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Rusu CC, Anton F, Valea A, Bondor CI. N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Correlates with Ghrelin and Acyl-Ghrelin in Pre-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5696. [PMID: 38891884 PMCID: PMC11171691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pro-B amino-terminal natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a diagnostic marker for heart failure (HF), a severe complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, its significance in CKD is not clear, as other factors, such as renal function, may also have an impact. Recent studies have shown that ghrelin treatment is effective in HF in the general population, but the impact of ghrelin on cardiac function in CKD patients is still unknown. Our study aimed to investigate the factors associated with NT-proBNP in pre-dialysis CKD patients and to evaluate the correlation between NT-proBNP and ghrelin and acyl-ghrelin, molecules determined using ELISA methods. In a cross-sectional observational study, we included 80 patients with pre-dialysis CKD, with a mean age of 68 years and 50% men. The median values for NT-proBNP were 351.8 pg/mL, for acyl ghrelin 16.39 pg/mL, and for ghrelin 543.32 pg/mL. NT-proBNP was correlated with ghrelin (p = 0.034, r = 0.24), acyl-ghrelin (p = 0.033, r = -0.24), estimated glomerular filtration rate (p = 0.027, r = -0.25), serum urea (p = 0.006, r = 0.31), and ferritin (p = 0.041, r = 0.28). In multivariate analysis, ghrelin (p = 0.040) and blood urea (p = 0.040) remained significant predictors for NT-proBNP levels. NT-proBNP was a significant predictor for acyl-ghrelin (p = 0.036). In conclusion, in pre-dialysis CKD patients, a high value of NT-proBNP was associated with a high value of total ghrelin and a low value of acyl-ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crina Claudia Rusu
- Department of Nephrology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- “Mihai Manasia” Nephrology and Dialysis Clinic, County Emergency Clinical Hospital Cluj, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Florin Anton
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Cardiology Clinic, County Emergency Clinical Hospital Cluj, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ana Valea
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Endocrinology Clinic, County Emergency Clinical Hospital Cluj, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cosmina Ioana Bondor
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Ida T, Tominaga H, Iwamoto E, Kurogi A, Okura A, Shimada K, Kato J, Kuwano A, Ode H, Nagata S, Kitamura K, Yazawa T, Sato-Hashimoto M, Yasuda M, Miyazato M, Shiimura Y, Sato T, Kojima M. Acyl modifications in bovine, porcine, and equine ghrelins. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1411483. [PMID: 38828411 PMCID: PMC11140078 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1411483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone with various important physiological functions. The unique feature of ghrelin is its serine 3 acyl-modification, which is essential for ghrelin activity. The major form of ghrelin is modified with n-octanoic acid (C8:0) by ghrelin O-acyltransferase. Various acyl modifications have been reported in different species. However, the underlying mechanism by which ghrelin is modified with various fatty acids remains to be elucidated. Herein, we report the purification of bovine, porcine, and equine ghrelins. The major active form of bovine ghrelin was a 27-amino acid peptide with an n-octanoyl (C8:0) modification at Ser3. The major active form of porcine and equine ghrelin was a 28-amino acid peptide. However, porcine ghrelin was modified with n-octanol (C8:0), whereas equine ghrelin was modified with n-butanol (C4:0) at Ser3. This study indicates the existence of structural divergence in ghrelin and suggests that it is necessary to measure the minor and major forms of ghrelin to fully understand its physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Ida
- Division for Identification and Analysis of Bioactive Peptides, Department of Bioactive Peptides, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hatsumi Tominaga
- Miyazaki Prefecture Industrial Technology Center, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Eri Iwamoto
- Clinical Research Center, Kurume University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akito Kurogi
- Division for Identification and Analysis of Bioactive Peptides, Department of Bioactive Peptides, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ayaka Okura
- Division for Identification and Analysis of Bioactive Peptides, Department of Bioactive Peptides, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kengo Shimada
- Division for Identification and Analysis of Bioactive Peptides, Department of Bioactive Peptides, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Johji Kato
- Division for Identification and Analysis of Bioactive Peptides, Department of Bioactive Peptides, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Atsutoshi Kuwano
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ode
- Racehorse Clinic, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Shiga, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nagata
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Minami Kyushu University, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kitamura
- Department of Projects Research, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Yazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Miho Sato-Hashimoto
- Department of Animal Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyusyu University of Medical Science, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yasuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Mikiya Miyazato
- Division for Identification and Analysis of Bioactive Peptides, Department of Bioactive Peptides, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Shiimura
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masayasu Kojima
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Sato T, Sawashita Y, Yoshikawa Y, Yamakage M. Japanese Traditional Herbal Medicine, Rikkunshito, Partially Suppresses Inflammatory Responses in Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Cureus 2024; 16:e54485. [PMID: 38516440 PMCID: PMC10954439 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury can cause additional damage to an ischemic myocardium, even after successful reperfusion therapy. Inflammation is a mechanism that exacerbates myocardial damage after I/R injury. Rikkunshito (RKT) is a traditional Japanese herbal medicine widely used to treat gastrointestinal symptoms. It attenuates inflammation and fibrosis in some diseases of the heart; however, it remains unclear whether RKT exerts cardioprotective effects against myocardial I/R injury. To elucidate this, we evaluated the effects of RKT pre-treatment by oral administration on the myocardium in a mouse model of in vivo I/R injury. METHODS Mice were randomly assigned to a group receiving distilled water (DW) or one receiving RKT (1000 mg/kg/day) for 14 days orally. For each of the RKT and DW groups, a sham group, an I/R 2 h group, and an I/R 24 h group were created. On day 15, myocardial I/R surgery was performed. The left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was ligated for 30 min, and reperfusion time was set at 2 h or 24 h. The myocardial infarct size (IS) was measured after 2 h of reperfusion, and cardiac cytokine mRNA expression levels were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) after 2 h and 24 h of reperfusion. RESULTS RKT pre-treatment significantly suppressed the cardiac mRNA expression level of interleukin-1β in the RKT-I/R 2 h group compared to the DW-I/R 2 h group (P < 0.05). Additionally, RKT significantly suppressed the mRNA expression levels of transforming growth factor-β compared to DW; the same result was obtained for the expression levels of interleukin-6. However, RKT did not reduce the IS or mRNA expression levels of the cardiac congestive markers natriuretic peptide a (NPPA) and natriuretic peptide b (NPPB). In addition, RKT did not alter the plasma concentration of ghrelin and sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), which have been reported to be stimulated by RKT. CONCLUSION This study showed that pre-treatment of RKT for myocardial I/R injury partially suppressed inflammation-related cytokines. However, further studies are needed on the effect of RKT on the reduction of myocardial infarction size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoe Sato
- Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, JPN
| | | | - Yusuke Yoshikawa
- Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, JPN
| | - Michiaki Yamakage
- Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, JPN
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Lund LH, Hage C, Pironti G, Thorvaldsen T, Ljung-Faxén U, Zabarovskaja S, Shahgaldi K, Webb DL, Hellström PM, Andersson DC, Ståhlberg M. Acyl ghrelin improves cardiac function in heart failure and increases fractional shortening in cardiomyocytes without calcium mobilization. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:2009-2025. [PMID: 36916707 PMCID: PMC10256198 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Ghrelin is an endogenous appetite-stimulating peptide hormone with potential cardiovascular benefits. Effects of acylated (activated) ghrelin were assessed in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and in ex vivo mouse cardiomyocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS In a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial, 31 patients with chronic HFrEF were randomized to synthetic human acyl ghrelin (0.1 µg/kg/min) or placebo intravenously over 120 min. The primary outcome was change in cardiac output (CO). Isolated mouse cardiomyocytes were treated with acyl ghrelin and fractional shortening and calcium transients were assessed. Acyl ghrelin but not placebo increased cardiac output (acyl ghrelin: 4.08 ± 1.15 to 5.23 ± 1.98 L/min; placebo: 4.26 ± 1.23 to 4.11 ± 1.99 L/min, P < 0.001). Acyl ghrelin caused a significant increase in stroke volume and nominal increases in left ventricular ejection fraction and segmental longitudinal strain and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion. There were no effects on blood pressure, arrhythmias, or ischaemia. Heart rate decreased nominally (acyl ghrelin: 71 ± 11 to 67 ± 11 b.p.m.; placebo 69 ± 8 to 68 ± 10 b.p.m.). In cardiomyocytes, acyl ghrelin increased fractional shortening, did not affect cellular Ca2+ transients, and reduced troponin I phosphorylation. The increase in fractional shortening and reduction in troponin I phosphorylation was blocked by the acyl ghrelin antagonist D-Lys 3. CONCLUSION In patients with HFrEF, acyl ghrelin increased cardiac output without causing hypotension, tachycardia, arrhythmia, or ischaemia. In isolated cardiomyocytes, acyl ghrelin increased contractility independently of preload and afterload and without Ca2+ mobilization, which may explain the lack of clinical side effects. Ghrelin treatment should be explored in additional randomized trials. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05277415.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars H Lund
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, D1:04, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Heart and Vascular Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, Norrbacka, S1:02, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla Hage
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, D1:04, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Heart and Vascular Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, Norrbacka, S1:02, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gianluigi Pironti
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, D1:04, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Solnavägen 9 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Tonje Thorvaldsen
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, D1:04, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Heart and Vascular Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, Norrbacka, S1:02, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Ljung-Faxén
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, D1:04, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stanislava Zabarovskaja
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, D1:04, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kambiz Shahgaldi
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Sunderby Hospital, 971 80 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Dominic-Luc Webb
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Uppsala University, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per M Hellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Uppsala University, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel C Andersson
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, D1:04, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Heart and Vascular Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, Norrbacka, S1:02, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Solnavägen 9 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Marcus Ståhlberg
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, D1:04, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Heart and Vascular Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, Norrbacka, S1:02, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Hojda SE, Chis IC, Clichici S. Biomarkers in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12123033. [PMID: 36553040 PMCID: PMC9776459 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe medical condition characterized by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), right ventricular (RV) failure, and death in the absence of appropriate treatment. The progression and prognosis are strictly related to the etiology, biochemical parameters, and treatment response. The gold-standard test remains right-sided heart catheterization, but dynamic monitoring of systolic pressure in the pulmonary artery is performed using echocardiography. However, simple and easily accessible non-invasive assays are also required in order to monitor this pathology. In addition, research in this area is in continuous development. In recent years, more and more biomarkers have been studied and included in clinical guidelines. These biomarkers can be categorized based on their associations with inflammation, endothelial cell dysfunction, cardiac fibrosis, oxidative stress, and metabolic disorders. Moreover, biomarkers can be easily detected in blood and urine and correlated with disease severity, playing an important role in diagnosis, prognosis, and disease progression.
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Molecular Mechanisms and Health Benefits of Ghrelin: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194191. [PMID: 36235843 PMCID: PMC9572668 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, an endogenous brain-gut peptide, is secreted in large quantities, mainly from the stomach, in humans and rodents. It can perform the biological function of activating the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Since its discovery in 1999, ample research has focused on promoting its effects on the human appetite and pleasure-reward eating. Extensive, in-depth studies have shown that ghrelin is widely secreted and distributed in tissues. Its role in neurohumoral regulation, such as metabolic homeostasis, inflammation, cardiovascular regulation, anxiety and depression, and advanced cancer cachexia, has attracted increasing attention. However, the effects and regulatory mechanisms of ghrelin on obesity, gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation, cardiovascular disease, stress regulation, cachexia treatment, and the prognosis of advanced cancer have not been fully summarized. This review summarizes ghrelin's numerous effects in participating in a variety of biochemical pathways and the clinical significance of ghrelin in the regulation of the homeostasis of organisms. In addition, potential mechanisms are also introduced.
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Popa IP, Haba MȘC, Mărănducă MA, Tănase DM, Șerban DN, Șerban LI, Iliescu R, Tudorancea I. Modern Approaches for the Treatment of Heart Failure: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1964. [PMID: 36145711 PMCID: PMC9503448 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a progressively deteriorating medical condition that significantly reduces both the patients' life expectancy and quality of life. Even though real progress was made in the past decades in the discovery of novel pharmacological treatments for HF, the prevention of premature deaths has only been marginally alleviated. Despite the availability of a plethora of pharmaceutical approaches, proper management of HF is still challenging. Thus, a myriad of experimental and clinical studies focusing on the discovery of new and provocative underlying mechanisms of HF physiopathology pave the way for the development of novel HF therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, recent technological advances made possible the development of various interventional techniques and device-based approaches for the treatment of HF. Since many of these modern approaches interfere with various well-known pathological mechanisms in HF, they have a real ability to complement and or increase the efficiency of existing medications and thus improve the prognosis and survival rate of HF patients. Their promising and encouraging results reported to date compel the extension of heart failure treatment beyond the classical view. The aim of this review was to summarize modern approaches, new perspectives, and future directions for the treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Paula Popa
- Cardiology Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iași, Romania
| | - Mihai Ștefan Cristian Haba
- Cardiology Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iași, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Minela Aida Mărănducă
- Department of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Daniela Maria Tănase
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Dragomir N. Șerban
- Department of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Lăcrămioara Ionela Șerban
- Department of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Radu Iliescu
- Department of Pharmacology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Ionuț Tudorancea
- Cardiology Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iași, Romania
- Department of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
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Holder ER, Alibhai FJ, Caudle SL, McDermott JC, Tobin SW. The importance of biological sex in cardiac cachexia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H609-H627. [PMID: 35960634 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00187.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac cachexia is a catabolic muscle wasting syndrome observed in approximately 1 in 10 heart failure patients. Increased skeletal muscle atrophy leads to frailty and limits mobility which impacts quality of life, exacerbates clinical care, and is associated with higher rates of mortality. Heart failure is known to exhibit a wide range of prevalence and severity when examined across individuals of different ages and with co-morbidities related to diabetes, renal failure and pulmonary dysfunction. It is also recognized that men and women exhibit striking differences in the pathophysiology of heart failure as well as skeletal muscle homeostasis. Given that both skeletal muscle and heart failure physiology are in-part sex dependent, the diagnosis and treatment of cachexia in heart failure patients may depend on a comprehensive examination of how these organs interact. In this review we explore the potential for sex-specific differences in cardiac cachexia. We summarize advantages and disadvantages of clinical methods used to measure muscle mass and function and provide alternative measurements that should be considered in preclinical studies. Additionally, we summarize sex-dependent effects on muscle wasting in preclinical models of heart failure, disuse, and cancer. Lastly, we discuss the endocrine function of the heart and outline unanswered questions that could directly impact patient care.
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Effect of Ghrelin on the Cardiovascular System. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081190. [PMID: 36009817 PMCID: PMC9405061 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Ghrelin is an octanoylated peptide that was initially isolated from rat and human stomachs in the process of searching for an endogenous ligand to the orphan growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), a G-protein-coupled receptor. Exogenous or endogenous ghrelin secreted from the stomach binds to GHS-R on gastric vagal nerve terminals, and the signals are transmitted to the central nervous system via the vagal afferent nerve to facilitate growth hormone (GH) secretion, feeding, sympathetic inhibition, parasympathetic activation, and anabolic effects. Ghrelin also binds directly to the pituitary GHS-R and stimulates GH secretion. Ghrelin has beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, including cardioprotective effects such as anti-heart failure, anti-arrhythmic, and anti-inflammatory actions, and it enhances vascular activity via GHS-R-dependent stimulation of GH/IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1) and modulation of the autonomic nervous system. The anti-heart failure effects of ghrelin could be useful as a new therapeutic strategy for chronic heart failure. Abstract Ghrelin, an n-octanoyl-modified 28-amino-acid-peptide, was first discovered in the human and rat stomach as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). Ghrelin-GHS-R1a signaling regulates feeding behavior and energy balance, promotes vascular activity and angiogenesis, improves arrhythmia and heart failure, and also protects against cardiovascular disease by suppressing cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. Ghrelin’s cardiovascular protective effects are mediated by the suppression of sympathetic activity; activation of parasympathetic activity; alleviation of vascular endothelial dysfunction; and regulation of inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy. The physiological functions of ghrelin should be clarified to determine its pharmacological potential as a cardiovascular medication.
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Villarreal D, Pradhan G, Zhou Y, Xue B, Sun Y. Diverse and Complementary Effects of Ghrelin and Obestatin. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040517. [PMID: 35454106 PMCID: PMC9028691 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin and obestatin are two “sibling proteins” encoded by the same preproghrelin gene but possess an array of diverse and complex functions. While there are ample literature documenting ghrelin’s functions, the roles of obestatin are less clear and controversial. Ghrelin and obestatin have been perceived to be antagonistic initially; however, recent studies challenge this dogma. While they have opposing effects in some systems, they function synergistically in other systems, with many functions remaining debatable. In this review, we discuss their functional relationship under three “C” categories, namely complex, complementary, and contradictory. Their functions in food intake, weight regulation, hydration, gastrointestinal motility, inflammation, and insulin secretion are complex. Their functions in pancreatic beta cells, cardiovascular, muscle, neuroprotection, cancer, and digestive system are complementary. Their functions in white adipose tissue, thermogenesis, and sleep regulation are contradictory. Overall, this review accumulates the multifaceted functions of ghrelin and obestatin under both physiological and pathological conditions, with the intent of contributing to a better understanding of these two important gut hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Villarreal
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Geetali Pradhan
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China;
| | - Bingzhong Xue
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-862-9143
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Mlyczyńska E, Kieżun M, Kurowska P, Dawid M, Pich K, Respekta N, Daudon M, Rytelewska E, Dobrzyń K, Kamińska B, Kamiński T, Smolińska N, Dupont J, Rak A. New Aspects of Corpus Luteum Regulation in Physiological and Pathological Conditions: Involvement of Adipokines and Neuropeptides. Cells 2022; 11:957. [PMID: 35326408 PMCID: PMC8946127 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpus luteum is a small gland of great importance because its proper functioning determines not only the appropriate course of the estrous/menstrual cycle and embryo implantation, but also the subsequent maintenance of pregnancy. Among the well-known regulators of luteal tissue functions, increasing attention is focused on the role of neuropeptides and adipose tissue hormones-adipokines. Growing evidence points to the expression of these factors in the corpus luteum of women and different animal species, and their involvement in corpus luteum formation, endocrine function, angiogenesis, cells proliferation, apoptosis, and finally, regression. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge about the expression and role of adipokines, such as adiponectin, leptin, apelin, vaspin, visfatin, chemerin, and neuropeptides like ghrelin, orexins, kisspeptin, and phoenixin in the physiological regulation of the corpus luteum function, as well as their potential involvement in pathologies affecting the luteal cells that disrupt the estrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Mlyczyńska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (M.D.); (K.P.); (N.R.)
| | - Marta Kieżun
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (E.R.); (B.K.); (T.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Patrycja Kurowska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (M.D.); (K.P.); (N.R.)
| | - Monika Dawid
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (M.D.); (K.P.); (N.R.)
| | - Karolina Pich
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (M.D.); (K.P.); (N.R.)
| | - Natalia Respekta
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (M.D.); (K.P.); (N.R.)
| | - Mathilde Daudon
- Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, French National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (M.D.); (J.D.)
| | - Edyta Rytelewska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (E.R.); (B.K.); (T.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Kamil Dobrzyń
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Barbara Kamińska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (E.R.); (B.K.); (T.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Tadeusz Kamiński
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (E.R.); (B.K.); (T.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Nina Smolińska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (E.R.); (B.K.); (T.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Joelle Dupont
- Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, French National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (M.D.); (J.D.)
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (M.D.); (K.P.); (N.R.)
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Lou J, Chen H, Huang S, Chen P, Yu Y, Chen F. Update on risk factors and biomarkers of sudden unexplained cardiac death. J Forensic Leg Med 2022; 87:102332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2022.102332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Miyazaki A, Miki K, Maekura R, Tsujino K, Hashimoto H, Miki M, Yanagi H, Koba T, Nii T, Matsuki T, Kida H. Increased Oxygen Extraction by Pulmonary Rehabilitation Improves Exercise Tolerance and Ventilatory Efficiency in Advanced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11040963. [PMID: 35207235 PMCID: PMC8878603 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11040963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), oxygen uptake (V’O2) is calculated using the product of minute ventilation (V’E) and the difference between inspiratory and expiratory O2 concentrations (ΔFO2). However, little is known about the response of ΔFO2 to pulmonary rehabilitation (PR). The aim of the present study was (1) to investigate whether PR increases peak V’O2, based on whether ΔFO2 or V’E at peak exercise increase after PR, and (2) to investigate whether an improvement in ΔFO2 correlates with an improvement in ventilatory efficiency. Methods: A total of 38 patients with severe and very severe COPD, whose PR responses were evaluated by CPET, were retrospectively analyzed. Results: After PR, peak V’O2 was increased in 14 patients. The difference in ΔFO2 at peak exercise following PR correlated with the difference in peak V’O2 (r = 0.4884, p = 0.0019), the difference in V’E/V’CO2-nadir (r = −0.7057, p < 0.0001), and the difference in V’E–V’CO2 slope (r = −0.4578, p = 0.0039), but it did not correlate with the difference in peak V’E. Conclusions: The increased O2 extraction following PR correlated with improved exercise tolerance and ventilatory efficiency. In advanced COPD patients, a new strategy for improving O2 extraction ability might be effective in those in whom ventilatory ability can be only minimally increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka 560-8552, Japan; (A.M.); (K.T.); (H.H.); (T.K.); (T.N.); (T.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Keisuke Miki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka 560-8552, Japan; (A.M.); (K.T.); (H.H.); (T.K.); (T.N.); (T.M.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-6-6853-2001
| | - Ryoji Maekura
- Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Jikei Institute, Osaka 532-0003, Japan;
| | - Kazuyuki Tsujino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka 560-8552, Japan; (A.M.); (K.T.); (H.H.); (T.K.); (T.N.); (T.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Hisako Hashimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka 560-8552, Japan; (A.M.); (K.T.); (H.H.); (T.K.); (T.N.); (T.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Mari Miki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokushima Prefecture Naruto Hospital, Naruto 772-8503, Japan;
| | - Hiromi Yanagi
- Department of Clinical Examination, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka 560-8552, Japan;
| | - Taro Koba
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka 560-8552, Japan; (A.M.); (K.T.); (H.H.); (T.K.); (T.N.); (T.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Takuro Nii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka 560-8552, Japan; (A.M.); (K.T.); (H.H.); (T.K.); (T.N.); (T.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Takanori Matsuki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka 560-8552, Japan; (A.M.); (K.T.); (H.H.); (T.K.); (T.N.); (T.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka 560-8552, Japan; (A.M.); (K.T.); (H.H.); (T.K.); (T.N.); (T.M.); (H.K.)
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Sato T, Ida T, Shiimura Y, Matsui K, Oishi K, Kojima M. Insights Into the Regulation of Offspring Growth by Maternally Derived Ghrelin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:852636. [PMID: 35250893 PMCID: PMC8894672 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.852636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of fetal development by bioactive substances such as hormones and neuropeptides derived from the gestational mother is considered to be essential for the development of the fetus. On the other hand, it has been suggested that changes in the physiological state of the pregnant mother due to various factors may alter the secretion of these bioactive substances and induce metabolic changes in the offspring, such as obesity, overeating, and inflammation, thereby affecting postnatal growth and health. However, our knowledge of how gestational maternal bioactive substances modulate offspring physiology remains fragmented and lacks a systematic understanding. In this mini-review, we focus on ghrelin, which regulates growth and energy metabolism, to advance our understanding of the mechanisms by which maternally derived ghrelin regulates the growth and health of the offspring. Understanding the regulation of offspring growth by maternally-derived ghrelin is expected to clarify the fetal onset of metabolic abnormalities and lead to a better understanding of lifelong health in the next generation of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sato
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takahiro Sato, ; Masayasu Kojima,
| | - Takanori Ida
- Division for Identification and Analysis of Bioactive Peptides, Department of Bioactive Peptides, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Shiimura
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kazuma Matsui
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kanae Oishi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Masayasu Kojima
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takahiro Sato, ; Masayasu Kojima,
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15
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Yaku H, Kaneda K, Kitamura J, Kato T, Kimura T. Kampo medicine for the holistic approach to older adults with heart failure. J Cardiol 2021; 80:306-312. [PMID: 34974939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality in older adults and represents a significant clinical and economic burden on the health care system. However, there are many challenges in assessing and managing HF in elderly patients, who often have coexisting multimorbidity, frailty, and malnutrition. Therefore, it is often difficult to solve these problems with Western medicine alone, and a holistic approach, including Kampo medicine, can be helpful. In particular, managing volume control and frailty by adding Kampo formulas may help improve health-related quality of life and substantially impact prognosis in HF. This review article summarizes the role of Kampo medicine for older patients with HF and frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Yaku
- Department of Cardiology, Mitsubishi Kyoto Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Kaneda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Kitamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe Kaisei Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takao Kato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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16
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Nakanishi Y, Higuchi J, Honda N, Komura N. [Pharmacological profile and clinical efficacy of anamorelin HCl (ADLUMIZ ®Tablets), the first orally available drug for cancer cachexia with ghrelin-like action in Japan]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2021; 156:370-381. [PMID: 34719572 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.21046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Anamorelin hydrochloride (hereinafter referred to as anamorelin) is an orally active, small-molecule drug with a similar pharmacological action to ghrelin, an endogenous ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a). It was first approved in Japan for the treatment of cancer cachexia, characterized by weight loss and anorexia. Anamorelin stimulated the secretion of growth hormone (GH) from cultured rat pituitary cells and increased plasma GH levels by oral administration to rats, pigs and humans. When anamorelin was orally administered once daily for 6 days to rats, larger body weight gain associated with increased food consumption compared to the control group was observed from after the first dose. Anamorelin is a selective agonist for GHS-R1a and enhanced GHS-R1a-mediated pituitary GH secretion and increased food consumption, resulting in body weight gain. In the two Japanese phase II studies in patients with cancer cachexia associated with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), improvement of lean body mass (LBM) and body weight losses and anorexia were demonstrated. The tumor types of target patients in the Japanese phase III study were colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic cancer. As a result, maintenance and increase of LBM and body weight as well as improvement of anorexia were observed, and the efficacy against cancer cachexia associated with colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic cancer was confirmed. There were no observed events considered to be significant safety risks. In conclusion, anamorelin is expected to provide a new therapeutic option for cancer cachexia for which no effective treatment has been available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomo Nakanishi
- Discovery & Research, Research Center of Specialty, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Junya Higuchi
- Discovery & Research, Research promotion, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | | | - Naoyuki Komura
- Clinical Development, Clinical Development Planning II, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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17
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Wang Q, Liu AD, Li TS, Tang Q, Wang XC, Chen XB. Ghrelin ameliorates cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction by regulating the Nrf2/NADPH/ROS pathway. Peptides 2021; 144:170613. [PMID: 34314760 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the role of ghrelin in cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction (MI) and to investigate the underlying mechanisms of ghrelin-regulated Nrf2/NADPH/ROS pathway-mediated cardioprotection, the profile of Nrf2, fibrosis markers, and oxidative stress markers were characterized in a rat model of MI and Angiotensin II (Ang II)-stimulated cardiac fibroblasts (CFs). The effects of ghrelin on cardiac function, fibrosis and oxidative stress were investigated after MI in vivo. The role of ghrelin in CF migration and proliferation was evaluated in Ang II-stimulated CFs in vitro. Inhibition of ghrelin receptors using the antagonist, d-Lys3-GHRP-6, in addition to ghrelin was employed in MI and CFs to investigate the direct effect of ghrelin on cardiac fibrosis. Loss function of Nrf2 in CFs was performed to investigate the effect of ghrelin-regulated Nrf2 on oxidative stress and cardiac fibrosis. Ghrelin improved the post-MI cardiac function and reduced cardiac fibrosis. This phenotype is associated with the upregulation of Nrf2 and downregulation of fibrotic proteins, NADPH oxidase and ROS production. In line with in vivo findings, ghrelin attenuated Ang II-stimulated CF migration, proliferation, and oxidative stress in vitro. Inhibition of the ghrelin receptor or knockdown of Nrf2 abolished the beneficial effects of ghrelin on MI or Ang II-stimulated cardiac fibroblasts. In conclusion, ghrelin ameliorates post-MI and Ang II-induced cardiac fibrosis by activating Nrf2, which in turn inhibits the NADPH/ROS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Ai-Dong Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Tian-Shu Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Qian Tang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xian-Cheng Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xue-Bin Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China.
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18
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Badi R. Acylated Ghrelin Attenuates l-Thyroxin-induced Cardiac Damage in Rats by Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects and Downregulating Components of the Cardiac Renin-angiotensin System. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 78:422-436. [PMID: 34132689 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study investigated the protective effect of acylated ghrelin (AG) against l-thyroxin (l-Thy)-induced cardiac damage in rats and examined possible mechanisms. Male rats were divided into five intervention groups of 12 rats/group: control, control + AG, l-Thy, l-Thy + AG, and l-Thy + AG + [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (AG antagonist). l-Thy significantly reduced the levels of AG and des-acyl ghrelin and the AG to des-acyl ghrelin ratio. Administration of AG to l-Thy-treated rats reduced cardiac weights and levels of reactive oxygen species and preserved the function and structure of the left ventricle. In addition, AG also reduced the protein levels of cleaved caspase-3 and cytochrome c and prevented mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. In the left ventricle of both control + AG-treated and l-Thy + AG-treated rats, AG significantly increased left ventricular levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2), total glutathione (GSH), and Bcl2. It also reduced the levels of malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6, and Bax and the nuclear activity of nuclear factor-kappa B. Concomitantly, in both treated groups, AG reduced the mRNA and protein levels of NADPH oxidase 1, angiotensin (Ang) II type 1 receptor, and Ang-converting enzyme 2. All the beneficial effects of AG in l-Thy-treated rats were prevented by the coadministration of [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6, a selective growth hormone secretagogue receptor subtype 1a antagonist. In conclusion, AG protects against hyperthyroidism-induced cardiac hypertrophy and damage, which is mainly due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials and requires the activation of GHS-R1a.
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MESH Headings
- Acylation
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ghrelin/analogs & derivatives
- Ghrelin/metabolism
- Ghrelin/pharmacology
- Hyperthyroidism/chemically induced
- Hyperthyroidism/metabolism
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/chemically induced
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/metabolism
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/pathology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/prevention & control
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Male
- Mitochondria, Heart/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Heart/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Heart/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reactive Nitrogen Species/metabolism
- Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects
- Thyroxine
- Ventricular Function, Left/drug effects
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Badi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia ; and
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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Sun N, Mei Y, Hu Z, Xing W, Lv K, Hu N, Zhang T, Wang D. Ghrelin attenuates depressive-like behavior, heart failure, and neuroinflammation in postmyocardial infarction rat model. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 901:174096. [PMID: 33848542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Depression after myocardial infarction (MI) and chronic heart failure (CHF) is a common condition that is resistant to anti-depressive drugs. Ghrelin (a peptide hormone) shows dual protective effects on heart and brain. Whether ghrelin treatment attenuated depression after MI was investigated. Coronary artery occlusion was performed to induce MI and subsequent CHF in rats. Ghrelin (100 μg/kg in 0.5 ml of saline) or vehicle (0.5 ml of saline) was injected subcutaneously twice a day for 4 weeks. At week 5, all the animals underwent behavioral assessments including sucrose preference test (SPT), elevated plus maze test (EPM), and open field test (OFT). After cardiac function analysis, brain tissues were processed to determine inflammatory cytokines and microglial activations in hippocampus. Results showed that ghrelin substantially improved cardiac dysfunction, infarction size, and cardiac remodeling and modulated the release of inflammatory cytokines and the increase of Iba-1 positive microglia and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes in the CA1 area of hippocampus. Behavioral tests revealed that this treatment remarkably increased sucrose preference and mobile times and numbers. These findings provided evidence that peripheral ghrelin administration inhibits depression-like behavior and neuroinflammation and thus could be a new approach for the treatment of CHF-associated depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Sun
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital), Wuhu, 241001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital), Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, PR China
| | - Yong Mei
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital), Wuhu, 241001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital), Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, PR China
| | - Zhengtao Hu
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital), Wuhu, 241001, PR China
| | - Wen Xing
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital), Wuhu, 241001, PR China
| | - Kun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital), Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, PR China
| | - Nengwei Hu
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital), Wuhu, 241001, PR China; Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Zhengzhou University School of Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, PR China.
| | - Deguo Wang
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital), Wuhu, 241001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital), Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, PR China.
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20
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Coskun ZM, Beydogan AB, Yanar K, Atukeren P, Bolkent S. Oxidative stress and inflammatory response of ghrelin on myocardial and aortic tissues in insulin-resistant rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:692-699. [PMID: 33772291 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to clarify the effects of ghrelin on myocardial and aortic tissues in insulin-resistant rats. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following groups: control (Group 1), insulin resistance (IR, Group 2), ghrelin (Group 3) and IR+Ghrelin (Group 4) groups. Levels of HOMA-IR, fibronectin, hydroxyproline, collagen-1, collagen-3, matrix metalloproteinase-3, and matrix metalloproteinase-9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, and oxidative stress parameters as protein carbonyl (PCO), lipid hydroperoxides (LHPs), malondialdehyde, total thiol were determined in myocardial tissue. Expressions of IL-6, NF-κB and TNF-α mRNAs were detected by RT-qPCR. Aorta tissue was stained Masson trichrome. KEY FINDINGS The HOMA-IR level decreased in the IR+Ghrelin group compared with the IR group (P < 0.001). The PCO and LHP concentrations were higher in the IR group compared with control rats (P < 0.05). The PCO level was reduced by ghrelin in the IR+Ghrelin group compared with the IR group (P < 0.001). Ghrelin treatment reduced the mRNA expression levels of IL-6, NF-κB and TNF-α in the IR+Ghrelin group compared with the IR group (P < 0.001). There was no difference among the groups in the histology of aortic tissue. CONCLUSIONS Ghrelin, a regulator of appetite and energy homeostasis, may be effective in regulating oxidative stress and the inflammatory response when impaired by IR. Therefore, ghrelin may reduce the risks of myocardial dysfunction in IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Mine Coskun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Demiroglu Bilim University, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Alisa Bahar Beydogan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Cerrahpasa Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Karolin Yanar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Cerrahpasa Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pınar Atukeren
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Cerrahpasa Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Bolkent
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Cerrahpasa Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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21
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Ausoni S, Calamelli S, Saccà S, Azzarello G. How progressive cancer endangers the heart: an intriguing and underestimated problem. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 39:535-552. [PMID: 32152913 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09869-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since it came into being as a discipline, cardio-oncology has focused on the prevention and treatment of cardiotoxicity induced by antitumor chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Over time, it has been proved that even more detrimental is the direct effect generated by cancer cells that release pro-cachectic factors in the bloodstream. Secreted molecules target different organs at a distance, including the heart. Inflammatory and neuronal modulators released by the tumor bulk, either as free molecules or through exosomes, contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiac disease. Progressive cancer causes cachexia and severe cardiac muscle wasting accompanied by cardiomyocyte atrophy, tissue fibrosis, and several functional impairments up to heart failure. The molecular mechanisms responsible for such a cardiac muscle wasting have been partially elucidated in animal models, but minimally investigated in humans, although severe cardiac dysfunction exacerbates global cachexia and hampers efficient anti-cancer treatments. This review provides an overview of cancer-induced structural cardiac and functional damage, drawing on both clinical and scientific research. We start by looking at the pathophysiological mechanisms and evolving epidemiology and go on to discuss prevention, diagnosis, and a multimodal policy of intervention aimed at providing overall prognosis and global care for patients. Despite much interest in the cardiotoxicity of cancer therapies, the direct tumor effect on the heart remains poorly explored. There is still a lack of diagnostic criteria for the identification of the early stages of cardiac disease in cancer patients, while the possibilities that there are for effective prevention are largely underestimated. Research on innovative therapies has claimed considerable advances in preclinical studies, but none of the molecular targets suitable for clinical application has been approved for therapy. These issues are critically discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Ausoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy.
| | - Sara Calamelli
- Department of Cardiology, Local Health Unit 3 Serenissima, Mirano Hospital, Mirano, Venice, Italy
| | - Salvatore Saccà
- Department of Cardiology, Local Health Unit 3 Serenissima, Mirano Hospital, Mirano, Venice, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Azzarello
- Department of Medical Oncology, Local Health Unit 3 Serenissima, Mirano Hospital, Mirano, Venice, Italy.
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Research progress of ghrelin on cardiovascular disease. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:227556. [PMID: 33427286 PMCID: PMC7823193 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, a 28-aminoacid peptide, was isolated from the human and rat stomach and identified in 1999 as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue-receptor (GHS-R). In addition to stimulating appetite and regulating energy balance, ghrelin and its receptor GHS-R1a have a direct effect on the cardiovascular system. In recent years, it has been shown that ghrelin exerts cardioprotective effects, including the modulation of sympathetic activity and hypertension, enhancement of the vascular activity and angiogenesis, inhibition of arrhythmias, reduction in heart failure and inhibition of cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). The cardiovascular protective effect of ghrelin may be associated with anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, inhibited sympathetic nerve activation, regulated autophagy, and endothelial dysfunction. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of ghrelin on the cardiovascular system have not been fully elucidated, and no specific therapeutic agent has been established. It is important to further explore the pharmacological potential of ghrelin pathway modulation for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Webster JM, Kempen LJAP, Hardy RS, Langen RCJ. Inflammation and Skeletal Muscle Wasting During Cachexia. Front Physiol 2020; 11:597675. [PMID: 33329046 PMCID: PMC7710765 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.597675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is the involuntary loss of muscle and adipose tissue that strongly affects mortality and treatment efficacy in patients with cancer or chronic inflammatory disease. Currently, no specific treatments or interventions are available for patients developing this disorder. Given the well-documented involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines in muscle and fat metabolism in physiological responses and in the pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory disease and cancer, considerable interest has revolved around their role in mediating cachexia. This has been supported by association studies that report increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in some, but not all, cancers and in chronic inflammatory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In addition, preclinical studies including animal disease models have provided a substantial body of evidence implicating a causal contribution of systemic inflammation to cachexia. The presence of inflammatory cytokines can affect skeletal muscle through several direct mechanisms, relying on activation of the corresponding receptor expressed by muscle, and resulting in inhibition of muscle protein synthesis (MPS), elevation of catabolic activity through the ubiquitin-proteasomal system (UPS) and autophagy, and impairment of myogenesis. Additionally, systemic inflammatory mediators indirectly contribute to muscle wasting through dysregulation of tissue and organ systems, including GCs via the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the digestive system leading to anorexia-cachexia, and alterations in liver and adipocyte behavior, which subsequently impact on muscle. Finally, myokines secreted by skeletal muscle itself in response to inflammation have been implicated as autocrine and endocrine mediators of cachexia, as well as potential modulators of this debilitating condition. While inflammation has been shown to play a pivotal role in cachexia development, further understanding how these cytokines contribute to disease progression is required to reveal biomarkers or diagnostic tools to help identify at risk patients, or enable the design of targeted therapies to prevent or delay the progression of cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M. Webster
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J. A. P. Kempen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Rowan S. Hardy
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute for Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- MRC Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ramon C. J. Langen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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24
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Gupta S, Mitra A. Heal the heart through gut (hormone) ghrelin: a potential player to combat heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2020; 26:417-435. [PMID: 33025414 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-020-10032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a small peptide hormone (28 aa), secreted mainly by X/A-like cells of gastric mucosa, is also locally produced in cardiomyocytes. Being an orexigenic factor (appetite stimulant), it promotes release of growth hormone (GH) and exerts diverse physiological functions, viz. regulation of energy balance, glucose, and/or fat metabolism for body weight maintenance. Interestingly, administration of exogenous ghrelin significantly improves cardiac functions in CVD patients as well as experimental animal models of heart failure. Ghrelin ameliorates pathophysiological condition of the heart in myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, cachexia, and ischemia reperfusion injury. This peptide also exerts significant impact at the level of vasculature leading to lowering high blood pressure and reversal of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. However, the molecular mechanism of actions elucidating the healing effects of ghrelin on the cardiovascular system is still a matter of conjecture. Some experimental data indicate its beneficial effects via complex cellular cross talks between autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular cells, some other suggest more direct receptor-mediated molecular actions via autophagy or ionotropic regulation and interfering with apoptotic and inflammatory pathways of cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Here, in this review, we summarise available recent data to encourage more research to find the missing links of unknown ghrelin receptor-mediated pathways as we see ghrelin as a future novel therapy in cardiovascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasi Gupta
- Department of Zoology, Triveni Devi Bhalotia College, Raniganj, Paschim Bardhaman, 713347, India
| | - Arkadeep Mitra
- Department of Zoology, City College , 102/1, Raja Rammohan Sarani, Kolkata, 700009, India.
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25
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de la Nuez Veulens A, Rodríguez Fernández RE, Álvarez Ginarte YM, Montero Cabrera LA. In silico strategy for detailing the binding modes of a novel family of peptides proven as ghrelin receptor agonists. J Mol Model 2020; 26:294. [PMID: 33015729 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone involved in multiple functions, including growth hormone release stimulation, food intake regulation, and metabolic and cytoprotective effect. A novel family of peptides with internal cycles was designed as ghrelin analogs and the biological activity of two of them (A228 and A233) was experimentally studied in-depth. In this work, an in silico strategy was developed for describing and assessing the binding modes of A228 and A233 to GHS-R1a (ghrelin receptor) comparing it with ghrelin and GHRP-6 peptides. Several reported structures of different G protein coupled receptors were used as templates, to obtain a good quality model of GHS-R1a. The best model was selected by preliminary molecular docking with ghrelin and GHRP-6. Docking was used to estimate peptide orientations in the binding site of the best model, observing a superposition of its N-terminal and its first aromatic residue. To test the complex stability in time, the C-terminal fragments of each peptide were added and the complexes were inserted a 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) membrane, performing a molecular dynamic simulation for 100 ns using the CHARMM36 force field. Despite of the structural differences, the studied peptides share a common binding mode; the N-terminal interacts with E124 and the aromatic residue close to it, with the aromatic cluster (F279, F309, and F312). A preliminary pharmacophore model, consisting in a positive charged amine and an aromatic ring at an approximate distance of 0.79 nm, can be proposed. The results here described could represent a step forward in the efficient search of new ghrelin analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoanna M Álvarez Ginarte
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Luis A Montero Cabrera
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba.
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Shati AA, Dallak M. Acylated Ghrelin Protects the Hearts of Rats from Doxorubicin-Induced Fas/FasL Apoptosis by Stimulating SERCA2a Mediated by Activation of PKA and Akt. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2020; 19:529-547. [PMID: 31093930 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-019-09527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated if the cardioprotective effect of acylated ghrelin (AG) against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiac toxicity in rats involves inhibition of Fas/FasL-mediated cell death. It also investigated if such an effect is mediated by restoring Ca+2 homeostasis from the aspect of stimulation of SERCA2a receptors. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (20 rats/each) as control, control + AG, DOX, and DOX + AG. AG was co-administered to all rats consecutively for 35 days. In addition, isolated cardiomyocytes were cultured and treated with AG in the presence or absence of DOX with or without pre-incubation with [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (a AG receptor antagonist), VIII (]an Akt inhibitor), or KT-5720 (a PKA inhibitor). AG increased LVSP, dp/dtmax, and dp/dtmin in both control and DOX-treated animals and improved cardiac ultrastructural changes in DOX-treated rats. It also inhibited ROS in control rats and lowered LVEDP, intracellular levels of ROS and Ca2+, and activity of calcineurin in LVs of DOX-treated rats. Concomitantly, it inhibited LV NFAT-4 nuclear translocation and downregulated their protein levels of Fas and FasL. Mechanistically, in control or DOX-treated hearts or cells, AG upregulated the levels of SERCA2a and increased the activities of PKA and Akt, leading to increase phosphorylation of phospholamban at Ser16 and Thr17. All these effects were abolished by D-Lys3-GHRP-6, VIII, or KT-5720 and were independent of food intake or GH/IGF-1. In conclusion, AG cardioprotection against DOX involves inhibition of extrinsic cell death and restoring normal Ca+2 homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Shati
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - M Dallak
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Wu CS, Wei Q, Wang H, Kim DM, Balderas M, Wu G, Lawler J, Safe S, Guo S, Devaraj S, Chen Z, Sun Y. Protective Effects of Ghrelin on Fasting-Induced Muscle Atrophy in Aging Mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:621-630. [PMID: 30407483 PMCID: PMC7328200 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is the aging-associated progressive loss of skeletal muscle; however, the pathogenic mechanism of sarcopenia is not clear. The orexigenic hormone ghrelin stimulates growth hormone secretion, increases food intake, and promotes adiposity. Here we showed that fasting-induced muscle loss was exacerbated in old ghrelin-null (Ghrl-/-) mice, exhibiting decreased expression of myogenic regulator MyoD and increased expression of protein degradation marker MuRF1, as well as altered mitochondrial function. Moreover, acylated ghrelin and unacylated ghrelin treatments significantly increased mitochondrial respiration capacity in muscle C2C12 cells. Consistently, acylated ghrelin and unacylated ghrelin treatments effectively increased myogenic genes and decreased degradation genes in the muscle in fasted old Ghrl-/- mice, possibly by stimulating insulin and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathways. Furthermore, Ghrl-/- mice showed a profile of pro-inflammatory gut microbiota, exhibiting reduced butyrate-producing bacteria Roseburia and ClostridiumXIVb. Collectively, our results showed that ghrelin has a major role in the maintenance of aging muscle via both muscle-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms. Acylated ghrelin and unacylated ghrelin enhanced muscle anabolism and exerted protective effects for muscle atrophy. Because unacylated ghrelin is devoid of the obesogenic side effect seen with acylated ghrelin, it represents an attractive therapeutic option for sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Shan Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Qiong Wei
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Division of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province
| | - Hongying Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station
- Laboratory of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Da Mi Kim
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Miriam Balderas
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - John Lawler
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Shaodong Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Sridevi Devaraj
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Zheng Chen
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Behavioural characterization of ghrelin ligands, anamorelin and HM01: Appetite and reward-motivated effects in rodents. Neuropharmacology 2020; 168:108011. [PMID: 32067989 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ghrelinergic system has been steadily investigated as a therapeutic target in the treatment of metabolic disorders and modulation of appetite. While endogenous ghrelin activates the full complement of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR-1a) pathways, synthetic GHSR-1a ligands display biased signalling and functional selectivity, which have a significant impact on the intended and indeed, unintended, therapeutic effects. The widespread expression of the GHSR-1a receptor in vivo also necessitates an imperative consideration of the biodistribution of GHSR-1a ligands. Here, we investigate anamorelin and HM01, two recently described synthetic GHSR-1a ligands which have shown promising effects on food intake in preclinical and clinical studies. We compare the downstream signalling pathways in cellular in vitro assays, including calcium mobilization, IP-one, internalization and β-arrestin recruitment assays. We describe a novel divergent activation of central reward circuitry by anamorelin and HM01 using c-Fos immunostaining as well as behavioural effects in food intake and reward paradigms. Interestingly, we found a paradoxical reduction in reward-related behaviour for anamorelin and HM01 treated animals in our chosen paradigms. The work highlights the critical importance to consider signalling bias in relation to future ghrelin-based therapies. In addition, central access of GHSR-1a ligands, particularly to reward areas of the brain, remains a crucial factor in eliciting potent appetite-stimulating effects. The precise characterization of downstream ghrelinergic signalling and biodistribution of novel GHSR-1a ligands will be decisive in their successful development and will allow predictive modelling and design of future synthetic ligands to combat metabolic and appetite disorders involving the ghrelinergic system. This article is part of the special issue on 'Neuropeptides'.
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Audebrand A, Désaubry L, Nebigil CG. Targeting GPCRs Against Cardiotoxicity Induced by Anticancer Treatments. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 6:194. [PMID: 32039239 PMCID: PMC6993588 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel anticancer medicines, including targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors, have greatly improved the management of cancers. However, both conventional and new anticancer treatments induce cardiac adverse effects, which remain a critical issue in clinic. Cardiotoxicity induced by anti-cancer treatments compromise vasospastic and thromboembolic ischemia, dysrhythmia, hypertension, myocarditis, and cardiac dysfunction that can result in heart failure. Importantly, none of the strategies to prevent cardiotoxicity from anticancer therapies is completely safe and satisfactory. Certain clinically used cardioprotective drugs can even contribute to cancer induction. Since G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are target of forty percent of clinically used drugs, here we discuss the newly identified cardioprotective agents that bind GPCRs of adrenalin, adenosine, melatonin, ghrelin, galanin, apelin, prokineticin and cannabidiol. We hope to provoke further drug development studies considering these GPCRs as potential targets to be translated to treatment of human heart failure induced by anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Canan G. Nebigil
- Laboratory of CardioOncology and Therapeutic Innovation, CNRS, Illkirch, France
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30
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Akalu Y, Molla MD, Dessie G, Ayelign B. Physiological Effect of Ghrelin on Body Systems. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:1385138. [PMID: 32565790 PMCID: PMC7267865 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1385138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a relatively novel multifaceted hormone that has been found to exert a plethora of physiological effects. In this review, we found/confirmed that ghrelin has effect on all body systems. It induces appetite; promotes the use of carbohydrates as a source of fuel while sparing fat; inhibits lipid oxidation and promotes lipogenesis; stimulates the gastric acid secretion and motility; improves cardiac performance; decreases blood pressure; and protects the kidneys, heart, and brain. Ghrelin is important for learning, memory, cognition, reward, sleep, taste sensation, olfaction, and sniffing. It has sympatholytic, analgesic, antimicrobial, antifibrotic, and osteogenic effects. Moreover, ghrelin makes the skeletal muscle more excitable and stimulates its regeneration following injury; delays puberty; promotes fetal lung development; decreases thyroid hormone and testosterone; stimulates release of growth hormone, prolactin, glucagon, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, vasopressin, and oxytocin; inhibits insulin release; and promotes wound healing. Ghrelin protects the body by different mechanisms including inhibition of unwanted inflammation and induction of autophagy. Having a clear understanding of the ghrelin effect in each system has therapeutic implications. Future studies are necessary to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of ghrelin actions as well as its application as a GHSR agonist to treat most common diseases in each system without any paradoxical outcomes on the other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Akalu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Derbew Molla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Dessie
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Birhanu Ayelign
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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31
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Seo M, Yamada T, Tamaki S, Hikoso S, Yasumura Y, Higuchi Y, Nakagawa Y, Uematsu M, Abe H, Fuji H, Mano T, Nakatani D, Fukunami M, Sakata Y. Prognostic Significance of Serum Cholinesterase Level in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Insights From the PURSUIT-HFpEF Registry. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 9:e014100. [PMID: 31847660 PMCID: PMC6988145 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Malnutrition is one of the most important comorbidities in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. We recently reported the prognostic significance of serum cholinesterase level and superior predictive power of cholinesterase level to other objective nutritional indices such as the controlling nutritional status score, prognostic nutritional index, and geriatric nutritional risk index in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. The aim of this study was to clarify the prognostic role of cholinesterase in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction/acute decompensated heart failure and investigate incremental cholinesterase value. Methods and Results We prospectively studied 274 consecutive patients from the PURSUIT‐HFpEF (Prospective Multicenter Observational Study of Patients with Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction) study. During a follow‐up period of 1.2±0.6 years, 56 patients reached the composite end points (cardiovascular death and readmission for worsening heart failure). In the multivariable Cox analysis, cholinesterase level was significantly associated with the composite end points after adjustment for major confounders. A Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that patients with low cholinesterase levels (stratified by tertile) had significantly greater risk of reaching the composite end points than those with middle or high cholinesterase levels (P=0.0025). Cholinesterase level showed the best C‐statistics (0.703) for prediction of the composite end points among the objective nutritional indices. C‐statistics of the Meta‐Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC) risk score for prediction of the composite end points were improved when cholinesterase level was added (C‐statistics, from 0.601 to 0.705; P=0.0408). Conclusions Cholinesterase was a useful prognostic marker for prediction of adverse outcome in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction/acute decompensated heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Seo
- Division of Cardiology Osaka General Medical Center Osaka Japan
| | - Takahisa Yamada
- Division of Cardiology Osaka General Medical Center Osaka Japan
| | - Shunsuke Tamaki
- Division of Cardiology Osaka General Medical Center Osaka Japan
| | - Shungo Hikoso
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
| | - Yoshio Yasumura
- Department of Cardiology Amagasaki Chuo Hospital Amagasaki Japan
| | | | - Yusuke Nakagawa
- Division of Cardiology Kawanishi City Hospital Kawanishi Japan
| | - Masaaki Uematsu
- Cardiovascular Division National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital Osaka Japan
| | - Haruhiko Abe
- Cardiovascular Division National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital Osaka Japan
| | - Hisakazu Fuji
- Cardiovascular Division Kobe Ekisaikai Hospital Kobe Japan
| | - Toshiaki Mano
- Division of Cardiology Kansai Rosai Hospital Amagasaki Japan
| | - Daisaku Nakatani
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
| | | | - Yasushi Sakata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
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32
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Landecho MF, Tuero C, Valentí V, Bilbao I, de la Higuera M, Frühbeck G. Relevance of Leptin and Other Adipokines in Obesity-Associated Cardiovascular Risk. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112664. [PMID: 31694146 PMCID: PMC6893824 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity, which is a worldwide epidemic, confers increased risk for multiple serious conditions including type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular diseases. Adipose tissue is considered one of the largest endocrine organs in the body as well as an active tissue for cellular reactions and metabolic homeostasis rather than an inert tissue only for energy storage. The functional pleiotropism of adipose tissue relies on its ability to synthesize and release a large number of hormones, cytokines, extracellular matrix proteins, and growth and vasoactive factors, which are collectively called adipokines known to influence a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. In the obese state, excessive visceral fat accumulation causes adipose tissue dysfunctionality that strongly contributes to the onset of obesity-related comorbidities. The mechanisms underlying adipose tissue dysfunction include adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia, increased inflammation, impaired extracellular matrix remodeling, and fibrosis together with an altered secretion of adipokines. This review describes the relevance of specific adipokines in the obesity-associated cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel F. Landecho
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Health Check-up Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pío XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (M.F.L.); (I.B.)
| | - Carlota Tuero
- Department of Surgery, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (C.T.); (V.V.)
| | - Víctor Valentí
- Department of Surgery, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (C.T.); (V.V.)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Idoia Bilbao
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Health Check-up Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pío XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (M.F.L.); (I.B.)
| | - Magdalena de la Higuera
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 28027 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +0034-948-255-400
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Miki K, Kitada S, Miki M, Hui SP, Shrestha R, Yoshimura K, Tsujino K, Kagawa H, Oshitani Y, Kida H, Maekura R, Kangawa K. A phase II, open-label clinical trial on the combination therapy with medium-chain triglycerides and ghrelin in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:969-979. [PMID: 31595463 PMCID: PMC10716959 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-019-00716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of activated ghrelin with dietary octanoic acids or medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) administration to underweight patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eleven severe and very severe COPD patients received a 5-day treatment with edible MCT. Sequentially, 10 patients received a 3-week combination treatment with MCT and intravenous acyl ghrelin. Five-day MCT treatment increased endogenous acyl ghrelin (p = 0.0049), but the total ghrelin level was unchanged. MCT-ghrelin combination treatment improved the peak oxygen uptake (p = 0.0120) during whole treatment course. This effect was attributed to the resultant improvements in cardiac function by O2 pulse, and to the difference between inspired and expired oxygen concentration rather than minute ventilation. Addition of dietary MCT to ghrelin treatment improved the aerobic capacity of underweight COPD patients, likely by mechanisms of increased O2 delivery through improvements in primary cardiocirculatory and muscular crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Miki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, 5-1-1 Toneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8552, Japan.
| | - Seigo Kitada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, 5-1-1 Toneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8552, Japan
| | - Mari Miki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, 5-1-1 Toneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8552, Japan
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi-5, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rojeet Shrestha
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi-5, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Yoshimura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, 5-1-1 Toneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8552, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Tsujino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, 5-1-1 Toneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8552, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kagawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, 5-1-1 Toneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8552, Japan
| | - Yohei Oshitani
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, 5-1-1 Toneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8552, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, 5-1-1 Toneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8552, Japan
| | - Ryoji Maekura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, 5-1-1 Toneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8552, Japan
- Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Jikei Institute, Miyahara 1-2-8, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1, Kishibeshinmachi, Suita, Japan
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Zenitani M, Hosoda H, Kodama T, Saka R, Takama Y, Ueno T, Tazuke Y, Kangawa K, Oue T, Okuyama H. Postoperative decrease in plasma acyl ghrelin levels after pediatric living donor liver transplantation in association with hepatic damage due to ischemia and reperfusion injury. Pediatr Surg Int 2019; 35:709-714. [PMID: 30838440 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-019-04463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ghrelin was recently reported to promote recovery from hepatic injury. We hypothesized that it could also be associated with clinical recovery of the transplanted liver from ischemia and reperfusion injury. Our aims were to investigate perioperative ghrelin changes following pediatric living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) and to analyze the association of these changes with postoperative hepatic function. METHODS We measured plasma acyl ghrelin (AG) concentrations before surgery, at the end of surgery and on postoperative days (PODs) 1, 3 and 7 in 12 children who underwent LDLTs, and, as controls, pre- and post-operatively and on POD1 in 7 children who underwent benign abdominal mass resection. The correlations between the participants' ghrelin profiles and hepatic function-related data were evaluated. RESULTS AG levels significantly declined to 15.6% of preoperative levels after LDLT and almost returned to baseline on POD3. Post-operative AG levels were significantly reduced to a greater extent following LDLT than benign abdominal mass resection. AG levels on POD1 inversely correlated with aspartate aminotransferase levels and cold/total ischemia time (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggest that reduced AG levels on POD1 may reflect the degree of damage to the transplanted liver due to ischemia and reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Zenitani
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hosoda
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tasuku Kodama
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryuta Saka
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichi Takama
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takehisa Ueno
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuko Tazuke
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaharu Oue
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroomi Okuyama
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Shati AA, El-Kott AF. Acylated ghrelin prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiac intrinsic cell death and fibrosis in rats by restoring IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and inhibition of STAT1. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:1151-1168. [PMID: 31093684 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01664-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated if JAK/STAT signaling pathway mediates doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cell death and fibrosis in left ventricles (LVs) of rats and examined if acylated ghrelin affords protection by modulating this pathway. Male rats (120 ± 5 g) were divided into 6 groups (10 rats each) as follows: control; control + AG (10 ng/kg, s.c.); DOX (an accumulative dose 15 mg/kg, i.p.); DOX + AG, DOX + AG + AG490, a JAK2 inhibitor (5 mg/kg, i.p.); and DOX + AG + [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6; an AG receptor antagonist (3.75 mg/kg, i.p.). All treatments were carried out for 35 days. In rats' LVs, DOX significantly impaired the systolic and diastolic functions, enhanced levels of ROS and MDA, reduced levels of GSH and Bcl-2, and increased mRNA and protein levels of collagen I/III and TGF-β and cleaved caspase-3. In addition, although DOX did not affect JAK1 or JAK2 activity, it significantly increased protein levels of IL-6, decreased STAT3 and p-STAT3 (Tyr701&Ser727), and increased STAT1 and p-STAT1 (Tyr701&Ser727) levels, with a concomitant decrease in ERK1/2 activity and an increase in P38 activity. However, without affecting IL-6 and JAK1/2, AG reversed all of the observed alterations with a significant increase in the levels and activities of JAK2. Similar effects of AG were also seen in control rats. Interestingly, all the beneficial effects afforded by AG were abolished by AG490 and AG + [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6. In conclusion, DOX-induced cardiac toxicity involves stimulation of IL-6, P38, and STAT1 signaling levels whereas the protective effect afforded by AG involves the activation of ERK1/2 and JAK2/STAT3 and inhibition of STAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Shati
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Attalla Farag El-Kott
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department, College of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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Çetin E. Protective effect of ghrelin against tilmicosin-induced left ventricular dysfunction in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 97:407-412. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the possible protective effects of ghrelin against tilmicosin-induced acute ventricular dysfunction in rats. Forty adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups: control, ghrelin, tilmicosin, and ghrelin + tilmicosin. The left ventricular structural and functional parameters together with cardiac biomarker levels were evaluated. The results showed that tilmicosin treatment alone significantly decreased the left ventricular fractional shortening, left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular stroke volume, and cardiac output when compared with control group. In addition, tilmicosin led to a significant increase in left ventricular internal dimension in systole and left ventricular fractional end-systolic volume. At the same time, serum lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and creatine kinase-myocardial B fraction levels were significantly increased in tilmicosin-treated group when compared with control group. However, ghrelin pretreatment significantly prevented the left ventricular internal dimension in systole, left ventricular fractional end-systolic volume, left ventricular stroke volume, left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular fractional shortening, and cardiac output changes caused by tilmicosin. Moreover, ghrelin pretreatment could reduce significantly serum lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and creatine kinase-myocardial B fraction levels. These data indicated that ghrelin treatment may provide a protective effect against tilmicosin-induced left ventricular systolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Çetin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
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Eid RA, Alkhateeb MA, Al-Shraim M, Eleawa SM, Shatoor AS, El-Kott AF, Zaki MSA, Shatoor KA, Bin-Jaliah I, Al-Hashem FH. Ghrelin prevents cardiac cell apoptosis during cardiac remodelling post experimentally induced myocardial infarction in rats via activation of Raf-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signalling. Arch Physiol Biochem 2019; 125:93-103. [PMID: 29447000 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1437751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mechanisms by which ghrelin affords its cardioprotection in mammals remained unclear. OBJECTIVE To examine if ghrelin confers cardio-protection during cardiac remodelling post-MI by modulating the RAF-1-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signalling pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were divided into control, sham, sham + ghrelin, myocardial infarction (MI), and MI + ghrelin groups. Ghrelin (100 µg/kg) was administered for 21 days, starting one-day post-MI. RESULTS Ghrelin enhanced cardiac contractility and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, lowered serum levels of enzyme markers of cardiac dysfunction, and lowered inflammatory mediator levels. Ghrelin increased levels of phospho-Raf-1 (Ser338), phospho-MEK1/2 (Ser217/221), phospho-ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204), and of their downstream target p-BAD (Ser112) and inhibited the cleavage of caspase-3. Concomitantly, ghrelin prevented the increases in the levels of fibrotic markers, including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), metalloproteinase-9 (MPP-9), and type III collagen. CONCLUSION Post-MI in rats, ghrelin stimulated Raf-1-MEK1/2-ERK1/2-BAD signalling in the LV infarct areas, accounting for its anti-apoptotic effect, enhancing cardiac function, and inhibiting cardiac fibrosis during cardiac remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refaat A Eid
- a Department of Pathology, College of Medicine , King Khalid University , Abha , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A Alkhateeb
- b Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine , King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mubarak Al-Shraim
- a Department of Pathology, College of Medicine , King Khalid University , Abha , Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy M Eleawa
- c Department of Applied Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences , PAAET , Kuwait
| | - Abdullah S Shatoor
- d Cardiology section, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine , King Khalid University , Abha , Saudi Arabia
| | - Attalla Farag El-Kott
- e Department of Biology, College of Science , King Khalid University , Abha , Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Khalid A Shatoor
- g College of Medicine , King Khalid University , Abha , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ismaeel Bin-Jaliah
- h Department of Physiology, College of Medicine , King Khalid University , Abha , Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahaid H Al-Hashem
- h Department of Physiology, College of Medicine , King Khalid University , Abha , Saudi Arabia
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Rolfe M, Kamel A, Ahmed MM, Kramer J. Pharmacological management of cardiac cachexia: a review of potential therapy options. Heart Fail Rev 2019; 24:617-623. [DOI: 10.1007/s10741-019-09784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Rohm M, Zeigerer A, Machado J, Herzig S. Energy metabolism in cachexia. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:embr.201847258. [PMID: 30890538 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201847258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a wasting disorder that accompanies many chronic diseases including cancer and results from an imbalance of energy requirements and energy uptake. In cancer cachexia, tumor-secreted factors and/or tumor-host interactions cause this imbalance, leading to loss of adipose tissue and skeletal and cardiac muscle, which weakens the body. In this review, we discuss how energy enters the body and is utilized by the different organs, including the gut, liver, adipose tissue, and muscle, and how these organs contribute to the energy wasting observed in cachexia. We also discuss futile cycles both between the organs and within the cells, which are often used to fine-tune energy supply under physiologic conditions. Ultimately, understanding the complex interplay of pathologic energy-wasting circuits in cachexia can bring us closer to identifying effective treatment strategies for this devastating wasting disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rohm
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine I, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Zeigerer
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine I, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juliano Machado
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine I, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany .,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine I, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Chair Molecular Metabolic Control, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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TOKUDOME T, KANGAWA K. Physiological significance of ghrelin in the cardiovascular system. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2019; 95:459-467. [PMID: 31611501 PMCID: PMC6819151 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.95.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a growth hormone-releasing peptide first discovered in rat stomach in 1999, is a ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. It participates in the regulation of diverse processes, including energy balance and body weight maintenance, and appears to be beneficial for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In animal models of chronic heart failure, ghrelin improves cardiac function and remodeling; these findings have been recapitulated in human patients. In other animal models, ghrelin effectively diminishes pulmonary hypertension. Moreover, ghrelin administration early after myocardial infarction decreased the frequency of fatal arrhythmia and improved survival rate. In ghrelin-deficient mice, endogenous ghrelin protects against fatal arrhythmia and promotes remodeling after myocardial infarction. Although the mechanisms underlying the effects of ghrelin on the cardiovascular system have not been fully elucidated, its beneficial effects appear to be mediated through regulation of the autonomic nervous system. Ghrelin is a promising therapeutic agent for cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi TOKUDOME
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji KANGAWA
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Tokudome T, Otani K, Miyazato M, Kangawa K. Ghrelin and the heart. Peptides 2019; 111:42-46. [PMID: 29791869 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a growth hormone-releasing peptide that was first discovered in the stomach of rats in 1999, is an endogenous ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Ghrelin exerts its potent growth hormone-releasing and orexigenic activities by binding to specific receptors in the brain. Subsequent studies showed that ghrelin participates in the regulation of diverse processes, including energy balance, body weight maintenance, and glucose and fat metabolism, and demonstrated that ghrelin is beneficial for treatment of cardiac diseases. In animal models of chronic heart failure, administration of ghrelin improves cardiac function and remodeling, and these findings were recapitulated in human patients with heart failure. Also in animal models, ghrelin administration effectively diminishes pulmonary hypertension induced by monocrotaline or chronic hypoxia. In addition, repeated administration of ghrelin to cachectic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients has positive effects on body composition, including amelioration of muscle wasting, improvement of functional capacity, and sympathetic activity. Moreover, administration of ghrelin early after myocardial infarction decreases the frequency of fatal arrhythmia and improved the survival rate. In ghrelin-deficient mice, both exogenous and endogenous ghrelin protects against fatal arrhythmia and promotes remodeling after myocardial infarction. Although the mechanisms underlying the effects of ghrelin on the cardiovascular system have not been fully elucidated, some evidence suggests that its beneficial effects are mediated through both direct actions on cardiovascular cells and regulation of autonomic nervous system activity. Therefore, ghrelin is a promising novel therapeutic agent for cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tokudome
- Department of Biochemistry (T.T, M.M), Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (K.O), and Trustee (K.K), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Otani
- Department of Biochemistry (T.T, M.M), Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (K.O), and Trustee (K.K), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mikiya Miyazato
- Department of Biochemistry (T.T, M.M), Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (K.O), and Trustee (K.K), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of Biochemistry (T.T, M.M), Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (K.O), and Trustee (K.K), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Zhang X, Yang JK, Chen C. Enhanced Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion and Altered Metabolic Hormones by in Vivo Hexarelin Treatment in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103067. [PMID: 30297647 PMCID: PMC6213236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant growth hormone (GH) reductions have been reported in diabetic animal models with disturbed metabolic balance coinciding with GH deficiency. Therefore, enhanced GH secretion may have beneficial effects in controlling diabetes. Thus, we aim to investigate the effect of hexarelin, a synthetic GH secretagogue (GHS), on GH secretion in streptozotocin (STZ, 65 mg/kg)-induced diabetic rats. Daily hexarelin (100 μg/kg) treatment was performed for two weeks in four-week-long STZ-diabetic and vehicle control rats. Pulsatile GH secretion in STZ-rats was significantly reduced in total, pulsatile, basal, and mass of GH secretion per burst. In addition, impaired GH secretion was followed by an increase in fasting-level free fatty acids (FFAs) and a decrease in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) compared to control rats. After hexarelin treatment, pulsatile GH secretion in STZ-rats was significantly increased in total, pulsatile, and basal, but not in the mass GH secretion per burst, compared to STZ-rats without hexarelin treatment. However, there was no significant elevation in GH secretion in the hexarelin-treated control group. In addition, hexarelin-treated STZ-rats showed a significant decrease in fasting level FFAs, whereas suppression of fasting level for IGF-1 was maintained. These results suggest that STZ-induced diabetic rats have impaired pulsatile GH secretion, causing increased FFAs and decreased IGF-1 levels in circulation. Hexarelin injections for two weeks is able to normalize impaired pulsatile GH secretion with normal fasting levels of FFAs, but fails to recover IGF-1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Jin-Kui Yang
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Abushahla HS, Bulatova N, Kasabri V, Naffa R. Correlates of ghrelin and visfatin in metabolic syndrome patients with and without prediabetes. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-018-0654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Abstract
The common ultimate pathological feature for all cardiovascular diseases, congestive heart failure (CHF), is now considered as one of the main public health burdens that is associated with grave implications. Neurohormonal systems play a critical role in cardiovascular homeostasis, pathophysiology, and cardiovascular diseases. Hormone treatments such as the newly invented dual-acting drug valsartan/sacubitril are promising candidates for CHF, in addition to the conventional medications encompassing beta receptor blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Clinical trials also indicate that in CHF patients with low insulin-like growth factor-1 or low thyroid hormone levels, supplemental treatment with growth hormone or thyroid hormone seems to be cardioprotective; and in CHF patients with volume overload the vasopressin antagonists can relieve the symptoms superior to loop diuretics. Furthermore, a combination of selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist may be used in patients with diuretic resistance. Finally, the potential cardiovascular efficacy and safety of incretin-based therapies, testosterone or estrogen supplementation needs to be prudently evaluated in large-scale clinical studies. In this review, we briefly discuss the therapeutic effects of several key hormones in CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- Department of Endocrinology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Affiliate, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanjie Mao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Has the Time Come to Be More Aggressive With Bariatric Surgery in Obese Patients With Chronic Systolic Heart Failure? Curr Heart Fail Rep 2018; 15:171-180. [DOI: 10.1007/s11897-018-0390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Ghrelin, a gastric-derived acylated peptide, regulates energy homeostasis by transmitting information about peripheral nutritional status to the brain, and is essential for protecting organisms against famine. Ghrelin operates brain circuits to regulate homeostatic and hedonic feeding. Recent research advances have shed new light on ghrelin's multifaceted roles in cellular homeostasis, which could maintain the internal environment and overcome metaflammation in metabolic organs. Here, we highlight our current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of the ghrelin system in energy metabolism and cellular homeostasis and its clinical trials. Future studies of ghrelin will further elucidate how the stomach regulates systemic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehisa Yanagi
- Divisions of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume 839-0864, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Divisions of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
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Subacute ghrelin administration inhibits apoptosis and improves ultrastructural abnormalities in remote myocardium post-myocardial infarction. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:920-928. [PMID: 29635901 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of ghrelin on cardiomyocytes function, apoptosis and ultra-structural alterations of remote myocardium of the left ventricle (LV) of rats, 21 days post myocardial infarction (MI). Rats were divided into 4 groups as a control, a sham-operated rats, a sham-operated+ghrelin, an MI + vehicle and an MI + ghrelin-treated rats. MI was induced by LAD ligation and then rats were recievd a concomitant doe of either normal saline as a vehicle or treated with ghrelin (100 μg/kg S.C., 2x/day) for 21 consecutive days. Ghrelin enhanced myocardial contractility in control rats and reversed the decreases in myocardial contractility and the increases in the serum levels of CK-MB and LDH in MI-induced rats. Additionally, it inhibited the increases in levels of Bax and cleaved caspase 3 and increased those for Bcl-2 in the remote myocardium of rat's LV, post-MI. At ultra-structural level, while ghrelin has no adverse effects on LV myocardium obtained from control or sham-treated rats, ghrelin post-administration to MI-induced rats reduced vascular formation, restored normal microfilaments appearance and organization, preserved mitochondria structure, and prevented mitochondrial swelling, collagen deposition and number of ghost bodies in the remote areas of their LV. Concomitantly, in remote myocardium of MI-induced rats, ghrelin enhanced endoplasmic reticulum intracellular organelles count, decreased number of atrophied nuclei and phagocytes, diminished the irregularity in the nuclear membranes and inhibited chromatin condensation. In conclusion, in addition to the physiological, biochemical and molecular evidence provided, this is the first study that confirms the anti-apoptotic effect of ghrelin in the remote myocardium of the LV during late MI at the level of ultra-structural changes.
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Sukumaran V, Tsuchimochi H, Fujii Y, Hosoda H, Kangawa K, Akiyama T, Shirai M, Tatsumi E, Pearson JT. Ghrelin Pre-treatment Attenuates Local Oxidative Stress and End Organ Damage During Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Anesthetized Rats. Front Physiol 2018; 9:196. [PMID: 29593559 PMCID: PMC5854848 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induced systemic inflammation significantly contributes to the development of postoperative complications, including respiratory failure, myocardial, renal and neurological dysfunction and ultimately can lead to failure of multiple organs. Ghrelin is a small endogenous peptide with wide ranging physiological effects on metabolism and cardiovascular regulation. Herein, we investigated the protective effects of ghrelin against CPB-induced inflammatory reactions, oxidative stress and acute organ damage. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats randomly received vehicle (n = 5) or a bolus of ghrelin (150 μg/kg, sc, n = 5) and were subjected to CPB for 4 h (protocol 1). In separate rats, ghrelin pre-treatment (protocol 2) was compared to two doses of ghrelin (protocol 3) before and after CPB for 2 h followed by recovery for 2 h. Blood samples were taken prior to CPB, and following CPB at 2 h and 4 h. Organ nitrosative stress (3-nitrotyrosine) was measured by Western blotting. CPB induced leukocytosis with increased plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 indicating a potent inflammatory response. Ghrelin treatment significantly reduced plasma organ damage markers (lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase) and protein levels of 3-nitrotyrosine, particularly in the brain, lung and liver, but only partly suppressed inflammatory cell invasion and did not reduce proinflammatory cytokine production. Ghrelin partially attenuated the CPB-induced elevation of epinephrine and to a lesser extent norepinephrine when compared to the CPB saline group, while dopamine levels were completely suppressed. Ghrelin treatment sustained plasma levels of reduced glutathione and decreased glutathione disulphide when compared to CPB saline rats. These results suggest that even though ghrelin only partially inhibited the large CPB induced increase in catecholamines and organ macrophage infiltration, it reduced oxidative stress and subsequent cell damage. Pre-treatment with ghrelin might provide an effective adjunct therapy for preventing widespread CPB induced organ injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Sukumaran
- Department of Artificial Organs, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre Research Institute, Suita, Japan.,Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Tsuchimochi
- Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Yutaka Fujii
- Department of Clinical Engineering and Medical Technology, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hosoda
- Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Akiyama
- Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Mikiyasu Shirai
- Advanced Medical Research for Pulmonary Hypertension, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Eisuke Tatsumi
- Department of Artificial Organs, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - James T Pearson
- Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre Research Institute, Suita, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Camargo-Silva G, Turones LC, da Cruz KR, Gomes KP, Mendonça MM, Nunes A, de Jesus IG, Colugnati DB, Pansani AP, Pobbe RLH, Santos R, Fontes MAP, Guatimosim S, de Castro CH, Ianzer D, Ferreira RN, Xavier CH. Ghrelin potentiates cardiac reactivity to stress by modulating sympathetic control and beta-adrenergic response. Life Sci 2018; 196:84-92. [PMID: 29366747 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prior evidence indicates that ghrelin is involved in the integration of cardiovascular functions and behavioral responses. Ghrelin actions are mediated by the growth hormone secretagogue receptor subtype 1a (GHS-R1a), which is expressed in peripheral tissues and central areas involved in the control of cardiovascular responses to stress. AIMS In the present study, we assessed the role of ghrelin - GHS-R1a axis in the cardiovascular reactivity to acute emotional stress in rats. MAIN METHODS AND KEY FINDINGS Ghrelin potentiated the tachycardia evoked by restraint and air jet stresses, which was reverted by GHS-R1a blockade. Evaluation of the autonomic balance revealed that the sympathetic branch modulates the ghrelin-evoked positive chronotropy. In isolated hearts, the perfusion with ghrelin potentiated the contractile responses caused by stimulation of the beta-adrenergic receptor, without altering the amplitude of the responses evoked by acetylcholine. Experiments in isolated cardiomyocytes revealed that ghrelin amplified the increases in calcium transient changes evoked by isoproterenol. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, our results indicate that the Ghrelin-GHS-R1a axis potentiates the magnitude of stress-evoked tachycardia by modulating the autonomic nervous system and peripheral mechanisms, strongly relying on the activation of cardiac calcium transient and beta-adrenergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Camargo-Silva
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Larissa Córdova Turones
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Kellen Rosa da Cruz
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Karina Pereira Gomes
- Integrative Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurological Pathophysiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Michelle Mendanha Mendonça
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Allancer Nunes
- Integrative Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurological Pathophysiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Itamar Guedes de Jesus
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Diego Basile Colugnati
- Integrative Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurological Pathophysiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Aline Priscila Pansani
- Integrative Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurological Pathophysiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Roger Luis Henschel Pobbe
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Robson Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT NanoBioFar), Brazil
| | | | - Silvia Guatimosim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT NanoBioFar), Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique de Castro
- Integrative Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurological Pathophysiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT NanoBioFar), Brazil
| | - Danielle Ianzer
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT NanoBioFar), Brazil
| | - Reginaldo Nassar Ferreira
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Xavier
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT NanoBioFar), Brazil.
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Boshra V, Abbas AM. Effects of peripherally and centrally applied ghrelin on the oxidative stress induced by renin angiotensin system in a rat model of renovascular hypertension. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 28:347-354. [PMID: 28315847 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renovascular hypertension (RVH) is a result of renal artery stenosis, which is commonly due to astherosclerosis. In this study, we aimed to clarify the central and peripheral effects of ghrelin on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in a rat model of RVH. METHODS RVH was induced in rats by partial subdiaphragmatic aortic constriction. Experiment A was designed to assess the central effect of ghrelin via the intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of ghrelin (5 μg/kg) or losartan (0.01 mg/kg) in RVH rats. Experiment B was designed to assess the peripheral effect of ghrelin via the subcutaneous (SC) injection of ghrelin (150 μg/kg) or losartan (10 mg/kg) for 7 consecutive days. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate, plasma renin activity (PRA), and oxidative stress markers were measured in all rats. In addition, angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) concentration was measured in the hypothalamus of rats in Experiment B. RESULTS RVH significantly increased brain AT1R, PRA, as well as the brain and plasma oxidative stress. Either SC or ICV ghrelin or losartan caused a significant decrease in MAP with no change in the heart rate. Central ghrelin or losartan caused a significant decrease in brain AT1R with significant alleviation of the brain oxidative stress. Central ghrelin caused a significant decrease in PRA, whereas central losartan caused a significant increase in PRA. SC ghrelin significantly decreased PRA and plasma oxidative stress, whereas SC losartan significantly increased PRA and decreased plasma oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS The hypotensive effect of ghrelin is mediated through the amelioration of oxidative stress, which is induced by RAS centrally and peripherally.
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