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Saeed Z, Sirolli V, Bonomini M, Gallina S, Renda G. Hallmarks for Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Risks in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8705. [PMID: 39201390 PMCID: PMC11354877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health issue causing a significant health burden. CKD patients develop thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications, and cardiovascular diseases are associated with increased hospitalization and mortality in this population. The hemostatic alterations are multifactorial in these patients; therefore, the results of different studies are varying and controversial. Endothelial and platelet dysfunction, coagulation abnormalities, comorbidities, and hemoincompatibility of the dialysis membranes are major contributors of hypo- and hypercoagulability in CKD patients. Due to the tendency of CKD patients to exhibit a prothrombotic state and bleeding risk, they require personalized clinical assessment to understand the impact of antithrombotic therapy. The evidence of efficacy and safety of antiplatelet and anticoagulant treatments is limited for end-stage renal disease patients due to their exclusion from major randomized clinical trials. Moreover, designing hemocompatible dialyzer membranes could be a suitable approach to reduce platelet activation, coagulopathy, and thrombus formation. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying thrombotic and hemorrhagic risk in patients with CKD, leading to cardiovascular complications in these patients, as well as the evidence and guidance for promising approaches to optimal therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeba Saeed
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Vittorio Sirolli
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Department of Medicine, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, SS. Annunziata Hospital, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (V.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Mario Bonomini
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Department of Medicine, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, SS. Annunziata Hospital, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (V.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Sabina Gallina
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Giulia Renda
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
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Montomoli M, Candía BG, Barrios AA, Bernat EP. Anticoagulation in Chronic Kidney Disease. Drugs 2024:10.1007/s40265-024-02077-6. [PMID: 39120783 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-024-02077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The nuanced landscape of anticoagulation therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) presents a formidable challenge, intricately balancing the dual hazards of hemorrhage and thrombosis. These patients find themselves in a precarious position, teetering on the edge of these risks due to compromised platelet functionality and systemic disturbances within their coagulation frameworks. The management of such patients necessitates a meticulous approach to dosing adjustments and vigilant monitoring to navigate the perilous waters of anticoagulant therapy. This is especially critical considering the altered pharmacokinetics in CKD, where the clearance of drugs is significantly impeded, heightening the risk of accumulation and adverse effects. In the evolving narrative of anticoagulation therapy, the introduction of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) has heralded a new era, offering a glimmer of hope for those navigating the complexities of CKD. These agents, with their promise of easier management and a reduced need for monitoring, have begun to reshape the contours of care, particularly for patients not yet on dialysis. However, this is not without its caveats. The application of DOACs in the context of advanced CKD remains a largely uncharted territory, necessitating a cautious exploration to unearth their true potential and limitations. Moreover, the advent of innovative strategies such as left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) underscores the dynamic nature of anticoagulation therapy, potentially offering a tailored solution for those at the intersection of CKD and elevated stroke risk. Yet the journey toward integrating such advancements into standard practice is laden with unanswered questions, demanding rigorous investigation to illuminate their efficacy and safety across the spectrum of kidney disease. In summary, the management of anticoagulation in CKD is a delicate dance, requiring a harmonious blend of precision, caution, and innovation. As we venture further into this complex domain, we must build upon our current understanding, embracing both emerging therapies and the need for ongoing research. Only then can we hope to offer our patients a path that navigates the narrow strait between bleeding and clotting, toward safer and more effective care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Montomoli
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Navalha DDP, Felix N, Nogueira A, Clemente M, Marinho AD, Ferreira ROM, Pasqualotto E, Dagostin CS, Pinto LCS, Fernandes GC. Direct oral anticoagulants versus vitamin K antagonists in patients with atrial fibrillation on chronic hemodialysis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int Urol Nephrol 2024; 56:2001-2010. [PMID: 38153665 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and end-stage renal disease on chronic hemodialysis are at risk for thromboembolic and bleeding events. We aimed to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate the safety and efficacy of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) compared with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) in this population. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE) and Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing DOACs with VKAs in patients with AF on chronic hemodialysis from inception to February 2023 in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Outcomes were reported using risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical analyses were performed using R version 4.2.2. RESULTS We selected three RCTs including 341 patients, of whom 176 (51.6%) were randomized to DOACs. Follow-up ranged from 174 days to 3.38 years. There was no significant difference between groups in terms of cardiovascular mortality (RR 1.34; 95% CI 0.69-2.60; p = 0.39), all-cause mortality (RR 0.96; 95% CI 0.72-1.27; p = 0.77), ischemic/uncertain type of stroke or transient ischemic attack (RR 0.50; 95% CI 0.19-1.35; p = 0.17), or major or life-threatening bleeding (RR 0.70; 95% CI 0.39-1.25; p = 0.22). CONCLUSION In this meta-analysis of three RCTs, no significant difference was observed between DOACs and VKAs in cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, ischemic/uncertain type of stroke or transient ischemic attack, or major or life-threatening bleeding in patients with AF on chronic hemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Felix
- Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - Alleh Nogueira
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Alice D Marinho
- Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Li Y, Wu S, Zhou J, Zhang J. Efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation combined with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb J 2024; 22:40. [PMID: 38679736 PMCID: PMC11057070 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-024-00608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently published studies have not observed consistent results on the efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) use in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) combined with atrial fibrillation (AF). Therefore, this study conducted a meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of DOACs for patients with AF complicated with CKD. METHODS Database literature was searched up to May 30, 2023, to include randomized controlled trials (RCT) involving patients with AF complicated with CKD DOACs and vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). Stroke, systemic embolism (SE), and all-cause mortality were used as effectiveness indicators, and major bleeding, intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), fatal bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB), and clinically relevant non-major bleeding (CRNMB) were used as safety outcomes. RESULTS Nine RCT studies were included for analysis according to the inclusion criteria. Results of the efficacy analysis showed that compared with VKAs, DOACs reduced the incidence of stroke/SE (OR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.67-0.84) and all-cause deaths (OR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.75-0.93) in patients with AF who had comorbid CKD. Safety analyses showed that compared with VKAs, DOACs improved safety by reducing the risk of major bleeding (OR = 0.76, 95%CI 0.65-0.90), ICH (OR = 0.46, 95%CI 0.38-0.56), and fatal bleeding (OR = 0.75, 95%CI 0.65-0.87), but did not reduce the incidence of GIB and CRNMB. CONCLUSION Compared with VKAs, DOACs may increase efficacy and improve safety in AF patients with CKD (90 ml/min> Crcl≥15 ml/min), and shows at least similar efficacy and safety in AF patients with Kidney failure (Crcl<15 ml/min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, #18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Shuyi Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, #18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Jintuo Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, #18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, #18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
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Gwechenberger M, Barón-Esquivias G, de Vries TA, Siller-Matula JM, Manu MC, Souza JA, Wienerroither S, Pecen L, de Groot JR, De Caterina R, Kirchhof P. Incidence and Predictors of Worsening Renal Function in Edoxaban-Treated Atrial Fibrillation Patients Within ETNA-AF-Europe Registry. JACC. ADVANCES 2024; 3:100880. [PMID: 38939675 PMCID: PMC11198551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2024.100880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Background Managing patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and worsening renal function (WRF) remains a clinical challenge due to the need of dose adjustment of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. Objectives To determine the incidence of WRF in patients with AF treated with edoxaban, the association of WRF with clinical outcomes, and predictors of WRF and clinical outcomes in these patients. Methods This is a subanalysis of the Edoxaban Treatment in routiNe clinical prActice for patients with non-valvular Atrial Fibrillation in Europe study (NCT02944019), an observational study of edoxaban-treated patients with AF. WRF was defined as a ≥25% reduction in creatinine clearance between baseline and 2 years. Results Of the 9,054 patients included (69% of the total 13,133 enrolled), most did not experience WRF (90.3%) during the first 2 years of follow-up. WRF occurred in 9.7% of patients. Patients with WRF had significantly higher rates of all-cause death (3.88%/y vs 1.88%/y; P < 0.0001), cardiovascular death (2.09%/y vs 0.92%/y; P < 0.0001), and major bleeding (1.51%/y vs 0.98%/y; P = 0.0463) compared with those without WRF. Rates of intracranial hemorrhage (0.18%/y vs 0.18%/y) and of any stroke/systemic embolic events were low (0.90%/y vs 0.69%/y; P = 0.3161) in both subgroups. The strongest predictors of WRF were a high CHA2DS2-VASc score, high baseline creatinine clearance, low body weight, and older age. Most predictors of WRF were also predictors of clinical outcomes. Conclusions WRF occurred in approximately 10% of edoxaban-treated AF patients. Rates of death and major bleeding were significantly higher in patients with WRF than without. Stroke events were low in both subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tim A.C. de Vries
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Ladislav Pecen
- Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunochemistry Diagnostics, University Hospital Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Joris R. de Groot
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- Cardiology Division, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione VillaSerena per la Ricerca, Pescara, Italy
| | - Paulus Kirchhof
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Sciences (DZHK) Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - ETNA-AF-Europe Investigators
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
- Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH, Munich, Germany
- Daiichi Sankyo Austria GmbH, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunochemistry Diagnostics, University Hospital Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Cardiology Division, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione VillaSerena per la Ricerca, Pescara, Italy
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Sciences (DZHK) Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
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Heleniak Z, Matusik PT, Undas A. Altered fibrin clot properties are associated with the progression of chronic kidney disease in atrial fibrillation. Thromb Res 2024; 236:14-21. [PMID: 38387299 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2024.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Formation of denser and resistant to lysis fibrin clot networks has been shown in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and atrial fibrillation (AF). We investigated whether such prothrombotic fibrin clot properties are associated with faster progression of CKD in AF patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS We recruited 265 AF patients (men 49.1 %, median age of 64.0 years, median estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] of 77.0 ml/min/1.73 m2), including 137 patients on non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) (51.7 %) and 109 patients (41.1 %) on vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). At baseline while off anticoagulation, we determined fibrin clot permeability (Ks), and clot lysis time (CLT), along with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), endogenous thrombin potential (ETP), and von Willebrand factor (vWF). The kidney function was assessed at baseline and after a median follow-up of 50.0 months. RESULTS During follow-up, a median eGFR decreased by 8.0 (5.0-11.0) ml/min/1.73 m2, 1.8 ml/min/1.73 m2/year and this change correlated with age (R = 0.19, P = 0.002), Ks (R = 0.46, P < 0.0001), and CLT (R = -0.17, P = 0.005), but not ETP, fibrinogen, PAI-1 or vWF. A decrease in eGFR was lower in patients who used NOACs at baseline but not in those who started NOACs during follow-up (n = 101) as compared to the remaining patients. On multiple linear regression analysis, adjusted for age and fibrinogen, baseline Ks, eGFR, hypertension, and NOACs use independently predicted a decrease in eGFR. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to show that more compact fibrin clot networks may contribute to faster progression of CKD in AF, indicating novel kidney-related harmful effects of prothrombotic clot properties in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Heleniak
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł T Matusik
- St. John Paul II Hospital, Kraków, Poland; Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anetta Undas
- St. John Paul II Hospital, Kraków, Poland; Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
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Jones A, Swan D, Lisman T, Barnes GD, Thachil J. Anticoagulation in chronic kidney disease: current status and future perspectives. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:323-336. [PMID: 37778512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is being diagnosed increasingly worldwide. It is often identified in individuals with comorbidities, which may increase the already heightened risk of thrombosis and hemorrhage associated with CKD. Oral anticoagulation is an effective means of reducing rates of ischemic stroke and systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation and minimizes the morbidity and mortality caused by venous thromboembolic disease. Despite the proven benefits in the majority of patients, these have not been so clearly realized in patients with CKD due to the precarious balance between bleeding and thromboembolic complications. In this review, the current status of anticoagulant utilization in CKD is examined, and some practical recommendations are put forward to assist in the decision-making process of safely anticoagulating patients with CKD diagnosed with atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Jones
- Department of Haematology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dawn Swan
- Department of Haematology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Ton Lisman
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geoffrey D Barnes
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jecko Thachil
- Department of Haematology, Manchester University Hospitals, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Lin Y, Chao TF, Tsai ML, Tseng CJ, Wang TH, Chang CH, Lin YS, Yang NI, Chu PH, Hung MJ, Wu VCC, Chen TH. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation and stage 4-5 chronic kidney disease receiving direct oral anticoagulants: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2024; 57:89-100. [PMID: 37605063 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-023-02885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The role of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and stage 4-5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) is controversial. Electronic medical records from 2012 to 2021 were retrieved for patients with AF and stage 4-5 CKD receiving oral anticoagulants. Patients were separated into those receiving DOACs (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, or edoxaban) or vitamin K antagonists (VKA). Primary outcomes included ischemic stroke (IS), systemic thrombosis (SE), major bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, hemorrhagic stroke, acute myocardial infarction, cardiovascular death, and all-cause death. Renal outcomes included eGFR declines, creatinine doubling, progression to dialysis, and major adverse kidney events (MAKE). The primary analysis was until the end of follow up and the results at 1-year and 2-year of follow ups were also assessed. 2,382 patients (DOAC = 1,047, VKA = 1,335) between 2012 and 2021 with AF and stage 4-5 CKD were identified. The mean follow-up period was 2.3 ± 2.1 years in DOCAs and 2.6 ± 2.3 years in VKA respectively. At the end of follow up, the DOAC patients had significantly decreased SE (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] = 0.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.34-0.73), composite of IS/SE (SHR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.62-0.98), major bleeding (HR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.66-0.90), hemorrhagic stroke (HR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.36-0.76), and composite of bleeding events (SHR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.69-0.92) compared with VKA patients. The IS efficacy outcome revealed neutral between DOAC and VKA patients (HR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.79-1.39). In addition, DOAC patients had significantly decreased rates of eGFR decline > 50% (SHR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.64-0.87), creatinine doubling (SHR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.67-0.95), and MAKE (SHR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.71-0.93). In patients with AF and stage 4-5 CKD, use of DOAC was associated with decreased rates of a composite of ischemic stroke/systemic embolism, a composite of bleeding events, and renal events compared to VKA. Efficacy and safety benefits associated with apixaban at standard doses were consistent throughout follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Fan Chao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lung Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Ju Tseng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Te-Hsiung Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Tazuke Kofukai, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chih-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Center, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lin
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ning-I Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 222, Maijin Road, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Hsien Chu
- Division of Cardiology, Linkou Medical Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5, Fuxing Street, Guishan District, Taoyuan City, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jui Hung
- Department of Cardiology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 222, Maijin Road, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Victor Chien-Chia Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Linkou Medical Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5, Fuxing Street, Guishan District, Taoyuan City, 33305, Taiwan.
| | - Tien-Hsing Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 222, Maijin Road, Keelung, Taiwan.
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Vestergaard AEF, Jensen SK, Heide-Jørgensen U, Adelborg K, Birn H, Carrero JJ, Christiansen CF. Oral anticoagulant treatment and risk of kidney disease-a nationwide, population-based cohort study. Clin Kidney J 2024; 17:sfad252. [PMID: 38186872 PMCID: PMC10768770 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are recommended as first-line treatment of atrial fibrillation. Whether DOAC use is associated with lower risks of kidney complications compared with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) remains unclear. We examined this association in a nationwide, population-based cohort study. Methods We conducted a cohort study including patients initiating oral anticoagulant treatment within 3 months after an atrial fibrillation diagnosis in Denmark during 2012-18. Using routinely collected creatinine measurements from laboratory databases, we followed patients in an intention-to-treat approach for acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. We used propensity-score weighting to balance baseline confounders, computed weighted risks and weighted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing DOACs with VKAs. We performed several subgroup analyses and a per-protocol analysis. Results We included 32 781 persons with atrial fibrillation initiating oral anticoagulation (77% initiating DOACs). The median age was 75 years, 25% had a baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and median follow-up was 2.3 (interquartile range 1.1-3.9) years. The weighted 1-year risks of AKI were 13.6% in DOAC users and 15.0% in VKA users (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.82; 0.91). The weighted 5-year risks of CKD progression were 13.9% in DOAC users and 15.4% in VKA users (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.79; 0.92). Results were similar across subgroups and in the per-protocol analysis. Conclusions Initiation of DOACs was associated with a decreased risk of AKI and CKD progression compared with VKAs. Despite the potential limitations of observational studies, our findings support the need for increased clinical awareness to prevent kidney complications among patients who initiate oral anticoagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Emilie Friis Vestergaard
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simon Kok Jensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Uffe Heide-Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kasper Adelborg
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Gødstrup Regional Hospital, Gødstrup, Denmark
| | - Henrik Birn
- Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Juan-Jesus Carrero
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatisctics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Fynbo Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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10
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Wang YT, Chen JH, Liao SF, Chen YJ, Lip GYH, Yeh JS. Cardiac and renal outcomes of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation. Eur J Clin Invest 2024; 54:e14086. [PMID: 37635402 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral anticoagulation therapy with warfarin or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) is the mainstay for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). The DOACs might have a lower risk of declining renal function than warfarin. This study aimed to compare renal outcomes among rivaroxaban, edoxaban, dabigatran, and warfarin. METHOD This cohort study identified 2203 adults with AF who started anticoagulation therapy between 1 July 2013 and 31 December 2020, in a clinical database at a single centre. Inverse probability of treatment weighting was adopted to balance baseline characteristics among four anticoagulants treatment groups. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiac and renal outcomes, involving a ≥30% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), renal failure and cardiovascular death. RESULTS After propensity score weighting, dabigatran was associated with significantly lower risks of a ≥30% decline in eGFR (hazard ratio [HR]: .69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: .497-.951, p = .0237), doubling of the serum creatinine level (HR: .49, 95% CI: .259-.927, p = .0282) and the cardiac and renal outcome composite (HR: .67, 95% CI: .485-.913, p = .0115) than warfarin. Rivaroxaban and edoxaban did not show significant protective effects on renal outcomes compared to warfarin. CONCLUSION In this study, patients treated with dabigatran had significantly reduced risks of declining renal function and composite cardiac and renal events than those treated with warfarin. However, rivaroxaban and edoxaban were not associated with lower risks of any renal outcomes than warfarin. More studies are warranted to investigate and compare the impact of renal function between different DOACs in patients with AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Hsin Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fen Liao
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jong-Shiuan Yeh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Mavrakanas TA. Direct oral anticoagulants: the safer choice in chronic kidney disease? Clin Kidney J 2024; 17:sfad288. [PMID: 38186881 PMCID: PMC10768764 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Mavrakanas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- MUHC Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada | 2B.44–5252 de Maisonneuve W, Montreal, QC, Canada
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12
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Ton MT, Quang Ho TH, Nguyen VL, Pham HM, Hoang SV, Vo NT, Nguyen TQ, Pham LT, Mai TD, Nguyen TH. Selection of Non-vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulant for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Based on Patient Profile: Perspectives from Vietnamese Experts. Part 2. Eur Cardiol 2023; 18:e62. [PMID: 38174218 PMCID: PMC10762676 DOI: 10.15420/ecr.2023.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Part 1 of this review provided an overview of AF in Vietnam, with a particular focus on primary and secondary stroke prevention. Part 2 explores the management of AF in special, high-risk and clinically common patient populations, including those with renal impairment, diabetes, the elderly, and those with coronary artery disease. Furthermore, Part 2 addresses the challenges posed by patients with AF who have a bioprosthetic valve, a group situated in a grey area of consideration. Managing AF in these patient groups presents unique clinical challenges that require careful consideration. Physicians are tasked with addressing specific clinical questions to identify the optimal anticoagulation strategy for each individual. To inform these decisions, subgroup analyses from pivotal studies are presented alongside real-world data derived from clinical practice. By synthesising available information and considering the nuanced clinical context, the aim is to provide informed perspectives that align with current medical knowledge and contribute to the enhancement of patient care in these challenging scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hung Manh Pham
- Vietnam Heart Institute, Bach Mai HospitalHanoi, Vietnam
- Hanoi Medical UniversityHanoi, Vietnam
| | - Sy Van Hoang
- Cardiovascular Department, Cho Ray HospitalHo Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh CityHo Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nhan Thanh Vo
- Cardiovascular Department, Cho Ray HospitalHo Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Cardiovascular Center, Vinmec HospitalHo Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Linh Tran Pham
- Vietnam Heart Institute, Bach Mai HospitalHanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ton Duy Mai
- Hanoi Medical UniversityHanoi, Vietnam
- Stroke Center, Bach Mai HospitalHanoi, Vietnam
- VNU-University of Medicine and PharmacyHanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thang Huy Nguyen
- Cerebrovascular Disease Department, People's 115 Hospital
- Pham Ngoc Thach University of MedicineHo Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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13
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Jun M, Scaria A, Andrade J, Badve SV, Birks P, Bota SE, Campain A, Djurdjev O, Garg AX, Ha J, Harel Z, Hemmelgarn B, Hockham C, James MT, Jardine MJ, Levin A, McArthur E, Ravani P, Shao S, Sood MM, Tan Z, Tangri N, Whitlock R, Gallagher M. Kidney function and the comparative effectiveness and safety of direct oral anticoagulants vs. warfarin in adults with atrial fibrillation: a multicenter observational study. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. QUALITY OF CARE & CLINICAL OUTCOMES 2023; 9:621-631. [PMID: 36302143 DOI: 10.1093/ehjqcco/qcac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to determine the comparative effectiveness and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and warfarin in adults with atrial fibrillation (AF) by level of kidney function. METHODS AND RESULTS We pooled findings from five retrospective cohorts (2011-18) across Australia and Canada of adults with; a new dispensation for a DOAC or warfarin, an AF diagnosis, and a measure of baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The outcomes of interest, within 1 year from the cohort entry date, were: (1) the composite of all-cause death, first hospitalization for ischaemic stroke, or transient ischaemic attack (effectiveness), and (2) first hospitalization for major bleeding defined as an intracranial, upper or lower gastrointestinal, or other bleeding (safety). Cox models were used to examine the association of a DOAC vs. warfarin with outcomes, after 1:1 matching via a propensity score. Kidney function was categorized as eGFR ≥60, 45-59, 30-44, and <30 mL/min/1.73 m2. A total of 74 542 patients were included in the matched analysis. DOAC initiation was associated with greater or similar effectiveness compared with warfarin initiation across all eGFR categories [pooled HRs (95% CIs) for eGFR categories: 0.74(0.69-0.79), 0.76(0.54-1.07), 0.68(0.61-0.75) and 0.86(0.76-0.98)], respectively. DOAC initiation was associated with lower or similar risk of major bleeding than warfarin initiation [pooled HRs (95% CIs): 0.75(0.65-0.86), 0.81(0.65-1.01), 0.82(0.66-1.02), and 0.71(0.52-0.99), respectively). Associations between DOAC initiation, compared with warfarin initiation, and study outcomes were not modified by eGFR category. CONCLUSION DOAC use, compared with warfarin use, was associated with a lower or similar risk of all-cause death, ischaemic stroke, and transient ischaemic attack and also a lower or similar risk of major bleeding across all levels of kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jun
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - Anish Scaria
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - Jason Andrade
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sunil V Badve
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - Peter Birks
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Anna Campain
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
| | | | - Amit X Garg
- ICES, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Ha
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - Ziv Harel
- Division of Nephrology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brenda Hemmelgarn
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Carinna Hockham
- The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew T James
- Cumming School of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Meg J Jardine
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adeera Levin
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Renal, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Pietro Ravani
- Cumming School of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada
| | | | - Manish M Sood
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Zhi Tan
- Cumming School of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada
| | - Navdeep Tangri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Seven Oaks Hospital Chronic Disease Innovation Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Reid Whitlock
- Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Seven Oaks Hospital Chronic Disease Innovation Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Martin Gallagher
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
- Liverpool Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSWAustralia
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14
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Luo X, Saleem A, Shafique U, Sarwar S, Ullah K, Imran M, Zeb A, Din FU. Rivaroxaban-loaded SLNs with treatment potential of deep vein thrombosis: in-vitro, in-vivo, and toxicity evaluation. Pharm Dev Technol 2023; 28:625-637. [PMID: 37366661 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2023.2231069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rivaroxaban (RXB), a novel Xa inhibitor having groundbreaking therapeutic potential. However, this drug is associated with few limitations, including its pharmacokinetics related toxicities. Here, we developed RXB-loaded SLNs (RXB-SLNs) to improve its biopharmaceutical profile. Methods: High pressure homogenizer was used to prepare RXB-SLNs, followed by their particle characterization, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Dynamic light scattering (DSC), and Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis. Beside this, in-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo evaluation, prothrombin time assessment and toxicity was investigated. RESULTS RXB-SLNs had their particle size in nano range (99.1 ± 5.50 nm) with excellent morphology and low polydispersity index (0.402 ± 0.02) and suitable zeta potential (-25.9 ± 1.4 mV). The incorporation efficiency was observed around 95.9 ± 3.9%. In-vitro release profiles of the RXB-SLNs exhibited enhanced dissolution (89 ± 9.91%) as compared to pure drug (11 ± 1.43%) after 24 h of the study. PK study demonstrated a seven times enhanced bioavailability of RXB-SLNs when compared with pure drug. Furthermore, RXB-SLNs exhibited an expressive anti-coagulant behavior in human and rat blood plasma. Also, the final formulation exhibited no toxicity after oral administration of the SLNs. CONCLUSIONS All together, these studies revealed the capability of the SLNs for carrying the RXB with enhanced therapeutic efficacy and no toxicity, most importantly for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Mianzhu Peoples Hospital of Sichuan, Mianzhu, Sichuan, China
| | - Aiman Saleem
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Uswa Shafique
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Sarwar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kalim Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Alam Zeb
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fakhar Ud Din
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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15
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Ricottini E, Giannone S, Melfi R, Nusca A, Mangiacapra F, Gallo P, Cocco N, Rinaldi R, Ussia GP, Grigioni F. Impact of oral anticoagulant regimens on occurrence of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty. Coron Artery Dis 2023; 34:372-373. [PMID: 37335222 DOI: 10.1097/mca.0000000000001258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Ricottini
- Area di Cardiologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Roma, Italy
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16
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Armentaro G, D’Arrigo G, Bo M, Cassano V, Miceli S, Pitino A, Tripepi G, Romeo SMG, Sesti G, Lip GYH, Pastori D, Gori M, Sciacqua A. Medium-term and long-term renal function changes with direct oral anticoagulants in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1210560. [PMID: 37469870 PMCID: PMC10352777 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1210560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Atrial Fibrillation (AF) and chronic kidney disease frequently coexist in the elderly. Warfarin-like drugs (WLDs) may be associated with a relatively greater decrease of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as compared to direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), but there is no evidence on the medium- and long-term changes. To further elucidate this issue in elderly patients with AF, we investigated the renal function deterioration in the two groups of the study (DOACs or WLDs). Patients and Methods: A total of 420 AF patients were enrolled (mean age: 77.0 ± 6.0 years; 136 on WLDs and 284 on DOACs). These patients underwent three eGFR measurements during the follow-up period. The between-arms difference of eGFR decline over time was investigated by Linear Mixed Models and group-based trajectory model analyses. Results: In the whole study cohort, after a median follow-up of 4.9 years (interquartile range: 2.7-7.0 years), eGFR decreased from 67.4 ± 18.2 to 47.1 ± 14.3 mL/min/1.73 m2 (p < 0.001). Remarkably, patients on DOACs experienced a significantly smaller eGFR decline than WLDs patients (-21.3% vs. -45.1%, p < 0.001) and this was true both in the medium-term (-6.6 vs. -19.9 mL/min/1.73 m2) and in the long-term (-13.5 versus -34.2 mL/min/1.73 m2) period. After stratification into five subgroups according to trajectories of renal function decline over time, logistic regression showed that DOACs patients had from 3.03 to 4.24-fold greater likelihood to belong to the trajectory with less marked eGFR decline over time than WLDs patients. Conclusion: Elderly patients with AF on treatment with DOACs had a relatively smaller decline of eGFR over time compared to those on treatment with WLDs. This is consistent with what was partly reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Armentaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Graziella D’Arrigo
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC-CNR), Section of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Mario Bo
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Molinette Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Velia Cassano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sofia Miceli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pitino
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC-CNR), Section of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tripepi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC-CNR), Section of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Sesti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University Rome-Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Gregory Y. H. Lip
- Department of Clinical MedicineAalborg University, Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, Denmark
| | - Daniele Pastori
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mercedes Gori
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC-CNR), Section of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Sciacqua
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Simic J, Mihajlovic M, Zec N, Kovacevic V, Marinkovic M, Mujovic N, Potpara T. The impact of anticoagulation therapy on kidney function in patients with atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2023; 21:937-945. [PMID: 37842943 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2023.2270909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Atrial fibrillation (AF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are closely related. These diseases share common risk factors and are associated with increased risk of thromboembolic events. Choosing the appropriate oral anticoagulant therapy (OAC) in patients with AF and CKD is challenging. Deterioration of renal function is common in patients with AF treated with OACs, although not all OACs affect the kidneys equally. AREAS COVERED In this review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge of the prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with AF and CKD, focusing on the impact of specific OAC agents on renal function. EXPERT OPINION Consideration of OAC use is mandatory in patients with AF and CKD who are at increased risk of stroke or systemic embolism. Available evidence suggests that the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) is associated with slower deterioration of renal function in comparison to Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). Hence, a NOAC should be used in preference to VKAs in all NOAC-eligible patients with AF and CKD. Regarding patients with end-stage renal dysfunction and those on dialysis or renal replacement therapy, the use of NOAC should be considered in line with locally relevant formal recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Simic
- Cardiology Clinic, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Nevena Zec
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladan Kovacevic
- Cardiology Clinic, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Marinkovic
- Cardiology Clinic, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Mujovic
- Cardiology Clinic, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Potpara
- Cardiology Clinic, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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18
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Dhaese SAM, De Vriese AS. Oral Anticoagulation in Patients With Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease and Atrial Fibrillation: Beyond Anticoagulation. Mayo Clin Proc 2023; 98:750-770. [PMID: 37028979 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
The optimal approach to prevent stroke and systemic embolism in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) and atrial fibrillation remains unresolved. We conducted a narrative review to explore areas of uncertainty and opportunities for future research. First, the relationship between atrial fibrillation and stroke is more complex in patients with advanced CKD than in the general population. The currently employed risk stratification tools do not adequately discriminate between patients deriving a net benefit and those suffering a net harm from oral anticoagulation. Anticoagulation initiation should probably be more restrictive than is currently advocated by official guidelines. Recent evidence reveals that the superior benefit-risk profile of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) vs vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) observed in the general population and in moderate CKD can be extended to advanced CKD. The NOACs yield better protection against stroke, cause less major bleeding, are associated with less acute kidney injury and a slower decline of CKD, and are associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular events than VKAs. The VKAs may be harmful in CKD patients, in particular in patients with a high bleeding risk and labile international normalized ratio. The better safety and efficacy of NOACs as opposed to VKAs may be particularly evident in advanced CKD as a result of better on-target anticoagulation with NOACs, harmful off-target vascular effects of VKAs, and beneficial off-target vascular effects of NOACs. The intrinsic vasculoprotective effects of NOACs are supported by animal experimental evidence as well as by findings of large clinical trials and may result in use of NOACs beyond their anticoagulant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie A M Dhaese
- Division of Nephrology and Infectious Diseases, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge, Brugge, Belgium, and Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An S De Vriese
- Division of Nephrology and Infectious Diseases, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge, Brugge, Belgium, and Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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19
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Trevisan M, Hjemdahl P, Clase CM, de Jong Y, Evans M, Bellocco R, Fu EL, Carrero JJ. Cardiorenal Outcomes Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Treated With Oral Anticoagulants. Am J Kidney Dis 2023; 81:307-317.e1. [PMID: 36208798 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have progressively replaced vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF). DOACs cause fewer bleeding complications, but their other advantages, particularly related to kidney outcomes, remain inconclusive. We studied the risks of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression and acute kidney injury (AKI) after DOAC and VKA administration for nonvalvular AF. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS Cohort study of Swedish patients enrolled in the Stockholm Creatinine Measurements (SCREAM) project with a diagnosis of nonvalvular AF during 2011-2018. EXPOSURE Initiation of DOAC or VKA treatment. OUTCOME Primary outcomes were CKD progression (composite of >30% estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] decline and kidney failure) and AKI (by diagnosis or KDIGO-defined transient creatinine elevations). Secondary outcomes were death, major bleeding, and the composite of stroke and systemic embolism. ANALYTICAL APPROACH Propensity score weighted Cox regression was used to balance 50 baseline confounders. Sensitivity analyses included falsification end points, subgroups, and estimation of per-protocol effects. RESULTS We included 32,699 patients (56% initiated DOAC) who were observed for a median of 3.8 years. Their median age was 75 years, 45% were women, and 27% had an eGFR <60mL/min/1.73m2. The adjusted HRs for DOAC versus VKA were 0.87 (95% CI, 0.78-0.98) for the risk of CKD progression and 0.88 (95% CI, 0.80-0.97) for AKI. HRs were 0.77 (95% CI, 0.67-0.89) for major bleeding, 0.93 (95% CI, 0.78-1.11) for the composite of stroke and systemic embolism, and 1.04 (95% CI, 0.95-1.14) for death. The results were similar across subgroups of age, sex, and baseline eGFR when restricting to patients at high risk for thromboembolic events and when censoring follow up at treatment discontinuation or change in type of anticoagulation. LIMITATIONS Missing information on time in therapeutic range and treatment dosages. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with nonvalvular AF treated in routine clinical practice compared with VKA use, DOAC use was associated with a lower risk of CKD progression, AKI, and major bleeding but a similar risk of the composite of stroke, systemic embolism, or death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Trevisan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Campus Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul Hjemdahl
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit/Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catherine M Clase
- Department of Medicine and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ype de Jong
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Evans
- Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology, Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska University, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Rino Bellocco
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Campus Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Edouard L Fu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Campus Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Juan Jesus Carrero
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Campus Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Nephrology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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20
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Research progress of nephrotic syndrome accompanied by thromboembolism. Int Urol Nephrol 2023:10.1007/s11255-023-03474-8. [PMID: 36757656 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Thromboembolism (TE) is a common and serious complication of nephrotic syndrome (NS). NS is associated with hypercoagulability, which may be induced by changes in coagulation, anticoagulant, and fibrinolytic factors. Moreover, accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that the complex interactions between genetic and acquired risk factors in TE should be considered and that genetic susceptibility should not be ignored. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) also play unique roles. Further research on EVs may provide new insights into the discovery and treatment of TE associated with NS. The occurrence of NS accompanied by TE may be associated with various risk factors. Preventive anticoagulant therapy can not only reduce the risk of TE in patients but also aggravate the risk of bleeding. Heparin and vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), traditional anticoagulant drugs, have been extensively applied in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic diseases, and emerging direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) also provide an alternative choice. Owing to the particularity of NS, the safe application of DOACs still needs to be addressed. This review aimed to comprehensively describe the pathophysiology of TE in NS, as well as analyze the associated risk factors, the opportunity for preventive anticoagulation, and current anticoagulant information.
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21
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Montomoli M, Roca L, Rivera M, Fernandez-Prado R, Redondo B, Camacho R, Moyano C, Pampa S, Gonzalez A, Casas J, Kislikova M, Sanchez Horrillo A, Cabrera Cárdena A, Quiroga B, Rabasco C, Piqueras S, Suso A, Reque J, Villa J, Ojeda R, Arroyo D. Oral Anticoagulation in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation: The FAERC Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10122566. [PMID: 36554089 PMCID: PMC9778700 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10122566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and its presence is associated with a higher risk of stroke and mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODS The FAERC study performed a retrospective multicentre analysis of historical cohorts in which data were collected from arrhythmia diagnosis onwards. RESULTS We analysed a Spanish cohort of 4749 patients with CKD (mean eGFR 33.9 mL/min) followed up in the nephrology clinic, observing a 12.2% prevalence of non-valvular AF. In total, 98.6% of these patients were receiving anticoagulant treatment, mainly with coumarins (79.7%). Using direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) was associated with fewer cerebrovascular events than using acenocoumarol, but in contrast with other studies, we could not corroborate the association of risk of bleeding, coronary events, or death with a type of anticoagulant prescribed. CONCLUSIONS Atrial fibrillation is highly prevalent in renal patients. Direct-acting anticoagulants seem to be associated with fewer ischemic-embolic complications, with no differences in bleeding, coronary events, or mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Montomoli
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Lourdes Roca
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Plana, 12540 Villarreal, Spain
| | - Mariana Rivera
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Macarena, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Raul Fernandez-Prado
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Redondo
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, 48903 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Rosa Camacho
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, 28914 Leganes, Spain
| | - Cayetana Moyano
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Saul Pampa
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Angela Gonzalez
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Casas
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Comarcal Francesc de Borja, 46702 Gandía, Spain
| | - Maria Kislikova
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain
| | - Ana Sanchez Horrillo
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Borja Quiroga
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Rabasco
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sara Piqueras
- Nephrology Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Andrea Suso
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, 28914 Leganes, Spain
| | - Javier Reque
- Nephrology Department, Hospital General Universitario de Castellón, 12004 Castelló, Spain
| | - Juan Villa
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario de Badajoz, 06080 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Raquel Ojeda
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - David Arroyo
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
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22
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Hammett C, Badve SV, Kerr PG, Tran HA, Dundon BK, Lo S, Wong A, Joseph JE, Deague J, Perkovic V. Oral Anticoagulant Use in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review of the Evidence With Recommendations for Australian Clinical Practice. Heart Lung Circ 2022; 31:1604-1611. [PMID: 36336614 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is common in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and is associated with heightened risks of stroke/systemic embolisation and bleeding. In this review we outline the evidence for AF stroke prevention in kidney disease, identify current knowledge gaps, and give recommendations for anticoagulation at various stages of chronic kidney disease. Overall, anticoagulation is underused. Warfarin use becomes increasingly difficult with advancing kidney disease, with difficulty maintaining international normalised ratio (INR) in therapeutic range, increased risk of intracranial and fatal bleeding compared to non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs), and high rates of discontinuation. Similarly, the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran is not recommended as it is predominantly renally excreted with consequent increased plasma levels and bleeding risk with advanced kidney disease. The Factor Xa inhibitors apixaban and rivaroxaban have less renal excretion (25-35%), modest increases in plasma levels with advancing kidney disease, and are the preferred first line choice for anticoagulation in moderate kidney disease based on strong evidence from randomised clinical trials (RCTs). In severe kidney disease there is a paucity of RCT data, but extrapolation of the pharmacokinetic and RCT data for moderate kidney disease, and observational studies, support the considered use of dose-adjusted Factor Xa inhibitors unless the bleeding risk is prohibitive. In Australia, apixaban is approved for creatinine clearance down to 25 mL/min, and rivaroxaban down to 15 mL/min. For end-stage kidney disease warfarin is the only agent approved, but we recommend against anticoagulation (except in selected cases) due to high bleeding risk, multiple co-morbidities, and questionable benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil V Badve
- Department of Nephrology, St George Hospital, and Renal and Metabolic Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter G Kerr
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre and Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Huyen A Tran
- The Alfred Hospital & Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Benjamin K Dundon
- MonashHeart, Monash Health and Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Sidney Lo
- Liverpool Hospital, SouthWest Sydney Local Health District and University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Wong
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital and The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | | | | | - Vlado Perkovic
- Royal North Shore Hospital and The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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23
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Camm AJ, Sabbour H, Schnell O, Summaria F, Verma A. Managing thrombotic risk in patients with diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:160. [PMID: 35996159 PMCID: PMC9396895 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that diabetes is a prominent risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) events. The level of CV risk depends on the type and duration of diabetes, age and additional co-morbidities. Diabetes is an independent risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF) and is frequently observed in patients with AF, which further increases their risk of stroke associated with this cardiac arrhythmia. Nearly one third of patients with diabetes globally have CV disease (CVD). Additionally, co-morbid AF and coronary artery disease are more frequently observed in patients with diabetes than the general population, further increasing the already high CV risk of these patients. To protect against thromboembolic events in patients with diabetes and AF or established CVD, guidelines recommend optimal CV risk factor control, including oral anticoagulation treatment. However, patients with diabetes exist in a prothrombotic and inflammatory state. Greater clinical benefit may therefore be seen with the use of stronger antithrombotic agents or innovative drug combinations in high-risk patients with diabetes, such as those who have concomitant AF or established CVD. In this review, we discuss CV risk management strategies in patients with diabetes and concomitant vascular disease, stroke prevention regimens in patients with diabetes and AF and how worsening renal function in these patients may complicate these approaches. Accumulating evidence from clinical trials and real-world evidence show a benefit to the administration of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with diabetes and AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- A John Camm
- Division of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, Cranmer Terrace, SW17 0RE, UK.
| | - Hani Sabbour
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Oliver Schnell
- Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Atul Verma
- Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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24
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Xu Y, Chang AR, Inker LA, McAdams‐DeMarco M, Grams ME, Shin J. Concomitant Use of Diltiazem With Direct Oral Anticoagulants and Bleeding Risk in Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e025723. [PMID: 35861836 PMCID: PMC9707838 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.025723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Diltiazem, a moderate cytochrome P450 3A4 isozyme/P-glycoprotein inhibitor, may potentiate the bleeding risk of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) through pharmacokinetic interactions. We evaluated the association between concomitant use of diltiazem with DOACs and bleeding among patients with atrial fibrillation, across varying degrees of kidney function. Methods and Results We identified 4544 patients with atrial fibrillation who were initiated on rivaroxaban (n=1583), apixaban (n=2373), or dabigatran (n=588), between 2010 and 2019 in Geisinger Health, with a mean age of 72 years and an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 70 mL/min per 1.73 m2. At the time of DOAC initiation, 15% patients were taking diltiazem and an additional 5% were initiated on diltiazem during follow-up. Among DOAC users, using diltiazem concurrently (versus DOAC alone) was associated with an increased risk of any bleeding-related hospitalization (unadjusted risk difference, 2.4; 95% CI, 0.6-4.2 events per 100 person-years; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.56, 95% CI, 1.15-2.12), as well as major bleeding (unadjusted risk difference, 1.4 [95% CI, 0.1-2.6 events per 100 person-years]; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.84 [95% CI, 1.18-2.85]). Increased risk of any/major bleeding with diltiazem was observed in both patients with and without CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2) (P for interaction=0.524 and 0.629, respectively). Among 13 179 warfarin users (the negative control), concomitant diltiazem use was not associated with bleeding. Conclusions Concomitant use of diltiazem with DOACs was associated with a higher bleeding risk in patients with atrial fibrillation, consistently in both subgroups of chronic kidney disease and non-chronic kidney disease. For DOAC users, concomitant diltiazem should be prescribed only when the benefit outweighs the risk, with close monitoring for signs of bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwen Xu
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMD
| | - Alex R. Chang
- Division of NephrologyGeisinger Health SystemDanvillePA
| | - Lesley A. Inker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal MedicineTufts Medical CenterBostonMA
| | - Mara McAdams‐DeMarco
- Department of SurgeryNew York University Grossman School of Medicine and Langone HealthNew YorkNY
- Department of Population HealthNew York University Grossman School of Medicine and Langone HealthNew YorkNY
| | - Morgan E. Grams
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMD
- Department of Population HealthNew York University Grossman School of Medicine and Langone HealthNew YorkNY
- Department of MedicineNew York University Grossman School of Medicine and Langone HealthNew YorkNY
| | - Jung‐Im Shin
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMD
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25
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Vaitsiakhovich T, Coleman CI, Kleinjung F, Vardar B, Schaefer B. Worsening of kidney function in patients with atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease: evidence from the real-world CALLIPER study. Curr Med Res Opin 2022; 38:937-945. [PMID: 35392744 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2022.2061705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence is needed on the impact of anticoagulation therapy on kidney function in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The objective of this analysis, which is part of the CALLIPER study, was to investigate the risk of worsening kidney function with rivaroxaban 15 mg once daily compared with warfarin in patients with AF and moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) in routine clinical practice in the United States. METHODS CALLIPER was an observational, retrospective, new-user cohort study. Adult patients with AF in the US IBM Watson MarketScan databases who newly initiated anticoagulation with rivaroxaban 15 mg once daily or warfarin between January 2013 and December 2017 were included. Comparative analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazards regression after adjustment for potential confounding by the stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting approach and propensity score matching. One of the main study outcomes was worsening kidney function (composite of progression to CKD stage 5, kidney failure, or need for dialysis), besides traditional AF-related outcomes. RESULTS The cohort included 7368 patients: 5903 (80.1%) initiating warfarin and 1465 (19.9%) initiating rivaroxaban 15 mg once daily. Rivaroxaban 15 mg was associated with a significant 47% reduction in the risk of worsening kidney function versus warfarin (hazard ratio 0.53; 95% confidence interval 0.35-0.78). Similar results were observed in the subgroup of patients with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Rivaroxaban 15 mg may be associated with a lower risk of worsening kidney function as compared with warfarin in the atrial fibrillation population with moderate-to-severe CKD. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03359876.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig I Coleman
- School of Pharmacy, Hartford Hospital, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, USA
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26
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Magnocavallo M, Vetta G, Trivigno S, Mariani MV, DI Lullo L, Bellasi A, Della Rocca DG, Severino P, Piro A, Giunta G, Quaglione R, Lavalle C. The Connubium among diabetes, chronic kidney disease and atrial fibrillation. Minerva Cardiol Angiol 2022; 70:393-402. [PMID: 35212508 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5683.22.05891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The burden of cardiovascular comorbid conditions was significantly higher in patients with Atrial Fibrillation (AF); most of them are affected by hypertension, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and/or Diabetes Mellitus (DM). DM represents a well-known risk factor for the development and maintenance of AF; the coexistence of DM and AF is also associated with an increased risk of mortality and stroke. Moreover, DM is currently the main cause of renal impairment and the leading cause of dialysis in the world. The hyperglycemia is responsible for inducing redox imbalance and both systemic and intrarenal inflammation, playing a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. Long-term thromboembolic preventive therapy in AF patients with DM and CKD may be more challenging because both DM and CKD have been independently associated with an increased thromboembolic and bleeding risk, which results from the prothrombotic and pro-inflammatory status. Vitamin K Antagonists (VKAs) are characterized by numerous critical issues such as a narrow therapeutic window, increased tissue calcification and an unfavourable risk/benefit ratio with low stroke prevention effect and augmented risk of major bleeding. On the other hand, Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) are currently contraindicated in dialysis patients even if mounting evidence suggests that they may have a nephroprotective role in AF patients with DM and CKD. Consequently, the choice of anticoagulant therapy in this setting of patient seems to be very challenging. The aim of this review is to investigate the role of DOACs in diabetic patients and its nephroprotective role by reviewing the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Magnocavallo
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrology, Anaesthesiology and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Vetta
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrology, Anaesthesiology and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Trivigno
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrology, Anaesthesiology and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco V Mariani
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrology, Anaesthesiology and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca DI Lullo
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, L. Parodi - Delfino Hospital, Colleferro, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Bellasi
- Innovation and Brand Reputation Unit, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Severino
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrology, Anaesthesiology and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Agostino Piro
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrology, Anaesthesiology and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giunta
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrology, Anaesthesiology and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Quaglione
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrology, Anaesthesiology and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Lavalle
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrology, Anaesthesiology and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy -
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27
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Pérez AG, Balabanova Y, Sáez ME, Brobert G, García Rodríguez LA. Renal decline in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation treated with rivaroxaban or warfarin: A population-based study from the United Kingdom. Int J Cardiol 2022; 352:165-171. [PMID: 35122912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports suggest that renal decline is greater among patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) treated chronically with warfarin vs. some non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. METHODS AND RESULTS Using primary care electronic health records from the United Kingdom we followed adults with NVAF and who started rivaroxaban (20 mg/day, N = 5338) or warfarin (N = 6314), excluding those with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <50 ml/min/1.73m2, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or no eGFR or serum creatinine (SCr) values recorded in the previous year. Outcomes were: doubling SCr levels, ≥30% decline in eGFR and progression to ESRD. We calculated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each outcome. Average eGFR slope was estimated using mixed model regression. After a mean follow-up 2.5 years, the number of incident cases of adverse renal events within the two cohorts was: doubling SCr (n = 322), ≥30% decline in eGFR (n = 1179), and progression to ESRD (n = 22). Adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for the renal outcomes among rivaroxaban vs. warfarin users were: doubling SCr, 0.63 (0.49-0.81); ≥30% decline in eGFR, 0.76 (0.67-0.86); ESRD, 0.77 (0.29-2.04). Similar results were observed among patients with diabetes or heart failure. Estimated mean decline in renal function over the study period was 2.03 ml/min/1.73 m2/year among warfarin users and 1.65 ml/min/1.73 m2/year among rivaroxaban users (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS We found clear evidence that patients with NVAF, preserved renal function at baseline and treated with rivaroxaban had a markedly reduced risk and rate of renal decline compared with those treated with warfarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio González Pérez
- Spanish Centre for Pharmacoepidemiologic Research (CEIFE), Madrid, Spain; Andalusian Bioinformatics Research Centre (CAEBi), Seville, Spain; Pharmacoepidemiology Research Group, Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - María E Sáez
- Spanish Centre for Pharmacoepidemiologic Research (CEIFE), Madrid, Spain; Andalusian Bioinformatics Research Centre (CAEBi), Seville, Spain
| | - Gunnar Brobert
- Integrated Evidence Generation, Bayer AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
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28
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Sakai T, Motoki H, Fuchida A, Takeuchi T, Otagiri K, Kanai M, Kimura K, Minamisawa M, Yoshie K, Saigusa T, Ebisawa S, Okada A, Kitabayashi H, Kuwahara K. Comparison of prognostic impact of anticoagulants in heart failure patients with atrial fibrillation and renal dysfunction: direct oral anticoagulants versus vitamin K antagonists. Heart Vessels 2022; 37:1232-1241. [PMID: 35064298 PMCID: PMC9142422 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-022-02027-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAlthough high thromboembolic risk was assumed in elderly patients with heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF), inadequate control of prothrombin time/international normalized ratio was often observed in patients using vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). We hypothesized that patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) would have a better outcome than those treated with VKAs. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacies of DOACs and VKAs in elderly patients with HF and AF. We retrospectively analyzed data from a multicenter, prospective observational cohort study. A total of 1036 patients who were hospitalized for acute decompensated HF were enrolled. We assessed 329 patients aged > 65 years who had non-valvular AF and divided them into 2 groups according to the anticoagulant therapy they received. A subgroup analysis was performed using renal dysfunction based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; mL/min/1.73 m2). The primary outcome was all-cause mortality, and the secondary outcomes were non-cardiovascular death or stroke. The median follow-up period was 730 days (range 334–1194 days). The primary outcome was observed in 84 patients; non-cardiovascular death, in 25 patients; and stroke, in 14 patients. The Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that all-cause mortality was significantly lower in the DOAC group than in the VKA group (log-rank p = 0.033), whereas the incidence rates of non-cardiovascular death (log-rank p = 0.171) and stroke (log-rank p = 0.703) were not significantly different in the crude population. DOAC therapy was not associated with lower mortality in the crude population (log-rank p = 0.146) and in the eGFR ≥ 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 subgroup (log-rank p = 0.580). However, DOAC therapy was independently associated with lower mortality after adjustments for age, diabetes mellitus, and albumin level (hazard ratio, 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.30–0.99; p = 0.045) in the eGFR < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 subgroup. Compared with VKA therapy, DOAC therapy was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality in the elderly HF patients with AF and renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sakai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ina Central Hospital, Ina, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Motoki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Aya Fuchida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ina Central Hospital, Ina, Japan
| | - Takahiro Takeuchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ina Central Hospital, Ina, Japan
| | - Kyuhachi Otagiri
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ina Central Hospital, Ina, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kanai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Minamisawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Koji Yoshie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Saigusa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ebisawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Ayako Okada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | | | - Koichiro Kuwahara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
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Huang WC, Wang MT, Lai TS, Lee KH, Shao SC, Chen CH, Su CH, Chen YT, Sung JM, Chen YC. Nephrotoxins and acute kidney injury - The consensus of the Taiwan acute kidney injury Task Force. J Formos Med Assoc 2022; 121:886-895. [PMID: 34998658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Taiwan Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Task Force conducted a review of data and developed a consensus regarding nephrotoxins and AKI. This consensus covers: (1) contrast-associated AKI; (2) drug-induced nephrotoxicity; (3) prevention of drug-associated AKI; (4) follow up after AKI; (5) re-initiation of medication after AKI. Strategies for the avoidance of contrast media related AKI, including peri-procedural hydration, sodium bicarbonate solutions, oral N-acetylcysteine, and iso-osmolar/low-osmolar non-ionic iodinated contrast media have been recommended, given the respective evidence levels. Regarding anticoagulants, both warfarin and new oral anticoagulants have potential nephrotoxicity, and dosage should be reduced if renal pathology exam proves renal injury. Recommended strategies to prevent drug related AKI have included assessment of 5R/(6R) reactions - risk, recognition, response, renal support, rehabilitation and (research), use of AKI alert system and computerized decision support. In terms of antibiotics-associated AKI, avoiding concomitant administration of vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam, monitoring vancomycin trough level, switching from vancomycin to teicoplanin in high-risk patients, and replacing conventional amphotericin B with lipid-based amphotericin B have been shown to reduce drug related AKI. With respect to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug associated AKI, it is recommended to use these drugs cautiously in the elderly and in patients receiving renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors/diuretics triple combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Physical Therapy, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Tzu Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Shuan Lai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hua Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Shao
- Department of Pharmacy, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hao Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Ting Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Junne-Ming Sung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chang Chen
- Division of Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan.
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Lee WC, Lee PW, Wu PJ, Fang YN, Chen HC, Lin YS, Fang HY, Chang SH, Liu PY, Chen MC. The impact on renal function after long-term use of anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation patients. Thromb J 2021; 19:98. [PMID: 34895253 PMCID: PMC8666070 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-021-00351-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long-term oral anticoagulant should be considered or recommended in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and CHA2DS2VASc score ≥ 1 for stroke prevention. Warfarin and different direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are metabolized differently by the kidney. The impact on renal function after long-term use of anticoagulants in the patients with AF remains unclear. This study aimed to compare DOACs and warfarin's impact on the decline in renal function from a large cohort with AF. METHODS This study included patients with nonvalvular AF from 2000 to 2018, mainly through the medical history (ICD code) of the Chang Gung Research Database. Baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), follow-up eGFR and the change in eGFR between 2-year eGFR and baseline eGFR were compared between different DOACs and warfarin after propensity score matching. The primary study endpoint was acute kidney injury (AKI). RESULTS 3657 patients were enrolled in this study and the mean observation time was 3.3 ± 0.9 years. During the observation period, there was a significantly higher incidence of AKI during follow-up in the warfarin group than in the different DOAC groups before and after propensity score matching (before: warfarin vs. DOAC: 9.2% vs. 5.2%, p < 0.001; after: warfarin vs. DOAC: 8.9% vs. 4.4%, p < 0.001). There was no difference in the incidence of AKI between dabigatran group and anti-factor Xa inhibitor group after propensity score matching. The incidence of AKI was similar among rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban groups after propensity score matching. The change in eGFR between 2-year eGFR and baseline eGFR did not differ between the warfarin and DOAC groups after propensity score matching (warfarin vs. DOAC: - 1.27 ± 20.32 vs. -1.94 ± 17.24 mL/min/1.73 m2, p = 0.461). CONCLUSIONS During the mean observation time of 3.3 ± 0.9 years, warfarin was associated with a higher incidence of AKI compared with DOACs. The decline in renal function did not differ among warfarin and different DOAC groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chieh Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung District, Kaohsiung City, 83301, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Wei Lee
- Center for Big Data Analytics and Statistics, Chang-Gung University and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jui Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung District, Kaohsiung City, 83301, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Nan Fang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung District, Kaohsiung City, 83301, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Chung Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung District, Kaohsiung City, 83301, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Yu Fang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung District, Kaohsiung City, 83301, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hung Chang
- Center for Big Data Analytics and Statistics, Chang-Gung University and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Yen Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Mien-Cheng Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung District, Kaohsiung City, 83301, Taiwan.
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Yin O, Kakkar T, Duggal A, Kotsuma M, Shi M, Lanz H, Grosso MA. Edoxaban Exposure in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Estimated Creatinine Clearance Exceeding 100 mL/min. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2021; 11:666-674. [PMID: 34877813 PMCID: PMC9299591 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Edoxaban 60 mg is approved for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) not fulfilling any dose‐reduction criteria. As edoxaban is partially renally cleared (≈50%), this study compared pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics of edoxaban 60 mg once daily with edoxaban 75 mg once daily in patients with AF with high renal clearance (creatinine clearance > 100 mL/min) over 12 months. Primary PK and pharmacodynamics end points were plasma edoxaban exposure and anti–factor Xa (FXa) concentration. A population PK model estimated edoxaban exposure at steady state. Efficacy and safety outcomes included composites of stroke, transient ischemic attack, systemic embolism, and major and clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding. Of 607 patients, 303 and 304 were randomized to edoxaban 60 and 75 mg, respectively. Edoxaban 75 mg provided ≈25% higher exposure than 60 mg. This increase was accurately depicted in the population PK model; anti–factor Xa concentration correlated with edoxaban exposure. Rates of composite and individual outcomes were similarly low between doses. In conclusion, the 25% increase in edoxaban dose (60‐75 mg) resulted in ≈25% exposure increase in the 75‐mg group. Higher exposure was not associated with reduced stroke risk in patients with AF with high renal clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophelia Yin
- Daiichi Sankyo Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Anil Duggal
- Daiichi Sankyo Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Minggao Shi
- Daiichi Sankyo Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hans Lanz
- Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH, Munich, Germany
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Cases A, Gomez P, Broseta JJ, Perez Bernat E, Arjona Barrionuevo JDD, Portolés JM, Gorriz JL. Non-valvular Atrial Fibrillation in CKD: Role of Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants. A Narrative Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:654620. [PMID: 34604247 PMCID: PMC8484537 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.654620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in chronic kidney disease (CKD), with a close bidirectional relationship between the two entities. The presence of CKD in AF increases the risk of thromboembolic events, mortality and bleeding. Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) have been the mainstay of treatment for the prevention of thromboembolic events in AF until recently, with confirmed benefits in AF patients with stage 3 CKD. However, the risk-benefit profile of VKA in patients with AF and stages 4-5 CKD is controversial due to the lack of evidence from randomized controlled trials. Treatment with VKA in CKD patients has been associated with conditions such as poorer anticoagulation quality, increased risk of bleeding, faster progression of vascular/valvular calcification and higher risk of calciphylaxis. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have shown equal or greater efficacy in stroke/systemic embolism prevention, and a better safety profile than VKA in post-hoc analysis of the pivotal randomized controlled trials in patients with non-valvular AF and stage 3 CKD, yet evidence of its risk-benefit profile in more advanced stages of CKD is scarce. Observational studies associate DOACs with a good safety/effectiveness profile compared to VKA in non-dialysis CKD patients. Further, DOACs have been associated with a lower risk of acute kidney injury and CKD development/progression than VKA. This narrative review summarizes the evidence of the efficacy and safety of warfarin and DOACs in patients with AF at different CKD stages, as well as their effects on renal function, vascular/valvular calcification and bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Cases
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Gomez
- Unidad de Factores de Riesgo Vascular, Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario de Jerez, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Jose Luis Gorriz
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Clinico Universitario, Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
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Costa OS, O'Donnell B, Vardar B, Abdelgawwad K, Brescia CW, Sood N, Coleman CI. Kidney, limb and ophthalmic complications, and death in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and type 2 diabetes prescribed rivaroxaban or warfarin: an electronic health record analysis. Curr Med Res Opin 2021; 37:1493-1500. [PMID: 34166150 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2021.1947217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) and type 2 diabetes are at risk of kidney, limb, and ophthalmic complications. We evaluated the rate of these complications and death in patients with NVAF and type 2 diabetes prescribed rivaroxaban or warfarin. METHODS We analyzed Optum de-Identified electronic health record (EHR) data from 11/2010-12/2019. We included adults with NVAF and T2D newly initiated on rivaroxaban or warfarin with ≥12 months of prior EHR activity. Patients with another indication for anticoagulation, valve disease, history of end-stage renal disease, major adverse limb events (MALE), diabetic retinopathy or pregnancy were excluded. We evaluated the incidence rate of developing a composite outcome of >40% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration incidence rate (eGFR) from baseline, eGFR < 15 mL/minute/1.73 m2, need for dialysis or kidney transplant, MALE, diabetic retinopathy or death. Overlap weighting was used to balance baseline characteristics between cohorts while preserving sample size. Hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using propensity score-overlap weighted Cox regression. RESULTS We included 24,912 rivaroxaban and 58,270 warfarin users. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) CHA2DS2VASc score was 4.3 ± 1.5 and modified HASBLED score was 1.5 ± 0.8. Thirty percent of rivaroxaban patients were started on 15 mg once daily, with the rest prescribed 20 mg once daily. Warfarin patients had a mean time in therapeutic range of 47 ± 28%. Patients were followed for a mean of 2.89 ± 1.95 years. Rivaroxaban was associated with a reduced hazard of the composite outcome (HR = 0.93, 95%CI = 0.91-0.95; absolute risk reduction = 1.97 events per 1000 patient-years; number needed-to-treat = 51) versus warfarin. Rivaroxaban was also associated with significant reductions in the relative hazard of > 40% decrease in eGFR from baseline (HR = 0.96), need for dialysis or renal transplant (HR = 0.81), and limb revascularization or major amputation (HR = 0.85). Death occurred at a lower incidence rate with rivaroxaban (HR = 0.92, 95%CI = 0.89-0.95). CONCLUSIONS Rivaroxaban was associated with reduced incidence rates of kidney and limb complications, and death in NVAF patients with type 2 diabetes compared to warfarin. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04509193.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S Costa
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT, USA
- Evidence-Based Practice Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Bridget O'Donnell
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nitesh Sood
- Arrhythmia Services, Southcoast Health, Fall River, MA, USA
| | - Craig I Coleman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT, USA
- Evidence-Based Practice Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
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Chantrarat T, Hauythan S. The change of renal functions after nonvitamin K oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2021; 35:100844. [PMID: 34386573 PMCID: PMC8342949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2021.100844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oral anticoagulants decreased stroke and mortality in atrial fibrillation patients. There have been cumulative data suggesting that some oral anticoagulants may exert favorable renal outcomes.The aim of this study is to evaluate the renal outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation who took oral anticoagulant. METHODS A Retrospective cohort study using hospital electronic database. Serum creatinine and GFR were collected at baseline and at 1 and 2 years. RESULTS Authors identified 734 patients with non-valvular AF who took oral anticoagulants. At the end of 2-year, the cumulative risk of significant GFR decline (eGFR drop > 30%) was 10.94% in warfarin group and 9.69% in NOACs group.The incidence rate of significant eGFR decline were comparable between NOACs and warfarin group which were 4.82 and 5.34 per 100-patient year respectively(HR 1.01 CI 0.62-1.66 , p- value 0.964).However, the adjusted mean eGFR change per year was significantly lower in NOAC group, especially rivaroxaban (coefficient 7.83 ,CI 4.44 11.22 , p-value < 0.001) and dabigatran (coefficient 6.22 ,CI 2.67-9.77 , p-value = 0.001) at 2 years. CONCLUSIONS Significant GFR decline was not uncommon in non-valvular AF patients who received anticoagulant. Among these, the proportion of patients who had significant eGFR decline(>30%) were comparable between NOACs and warfarin at 2 years. However, there is a significantly less mean eGFR decline per year in patients who receive NOACs, notably with dabigatran and rivaroxaban, than those who receive warfarin.The findings of this study should be interpreted in the context of patients included in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoranis Chantrarat
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Phramongkutklao Hospital and College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sakolrat Hauythan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Phramongkutklao Hospital and College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
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Hernandez AV, Bradley G, Khan M, Fratoni A, Gasparini A, Roman YM, Bunz TJ, Eriksson D, Meinecke AK, Coleman CI. Rivaroxaban vs. warfarin and renal outcomes in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients with diabetes. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. QUALITY OF CARE & CLINICAL OUTCOMES 2021; 6:301-307. [PMID: 31432074 DOI: 10.1093/ehjqcco/qcz047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Vascular calcification is common in diabetic patients. Warfarin has been associated with renovascular calcification and worsening renal function; rivaroxaban may provide renopreservation by decreasing vascular inflammation. We compared the impact of rivaroxaban and warfarin on renal outcomes in diabetic patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). METHODS AND RESULTS Using United States IBM MarketScan data from January 2011 to December 2017, we identified adults with both NVAF and diabetes, newly-initiated on rivaroxaban or warfarin with ≥12-month insurance coverage prior to anticoagulation initiation. Patients with Stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) or undergoing haemodialysis at baseline were excluded. Differences in baseline covariates between cohorts were adjusted using inverse probability-of-treatment weighting (IPTW) based on propensity scores (absolute standardized differences <0.1 achieved for all after adjustment). Outcomes included incidence rates of emergency department/hospital admissions for acute kidney injury (AKI) and the composite of the development of Stage 5 CKD or need for haemodialysis. Patients were followed until an event, index anticoagulant discontinuation/switch, insurance disenrollment, or end-of-data availability. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox regression. We assessed 10 017 rivaroxaban (22.6% received a reduced dose) and 11 665 warfarin users. In comparison to warfarin, rivaroxaban was associated with lower risks of AKI (HR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.74-0.92) and development of Stage 5 CKD or need for haemodialysis (HR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.70-0.96). Sensitivity and subgroup analyses had similar effects as the base-case analysis. CONCLUSION Rivaroxaban appears to be associated with lower risks of undesirable renal outcomes vs. warfarin in diabetic NVAF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian V Hernandez
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Evidence-Based Practice Center, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102, USA
- Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola (USIL), Av. La Fontana 501, La Molina 00012, Lima, Peru
| | - George Bradley
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Mohammad Khan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Andrew Fratoni
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Anna Gasparini
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Yuani M Roman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Evidence-Based Practice Center, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102, USA
| | - Thomas J Bunz
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, New England Health Analytics, LLC, 54 Old Stagecoach Road, Granby, CT 06035, USA
| | - Daniel Eriksson
- Real-World Evidence Strategy and Outcomes Data Generation, Bayer AG, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Craig I Coleman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Evidence-Based Practice Center, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102, USA
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Botto GL, Ameri P, De Caterina R. Many Good Reasons to Switch from Vitamin K Antagonists to Non-Vitamin K Antagonists in Patients with Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10132866. [PMID: 34203416 PMCID: PMC8268480 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are the first choice for prophylaxis of cardioembolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) who are anticoagulant-naïve, as well as the preferable anticoagulation strategy in those who are on vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), but with a low time in therapeutic range (TTR). Nonetheless, there are many good reasons to consider switching from VKAs to NOACs also when TTR is >70%. From the pharmacological standpoint, anticoagulation with VKAs may remain erratic even in those patients who have high TTR values, owing to the mode of action of this drug class. Furthermore, experimental data suggest that, unlike VKAs, NOACs favorably modulate the effects of factor Xa and thrombin in the cardiovascular system through the protease-activated receptor family. Clinically, the most striking advantage provided by NOACs over VKAs, irrespective of the TTR, is the substantially lower risk of intracranial hemorrhage. NOACs have also been associated with less deterioration of renal function as compared with VKAs and may confer protection against cardiovascular events not strictly related to AF, especially the acute complications of peripheral artery disease. In this narrative review, we discuss the evidence according to which it is warranted to systematically substitute NOACs for VKAs for the prevention of AF-related stroke and systemic embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luca Botto
- Department of Cardiology—Electrophysiology, ASST Rhodense, Garbagnate Milanese, 20024 Milan, Italy; or
| | - Pietro Ameri
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS Italian Cardiology Network, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-010-353-8928; Fax: +39-010-555-6513
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Fondazione Villa Serena per la Ricerca, Città Sant’Angelo, 65103 Pescara, Italy
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Rivera-Lebron B, Bauersachs R. Direct oral anticoagulants for the treatment of pulmonary embolism in patients with renal impairment. Thromb Res 2021; 204:101-107. [PMID: 34167039 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is associated with adverse outcomes and substantial morbidity and mortality. Patients with PE often have renal impairment because of shared risk factors and close links between the renal and cardiovascular systems. Furthermore, patients with PE and renal impairment are at increased risk of recurrent thrombosis. Therefore, anticoagulation is crucial to treat the acute event, prevent recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE), and optimize patient outcomes. However, when treated with an anticoagulant, patients with renal impairment also have an elevated risk of bleeding. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are the first-choice treatment for acute VTE in eligible patients. However, as all DOACs have a degree of renal excretion, the management of anticoagulation therapy can be more complicated in patients with renal impairment. This review provides an overview of the clinical challenges of managing anticoagulation in patients with PE and renal impairment and explores the optimal practice management of this special patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rupert Bauersachs
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Klinikum Darmstadt GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany; Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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38
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Nguyen SN, Ruegger MC, Salazar E, Dreucean D, Tatara AW, Donahue KR. Evaluation of Anti-Xa Apixaban and Rivaroxaban Levels With Respect to Known Doses in Relation to Major Bleeding Events. J Pharm Pract 2021; 35:836-845. [PMID: 33840278 DOI: 10.1177/08971900211009075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although not routinely recommended, anti-Xa level monitoring for apixaban or rivaroxaban may be useful in certain clinical scenarios. There are currently no laboratory standards, therapeutic ranges, or proven correlation between anti-Xa levels and clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE This study describes the utilization, application, and association of anti-Xa levels with clinical outcomes in patients receiving apixaban or rivaroxaban. METHODS This retrospective, descriptive study included adult inpatients within the Houston Methodist System on apixaban or rivaroxaban with at least one anti-Xa level ordered subsequent to administered doses. The primary endpoint was major bleeding according to International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis criteria. Secondary endpoints included reasons for anti-Xa level ordering, anti-Xa levels at different time intervals post-dose, and thrombotic events. Pre-specified subgroup analyses were performed to further evaluate the primary endpoint. RESULTS The study population consisted of 169 patients and 234 anti-Xa levels. Twenty-nine levels were obtained in context of major bleeding. The majority of levels were not drawn as peak levels 2-4 hours post-dose, however remained quantifiable above typical observed levels within this timeframe and well beyond 24 hours post-dose. Patient characteristics with major bleeding included elderly age, acute renal impairment, and low body weight. At least 14 unique reasons for anti-Xa level ordering were identified. Twenty-nine levels were associated with thrombotic events. CONCLUSION Anti-Xa levels may be useful for assessment of current drug concentrations, immediate safety of therapy, and guidance for possible clinical interventions. Dose titration and reversal therapies based on anti-Xa level results in major bleeding warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffany N Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melanie C Ruegger
- Department of Pharmacy, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric Salazar
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Diane Dreucean
- Department of Pharmacy, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Kevin R Donahue
- Department of Pharmacy, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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Machado ME, de Souza Furtado P, da Costa Bernardes Araújo C, Simon A, de Moraes MC, Rodrigues Pereira da Silva LC, do Carmo FA, Cabral LM, Sathler PC. Novel rivaroxaban-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/poloxamer nanoparticles: preparation, physicochemical characterization, in vitro evaluation of time-dependent anticoagulant activity and toxicological profile. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:135101. [PMID: 33276347 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abd0b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rivaroxaban (RXB), an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor, presents innovative therapeutic profile. However, RXB has shown adverse effects, mainly due to pharmacokinetic limitations, highlighting the importance of developing more effective formulations. Therefore, this work aims at the preparation, physicochemical characterization and in vitro evaluation of time-dependent anticoagulant activity and toxicology profile of RXB-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/poloxamer nanoparticles (RXBNps). RXBNp were produced by nanoprecipitation method and physicochemical characteristics were evaluated. In vitro analysis of time-dependent anticoagulant activity was performed by prothrombin time test and toxicological profile was assessed by hemolysis and MTT reduction assays. The developed RXBNp present spherical morphology with average diameter of 205.5 ± 16.95 nm (PdI 0.096 ± 0.04), negative zeta potential (-26.28 ± 0.77 mV), entrapment efficiency of 91.35 ± 2.40%, yield of 41.81 ± 1.68% and 3.72 ± 0.07% of drug loading. Drug release was characterized by an initial fast release followed by a sustained release with 28.34 ± 2.82% of RXB available in 72 h. RXBNp showed an expressive time-dependent anticoagulant activity in human and rat blood plasma and non-toxic profile. Based on the results presented, it is possible to consider that RXBNp may be able to assist in the development of promising new therapies for treatment of thrombotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Etnea Machado
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco A Subsolo, sl24, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Priscila de Souza Furtado
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco A Subsolo, sl24, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Cristina da Costa Bernardes Araújo
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco A Subsolo, sl24, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco L Subsolo, sl20, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Alice Simon
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco L Subsolo, sl20, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Marcela Cristina de Moraes
- Fluminense Federal University, Department of Organic Chemistry, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Niterói, RJ, CEP 24210-240, Brazil
| | - Luiz Cláudio Rodrigues Pereira da Silva
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco L Subsolo, sl20, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Flávia Almada do Carmo
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco L Subsolo, sl20, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Lucio Mendes Cabral
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco L Subsolo, sl20, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Plínio Cunha Sathler
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco A Subsolo, sl24, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
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Sitticharoenchai P, Takkavatakarn K, Boonyaratavej S, Praditpornsilpa K, Eiam-Ong S, Susantitaphong P. Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants Provide Less Adverse Renal Outcomes Than Warfarin In Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e019609. [PMID: 33728927 PMCID: PMC8174352 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.019609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Non‐vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have better pharmacologic properties than warfarin and are recommended in preference to warfarin in most patients with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation. Besides lower bleeding complications, other advantages of NOACs over warfarin particularly renal outcomes remain inconclusive. Methods and Results Electronic searches were conducted through Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Library databases, and ClinicalTrial.gov. Randomized controlled trials and observational cohort studies reporting incidence rates and hazard ratio (HR) of renal outcomes (including acute kidney injury, worsening renal function, doubling serum creatinine, and end‐stage renal disease) were selected. The random‐effects model was used to calculate pooled incidence and HR with 95% CI. Eighteen studies were included. A total of 285 201 patients were enrolled, 118 863 patients with warfarin and 166 338 patients with NOACs. The NOACs group yielded lower incidence rates of all renal outcomes when compared with the warfarin group. Patients treated with NOACs showed significantly lower HR of risk of acute kidney injury (HR, 0.70, 95% CI, 0.64–0.76; P<0.001), worsening renal function (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73–0.95; P=0.006), doubling serum creatinine (HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.41–0.82; P=0.002), and end‐stage renal disease (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.78–0.86; P<0.001). Conclusions In non‐valvular atrial fibrillation, patients treated with NOACs have a lower risk of both acute kidney injury and end‐stage renal disease when compared with warfarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patita Sitticharoenchai
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine King Chulalongkorn Memorial HospitalChulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Kullaya Takkavatakarn
- Division of Nephrology Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine King Chulalongkorn Memorial HospitalChulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Smonporn Boonyaratavej
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine King Chulalongkorn Memorial HospitalChulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Kearkiat Praditpornsilpa
- Division of Nephrology Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine King Chulalongkorn Memorial HospitalChulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Somchai Eiam-Ong
- Division of Nephrology Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine King Chulalongkorn Memorial HospitalChulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Paweena Susantitaphong
- Division of Nephrology Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine King Chulalongkorn Memorial HospitalChulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand.,Research Unit for Metabolic Bone Disease in CKD patients Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
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Ashton V, Kerolus‐Georgi S, Moore KT. The Pharmacology, Efficacy, and Safety of Rivaroxaban in Renally Impaired Patient Populations. J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 61:1010-1026. [PMID: 33599985 PMCID: PMC8360104 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Rivaroxaban is a factor Xa inhibitor oral anticoagulant first approved for use in the United States in 2011. Under the drug class commonly termed direct oral anticoagulants, rivaroxaban is approved for the most indications within its class, 7 indications, which are: (1) reduction of risk of stroke and systemic embolism (SE) in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, (2) treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), (3) treatment of pulmonary embolism (PE), (4) reduction in the risk of recurrence of DVT and/or PE, (5) prophylaxis of DVT following hip or knee replacement surgery, (6) prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients at risk for thromboembolic complications not at high risk of bleeding, and (7) reduction of risk of major cardiovascular events in patients with chronic coronary artery disease or peripheral artery disease. Considering the relationship between cardiovascular disease, renal impairment, and the use of oral anticoagulants, the following targeted review was created. This review reports the results of the primary pharmacology, pharmacokinetic modeling, clinical safety and efficacy, and real-world postmarketing effectiveness and safety of rivaroxaban in patients with various degrees of renal impairment. Based on these data, rivaroxaban is a viable option for when anticoagulation is needed in patients who have both cardiovascular disease and renal impairment. However, as with any therapy, the benefits and risks of intervention should be carefully assessed and balanced. Patients treated with rivaroxaban for several of its approved indications should have their kidney function assessed prior to and during continued therapy to ensure consistency with the drug label.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ashton
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.Janssen Scientific AffairsTitusvilleNew JerseyUSA
| | | | - Kenneth T. Moore
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.Janssen Medical AffairsTitusvilleNew JerseyUSA
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Gomez-Fernández P, Martín Santana A, Arjona Barrionuevo JDD. Oral anticoagulation in chronic kidney disease with atrial fibrillation. Nefrologia 2021; 41:137-153. [PMID: 36165375 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and atrial fibrillation (AF) frequently coexist, amplifying the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. In patients with CKD stage 3 and non-valvular AF, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have shown, compared to vitamin K antagonists (VKA), equal or greater efficacy in the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism, and greater safety. There are no randomizedtrials of the efficacy and safety of DOACs and VKA in advanced CKD. On the other hand, observational studies suggest that DOACs, compared to warfarin, are associated with a lower risk of acute kidney damage and generation/progression of CKD. This paper reviews the epidemiological and pathophysiological aspects of the CKD and AF association, the evidence of the efficacy and safety of warfarin and ACODs in various stages of CKD with AF as well as the comparison between warfarin and ACODs in efficacy and anticoagulant safety, and in its renal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Gomez-Fernández
- Unidad de Factores de Riesgo Vascular, Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario de Jerez, Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, Spain.
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43
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Abstract
Incidence and prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and chronic kidney disease are increasing, and the two conditions commonly coexist. Renal impairment further increases the risk of ischemic stroke and systemic thromboembolism in patients with AF but also paradoxically predisposes to bleeding. Renal function should be monitored closely in patients with AF requiring oral anticoagulation therapy, particularly those receiving direct oral anticoagulants. Vitamin K antagonists can be used as part of a dose-adjusted anticoagulation regimen in patients with mild to moderate renal dysfunction. Dialysis-dependent patients taking vitamin K antagonists are at increased risk of sustaining major hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stefil
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Liverpool Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool L14 3PE, UK
| | - Katarzyna Nabrdalik
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool L14 3PE, UK; Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool L14 3PE, UK; Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
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44
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Chen C, Cao Y, Zheng Y, Dong Y, Ma J, Zhu W, Liu C. Effect of Rivaroxaban or Apixaban in Atrial Fibrillation Patients with Stage 4-5 Chronic Kidney Disease or on Dialysis. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2021; 35:273-281. [PMID: 33538928 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-021-07144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anticoagulant treatment in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) or on dialysis remains a matter of debate. The object of this study was to quantify the benefit-risk profiles of rivaroxaban or apixaban versus warfarin in AF patients with stage 4-5 CKD or on dialysis. METHOD A comprehensive search of the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Ovid, and Google Scholar databases was performed for eligible studies that comparing the effect and safety of rivaroxaban or apixaban versus warfarin in AF patients with stage 4-5 CKD or on dialysis. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were abstracted, and then pooled using a random-effects model. RESULTS A total of seven studies, one post hoc analysis of RCT and six observational cohorts, were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with warfarin use, the use of rivaroxaban or apixaban was significantly associated with reduced risks of all-cause death (HR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.72-0.93) and gastrointestinal bleeding (HR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.80-0.95). There were no significant differences in the risks of stroke or systemic embolism (rivaroxaban, HR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.43-1.19; apixaban, HR = 0.86, 95%CI 0.68-1.09) and major bleeding (rivaroxaban, HR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.64-1.45; apixaban, HR = 0.56, 95%CI 0.28-1.12). CONCLUSIONS Current evidence suggests that rivaroxaban or apixaban are safe and at least as effective as warfarin in patients with AF and stage 4-5 CKD or on dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yalin Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yugang Dong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Wengen Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China. .,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Hijazi Z, Alexander JH, Li Z, Wojdyla DM, Mehran R, Granger CB, Parkhomenko A, Bahit MC, Windecker S, Aronson R, Berwanger O, Halvorsen S, de Waha-Thiele S, Sinnaeve P, Darius H, Storey RF, Lopes RD. Apixaban or Vitamin K Antagonists and Aspirin or Placebo According to Kidney Function in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation After Acute Coronary Syndrome or Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Insights From the AUGUSTUS Trial. Circulation 2021; 143:1215-1223. [PMID: 33461308 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.051020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the AUGUSTUS trial (An Open-Label, 2×2 Factorial, Randomized Controlled, Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety of Apixaban Versus Vitamin K Antagonist and Aspirin Versus Aspirin Placebo in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Acute Coronary Syndrome or Percutaneous Coronary Intervention), apixaban resulted in less bleeding and fewer hospitalizations than vitamin K antagonists, and aspirin caused more bleeding than placebo in patients with atrial fibrillation and acute coronary syndrome or percutaneous coronary intervention treated with a P2Y12 inhibitor. We evaluated the risk-benefit balance of antithrombotic therapy according to kidney function. METHODS In 4456 patients, the CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) formula was used to calculate baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The effect of apixaban versus vitamin K antagonists and aspirin versus placebo was assessed across kidney function categories by using Cox models. The primary outcome was International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis major or clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding. Secondary outcomes included death or hospitalization and ischemic events (death, stroke, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis [definite or probable], or urgent revascularization). Creatinine clearance <30 mL/min was an exclusion criterion in the AUGUSTUS trial. RESULTS Overall, 30%, 52%, and 19% had an eGFR of >80, >50 to 80, and 30 to 50 mL·min-1·1.73 m-2, respectively. At the 6-month follow-up, a total of 543 primary outcomes of bleeding, 1125 death or hospitalizations, and 282 ischemic events occurred. Compared with vitamin K antagonists, patients assigned apixaban had lower rates for all 3 outcomes across most eGFR categories without significant interaction. The absolute risk reduction with apixaban was most pronounced in those with an eGFR of 30 to 50 mL·min-1·1.73 m-2 for bleeding events with rates of 13.1% versus 21.3% (hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.41-0.84). Patients assigned aspirin had a higher risk of bleeding in all eGFR categories with an even greater increase among those with eGFR >80 mL·min-1·1.73 m-2: 16.6% versus 5.6% (hazard ratio, 3.22; 95% CI, 2.19-4.74; P for interaction=0.007). The risk of death or hospitalization and ischemic events were comparable to aspirin and placebo across eGFR categories with hazard ratios ranging from 0.97 (95% CI, 0.76-1.23) to 1.28 (95% CI, 1.02-1.59) and from 0.75 (95% CI, 0.48-1.17) to 1.34 (95% CI, 0.81-2.22), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The safety and efficacy of apixaban was consistent irrespective of kidney function, compared with warfarin, and in accordance with the overall trial results. The risk of bleeding with aspirin was consistently higher across all kidney function categories. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02415400.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Hijazi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology and Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Sweden (Z.H.)
| | - John H Alexander
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (J.H.A., Z.L., D.M.W., C.B.G., R.D.L.)
| | - Zhuokai Li
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (J.H.A., Z.L., D.M.W., C.B.G., R.D.L.)
| | - Daniel M Wojdyla
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (J.H.A., Z.L., D.M.W., C.B.G., R.D.L.)
| | - Roxana Mehran
- Zena and Michael A. Weiner Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY (R.M.)
| | - Christopher B Granger
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (J.H.A., Z.L., D.M.W., C.B.G., R.D.L.)
| | | | - M Cecilia Bahit
- Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva (INECO) Neurociencias Oroño, Fundación INECO, Rosario, Argentina (M.C.B.)
| | - Stephan Windecker
- Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland (S.W.)
| | | | | | | | - Suzanne de Waha-Thiele
- University Heart Centre Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (S.dW.-T.).,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Lübeck (S.dW.-T.)
| | - Peter Sinnaeve
- University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, Belgium (P.S.)
| | - Harald Darius
- Vivantes Neukoelln Medical Center, Berlin, Germany (H.D.)
| | - Robert F Storey
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (R.F.S.)
| | - Renato D Lopes
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (J.H.A., Z.L., D.M.W., C.B.G., R.D.L.)
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Magnocavallo M, Bellasi A, Mariani MV, Fusaro M, Ravera M, Paoletti E, Di Iorio B, Barbera V, Della Rocca DG, Palumbo R, Severino P, Lavalle C, Di Lullo L. Thromboembolic and Bleeding Risk in Atrial Fibrillation Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Role of Anticoagulation Therapy. J Clin Med 2020; 10:jcm10010083. [PMID: 33379379 PMCID: PMC7796391 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are strictly related; several independent risk factors of AF are often frequent in CKD patients. AF prevalence is very common among these patients, ranging between 15% and 20% in advanced stages of CKD. Moreover, the results of several studies showed that AF patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) have a higher mortality rate than patients with preserved renal function due to an increased incidence of stroke and an unpredicted elevated hemorrhagic risk. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are currently contraindicated in patients with ESRD and vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), remaining the only drugs allowed, although they show numerous critical issues such as a narrow therapeutic window, increased tissue calcification and an unfavorable risk/benefit ratio with low stroke prevention effect and augmented risk of major bleeding. The purpose of this review is to shed light on the applications of DOAC therapy in CKD patients, especially in ESRD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Magnocavallo
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Policlinico Universitario Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (M.V.M.); (P.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Antonio Bellasi
- Department of Research, Innovation and Brand Reputation, ASST-Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy;
| | - Marco Valerio Mariani
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Policlinico Universitario Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (M.V.M.); (P.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Maria Fusaro
- National Council of Research, Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Maura Ravera
- Nefrologia, Dialisi e Trapianto, Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.R.); (E.P.)
| | - Ernesto Paoletti
- Nefrologia, Dialisi e Trapianto, Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.R.); (E.P.)
| | - Biagio Di Iorio
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Moscati Hospital, 83100 Avellino, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Barbera
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Parodi-Delfino Hospital, 00034 Colleferro, Italy;
| | | | - Roberto Palumbo
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Sant’Eugenio Hospital, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paolo Severino
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Policlinico Universitario Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (M.V.M.); (P.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Carlo Lavalle
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Policlinico Universitario Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (M.V.M.); (P.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Luca Di Lullo
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Parodi-Delfino Hospital, 00034 Colleferro, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +39-06-972233213
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Chashkina MI, Andreev DA, Kozlovskaya NL, Salpagarova ZK, Suvorov AY, Suchkova SA, Bykova AA, Syrkin AL. [Safety performance of rivaroxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and advanced chro-nic kidney disease]. KARDIOLOGIIA 2020; 60:1322. [PMID: 33487155 DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2020.11.n1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aim To evaluate safety of using rivaroxaban in patients with stage 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) or transient, stable decline of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to 15-29 ml /min / 1.73 m2 in the presence of atrial fibrillation (AF).Material and methods This multicenter prospective, randomized study included patients admitted to cardiology departments from 2017 through 2019. Of 10 224 admitted patients 109 (3 %) patients with AF and stage 4 CKD or a stable decline of GFR to 15-29 ml /min / 1.73 m2 were randomized at 2:1 ratio to the rivaroxaban 15 mg /day (n=73) treatment group or to the warfarin treatment group (n=36). The primary endpoint was development of BARC and ISTH major, minor, and clinically relevant minor bleeding. Mean follow-up duration was 18 months.Results Patients receiving warfarin had a significantly higher incidence of BARC (n=26 (72.2 %) vs. n=31 (42.4 %), р<0.01) and ISTH (n=22 (61.1 %) vs. n=27 (36.9 %), p<0.01) minor bleeding and all ISTH clinically relevant (minor clinically relevant and major bleedings) n=10 (27.7 %) vs. n=8 (10.9 %), р=0.03]. The number of repeated hospitalizations was 65 (43% of patients) in the rivaroxaban treatment group and 27 (48% of patients) in the warfarin treatment group (р=0.57), including 24 (36.9 %) and 11 (40.7 %) emergency admissions in the rivaroxaban and warfarin treatment groups, respectively (р=0.96). Significant improvement of changes in creatinine clearance and GFR (by CKD-EPI and Cockroft-Gault) was observed in the rivaroxaban treatment group.Conclusion The study provided evidence for a more beneficial safety profile of rivaroxaban compared to warfarin in patients with AF and advanced CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Chashkina
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - D A Andreev
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - N L Kozlovskaya
- City Clinical Hospital. A.K. Eramishantseva, Department of Health of Moscow, Russia Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Z K Salpagarova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - A Yu Suvorov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - S A Suchkova
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University)
| | - A A Bykova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - A L Syrkin
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
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Efficacy and Safety of Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Chronic Kidney Disease Stage G4: A Single-Center Experience. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 76:671-677. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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Liu L, Hong D, Ma K, Lu X. Cost-effectiveness of rivaroxaban versus warfarin in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients with chronic kidney disease in China. J Clin Pharm Ther 2020; 46:658-668. [PMID: 33226144 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE In non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), rivaroxaban was not inferior to warfarin in preventing stroke and systemic embolism. However, a comparative evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of rivaroxaban and warfarin therapies for NVAF patients at different renal function levels has not yet been reported, and this study aimed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in Chinese NVAF patients with CKD. METHODS A Markov model was constructed to estimate quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and lifetime costs associated with the use of rivaroxaban relative to warfarin in patients with NVAF at different estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) levels as follows: 30 to <50, 50 to <80 and ≥80 mL/min. Input parameters were sourced from the clinical literature. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to assess model uncertainty. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The incrementalQALYs with rivaroxaban was slightly increased by approximately 0.3 QALY as compared with that with warfarin in all the subgroups, resulting in an ICER of $9,736/QALY (eGFR, 30 to <50 mL/min), $9,758/QALY (50 to <80 mL/min) and $9,969/QALY (≥80 mL/min). The probabilistic sensitivity analysis suggested a chance of >80% that the ICER would be lower than the willingness-to-pay threshold of three times the GDP of China in 2019 in all the subgroups. Results were consistent even under the assumption of anticoagulant discontinuation after major bleeding events. The model was most sensitive to event-free-related utility and survival rates. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION The existing evidence supports the cost-effectiveness of rivaroxaban therapy as an alternative anticoagulant to warfarin for patients with NVAF at different renal function levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine First Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Hong
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine First Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kuifen Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine First Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine First Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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50
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Renal function and outcomes in atrial fibrillation patients after catheter ablation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241449. [PMID: 33166317 PMCID: PMC7652258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) and renal failure coexist and interact. However, scarce data about association between renal function and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing catheter ablation for AF are available. We sought to evaluate long-term renal function and clinical outcomes after AF ablation. METHODS We enrolled 791 non-dialysis patients undergoing catheter ablation for AF, and evaluated the incidence of worsening renal function (WRF) after the procedure, defined as >30% decline in estimate glomerular filtration rate. RESULTS Mean follow-up duration was 5.1±2.5 years. Five hundreds and twenty-six patients (66.5%) were free from recurrent atrial arrhythmias without any antiarrhythmic drugs at the time of final follow-up. Cumulative incidence of WRF was 13.2% at 5-year after procedure, which was significantly higher in patients with recurrent AF compared to those without (21.6% versus 8.7%, P<0.001). In the multivariable analysis, recurrent AF was an independent risk factor for WRF (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.89, 95% confidence interval 1.27-2.81, P = 0.002), along with congestive heart failure, diabetes, and eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2 at baseline. Patients with WRF had significantly higher 5-year incidences of all-cause death, cardiovascular death, heart failure hospitalization, ischemic stroke, and major bleeding compared to those without WRF. After adjustment of baseline differences in the multivariate Cox model, the excessive risks of WRF for all-cause death and heart failure hospitalization remained significant (adjusted HR 3.46, P = 0.002; adjusted HR 3.67, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS In AF patients undergoing catheter ablation for AF, arrhythmia recurrence was associated with WRF during follow-up, which was a strong predictor of adverse clinical outcomes.
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