Overview of multifunctional Tregs in cardiovascular disease: From insights into cellular functions to clinical implications. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23786. [PMID: 38979903 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400839r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial in regulating T-cell-mediated immune responses. Numerous studies have shown that dysfunction or decreased numbers of Tregs may be involved in inflammatory cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart diseases, heart failure, and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Tregs can help to ameliorate CVDs by suppressing excessive inflammation through various mechanisms, including inhibition of T cells and B cells, inhibition of macrophage-induced inflammation, inhibition of dendritic cells and foam cell formation, and induction of anti-inflammatory macrophages. Enhancing or restoring the immunosuppressive activity of Tregs may thus serve as a fundamental immunotherapy to treat hypertension and CVDs. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the Tregs-induced protection against hypertension and CVDs remain to be investigated. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of Tregs subsets and function in CVDs. In addition, we discuss promising strategies for using Tregs through various pharmacological approaches to treat hypertension and CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Kumar
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Stress and Cardiovascular Disease, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Megumi Narisawa
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Xian Wu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Stress and Cardiovascular Disease, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin, P.R. China
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Li J, Chen R, Zhou J, Wang Y, Zhao X, Liu C, Zhou P, Chen Y, Song L, Li N, Yan H, Zhao H. Atherosclerotic Autoantigen ALDH4A1 as a Novel Immunological Indicator for Plaque Erosion in Patients with ST Segment Elevated Myocardial Infarction. Thromb Haemost 2024; 124:584-594. [PMID: 38109905 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1777265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aldehyde dehydrogenase 4A1 (ALDH4A1) was recently reported to be a novel autoantigen of atherosclerosis. However, its role in different phenotypes of acute coronary syndrome remains unclear. Herein, we planned to explore the circulating and regional expression of ALDH4A1 in patients with plaque rupture (PR) and plaque erosion (PE) determined by optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS AND RESULTS After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a prospective series of 312 patients with ST segment elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI), including 161 patients with PR and 151 patients with PE determined by OCT, were enrolled for plasma ALDH4A1 testing. In addition, ALDH4A1 was quantified using immunofluorescence in aspirated coronary thrombus samples obtained from 31 patients with PR and 25 patients with PE. In addition, we established an atherosclerosis mouse model and analyzed the distribution of ALDH4A1 expression in different mouse organs. Furthermore, we compared the level of ALDH4A1 in the spleen and carotid artery between Apoe-/- and C57 mice. The results showed that the plasma level of ALDH4A1 was significantly higher in STEMI patients with PE than in those with PR (4.6 ng/mL [2.2-8.7] vs. 3.5 ng/mL [1.6-5.6] p = 0.005). The expression of ALDH4A1 in aspirated coronary thrombi was also significantly higher in patients with PE than in those with PR (mean gray value: 32.0 [23.6-40.6] vs. 16.8 [14.0-24.5], p < 0.001). In animal models, the expression of ALDH4A1 is much higher in the spleen than in other organs, and the level of ALDH4A1 is significantly elevated in the spleen and carotid artery of Apoe-/- mice compared with C57 mice. CONCLUSION The high levels of ALDH4A1 in the plasma and aspirated coronary thrombi independently correlated with PE in patients with STEMI. These results suggested that ALDH4A1 is involved in the mechanism of PE and serves as a promising biomarker and treatment target for patients with PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Runzhen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinying Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Song
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Coronary Heart Disease Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbing Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Coronary Heart Disease Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanjun Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Coronary Heart Disease Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wu R, Sun F, Zhang W, Ren J, Liu GH. Targeting aging and age-related diseases with vaccines. NATURE AGING 2024; 4:464-482. [PMID: 38622408 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for numerous chronic diseases. Vaccination offers a promising strategy to combat these age-related diseases by targeting specific antigens and inducing immune responses. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in vaccine-based interventions targeting these diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, type II diabetes, hypertension, abdominal aortic aneurysm, atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, fibrosis and cancer, summarizing current approaches for identifying disease-associated antigens and inducing immune responses against these targets. Further, we reflect on the recent development of vaccines targeting senescent cells, as a strategy for more broadly targeting underlying causes of aging and associated pathologies. In addition to highlighting recent progress in these areas, we discuss important next steps to advance the therapeutic potential of these vaccines, including improving and robustly demonstrating efficacy in human clinical trials, as well as rigorously evaluating the safety and long-term effects of these vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China.
- Sino-Danish College, School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Aging Biomarker Consortium, Beijing, China.
| | - Jie Ren
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China.
- Sino-Danish College, School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Aging Biomarker Consortium, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Aging Biomarker Consortium, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Britsch S, Langer H, Duerschmied D, Becher T. The Evolving Role of Dendritic Cells in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2450. [PMID: 38397127 PMCID: PMC10888834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, is characterized by chronic inflammation of the arterial wall. This inflammatory process is initiated and maintained by both innate and adaptive immunity. Dendritic cells (DCs), which are antigen-presenting cells, play a crucial role in the development of atherosclerosis and consist of various subtypes with distinct functional abilities. Following the recognition and binding of antigens, DCs become potent activators of cellular responses, bridging the innate and adaptive immune systems. The modulation of specific DC subpopulations can have either pro-atherogenic or atheroprotective effects, highlighting the dual pro-inflammatory or tolerogenic roles of DCs. In this work, we provide a comprehensive overview of the evolving roles of DCs and their subtypes in the promotion or limitation of atherosclerosis development. Additionally, we explore antigen pulsing and pharmacological approaches to modulate the function of DCs in the context of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Britsch
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, Centre for Acute Cardiovascular Medicine Mannheim (ZKAM), University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69117 Mannheim, Germany; (H.L.); (D.D.); (T.B.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 13092 Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Harald Langer
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, Centre for Acute Cardiovascular Medicine Mannheim (ZKAM), University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69117 Mannheim, Germany; (H.L.); (D.D.); (T.B.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 13092 Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Duerschmied
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, Centre for Acute Cardiovascular Medicine Mannheim (ZKAM), University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69117 Mannheim, Germany; (H.L.); (D.D.); (T.B.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 13092 Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Becher
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, Centre for Acute Cardiovascular Medicine Mannheim (ZKAM), University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69117 Mannheim, Germany; (H.L.); (D.D.); (T.B.)
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7
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Tanaka T, Sasaki N, Krisnanda A, Shinohara M, Amin HZ, Horibe S, Ito K, Iwaya M, Fukunaga A, Hirata K, Rikitake Y. Novel UV-B Phototherapy With a Light-Emitting Diode Device Prevents Atherosclerosis by Augmenting Regulatory T-Cell Responses in Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e031639. [PMID: 38214259 PMCID: PMC10926836 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.031639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet B (UV-B) irradiation is an effective treatment for human cutaneous disorders and was shown to reduce experimental atherosclerosis by attenuating immunoinflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of specific wavelengths of UV-B on atherosclerosis and the underlying mechanisms focusing on immunoinflammatory responses. METHODS AND RESULTS Based on light-emitting diode technology, we developed novel devices that can emit 282 nm UV-B, which we do not receive from natural sunlight, 301 nm UV-B, and clinically available 312 nm UV-B. We irradiated 6-week-old male atherosclerosis-prone Apoe-/- (apolipoprotein E-deficient) mice with specific wavelengths of UV-B and evaluated atherosclerosis and immunoinflammatory responses by performing histological analysis, flow cytometry, biochemical assays, and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based lipidomics. Irradiation of 282 nm UV-B but not 301 or 312 nm UV-B significantly reduced the development of aortic root atherosclerotic plaques and plaque inflammation. This atheroprotection was associated with specifically augmented immune responses of anti-inflammatory CD4+ Foxp3 (forkhead box P3)+ regulatory T cells in lymphoid tissues, whereas responses of other immune cells were not substantially affected. Analysis of various lipid mediators revealed that 282 nm UV-B markedly increased the ratio of proresolving to proinflammatory lipid mediators in the skin. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that 282 nm UV-B irradiation effectively reduces aortic inflammation and the development of atherosclerosis by systemically augmenting regulatory T-cell responses and modulating the balance between proresolving and proinflammatory lipid mediators in the skin. Our findings indicate that a novel 282 nm UV-B phototherapy could be an attractive approach to treat atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Tanaka
- Laboratory of Medical PharmaceuticsKobe Pharmaceutical UniversityKobeJapan
| | - Naoto Sasaki
- Laboratory of Medical PharmaceuticsKobe Pharmaceutical UniversityKobeJapan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Aga Krisnanda
- Laboratory of Medical PharmaceuticsKobe Pharmaceutical UniversityKobeJapan
| | - Masakazu Shinohara
- Division of Molecular EpidemiologyKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
- The Integrated Center for Mass SpectrometryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Hilman Zulkifli Amin
- Laboratory of Medical PharmaceuticsKobe Pharmaceutical UniversityKobeJapan
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterOsakaJapan
- Faculty of MedicineUniversitas IndonesiaJakartaIndonesia
| | - Sayo Horibe
- Laboratory of Medical PharmaceuticsKobe Pharmaceutical UniversityKobeJapan
| | - Ken Ito
- Laboratory of Medical PharmaceuticsKobe Pharmaceutical UniversityKobeJapan
| | - Motoaki Iwaya
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMeijo UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Atsushi Fukunaga
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Medicine for Function and Morphology of Sensory Organs, Faculty of MedicineOsaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, TakatsukiOsakaJapan
| | - Ken‐ichi Hirata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Yoshiyuki Rikitake
- Laboratory of Medical PharmaceuticsKobe Pharmaceutical UniversityKobeJapan
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8
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Raposo-Gutiérrez I, Rodríguez-Ronchel A, Ramiro AR. Atherosclerosis antigens as targets for immunotherapy. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2023; 2:1129-1147. [PMID: 39196152 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-023-00376-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arteries that can lead to thrombosis, infarction and stroke, underlying the first cause of mortality worldwide. Adaptive immunity plays critical roles in atherosclerosis, and numerous studies have ascribed both atheroprotective and atherogenic functions to specific subsets of T and B cells. However, less is known on how antigen specificity determines the protective or adverse outcome of such adaptive responses. Understanding antigen triggers in atherosclerosis is crucial to delve deeper into mechanisms of disease initiation and progression and to implement specific immunotherapeutic approaches, including vaccination strategies. Here we review the role of adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis and the insights that single-cell technology has provided into the function of distinct immune cell subsets. We outline the most relevant atherosclerosis antigens and antibodies reported to date and examine their immunotherapeutic potential. Finally, we review the most promising vaccination-based clinical trials targeting the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Raposo-Gutiérrez
- B Lymphocyte Lab, Novel Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis Program, Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Ronchel
- B Lymphocyte Lab, Novel Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis Program, Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena R Ramiro
- B Lymphocyte Lab, Novel Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis Program, Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain.
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9
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Jing J, Guo J, Dai R, Zhu C, Zhang Z. Targeting gut microbiota and immune crosstalk: potential mechanisms of natural products in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1252907. [PMID: 37719851 PMCID: PMC10504665 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1252907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory reaction that primarily affects large and medium-sized arteries. It is a major cause of cardiovascular disease and peripheral arterial occlusive disease. The pathogenesis of AS involves specific structural and functional alterations in various populations of vascular cells at different stages of the disease. The immune response is involved throughout the entire developmental stage of AS, and targeting immune cells presents a promising avenue for its treatment. Over the past 2 decades, studies have shown that gut microbiota (GM) and its metabolites, such as trimethylamine-N-oxide, have a significant impact on the progression of AS. Interestingly, it has also been reported that there are complex mechanisms of action between GM and their metabolites, immune responses, and natural products that can have an impact on AS. GM and its metabolites regulate the functional expression of immune cells and have potential impacts on AS. Natural products have a wide range of health properties, and researchers are increasingly focusing on their role in AS. Now, there is compelling evidence that natural products provide an alternative approach to improving immune function in the AS microenvironment by modulating the GM. Natural product metabolites such as resveratrol, berberine, curcumin, and quercetin may improve the intestinal microenvironment by modulating the relative abundance of GM, which in turn influences the accumulation of GM metabolites. Natural products can delay the progression of AS by regulating the metabolism of GM, inhibiting the migration of monocytes and macrophages, promoting the polarization of the M2 phenotype of macrophages, down-regulating the level of inflammatory factors, regulating the balance of Treg/Th17, and inhibiting the formation of foam cells. Based on the above, we describe recent advances in the use of natural products that target GM and immune cells crosstalk to treat AS, which may bring some insights to guide the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Jing
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Dai
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chaojun Zhu
- Institute of TCM Ulcers, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Surgical Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Institute of TCM Ulcers, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Surgical Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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10
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Bafei SEC, Zhao X, Chen C, Sun J, Zhuang Q, Lu X, Chen Y, Gu X, Liu F, Mu J, Wei L, Wei P, Yin Y, Xie H, Yang S, Shen C. Interactive effect of increased high sensitive C-reactive protein and dyslipidemia on cardiovascular diseases: a 12-year prospective cohort study. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:95. [PMID: 37403063 PMCID: PMC10318784 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01836-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia and inflammation are significant factors for the onset of cardiovascular diseases (CVD); however, studies regarding their interactions on the risk of CVD are scarce. This study aimed to assess the interaction of dyslipidemia and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) on CVD. METHODS This prospective cohort enrolled 4,128 adults at baseline in 2009 and followed them up until May 2022 for collecting CVD events. Cox-proportional hazard regression analysis estimated the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the associations of increased hs-CRP (≥ 1 mg/L) and dyslipidemia with CVD. The additive interactions were explored using the relative excess risk of interaction (RERI) and the multiplicative interactions were assessed with HRs (95% CI) while the multiplicative interactions were assessed by the HRs (95% CI) of interaction terms. RESULTS The HRs of the association between increased hs-CRP and CVD were 1.42 (95% CI: 1.14-1.79) and 1.17 (95% CI: 0.89-1.53) among subjects with normal lipid levels and subjects with dyslipidemia, respectively. Stratified analyses by hs-CRP levels showed that among participants with normal hs-CRP (< 1 mg/L), TC ≥ 240 mg/dL, LDL-C ≥ 160 mg/dL, non-HDL-C ≥ 190 mg/dL, ApoB < 0.7 g/L, and LDL/HDL-C ≥ 2.02 were associated with CVD [HRs (95%CIs): 1.75 (1.21-2.54), 2.16 (1.37-3.41), 1.95 (1.29-2.97), 1.37 (1.01-1.67), and 1.30 (1.00-1.69), all P < 0.05, respectively]. While in the population with increased hs-CRP, only ApoAI > 2.10 g/L had a significant association with CVD [HR (95% CI): 1.69 (1.14-2.51)]. Interaction analyses showed that increased hs-CRP had multiplicative and additive interactions with LDL-C ≥ 160 mg/dL and non-HDL-C ≥ 190 mg/dL on the risk of CVD [HRs (95%CIs): 0.309 (0.153-0.621), and 0.505 (0.295-0.866); RERIs (95%CIs): -1.704 (-3.430-0.021 and - 0.694 (-1.476-0.089), respectively, all P < 0.05]. CONCLUSION Overall our findings indicate negative interactions between abnormal blood lipid levels and hs-CRP on the risk of CVD. Further large-scale cohort studies with trajectories measurement of lipids and hs-CRP might verify our results as well explore the biological mechanism behind that interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solim Essomandan Clémence Bafei
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xianghai Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Changying Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Junxiang Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Qian Zhuang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Xiangfeng Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Cohort Study on Cardiovascular Diseases and Cancers, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanchun Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Xincheng Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Fangyuan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jialing Mu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Lai Wei
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Pengfei Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Yunjie Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Hankun Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Yixing, 214200, China.
| | - Chong Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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11
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Edsfeldt A, Nilsson J. Understanding autoimmunity in atherosclerosis paves the way for novel therapies. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2023; 2:227-229. [PMID: 39196001 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-023-00230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Edsfeldt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Skåne, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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12
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Jing J, Zhu C, Gong R, Qi X, Zhang Y, Zhang Z. Research progress on the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine in the intervention of atherosclerosis: A promising natural immunotherapeutic adjuvant. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114201. [PMID: 36610225 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by disorders of lipid metabolism. Abnormal deposition of low-density lipoproteins in the arterial wall stimulates the activation of immune cells, including the adhesion and infiltration of monocytes, the proliferation and differentiation of macrophages and lymphocytes, and the activation of their functions. The complex interplay between immune cells coordinates the balance between pro- and anti-inflammation and plays a key role in the progression of AS. Therefore, targeting immune cell activity may lead to the development of more selective drugs with fewer side effects to treat AS without compromising host defense mechanisms. At present, an increasing number of studies have found that the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can regulate the function of immune cells in multiple ways to against AS, showing great potential for the treatment of AS and promising clinical applications. In this paper, we review the mechanisms of immune cell action in AS lesions and the potential targets and/or pathways for immune cell regulation by the active ingredients of TCM to promote the understanding of the immune system interactions of AS and provide a relevant basis for the use of active ingredients of TCM as natural adjuvants for AS immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Jing
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Chaojun Zhu
- Surgical Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Rui Gong
- The First Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Xue Qi
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250001, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- Peripheral Vascular Disease Department, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Surgical Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
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13
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Ma Z, Mao C, Chen X, Yang S, Qiu Z, Yu B, Jia Y, Wu C, Wang Y, Wang Y, Gu R, Yu F, Yin Y, Wang X, Xu Q, Liu C, Liao Y, Zheng J, Fu Y, Kong W. Peptide Vaccine Against ADAMTS-7 Ameliorates Atherosclerosis and Postinjury Neointima Hyperplasia. Circulation 2023; 147:728-742. [PMID: 36562301 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.061516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metalloprotease ADAMTS-7 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 7) is a novel locus associated with human coronary atherosclerosis. ADAMTS-7 deletion protects against atherosclerosis and vascular restenosis in rodents. METHODS We designed 3 potential vaccines consisting of distinct B cell epitopic peptides derived from ADAMTS-7 and conjugated with the carrier protein KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) as well as aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant. Arterial ligation or wire injury was used to induce neointima in mice, whereas ApoE-/- and LDLR-/- (LDLR [low-density lipoprotein receptor]) mice fed a high-fat diet were applied to assess atherosclerosis. In addition, coronary stent implantation was performed on vaccine-immunized Bama miniature pigs, followed by optical coherence tomography to evaluate coronary intimal hyperplasia. RESULTS A vaccine, ATS7vac, was screened out from 3 candidates to effectively inhibit intimal thickening in murine carotid artery ligation models after vaccination. As well, immunization with ATS7vac alleviated neointima formation in murine wire injury models and mitigated atherosclerotic lesions in both hyperlipidemic ApoE-/- and LDLR-/- mice without lowering lipid levels. Preclinically, ATS7vac markedly impeded intimal hyperplasia in swine stented coronary arteries, but without significant immune-related organ injuries. Mechanistically, ATS7vac vaccination produced specific antibodies against ADAMTS-7, which markedly repressed ADAMTS-7-mediated COMP (cartilage oligomeric matrix protein) and TSP-1 (thrombospondin-1) degradation and subsequently inhibited vascular smooth muscle cell migration but promoted re-endothelialization. CONCLUSIONS ATS7vac is a novel atherosclerosis vaccine that also alleviates in-stent restenosis. The application of ATS7vac would be a complementary therapeutic avenue to the current lipid-lowering strategy for atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Z.M., C.M., S.Y., Y.J., R.G., F.Y., X.W., Y.F., W.K.), Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science (Z.M., C.M., S.Y., Y.J., R.G., F.Y., X.W., Y.F., W.K.), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Chenfeng Mao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Z.M., C.M., S.Y., Y.J., R.G., F.Y., X.W., Y.F., W.K.), Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science (Z.M., C.M., S.Y., Y.J., R.G., F.Y., X.W., Y.F., W.K.), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China (C.M.)
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (X.C., Z.Q., Yiyi Wang, Y.L.).,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (X.C., Z.Q., Yiyi Wang, Y.L.)
| | - Shiyu Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Z.M., C.M., S.Y., Y.J., R.G., F.Y., X.W., Y.F., W.K.), Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science (Z.M., C.M., S.Y., Y.J., R.G., F.Y., X.W., Y.F., W.K.), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihua Qiu
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (X.C., Z.Q., Yiyi Wang, Y.L.).,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (X.C., Z.Q., Yiyi Wang, Y.L.)
| | - Baoqi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases (B.Y.), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (B.Y.)
| | - Yiting Jia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Z.M., C.M., S.Y., Y.J., R.G., F.Y., X.W., Y.F., W.K.), Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science (Z.M., C.M., S.Y., Y.J., R.G., F.Y., X.W., Y.F., W.K.), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China (C.W., J.Z.)
| | - Yiyi Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (X.C., Z.Q., Yiyi Wang, Y.L.).,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (X.C., Z.Q., Yiyi Wang, Y.L.)
| | - Yuhui Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education (Yuhui Wang), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Gu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Z.M., C.M., S.Y., Y.J., R.G., F.Y., X.W., Y.F., W.K.), Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science (Z.M., C.M., S.Y., Y.J., R.G., F.Y., X.W., Y.F., W.K.), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Z.M., C.M., S.Y., Y.J., R.G., F.Y., X.W., Y.F., W.K.), Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science (Z.M., C.M., S.Y., Y.J., R.G., F.Y., X.W., Y.F., W.K.), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Yin
- Department of Immunology (Y.Y.), Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Health (Y.Y.), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Z.M., C.M., S.Y., Y.J., R.G., F.Y., X.W., Y.F., W.K.), Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science (Z.M., C.M., S.Y., Y.J., R.G., F.Y., X.W., Y.F., W.K.), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Qingbo Xu
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, United Kingdom (Q.X.).,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Q.X.)
| | - Chuanju Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (C.L.)
| | - Yuhua Liao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (X.C., Z.Q., Yiyi Wang, Y.L.).,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (X.C., Z.Q., Yiyi Wang, Y.L.)
| | - Jingang Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China (C.W., J.Z.)
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Z.M., C.M., S.Y., Y.J., R.G., F.Y., X.W., Y.F., W.K.), Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science (Z.M., C.M., S.Y., Y.J., R.G., F.Y., X.W., Y.F., W.K.), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Z.M., C.M., S.Y., Y.J., R.G., F.Y., X.W., Y.F., W.K.), Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science (Z.M., C.M., S.Y., Y.J., R.G., F.Y., X.W., Y.F., W.K.), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Kessler
- German Heart Centre Munich, Department of Cardiology, Technical University of Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- German Heart Centre Munich, Department of Cardiology, Technical University of Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, 80636 Munich, Germany
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15
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Chen J, Xiang X, Nie L, Guo X, Zhang F, Wen C, Xia Y, Mao L. The emerging role of Th1 cells in atherosclerosis and its implications for therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1079668. [PMID: 36685487 PMCID: PMC9849744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1079668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease of the large and medium-sized artery walls. The molecular mechanisms regulating the onset and progression of atherosclerosis remain unclear. T cells, one of the most common immune cell types in atherosclerotic plaques, are increasingly recognized as a key mediator in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Th1 cells are a subset of CD4+ T helper cells of the adaptive immune system, characterized by the expression of the transcription factor T-bet and secretion of cytokines such as IFN-γ. Converging evidence shows that Th1 cells play a key role in the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Besides, Th1 is the central mediator to orchestrate the adaptive immune system. In this review, we aim to summarize the complex role of Th1 cells in atherosclerosis and propose novel preventative and therapeutic approaches targeting Th1 cell-associated specific cytokines and receptors to prevent atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lei Nie
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Wen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanpeng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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16
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Buckler AJ, Marlevi D, Skenteris NT, Lengquist M, Kronqvist M, Matic L, Hedin U. In silico model of atherosclerosis with individual patient calibration to enable precision medicine for cardiovascular disease. Comput Biol Med 2023; 152:106364. [PMID: 36525832 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Guidance for preventing myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke by tailoring treatment for individual patients with atherosclerosis is an unmet need. Such development may be possible with computational modeling. Given the multifactorial biology of atherosclerosis, modeling must be based on complete biological networks that capture protein-protein interactions estimated to drive disease progression. Here, we aimed to develop a clinically relevant scale model of atherosclerosis, calibrate it with individual patient data, and use it to simulate optimized pharmacotherapy for individual patients. APPROACH AND RESULTS The study used a uniquely constituted plaque proteomic dataset to create a comprehensive systems biology disease model for simulating individualized responses to pharmacotherapy. Plaque tissue was collected from 18 patients with 6735 proteins at two locations per patient. 113 pathways were identified and included in the systems biology model of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, and the integrated intima, altogether spanning 4411 proteins, demonstrating a range of 39-96% plaque instability. After calibrating the systems biology models for individual patients, we simulated intensive lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic drugs. We also simulated a combination therapy. Drug response was evaluated as the degree of change in plaque stability, where an improvement was defined as a reduction of plaque instability. In patients with initially unstable lesions, simulated responses varied from high (20%, on combination therapy) to marginal improvement, whereas patients with initially stable plaques showed generally less improvement. CONCLUSION In this pilot study, proteomics-based system biology modeling was shown to simulate drug response based on atherosclerotic plaque instability with a power of 90%, providing a potential strategy for improved personalized management of patients with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Buckler
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Elucid Bioimaging Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Marlevi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nikolaos T Skenteris
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mariette Lengquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Kronqvist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ljubica Matic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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Khan MA, Amin A, Farid A, Ullah A, Waris A, Shinwari K, Hussain Y, Alsharif KF, Alzahrani KJ, Khan H. Recent Advances in Genomics-Based Approaches for the Development of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogen Vaccines. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010152. [PMID: 36678781 PMCID: PMC9863128 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases continue to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The majority of infectious diseases are caused by intracellular pathogenic bacteria (IPB). Historically, conventional vaccination drives have helped control the pathogenesis of intracellular bacteria and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, saving millions of lives. However, in light of various limitations, many diseases that involve IPB still do not have adequate vaccines. In response to increasing demand for novel vaccine development strategies, a new area of vaccine research emerged following the advent of genomics technology, which changed the paradigm of vaccine development by utilizing the complete genomic data of microorganisms against them. It became possible to identify genes related to disease virulence, genetic patterns linked to disease virulence, as well as the genetic components that supported immunity and favorable vaccine responses. Complete genomic databases, and advancements in transcriptomics, metabolomics, structural genomics, proteomics, immunomics, pan-genomics, synthetic genomics, and population biology have allowed researchers to identify potential vaccine candidates and predict their effects in patients. New vaccines have been created against diseases for which previously there were no vaccines available, and existing vaccines have been improved. This review highlights the key issues and explores the evolution of vaccines. The increasing volume of IPB genomic data, and their application in novel genome-based techniques for vaccine development, were also examined, along with their characteristics, and the opportunities and obstacles involved. Critically, the application of genomics technology has helped researchers rapidly select and evaluate candidate antigens. Novel vaccines capable of addressing the limitations associated with conventional vaccines have been developed and pressing healthcare issues are being addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ajmal Khan
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Lab of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (M.A.K.); or (H.K.)
| | - Aftab Amin
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Lab of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Awais Farid
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amin Ullah
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Abasyn University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Waris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Khyber Shinwari
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Department Immuno-Chemistry, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinbiurg 620002, Russia
| | - Yaseen Hussain
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Khalaf F. Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid J. Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.A.K.); or (H.K.)
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18
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Ramiro AR. GPR55 is a key player for B-cell-mediated atheroprotection. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:982-983. [PMID: 39195910 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00159-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Almudena R Ramiro
- B Lymphocyte Biology Laboratory, Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Ortega-Rivera OA, Shin MD, Moreno-Gonzalez MA, Pokorski JK, Steinmetz NF. A single-dose Qβ VLP vaccine against S100A9 protein reduces atherosclerosis in a preclinical model. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022; 5:2200092. [PMID: 36570039 PMCID: PMC9783282 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The standard therapy for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the administration of statins to reduce plasma cholesterol levels, but this requires lifelong treatment. We developed a CVD vaccine candidate that targets the pro-inflammatory mediator calprotectin by eliciting antibodies against the S100A9 protein. The vaccine, based on bacteriophage Qβ virus-like particles (VLPs) displaying S100A9 peptide epitopes, was formulated as a slow-release PLGA:VLP implant by hot-melt extrusion. The single-dose implant elicited S100A9-specific antibody titers comparable to a three-dose injection schedule with soluble VLPs. In an animal model of CVD (ApoE-/- mice fed on a high-fat diet), the implant reduced serum levels of calprotectin, IL-1β, IL-6 and MCP-1, resulting in less severe aortic lesions. This novel implant was therefore able to attenuate atherosclerosis over a sustained period and offers a novel and promising strategy to replace the repetitive administration of statins for the treatment of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A. Ortega-Rivera
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla CA 92039, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla CA 92039, USA
| | - Matthew D. Shin
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla CA 92039, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla CA 92039, USA
| | - Miguel A. Moreno-Gonzalez
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla CA 92039, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla CA 92039, USA
| | - Jonathan K. Pokorski
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla CA 92039, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla CA 92039, USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla CA 92039, USA
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla CA 92039, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla CA 92039, USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla CA 92039, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla CA 92039, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla CA 92039, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla CA 92039, USA
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20
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Martos-Folgado I, del Monte-Monge A, Lorenzo C, Busse CE, Delgado P, Mur SM, Cobos-Figueroa L, Escolà-Gil JC, Martín-Ventura JL, Wardemann H, Ramiro AR. MDA-LDL vaccination induces athero-protective germinal-center-derived antibody responses. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111468. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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21
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Reply to Letter to the editor regarding the article: “Inflammation and ischemic heart disease: The next therapeutic target?”. Rev Port Cardiol 2022; 41:811-812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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22
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Cen X, Wang B, Liang Y, Chen Y, Xiao Y, Du S, Nandakumar KS, Yin H, Liu S, Cheng K. Small molecule SMU-CX24 targeting toll-like receptor 3 counteracts inflammation: A novel approach to atherosclerosis therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3667-3681. [PMID: 36176917 PMCID: PMC9513496 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), as an important pattern recognition receptor (PRR), dominates the innate and adaptive immunity regulating many acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Atherosclerosis is proved as an inflammatory disease, and inflammatory events involved in the entire process of initiation and deterioration. However, the contribution of TLR3 to atherosclerosis remains unclear. Herein, we identified the clinical relevance of TLR3 upregulation and disease processes in human atherosclerosis. Besides, activation of TLR3 also directly led to significant expression of atherogenic chemokines and adhesion molecules. Conversely, silencing TLR3 inhibited the uptake of oxLDL by macrophages and significantly reduced foam cell formation. Given the aberrance in TLR3 functions on atherosclerosis progression, we hypothesized that TLR3 could serve as novel target for clinical atherosclerosis therapy. Therefore, we developed the novel ellipticine derivative SMU-CX24, which specifically inhibited TLR3 (IC50 = 18.87 ± 2.21 nmol/L). In vivo, atherosclerotic burden was alleviated in Western diet fed ApoE-/- mice in response to SMU-CX24 treatment, accompanying notable reductions in TLR3 expression and inflammation infiltration within atherosclerotic lesion. Thus, for the first time, we revealed that pharmacological downregulation of TLR3 with specific inhibitor regenerated inflammatory environment to counteract atherosclerosis progression, thereby proposing a new strategy and probe for atherosclerosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Cen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Baoqu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuqing Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shaohua Du
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hang Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kui Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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23
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Lau CYJ, Benne N, Lou B, Zharkova O, Ting HJ, Ter Braake D, van Kronenburg N, Fens MH, Broere F, Hennink WE, Wang JW, Mastrobattista E. Modulating albumin-mediated transport of peptide-drug conjugates for antigen-specific Treg induction. J Control Release 2022; 348:938-950. [PMID: 35732251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of antigen-specific regulatory T cells (Treg) has been extensively explored, leading to the development of several tolerogenic vaccines. Dexamethasone-antigen conjugates represent a prominent class of tolerogenic vaccines that enable coordinated delivery of antigen and dexamethasone to target immune cells. The importance of nonspecific albumin association towards the biodistribution of antigen-adjuvant conjugates has gained increasing attention, by which hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions govern the association capacity. Using an ensemble of computational and experimental techniques, we evaluate the impact of charged residues adjacent to the drug conjugation site in dexamethasone-antigen conjugates (Dex-K/E4-OVA323, K: lysine, E: glutamate) towards their albumin association capacity and induction of antigen-specific Treg. We find that Dex-K4-OVA323 possesses a higher albumin association capacity than Dex-E4-OVA323, leading to enhanced liver distribution and antigen-presenting cell uptake. Furthermore, using an OVA323-specific adoptive-transfer mouse model, we show that Dex-K4-OVA323 selectively upregulated OVA323-specific Treg cells, whereas Dex-E4-OVA323 exerted no significant effect on Treg cells. Our findings serve as a guide to optimize the functionality of dexamethasone-antigen conjugate amid switching vaccine epitope sequences. Moreover, our study demonstrates that moderating the residues adjacent to the conjugation sites can serve as an engineering approach for future peptide-drug conjugate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yin Jerry Lau
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Naomi Benne
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bo Lou
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, 119228 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olga Zharkova
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, 119228 Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore
| | - Hui Jun Ting
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, 119228 Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore
| | - Daniëlle Ter Braake
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nicky van Kronenburg
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel H Fens
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Femke Broere
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wim E Hennink
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jiong-Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, 119228 Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, 117593 Singapore, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 30 Medical Drive, 117609 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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24
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Mallat Z, Binder CJ. The why and how of adaptive immune responses in ischemic cardiovascular disease. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:431-444. [PMID: 36382200 PMCID: PMC7613798 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a major cause of disability and death worldwide. Most therapeutic approaches target traditional risk factors but ignore the fundamental role of the immune system. This is a huge unmet need. Recent evidence indicates that reducing inflammation may limit cardiovascular events. However, the concomitant increase in the risk of lifethreatening infections is a major drawback. In this context, targeting adaptive immunity could constitute a highly effective and safer approach. In this Review, we address the why and how of the immuno-cardiovascular unit, in health and in atherosclerotic disease. We review and discuss fundamental mechanisms that ensure immune tolerance to cardiovascular tissue, and examine how their disruption promotes disease progression. We identify promising strategies to manipulate the adaptive immune system for patient benefit, including novel biologics and RNA-based vaccination strategies. Finally, we advocate for establishing a molecular classification of atherosclerosis as an important milestone in our quest to radically change the understanding and treatment of atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Mallat
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Unversité de Paris, and INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Paris, France
| | - Christoph J. Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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25
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Ketelhuth DFJ. ApoB100-reactive T cells: Does liver tolerance hold the key to modulating adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis? J Intern Med 2022; 291:530-532. [PMID: 35028996 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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26
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Min Y, Hao L, Liu X, Tan S, Song H, Ni H, Sheng Z, Jooss N, Liu X, Malmström RE, Sun Y, Liu J, Tang H, Zhang H, Ma C, Peng J, Hou M, Li N. Platelets fine-tune effector responses of naïve CD4 + T cells via platelet factor 4-regulated transforming growth factor β signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:247. [PMID: 35437611 PMCID: PMC9016031 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and aim Platelets are an able regulator of CD4+ T cell immunity. Herein, the mechanisms underlying platelet-regulated effector responses of naïve CD4+ T (Tn) cells were investigated. Methods Platelet–Tn cell co-cultures of human cells, genetically modified murine models, and high-throughput bioinformatic analyses were combined to elucidate molecular mechanisms of platelet-dependent regulation. Results Platelets exerted sophisticated regulation on effector responses of type 1, 2, and 17 T helper (Th1/Th2/Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells, in time-, concentration-, and organ-dependent manners and with close cooperation of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and platelet factor 4 (PF4). PF4 at low concentrations reinforced TGFβ signaling by heteromerizing with type III TGFβ receptor (TGFBRIII), and subsequently enhanced TGFBRII expression and TGFβ signaling. High-concentration PF4 had, however, opposite effects by directly binding to TGFBRII, blocking TGFβ–TGFBRII ligation, and thus inhibiting TGFβ signaling. Furthermore, platelet depletion markedly hampered Treg and Th17 responses in the spleen but not in the lymph nodes, blockade of platelet–Tn cell contact diminished platelet effects, while spleen injection of PF4-immobilized microparticles in PF4-deficient mice mimicked platelet effects, suggesting the importance of direct platelet–Tn contact and platelet-bound PF4 for the optimal regulatory effects by platelets. Conclusion Platelets exert context-dependent regulations on effector responses of Tn cells via PF4-TGFβ duet, suggesting new possibilities of platelet-targeted interventions of T cell immunity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00018-022-04279-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Min
- Department of Medicine-Solna, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, J8:20, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Long Hao
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xinguang Liu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuai Tan
- Department of Medicine-Solna, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, J8:20, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hui Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Hao Ni
- Department of Medicine-Solna, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, J8:20, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zi Sheng
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Natalie Jooss
- Department of Medicine-Solna, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, J8:20, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xuena Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rickard E Malmström
- Department of Medicine-Solna, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Clinical Pharmacology Group, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yang Sun
- School of Basic Medicine, Department of Immunology and Shandong University-Karolinska Institutet Collaborative Laboratory, Shandong University Cheeloo Medical College, Jinan, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Institute of Immunology, Taian, China
| | - Hua Tang
- Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Institute of Immunology, Taian, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chunhong Ma
- School of Basic Medicine, Department of Immunology and Shandong University-Karolinska Institutet Collaborative Laboratory, Shandong University Cheeloo Medical College, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Hou
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Nailin Li
- Department of Medicine-Solna, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, J8:20, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
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27
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Chen W, Schilperoort M, Cao Y, Shi J, Tabas I, Tao W. Macrophage-targeted nanomedicine for the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 19:228-249. [PMID: 34759324 PMCID: PMC8580169 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology could improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and contribute to the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to further reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Macrophages have key roles in atherosclerosis progression and, therefore, macrophage-associated pathological processes are important targets for both diagnostic imaging and novel therapies for atherosclerosis. In this Review, we highlight efforts in the past two decades to develop imaging techniques and to therapeutically manipulate macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques with the use of rationally designed nanoparticles. We review the latest progress in nanoparticle-based imaging modalities that can specifically target macrophages. Using novel molecular imaging technology, these modalities enable the identification of advanced atherosclerotic plaques and the assessment of the therapeutic efficacy of medical interventions. Additionally, we provide novel perspectives on how macrophage-targeting nanoparticles can deliver a broad range of therapeutic payloads to atherosclerotic lesions. These nanoparticles can suppress pro-atherogenic macrophage processes, leading to improved resolution of inflammation and stabilization of plaques. Finally, we propose future opportunities for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and provide solutions to challenges in this area for the purpose of accelerating the clinical translation of nanomedicine for the treatment of atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anaesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maaike Schilperoort
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yihai Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jinjun Shi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anaesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anaesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Sundler Björkman L, Persson B, Aronsson D, Skattum L, Nordenfelt P, Egesten A. Comorbidities in hereditary angioedema-A population-based cohort study. Clin Transl Allergy 2022; 12:e12135. [PMID: 35344299 PMCID: PMC8967273 DOI: 10.1002/clt2.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In hereditary angioedema (HAE), low levels (type 1) or defect in function (type 2) of the serine‐protease inhibitor C1 Inhibitor protein results in activation of the classical pathway of the complement system as well as the contact system. Here, we investigated the risk of comorbidities in HAE. Methods Individuals with HAE (n = 239; identified through a physician made diagnosis) and a control cohort from the general population (n = 2383; matched for age, gender, and county of residence) were compared with the Swedish inpatient, cause of death, cancer, and prescription registers. Conditional logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Results Increased risk of cardiovascular disease (odds ratio [OR] 1.83; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32–2.54), including arterial (OR 6.74; 95% CI 1.89–24.06) and venous thromboembolic disease (OR 4.20; 95% CI 2.42–7.23) as well as hypertension (OR 1.64; 95% CI 1.12–2.39) was seen in HAE. There was also an increased number of individuals diagnosed with hyperlipidemia (OR 2.01; 95% CI 1.16–3.50) among HAE patients. Furthermore, the risk of autoimmune disease was increased (OR 1.65; 95% CI 1.15–2.35) being particularly pronounced for systemic lupus erythematosus (OR 71.87; 95% CI 8.80–586.7). The risk of having two or more autoimmune diseases was also higher among HAE patients (p = 0.017). In contrast, the risk of cancer was not increased. Data from the prescription register revealed higher prescription rates of drugs against hypertension, hypothyroidism, and hyperlipidemia among HAE patients. Conclusions The results warrant for awareness and prevention of comorbid conditions, in particular, thromboembolic and autoimmune diseases in HAE. Future prophylactic interventions may modify these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sundler Björkman
- Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Barbro Persson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David Aronsson
- Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lillemor Skattum
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Lund University and Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrik Nordenfelt
- Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Department of Internal Medicine, County Hospital of Ryhov, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Arne Egesten
- Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Poznyak AV, Bezsonov EE, Popkova TV, Starodubova AV, Orekhov AN. Vaccination against Atherosclerosis: Is It Real? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052417. [PMID: 35269559 PMCID: PMC8910641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis has been known in medicine for several centuries. As early as 1755, the Swedish anatomist Albrecht von Haller used the term "atheroma" to describe vascular lesions. Atherosclerosis may originate from an unbalanced diet or bad habits, and is mainly found in developed countries. Clinical trials have been conducted to establish the causes of atherosclerosis, and also to develop treatments for this disease. However, prevention of the disease has always been better than treatment, so vaccination may be the key to saving thousands of lives. The creation of a vaccine may be directly related to the study of autoimmune processes occurring in the body, immunity. This review considers the issues related to the involvement of the immune response in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Modern concepts of atherogenesis, immune inflammation in atherosclerosis, and potential vaccine targets are also discussed. There is a particular focus on experimental and clinical data supporting the development of immune therapies to reduce cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V. Poznyak
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Evgeny E. Bezsonov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology and General Genetics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8 Izmailovsky Boulevard, 105043 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana V. Popkova
- V.A. Nasonova Institute of Rheumatology, 34A Kashirskoye Shosse, 115522 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Antonina V. Starodubova
- Federal Research Centre for Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 2/14 Ustinsky Passage, 109240 Moscow, Russia;
- Medical Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
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30
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Astragali Radix-Coptis Rhizoma Herb Pair Attenuates Atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- Mice by Regulating the M1/M2 and Th1/Th2 Immune Balance and Activating the STAT6 Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7421265. [PMID: 35178108 PMCID: PMC8843792 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7421265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune imbalance and the inflammatory response are associated with atherosclerosis (AS) progression. Astragali Radix and Coptis Rhizoma (ARCR) are an ancient and classic herb pair that is used in herbal medicines for the treatment of coronary heart disease. We focused on the effects and mechanisms of the ARCR herb pair attenuation of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice. METHODS ApoE-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks to establish a model of AS. The ApoE-/- mice were randomly divided into a model group, simvastatin group (Simva), Astragali Radix group (AR), Coptis Rhizoma group (CR), Astragali Radix-Coptis Rhizoma group (ARCR), and Astragali Radix-Coptis Rhizoma + signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 6 (STAT6) inhibitor (AS1517499) group (ARCR + AS1517499). C57BL/6 mice were used as controls. Each group was administered the corresponding drugs, and mice in the model and control groups were given the same volume of normal saline once daily for 6 weeks. The body weights of the mice were observed regularly. The effect of the ARCR herb pair on lipid content in peripheral blood was evaluated using blood lipid tests. The levels of serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), interleukins-12 (IL-12), IL-10, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and IL-4 were determined to assess inflammation. Oil Red O staining, Sirius Red staining, and immunohistochemistry were used to observe changes in plaque stability. Western blotting was used to assay M1/M2 macrophages, Th1/Th2 cells, and STAT6 signaling pathway protein expression. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used to detect M1/M2 macrophages and Th1/Th2 cells and reflect the immune imbalance. RESULTS The ARCR herb pair significantly reduced blood lipids levels and plaque vulnerability and regulated the levels of inflammatory factors and the number of M1/M2 macrophages and Th1/Th2 cells in ApoE-/- AS mice. It also decreased iNOS and T-bet protein levels and increased the Arg-1 and GATA-3 protein levels. The ARCR herb pair also increased STAT6 phosphorylation. A STAT6 inhibitor attenuated the regulation of M1/M2 and Th1/Th2 markers induced by the ARCR herb pair. CONCLUSION The ARCR herb pair regulates blood lipid metabolism and attenuates atherosclerosis via regulation of M1/M2 and Th1/Th2 immune balance, which is achieved partially by increasing STAT6 phosphorylation. Our study provides new evidence for the possible use of ARCR herb pair in the prevention and treatment of AS.
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Sveen KA, Smith G, Björkbacka H, Orho-Melander M, Engström G, Gonçalves I, Melander O, Nilsson J, Bengtsson E. High levels of autoantibodies against apoB100 p210 are associated with lower incidence of atrial fibrillation in women. J Intern Med 2022; 291:207-217. [PMID: 34532909 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with inflammation, both systemically and in the atrial tissue. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is increased in patients with AF and is suggested to be one of the molecules that drives inflammation. Autoantibodies against oxidized LDL and apolipoprotein B100, the protein component of LDL, are linked to atherosclerotic disease. However, whether these autoantibodies are associated with occurrence of AF is not known. We investigated autoantibodies against oxidized apolipoprotein B100 peptides and incidence of AF in a large population-based cohort. METHODS IgM and IgG against native and aldehyde-modified apoB100 peptides 210 (p210) and 45 were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 5169 individuals from the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort. RESULTS Seven hundred sixty-nine incident AF cases were recorded during a follow-up of 21.3 years. Individuals with high levels of IgM against native p210 at baseline had a lower risk of developing AF; however, the association did not remain after adjustment for age and sex. Women had higher levels of IgM against native p210 than men (0.70 ± 0.22 AU vs. 0.63 ± 0.21 AU, p < 0.001). The association of IgM against native p210 and AF was significantly different between sexes (p for interaction = 0.024), where females with high IgM against p210 had a lower risk for incidence of AF (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] 4th versus 1st quartile: 0.67 [0.49-0.91]; p = 0.01) after adjusting for risk factors and comorbidities. CONCLUSION These findings support an association of humoral autoimmunity with AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Anne Sveen
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gustav Smith
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,The Wallenberg Laboratory/Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Gothenburg University and the Department of Cardiology, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine and Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall, characterized by the formation of plaques containing lipid, connective tissue and immune cells in the intima of large and medium-sized arteries. Over the past three decades, a substantial reduction in cardiovascular mortality has been achieved largely through LDL-cholesterol-lowering regimes and therapies targeting other traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus and obesity. However, the overall benefits of targeting these risk factors have stagnated, and a huge global burden of cardiovascular disease remains. The indispensable role of immunological components in the establishment and chronicity of atherosclerosis has come to the forefront as a clinical target, with proof-of-principle studies demonstrating the benefit and challenges of targeting inflammation and the immune system in cardiovascular disease. In this Review, we provide an overview of the role of the immune system in atherosclerosis by discussing findings from preclinical research and clinical trials. We also identify important challenges that need to be addressed to advance the field and for successful clinical translation, including patient selection, identification of responders and non-responders to immunotherapies, implementation of patient immunophenotyping and potential surrogate end points for vascular inflammation. Finally, we provide strategic guidance for the translation of novel targets of immunotherapy into improvements in patient outcomes. In this Review, the authors provide an overview of the immune cells involved in atherosclerosis, discuss preclinical research and published and ongoing clinical trials assessing the therapeutic potential of targeting the immune system in atherosclerosis, highlight emerging therapeutic targets from preclinical studies and identify challenges for successful clinical translation. Inflammation is an important component of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease; an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes drives chronic inflammation and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the vessel wall. Clinical trials assessing canakinumab and colchicine therapies in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease have provided proof-of-principle of the benefits associated with therapeutic targeting of the immune system in atherosclerosis. The immunosuppressive adverse effects associated with the systemic use of anti-inflammatory drugs can be minimized through targeted delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs to the atherosclerotic plaque, defining the window of opportunity for treatment and identifying more specific targets for cardiovascular inflammation. Implementing immunophenotyping in clinical trials in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease will allow the identification of immune signatures and the selection of patients with the highest probability of deriving benefit from a specific therapy. Clinical stratification via novel risk factors and discovery of new surrogate markers of vascular inflammation are crucial for identifying new immunotherapeutic targets and their successful translation into the clinic.
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Agnello F, Capodanno D. Anti-inflammatory strategies for atherosclerotic artery disease. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2022; 21:661-672. [DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2022.2036717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Agnello
- Division of Cardiology, A.O.U. Policlinico “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Davide Capodanno
- Division of Cardiology, A.O.U. Policlinico “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Abstract
The development of senomorphic drugs to attenuate the senescent phenotype and senolytics to clear pro-inflammatory senescent cells to treat aging-associated disorders is being hotly pursued. The effort is complicated by the fact that senescent cells play a constructive role in some cellular processes such as tissue repair and wound healing. However, concerns about efficacy, which senescent cells to target, and unwanted side effects have created potential roadblocks. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells directed against urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), which is expressed on at least a subset of senescent cells (SC) in atherosclerotic plaques and fibrotic livers, removed SC and improved glucose metabolism. A conventional vaccine targeting CD153-expressing senescent T-cells, also improved glucose metabolism in obese mice. Recent work to selectively target senescent cells associated with several pathologies has resulted in the creation of a peptide vaccine that primarily targets endothelial cells expressing high levels of GPNMB, recently identified as a biomarker of senescence. The vaccine reduces atherosclerotic plaque burden and metabolic dysfunction such as glucose intolerance in mouse models of obesity and atherosclerosis. For translation to humans the activity of the vaccine will need to be tightly controlled, as the target, GPNMB has multiple roles in normal physiology including acting to inhibit and possibly resolve inflammation. A promising alternative approach would be to use passive immunization with a monoclonal antibody directed against GPNMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Mendelsohn
- Panorama Research Institute, 1230 Bordeaux Dr, Sunnyvale, California, United States, 94089.,Regenerative Sciences Institute, 1230 Bordeaux Dr, Sunnyvale, California, United States, 94089;
| | - James Larrick
- Panorama Research Institute, 1230 Bordeaux Drive, Sunnyvale, California, United States, 94089;
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Zhao L, Lv F, Zheng Y, Yan L, Cao X. Characterization of an Aging-Based Diagnostic Gene Signature and Molecular Subtypes With Diverse Immune Infiltrations in Atherosclerosis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:792540. [PMID: 35096968 PMCID: PMC8792769 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.792540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Advancing age is a major risk factor of atherosclerosis (AS). Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains indistinct. Herein, this study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the biological implications of aging-related genes in AS. Methods: Gene expression profiles of AS and non-AS samples were curated from the GEO project. Differential expression analysis was adopted for screening AS-specific aging-related genes. LASSO regression analysis was presented for constructing a diagnostic model, and the discriminatory capacity was evaluated with ROC curves. Through consensus clustering analysis, aging-based molecular subtypes were conducted. Immune levels were estimated based on the expression of HLAs, immune checkpoints, and immune cell infiltrations. Key genes were then identified via WGCNA. The effects of CEBPB knockdown on macrophage polarization were examined with western blotting and ELISA. Furthermore, macrophages were exposed to 100 mg/L ox-LDL for 48 h to induce macrophage foam cells. After silencing CEBPB, markers of cholesterol uptake, esterification and hydrolysis, and efflux were detected with western blotting. Results: This study identified 28 AS-specific aging-related genes. The aging-related gene signature was developed, which could accurately diagnose AS in both the GSE20129 (AUC = 0.898) and GSE43292 (AUC = 0.685) datasets. Based on the expression profiling of AS-specific aging-related genes, two molecular subtypes were clustered, and with diverse immune infiltration features. The molecular subtype–relevant genes were obtained with WGCNA, which were markedly associated with immune activation. Silencing CEBPB triggered anti-inflammatory M2-like polarization and suppressed foam cell formation. Conclusion: Our findings suggest the critical implications of aging-related genes in diagnosing AS and modulating immune infiltrations.
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36
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Tanaka T, Sasaki N, Rikitake Y. Recent Advances on the Role and Therapeutic Potential of Regulatory T Cells in Atherosclerosis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:5907. [PMID: 34945203 PMCID: PMC8707380 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10245907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic diseases, including ischemic heart disease and stroke, are a main cause of mortality worldwide. Chronic vascular inflammation via immune dysregulation is critically involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that regulatory T cells (Tregs), responsible for maintaining immunological tolerance and suppressing excessive immune responses, play an important role in preventing the development and progression of atherosclerosis through the regulation of pathogenic immunoinflammatory responses. Several strategies to prevent and treat atherosclerosis through the promotion of regulatory immune responses have been developed, and could be clinically applied for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the protective role of Tregs in atherosclerosis and discuss attractive approaches to treat atherosclerotic disease by augmenting regulatory immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Tanaka
- Laboratory of Medical Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.R.)
| | - Naoto Sasaki
- Laboratory of Medical Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.R.)
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Rikitake
- Laboratory of Medical Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.R.)
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37
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Promoting athero-protective immunity by vaccination with low density lipoprotein-derived antigens. Atherosclerosis 2021; 335:89-97. [PMID: 34462127 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses activated by LDL particles that have been trapped and oxidized in the arterial wall play an important role in atherosclerosis. Some of these immune responses are protective by facilitating the removal of pro-inflammatory and toxic lipid species formed as result of LDL oxidation. However, should these protective immune responses be insufficient, other more potent pro-inflammatory immune responses instead contributing to disease progression will gradually become dominant. The importance of the balance between protective and pathogenic immunity is particularly apparent when it comes to the adaptive immune system where pro-inflammatory T helper 1 (Th1) type T cells aggravate atherosclerosis, while regulatory T cells (Tregs) have an opposing role. As oxidized LDL is a key autoantigen in atherosclerosis, it has become an interesting possibility that immune-modulatory therapy that favors the activity of apolipoprotein B peptide-specific Tregs could be developed into a novel treatment strategy for prevention/stabilization of atherosclerosis and ischemic cardiovascular events. Indeed, several such oxidized LDL tolerance vaccines have shown promising results in animal models of atherosclerosis. This review will discuss the experimental background for development of atherosclerosis vaccines based on LDL-derived antigens as well as the challenges involved in translating these findings into clinical application.
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Libby P. Inflammation in Atherosclerosis-No Longer a Theory. Clin Chem 2021; 67:131-142. [PMID: 33393629 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvaa275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation links to atherosclerosis and its complications in various experimental investigations. Animal studies have implicated numerous inflammatory mediators in the initiation and complication of atherosclerosis. Numerous studies in humans have shown associations of biomarkers of inflammation with cardiovascular events provoked by atheromata. Inflammatory status, determined by the biomarker C-reactive protein, can guide the allocation of statin therapy to individuals without elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations to prevent first ever adverse cardiovascular events. CONTENT Until recently, no direct evidence has shown that an intervention that selectively limits inflammation can improve outcomes in patients with atherosclerosis. A recent study, based on decades of preclinical investigation, treated patients who had sustained a myocardial infarction and whose LDL was well-controlled on statin treatment with an antibody that neutralizes interleukin-1 beta. This trial, conducted in over 10 000 individuals, showed a reduction in major adverse cardiac events, establishing for the first time the clinical efficacy of an anti-inflammatory intervention in atherosclerosis. Two large subsequent studies have shown that colchicine treatment can also prevent recurrent events in patients recovering from an acute coronary syndrome or in the stable phase of coronary artery disease. These clinical trials have transformed inflammation in atherosclerosis from theory to practice. SUMMARY Much work remains to optimize further anti-inflammatory interventions, minimize unwanted actions, and refine patient selection. This long road from discovery in the laboratory to successful clinical trials represents a victory for medical science, and opens a new avenue to reducing the risk that remains despite current treatments for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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39
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Libby P. Targeting Inflammatory Pathways in Cardiovascular Disease: The Inflammasome, Interleukin-1, Interleukin-6 and Beyond. Cells 2021; 10:951. [PMID: 33924019 PMCID: PMC8073599 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical trials have now firmly established that inflammation participates causally in human atherosclerosis. These observations point the way toward novel treatments that add to established therapies to help stem the growing global epidemic of cardiovascular disease. Fortunately, we now have a number of actionable targets whose clinical exploration will help achieve the goal of optimizing beneficial effects while avoiding undue interference with host defenses or other unwanted actions. This review aims to furnish the foundation for this quest by critical evaluation of the current state of anti-inflammatory interventions within close reach of clinical application, with a primary focus on innate immunity. In particular, this paper highlights the pathway from the inflammasome, through interleukin (IL)-1 to IL-6 supported by a promising body of pre-clinical, clinical, and human genetic data. This paper also considers the use of biomarkers to guide allocation of anti-inflammatory therapies as a step toward realizing the promise of precision medicine. The validation of decades of experimental work and association studies in humans by recent clinical investigations provides a strong impetus for further efforts to target inflammation in atherosclerosis to address the considerable risk that remains despite current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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40
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Poznyak AV, Nikiforov NG, Markin AM, Kashirskikh DA, Myasoedova VA, Gerasimova EV, Orekhov AN. Overview of OxLDL and Its Impact on Cardiovascular Health: Focus on Atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:613780. [PMID: 33510639 PMCID: PMC7836017 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.613780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular pathologies maintain the leading position in mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease that can result in a variety of serious complications, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular disease. Inflammation and lipid metabolism alterations play a crucial role in atherogenesis, but the details of relationships and causality of these fundamental processes remain not clear. The oxidation of LDL was considered the main atherogenic modification of LDL within the vascular wall for decades. However, recent investigations provided a growing body of evidence in support of the multiple LDL modification theory. It suggests that LDL particles undergo numerous modifications that change their size, density, and chemical properties within the blood flow and vascular wall. Oxidation is the last stage in this cascade resulting in the atherogenic properties. Moreover, recent investigations have discovered that oxLDL may have both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory properties. Oxidized LDL can trigger inflammation through the activation of macrophages and other cells. After all, oxidized LDL is still a promising object for further investigations that have the potential to clarify the unknown parts of the atherogenic process. In this review, we discuss the role of oxLDL in atherosclerosis development on different levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V Poznyak
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita G Nikiforov
- Centre of Collective Usage, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of the Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M Markin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of the Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Kashirskikh
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of the Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Veronika A Myasoedova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia.,Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena V Gerasimova
- Department of Systemic Rheumatic Diseases, V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of the Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
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41
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Targeting inflammation in atherosclerosis - from experimental insights to the clinic. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:589-610. [PMID: 33976384 PMCID: PMC8112476 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 162.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a dominant and growing cause of death and disability worldwide, involves inflammation from its inception to the emergence of complications. Targeting inflammatory pathways could therefore provide a promising new avenue to prevent and treat atherosclerosis. Indeed, clinical studies have now demonstrated unequivocally that modulation of inflammation can forestall the clinical complications of atherosclerosis. This progress pinpoints the need for preclinical investigations to refine strategies for combatting inflammation in the human disease. In this Review, we consider a gamut of attractive possibilities for modifying inflammation in atherosclerosis, including targeting pivotal inflammatory pathways such as the inflammasomes, inhibiting cytokines, manipulating adaptive immunity and promoting pro-resolution mechanisms. Along with lifestyle measures, pharmacological interventions to mute inflammation could complement traditional targets, such as lipids and hypertension, to make new inroads into the management of atherosclerotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran K Hansson
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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43
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Alfaleh MA, Alsaab HO, Mahmoud AB, Alkayyal AA, Jones ML, Mahler SM, Hashem AM. Phage Display Derived Monoclonal Antibodies: From Bench to Bedside. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1986. [PMID: 32983137 PMCID: PMC7485114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become one of the most important classes of biopharmaceutical products, and they continue to dominate the universe of biopharmaceutical markets in terms of approval and sales. They are the most profitable single product class, where they represent six of the top ten selling drugs. At the beginning of the 1990s, an in vitro antibody selection technology known as antibody phage display was developed by John McCafferty and Sir. Gregory Winter that enabled the discovery of human antibodies for diverse applications, particularly antibody-based drugs. They created combinatorial antibody libraries on filamentous phage to be utilized for generating antigen specific antibodies in a matter of weeks. Since then, more than 70 phage–derived antibodies entered clinical studies and 14 of them have been approved. These antibodies are indicated for cancer, and non-cancer medical conditions, such as inflammatory, optical, infectious, or immunological diseases. This review will illustrate the utility of phage display as a powerful platform for therapeutic antibodies discovery and describe in detail all the approved mAbs derived from phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Alfaleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hashem O Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Almohanad A Alkayyal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martina L Jones
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen M Mahler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anwar M Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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44
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Zhao B, Wang D, Liu Y, Zhang X, Wan Z, Wang J, Su T, Duan L, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao Y. Six-Gene Signature Associated with Immune Cells in the Progression of Atherosclerosis Discovered by Comprehensive Bioinformatics Analyses. Cardiovasc Ther 2020; 2020:1230513. [PMID: 32821283 PMCID: PMC7416237 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1230513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a multifaceted disease, atherosclerosis is often characterized by the formation and accumulation of plaque anchored to the inner wall of the arteries and causes some cardiovascular diseases and vascular embolism. Numerous studies have reported on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, fewer studies focused on both genes and immune cells, and the correlation of genes and immune cells was evaluated via comprehensive bioinformatics analyses. METHODS 29 samples of atherosclerosis-related gene expression profiling, including 16 human advanced atherosclerosis plaque (AA) and 13 human early atherosclerosis plaque (EA) samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, were analyzed to get differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the construction of protein and protein interaction (PPI) networks. Besides, we detected the relative fraction of 22 immune cell types in atherosclerosis by using the deconvolution algorithm of "cell type identification by estimating relative subsets of RNA transcripts (CIBERSORT)." Ultimately, based on the significantly changed types of immune cells, we executed the correlation analysis between DEGs and immune cells to discover the potential genes and pathways associated with immune cells. RESULTS We identified 17 module genes and 6 types of significantly changed immune cells. Correlation analysis showed that the relative percentage of T cell CD8 has negative correlation with the C1QB expression (R = -0.63, p = 0.02), and the relative percentage of macrophage M2 has positive correlation with the CD86 expression (R = 0.57, p = 0.041) in EA. Meanwhile, four gene expressions (CD53, C1QC, NCF2, and ITGAM) have a high correlation with the percentages of T cell CD8 and macrophages (M0 and M2) in AA samples. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we suggested that the progression of atherosclerosis might be related to CD86, C1QB, CD53, C1QC, NCF2, and ITGAM and that it plays a role in regulating immune-competent cells such as T cell CD8 and macrophages M0 and M2. These results will enable studies of the potential genes associated with immune cells in the progression of atherosclerosis, as well as provide insight for discovering new treatments and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- Department of Oncology and Vascular Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Department of Oncology and Vascular Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zheng Wan
- Department of Oncology and Vascular Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jinling Wang
- Department of Emergency, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ting Su
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
| | - Linshan Duan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Medical Reproductive Auxiliary Specialty, People's Hospital of Jiuquan City, Gansu, China
| | - Yuehua Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Department of Oncology and Vascular Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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45
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Aidoud A, Marlet J, Angoulvant D, Debacq C, Gavazzi G, Fougère B. Influenza vaccination as a novel means of preventing coronary heart disease: Effectiveness in older adults. Vaccine 2020; 38:4944-4955. [PMID: 32536551 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis can have various etiologies, including several newly recognized immunoinflammatory mechanisms. A growing body of evidence suggests that influenza infection is chronologically linked to acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and thus that the virus is a novel cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor. Morbidity and mortality rates for both influenza infection and AMI rise markedly with age. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that influenza vaccination (IV) has a cardioprotective effect, especially in people aged 65 and over; hence, IV may be of value in the management of CVD. These observations justify efforts to better understand the underlying mechanisms and to identify therapeutic targets in older adults. In view of the above, the objective of the present study was to review the literature data on the cellular mechanisms that link IV to the prevention of atherosclerotic complications. Given the greater burden of CVD in older subjects, we also questioned the impact of aging on this association. The most widely recognized benefit of IV is the prevention of influenza infection and the latter's cardiovascular complications. In a new hypothesis, however, an influenza-independent effect is driven by vaccine immunity and modulation of the ongoing immunoinflammatory response in individuals with CVD. Although influenza infection and IV both induce a proinflammatory response, they have opposite effects on the progression of atherosclerosis - suggesting a hormetic phenomenon. Aging is characterized by chronic inflammation (sometimes referred to as "inflammaging") that progresses insidiously during the course of aging-related diseases, including CVD. It remains to be determined whether vaccination has an effect on aging-related diseases other than CVD. Although the studies of this topic had various limitations, the results highlight the potential benefits of vaccination in protecting the health of older adults, and should drive research on the molecular immunology of the response to IV and its correlation with atheroprotective processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Aidoud
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France.
| | - Julien Marlet
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM U1259, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Denis Angoulvant
- Cardiology Unit, Trousseau Hospital, CHRU de Tours & EA4245, Loire Valley Cardiovascular Collaboration, Tours University, Tours, France
| | - Camille Debacq
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Gaëtan Gavazzi
- University Clinics of Geriatrics, University Hospital of Grenoble-Alpes, GREPI EA7408 University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Bertrand Fougère
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France; Éducation, éthique, santé (EA 7505), Tours University, Tours, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Libby
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (P.L.)
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- Department of Medicine (K.E.B.), University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (K.E.B.), University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Pathology (K.E.B.), University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle
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Alfaleh MA, Alsaab HO, Mahmoud AB, Alkayyal AA, Jones ML, Mahler SM, Hashem AM. Phage Display Derived Monoclonal Antibodies: From Bench to Bedside. Front Immunol 2020. [PMID: 32983137 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01986/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become one of the most important classes of biopharmaceutical products, and they continue to dominate the universe of biopharmaceutical markets in terms of approval and sales. They are the most profitable single product class, where they represent six of the top ten selling drugs. At the beginning of the 1990s, an in vitro antibody selection technology known as antibody phage display was developed by John McCafferty and Sir. Gregory Winter that enabled the discovery of human antibodies for diverse applications, particularly antibody-based drugs. They created combinatorial antibody libraries on filamentous phage to be utilized for generating antigen specific antibodies in a matter of weeks. Since then, more than 70 phage-derived antibodies entered clinical studies and 14 of them have been approved. These antibodies are indicated for cancer, and non-cancer medical conditions, such as inflammatory, optical, infectious, or immunological diseases. This review will illustrate the utility of phage display as a powerful platform for therapeutic antibodies discovery and describe in detail all the approved mAbs derived from phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Alfaleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hashem O Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Almohanad A Alkayyal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martina L Jones
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen M Mahler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anwar M Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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