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Zhang J. Non-coding RNAs and angiogenesis in cardiovascular diseases: a comprehensive review. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:2921-2953. [PMID: 38306012 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have key roles in the etiology of many illnesses, including heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, and in physiological processes like angiogenesis. In transcriptional regulatory circuits that control heart growth, signaling, and stress response, as well as remodeling in cardiac disease, ncRNAs have become important players. Studies on ncRNAs and cardiovascular disease have made great progress recently. Here, we go through the functions of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) like circular RNAs (circRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs) as well as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in modulating cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
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2
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Liu H, Magaye R, Kaye DM, Wang BH. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: The role of inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 980:176858. [PMID: 39074526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a debilitating clinical syndrome affecting 64.3 million patients worldwide. More than 50% of HF cases are attributed to HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), an entity growing in prevalence and mortality. Although recent breakthroughs reveal the prognostic benefits of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in HFpEF, there is still a lack of effective pharmacological therapy available. This highlights a major gap in medical knowledge that must be addressed. Current evidence attributes HFpEF pathogenesis to an interplay between cardiometabolic comorbidities, inflammation, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) activation, leading to cardiac remodelling and diastolic dysfunction. However, conventional RAAS blockade has demonstrated limited benefits in HFpEF, which emphasises that alternative therapeutic targets should be explored. Presently, there is limited literature examining the use of anti-inflammatory HFpEF therapies despite growing evidence supporting its importance in disease progression. Hence, this review aims to explore current perspectives on HFpEF pathogenesis, including the importance of inflammation-driven cardiac remodelling and the therapeutic potential of anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Liu
- Monash Alfred Baker Centre for Cardiovascular Research, School of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia; Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Biomarker Discovery Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Ruth Magaye
- Monash Alfred Baker Centre for Cardiovascular Research, School of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia; Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - David M Kaye
- Monash Alfred Baker Centre for Cardiovascular Research, School of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia; Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Bing H Wang
- Monash Alfred Baker Centre for Cardiovascular Research, School of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia; Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Biomarker Discovery Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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3
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Ciullo A, Li L, Li C, Tsi K, Farrell C, Pellegrini M, Marbán E, Ibrahim AGE. Non-coding RNA yREX3 from human extracellular vesicles exerts macrophage-mediated cardioprotection via a novel gene-methylating mechanism. Eur Heart J 2024; 45:2660-2673. [PMID: 38865332 PMCID: PMC11297535 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by cardiosphere-derived cells exert immunomodulatory effects through the transmission of small non-coding RNAs. METHODS The mechanism and role of yREX3, a small Y RNA abundant in EVs in myocardial injury, was investigated. RESULTS yREX3 attenuates cardiac ischaemic injury by selective DNA methylation. Synthetic yREX3 encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles triggers broad transcriptomic changes in macrophages, localizes to the nucleus, and mediates epigenetic silencing of protein interacting with C kinase-1 (Pick1) through methylation of upstream CpG sites. Moreover, yREX3 interacts with polypyrimidine tract binding protein 3 (PTBP3) to methylate the Pick1 gene locus in a DNA methyltransferase-dependent manner. Suppression of Pick1 in macrophages potentiates Smad3 signalling and enhances efferocytosis, minimizing heart necrosis in rats with myocardial infarction. Adoptive transfer of Pick1-deficient macrophages recapitulates the cardioprotective effects of yREX3 in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the role of a small Y RNA mined from EVs with a novel gene-methylating mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ciullo
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Smidt Heart Institute, 8700 Beverly Blvd, 1090 Davis Bldg, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Liang Li
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Smidt Heart Institute, 8700 Beverly Blvd, 1090 Davis Bldg, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Chang Li
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Smidt Heart Institute, 8700 Beverly Blvd, 1090 Davis Bldg, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kara Tsi
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Smidt Heart Institute, 8700 Beverly Blvd, 1090 Davis Bldg, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Colin Farrell
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eduardo Marbán
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Smidt Heart Institute, 8700 Beverly Blvd, 1090 Davis Bldg, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ahmed G E Ibrahim
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Smidt Heart Institute, 8700 Beverly Blvd, 1090 Davis Bldg, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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4
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Bhat OM, Mir RA, Nehvi IB, Wani NA, Dar AH, Zargar MA. Emerging role of sphingolipids and extracellular vesicles in development and therapeutics of cardiovascular diseases. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2024; 53:101469. [PMID: 39139609 PMCID: PMC11320467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2024.101469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are eighteen carbon alcohol lipids synthesized from non-sphingolipid precursors in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The sphingolipids serve as precursors for a vast range of moieties found in our cells that play a critical role in various cellular processes, including cell division, senescence, migration, differentiation, apoptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, nutrition intake, metabolism, and protein synthesis. In CVDs, different subclasses of sphingolipids and other derived molecules such as sphingomyelin (SM), ceramides (CERs), and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are directly related to diabetic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, ischemic heart disease (IHD), hypertension, and atherogenesis. Several genome-wide association studies showed an association between genetic variations in sphingolipid pathway genes and the risk of CVDs. The sphingolipid pathway plays an important role in the biogenesis and secretion of exosomes. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs)/ exosomes have recently been found as possible indicators for the onset of CVDs, linking various cellular signaling pathways that contribute to the disease progression. Important features of EVs like biocompatibility, and crossing of biological barriers can improve the pharmacokinetics of drugs and will be exploited to develop next-generation drug delivery systems. In this review, we have comprehensively discussed the role of sphingolipids, and sphingolipid metabolites in the development of CVDs. In addition, concise deliberations were laid to discuss the role of sEVs/exosomes in regulating the pathophysiological processes of CVDs and the exosomes as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owais Mohmad Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, India
| | - Rakeeb Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, India
| | | | - Nissar Ahmad Wani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, India
| | - Abid Hamid Dar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, India
| | - M Afzal Zargar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, India
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5
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Prieto‐Vila M, Yoshioka Y, Kuriyama N, Okamura A, Yamamoto Y, Muranaka A, Ochiya T. Adult cardiomyocytes-derived EVs for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12461. [PMID: 38940266 PMCID: PMC11211925 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathological feature of cardiovascular diseases that arises from the hyperactivation of fibroblasts and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, leading to impaired cardiac function and potentially heart failure or arrhythmia. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by cardiomyocytes (CMs) regulate various physiological functions essential for myocardial homeostasis, which are disrupted in cardiac disease. Therefore, healthy CM-derived EVs represent a promising cell-free therapy for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis. To this end, we optimized the culture conditions of human adult CMs to obtain a large yield of EVs without compromising cellular integrity by using a defined combination of small molecules. EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation, and their characteristics were analysed. Finally, their effect on fibrosis was tested. Treatment of TGFβ-activated human cardiac fibroblasts with EVs derived from CMs using our culture system resulted in a decrease in fibroblast activation markers and ECM accumulation. The rescued phenotype was associated with specific EV cargo, including multiple myocyte-specific and antifibrotic microRNAs, although their effect individually was not as effective as the EV treatment. Notably, pathway analysis showed that EV treatment reverted the transcription of activated fibroblasts and decreased several signalling pathways, including MAPK, mTOR, JAK/STAT, TGFβ, and PI3K/Akt, all of which are involved in fibrosis development. Intracardiac injection of CM-derived EVs in an animal model of cardiac fibrosis reduced fibrotic area and increased angiogenesis, which correlated with improved cardiac function. These findings suggest that EVs derived from human adult CMs may offer a targeted and effective treatment for cardiac fibrosis, owing to their antifibrotic properties and the specificity of cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Prieto‐Vila
- Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineTokyo Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yusuke Yoshioka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineTokyo Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Naoya Kuriyama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineTokyo Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
- Department of Vascular SurgeryAsahikawa Medical UniversityAsahikawaHokkaidoJapan
| | - Akihiko Okamura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineTokyo Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineNara Medical UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Integrative OncologyNational Cancer Center Research InstituteTokyoJapan
| | - Asao Muranaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineTokyo Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineTokyo Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
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6
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Liu DZ, Luo XZ, Lu CH, Feng YY, Chen DX, Zeng ZY, Huang F. Y4 RNA fragments from cardiosphere-derived cells ameliorate diabetic myocardial ischemia‒reperfusion injury by inhibiting protein kinase C β-mediated macrophage polarization. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:202. [PMID: 38867293 PMCID: PMC11170846 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The specific pathophysiological pathways through which diabetes exacerbates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remain unclear; however, dysregulation of immune and inflammatory cells, potentially driven by abnormalities in their number and function due to diabetes, may play a significant role. In the present investigation, we simulated myocardial I/R injury by inducing ischemia through ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in mice for 40 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 h. Previous studies have indicated that protein kinase Cβ (PKCβ) is upregulated under hyperglycemic conditions and is implicated in the development of various diabetic complications. The Y4 RNA fragment is identified as the predominant small RNA component present in the extracellular vesicles of cardio sphere-derived cells (CDCs), exhibiting notable anti-inflammatory properties in the contexts of myocardial infarction and cardiac hypertrophy. Our investigation revealed that the administration of Y4 RNA into the ventricular cavity of db/db mice following myocardial I/R injury markedly enhanced cardiac function. Furthermore, Y4 RNA was observed to facilitate M2 macrophage polarization and interleukin-10 secretion through the suppression of PKCβ activation. The mechanism by which Y4 RNA affects PKCβ by regulating macrophage activation within the inflammatory environment involves the inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation In our study, the role of PKCβ in regulating macrophage polarization during myocardial I/R injury was investigated through the use of PKCβ knockout mice. Our findings indicate that PKCβ plays a crucial role in modulating the inflammatory response associated with macrophage activation in db/db mice experiencing myocardial I/R, with a notable exacerbation of this response observed upon significant upregulation of PKCβ expression. In vitro studies further elucidated the protective mechanism by which Y4 RNA modulates the PKCβ/ERK1/2 signaling pathway to induce M2 macrophage activation. Overall, our findings suggest that Y4 RNA plays an anti-inflammatory role in diabetic I/R injury, suggesting a novel therapeutic approach for managing myocardial I/R injury in diabetic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Zhao Liu
- Department of Cardiology & Guangxi Key Laboratory Base of Precision Medicine in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention & Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No.6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Zhi Luo
- Department of Cardiology & Guangxi Key Laboratory Base of Precision Medicine in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention & Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No.6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Chuang-Hong Lu
- Department of Cardiology & Guangxi Key Laboratory Base of Precision Medicine in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention & Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No.6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yang-Yi Feng
- Department of Cardiology & Guangxi Key Laboratory Base of Precision Medicine in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention & Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No.6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - De-Xin Chen
- Department of Cardiology & Guangxi Key Laboratory Base of Precision Medicine in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention & Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No.6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology & Guangxi Key Laboratory Base of Precision Medicine in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention & Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No.6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Cardiology & Guangxi Key Laboratory Base of Precision Medicine in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention & Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No.6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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7
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Xie L, Zang D, Yang J, Xue F, Sui W, Zhang Y. Combination of ADAM17 knockdown with eplerenone is more effective than single therapy in ameliorating diabetic cardiomyopathy. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1364827. [PMID: 38799171 PMCID: PMC11122002 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1364827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) members, especially Ang II and aldosterone, play key roles in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers combined with aldosterone receptor antagonists (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists) have substantially improved clinical outcomes in patients with DCM. However, the use of the combination has been limited due to its high risk of inducing hyperkalemia. Methods Type 1 diabetes was induced in 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at a dose of 55 mg/kg for 5 consecutive days. Adeno-associated virus 9-mediated short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) was used to knock down the expression of ADAM17 in mice hearts. Eplerenone was administered via gavage at 200 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks. Primary cardiac fibroblasts were exposed to high glucose (HG) in vitro for 24 h to examine the cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts transformation (CMT). Results Cardiac collagen deposition and CMT increased in diabetic mice, leading to cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction. In addition, ADAM17 expression and activity increased in the hearts of diabetic mice. ADAM17 inhibition and eplerenone treatment both improved diabetes-induced cardiac fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction, ADAM17 deficiency combined with eplerenone further reduced the effects of cardiac fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction compared with single therapy in vivo. High-glucose stimulation promotes CMT in vitro and leads to increased ADAM17 expression and activity. ADAM17 knockdown and eplerenone pretreatment can reduce the CMT of fibroblasts that is induced by high glucose levels by inhibiting TGFβ1/Smad3 activation; the combination of the two can further reduce CMT compared with single therapy in vitro. Conclusion Our findings indicated that ADAM17 knockout could improve diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction and remodeling through the inhibition of RAAS overactivation when combined with eplerenone treatment, which reduced TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway activation-mediated CMT. The combined intervention of ADAM17 deficiency and eplerenone therapy provided additional cardiac protection compared with a single therapy alone without disturbing potassium level. Therefore, the combination of ADAM17 inhibition and eplerenone is a potential therapeutic strategy for human DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xie
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dejin Zang
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fei Xue
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenhai Sui
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Shandong First Medical University, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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Kij A, Bar A, Czyzynska-Cichon I, Przyborowski K, Proniewski B, Mateuszuk L, Kurylowicz Z, Jasztal A, Buczek E, Kurpinska A, Suraj-Prazmowska J, Marczyk B, Matyjaszczyk-Gwarda K, Daiber A, Oelze M, Walczak M, Chlopicki S. Vascular protein disulfide isomerase A1 mediates endothelial dysfunction induced by angiotensin II in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14116. [PMID: 38400621 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
AIM Protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) are involved in platelet aggregation and intravascular thrombosis, but their role in regulating endothelial function is unclear. Here, we characterized the involvement of vascular PDIA1 in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced endothelial dysfunction in mice. METHODS Endothelial dysfunction was induced in C57BL/6JCmd male mice via Ang II subcutaneous infusion, and PDIA1 was inhibited with bepristat. Endothelial function was assessed in vivo with magnetic resonance imaging and ex vivo with a myography, while arterial stiffness was measured as pulse wave velocity. Nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability was measured in the aorta (spin-trapping electron paramagnetic resonance) and plasma (NO2 - and NO3 - levels). Oxidative stress, eNOS uncoupling (DHE-based aorta staining), and thrombin activity (thrombin-antithrombin complex; calibrated automated thrombography) were evaluated. RESULTS The inhibition of PDIA1 by bepristat in Ang II-treated mice prevented the impairment of NO-dependent vasodilation in the aorta as evidenced by the response to acetylcholine in vivo, increased systemic NO bioavailability and the aortic NO production, and decreased vascular stiffness. Bepristat's effect on NO-dependent function was recapitulated ex vivo in Ang II-induced endothelial dysfunction in isolated aorta. Furthermore, bepristat diminished the Ang II-induced eNOS uncoupling and overproduction of ROS without affecting thrombin activity. CONCLUSION In Ang II-treated mice, the inhibition of PDIA1 normalized the NO-ROS balance, prevented endothelial eNOS uncoupling, and, thereby, improved vascular function. These results indicate the importance of vascular PDIA1 in regulating endothelial function, but further studies are needed to elucidate the details of the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kij
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Bar
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Izabela Czyzynska-Cichon
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Przyborowski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Proniewski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Mateuszuk
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Kurylowicz
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Buczek
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kurpinska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Suraj-Prazmowska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Brygida Marczyk
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Andreas Daiber
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1, The Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Oelze
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1, The Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria Walczak
- Department of Toxicology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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9
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Bryl R, Kulus M, Bryja A, Domagała D, Mozdziak P, Antosik P, Bukowska D, Zabel M, Dzięgiel P, Kempisty B. Cardiac progenitor cell therapy: mechanisms of action. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:30. [PMID: 38444042 PMCID: PMC10913616 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is an end-stage of many cardiac diseases and one of the main causes of death worldwide. The current management of this disease remains suboptimal. The adult mammalian heart was considered a post-mitotic organ. However, several reports suggest that it may possess modest regenerative potential. Adult cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), the main players in the cardiac regeneration, constitute, as it may seem, a heterogenous group of cells, which remain quiescent in physiological conditions and become activated after an injury, contributing to cardiomyocytes renewal. They can mediate their beneficial effects through direct differentiation into cardiac cells and activation of resident stem cells but majorly do so through paracrine release of factors. CPCs can secrete cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors as well as exosomes, rich in proteins, lipids and non-coding RNAs, such as miRNAs and YRNAs, which contribute to reparation of myocardium by promoting angiogenesis, cardioprotection, cardiomyogenesis, anti-fibrotic activity, and by immune modulation. Preclinical studies assessing cardiac progenitor cells and cardiac progenitor cells-derived exosomes on damaged myocardium show that administration of cardiac progenitor cells-derived exosomes can mimic effects of cell transplantation. Exosomes may become new promising therapeutic strategy for heart regeneration nevertheless there are still several limitations as to their use in the clinic. Key questions regarding their dosage, safety, specificity, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and route of administration remain outstanding. There are still gaps in the knowledge on basic biology of exosomes and filling them will bring as closer to translation into clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Bryl
- Section of Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Research, Natural Sciences Club, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poznan, 61-614, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kulus
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, 87-100, Poland
| | - Artur Bryja
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Anatomy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, 50-367, Poland
| | - Dominika Domagała
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Anatomy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, 50-367, Poland
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Physiology Graduate Faculty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Paweł Antosik
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, 87-100, Poland
| | - Dorota Bukowska
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, 87-100, Poland
| | - Maciej Zabel
- Division of Anatomy and Histology, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, 65-046, Poland
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, 50-368, Poland
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, 50-368, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, 87-100, Poland.
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Anatomy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, 50-367, Poland.
- Physiology Graduate Faculty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic.
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10
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Goryunov K, Ivanov M, Kulikov A, Shevtsova Y, Burov A, Podurovskaya Y, Zubkov V, Degtyarev D, Sukhikh G, Silachev D. A Review of the Use of Extracellular Vesicles in the Treatment of Neonatal Diseases: Current State and Problems with Translation to the Clinic. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2879. [PMID: 38474125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Neonatal disorders, particularly those resulting from prematurity, pose a major challenge in health care and have a significant impact on infant mortality and long-term child health. The limitations of current therapeutic strategies emphasize the need for innovative treatments. New cell-free technologies utilizing extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer a compelling opportunity for neonatal therapy by harnessing the inherent regenerative capabilities of EVs. These nanoscale particles, secreted by a variety of organisms including animals, bacteria, fungi and plants, contain a repertoire of bioactive molecules with therapeutic potential. This review aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the therapeutic effects of EVs and mechanistic insights into EVs from stem cells, biological fluids and non-animal sources, with a focus on common neonatal conditions such as hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and necrotizing enterocolitis. This review summarizes evidence for the therapeutic potential of EVs, analyzes evidence of their mechanisms of action and discusses the challenges associated with the implementation of EV-based therapies in neonatal clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Goryunov
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Mikhail Ivanov
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117198, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Andrey Kulikov
- Medical Institute, Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Yulia Shevtsova
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117198, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Artem Burov
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Yulia Podurovskaya
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Victor Zubkov
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Dmitry Degtyarev
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Gennady Sukhikh
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Denis Silachev
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117198, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
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11
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Ibrahim AGE, Ciullo A, Miyamoto K, Liao K, Jones XM, Yamaguchi S, Li C, Rannou A, Nawaz A, Morris A, Tsi K, Marbán CH, Lee J, Manriquez N, Hong Y, Kumar AN, Dawkins JF, Rogers RG, Marbán E. Augmentation of DNA exonuclease TREX1 in macrophages as a therapy for cardiac ischemic injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.20.581294. [PMID: 39026690 PMCID: PMC11257602 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.20.581294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are increasingly recognized as bioactive. Here we report the development of TY1, a synthetic ncRNA bioinspired by a naturally-occurring human small Y RNA with immunomodulatory properties. TY1 upregulates TREX1, an exonuclease that rapidly degrades cytosolic DNA. In preclinical models of myocardial infarction (MI) induced by ischemia/reperfusion, TY1 reduced scar size. The cardioprotective effect of TY1 was abrogated by prior depletion of macrophages and mimicked by adoptive transfer of macrophages exposed either to TY1 or TREX1. Inhibition of TREX1 in macrophages blocked TY1 cardioprotection. Consistent with a central role for TREX1, TY1 attenuated DNA damage in the post-MI heart. This novel mechanism-pharmacologic upregulation of TREX1 in macrophages-establishes TY1 as the prototype for a new class of ncRNA drugs with disease-modifying bioactivity. One Sentence Summary Upregulation of three prime exonuclease, TREX1, in macrophages enhances tissue repair post myocardial infarction.
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12
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Jiang J, Zhang X, Wang H, Spanos M, Jiang F, Ni L, Li J, Li G, Lin Y, Xiao J. Closer to The Heart: Harnessing the Power of Targeted Extracellular Vesicle Therapies. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300141. [PMID: 37953665 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for cardiovascular diseases. EVs derived from various origins exhibit distinct effects on the cardiovascular system. However, the application of native EVs is constrained due to their poor stabilities and limited targeting capabilities. Currently, targeted modification of EVs primarily involves genetic engineering, chemical modification (covalent, non-covalent), cell membrane modification, and biomaterial encapsulation. These techniques enhance the stability, biological activity, target-binding capacity, and controlled release of EVs at specific cells and tissues. The diverse origins of cardioprotective EVs are covered, and the applications of cardiac-targeting EV delivery systems in protecting against cardiovascular diseases are discussed. This review summarizes the current stage of research on the potential of EV-based targeted therapies for addressing cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizong Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hongyun Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Michail Spanos
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Fei Jiang
- Department of Nursing, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Lingyan Ni
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jin Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yanjuan Lin
- Department of Nursing, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
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13
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Ahmad S, Deep G, Punzi HA, Su Y, Singh S, Kumar A, Mishra S, Saha AK, Wright KN, VonCannon JL, Dell'Italia LJ, Meredith WJ, Ferrario CM. Chymase in Plasma and Urine Extracellular Vesicles: Novel Biomarkers for Primary Hypertension. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.11.09.23298324. [PMID: 37986951 PMCID: PMC10659500 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.09.23298324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising liquid biopsy for various diseases. For the first time, using plasma and urinary EVs, we assessed the activity of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), a central regulator of renal, cardiac, and vascular physiology, in patients with control (Group I) or uncontrolled (Group II) primary hypertension. METHODS EVs were isolated from 34 patients with history of hypertension, and characterized for size and concentration by nanoparticle tracking analyses, exosomal biomarkers by immunogold labeling coupled with transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry and immunoblotting. EVs were analyzed for the hydrolytic activity of chymase, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), ACE2, and neprilysin (NEP) by HPLC. RESULTS Plasma and urinary EVs were enriched for small EVs and expressed exosomal markers (CD63, CD9, and CD81). The size of urinary EVs (but not plasma EVs) was significantly larger in Group II compared to Group I. Differential activity of RAS enzymes was observed, with significantly higher chymase activity compared to ACE, ACE2, and NEP in plasma EVs. Similarly, urinary EVs exhibited higher chymase and NEP activity compared to ACE and ACE2 activity. Importantly, compared to Group I, significantly higher chymase activity was observed in urinary EVs (p = 0.03) from Group II, while no significant difference in activity was observed for other RAS enzymes. CONCLUSIONS Bioactive RAS enzymes are present in plasma and urinary EVs. Detecting chymase in plasma and urinary EVs uncovers a novel mechanism of angiotensin II-forming enzyme and could also mediate cell-cell communication and modulate signaling pathways in recipient cells. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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14
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Paw M, Kusiak AA, Nit K, Litewka JJ, Piejko M, Wnuk D, Sarna M, Fic K, Stopa KB, Hammad R, Barczyk-Woznicka O, Cathomen T, Zuba-Surma E, Madeja Z, Ferdek PE, Bobis-Wozowicz S. Hypoxia enhances anti-fibrotic properties of extracellular vesicles derived from hiPSCs via the miR302b-3p/TGFβ/SMAD2 axis. BMC Med 2023; 21:412. [PMID: 37904135 PMCID: PMC10617123 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03117-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac fibrosis is one of the top killers among fibrotic diseases and continues to be a global unaddressed health problem. The lack of effective treatment combined with the considerable socioeconomic burden highlights the urgent need for innovative therapeutic options. Here, we evaluated the anti-fibrotic properties of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) that were cultured under various oxygen concentrations. METHODS EVs were isolated from three hiPSC lines cultured under normoxia (21% O2; EV-N) or reduced oxygen concentration (hypoxia): 3% O2 (EV-H3) or 5% O2 (EV-H5). The anti-fibrotic activity of EVs was tested in an in vitro model of cardiac fibrosis, followed by a detailed investigation of the underlying molecular mechanisms. Sequencing of EV miRNAs combined with bioinformatics analysis was conducted and a selected miRNA was validated using a miRNA mimic and inhibitor. Finally, EVs were tested in a mouse model of angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis. RESULTS We provide evidence that an oxygen concentration of 5% enhances the anti-fibrotic effects of hiPS-EVs. These EVs were more effective in reducing pro-fibrotic markers in activated human cardiac fibroblasts, when compared to EV-N or EV-H3. We show that EV-H5 act through the canonical TGFβ/SMAD pathway, primarily via miR-302b-3p, which is the most abundant miRNA in EV-H5. Our results show that EV-H5 not only target transcripts of several profibrotic genes, including SMAD2 and TGFBR2, but also reduce the stiffness of activated fibroblasts. In a mouse model of heart fibrosis, EV-H5 outperformed EV-N in suppressing the inflammatory response in the host and by attenuating collagen deposition and reducing pro-fibrotic markers in cardiac tissue. CONCLUSIONS In this work, we provide evidence of superior anti-fibrotic properties of EV-H5 over EV-N or EV-H3. Our study uncovers that fine regulation of oxygen concentration in the cellular environment may enhance the anti-fibrotic effects of hiPS-EVs, which has great potential to be applied for heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Paw
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka A Kusiak
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Nit
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek J Litewka
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Piejko
- 3Rd Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University - Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dawid Wnuk
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Sarna
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Fic
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga B Stopa
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ruba Hammad
- Freiburg iPS Core Facility, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga Barczyk-Woznicka
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Freiburg iPS Core Facility, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ewa Zuba-Surma
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Madeja
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł E Ferdek
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bobis-Wozowicz
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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15
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Ghassemi K, Inouye K, Takhmazyan T, Bonavida V, Yang JW, de Barros NR, Thankam FG. Engineered Vesicles and Hydrogel Technologies for Myocardial Regeneration. Gels 2023; 9:824. [PMID: 37888397 PMCID: PMC10606880 DOI: 10.3390/gels9100824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease and potentially life-threatening complications of myocardial infarction (MI) has led to emerging therapeutic approaches focusing on myocardial regeneration and restoration of physiologic function following infarction. Extracellular vesicle (EV) technology has gained attention owing to the biological potential to modulate cellular immune responses and promote the repair of damaged tissue. Also, EVs are involved in local and distant cellular communication following damage and play an important role in initiating the repair process. Vesicles derived from stem cells and cardiomyocytes (CM) are of particular interest due to their ability to promote cell growth, proliferation, and angiogenesis following MI. Although a promising candidate for myocardial repair, EV technology is limited by the short retention time of vesicles and rapid elimination by the body. There have been several successful attempts to address this shortcoming, which includes hydrogel technology for the sustained bioavailability of EVs. This review discusses and summarizes current understanding regarding EV technology in the context of myocardial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Ghassemi
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (K.G.); (K.I.); (T.T.); (V.B.)
| | - Keiko Inouye
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (K.G.); (K.I.); (T.T.); (V.B.)
| | - Tatevik Takhmazyan
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (K.G.); (K.I.); (T.T.); (V.B.)
| | - Victor Bonavida
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (K.G.); (K.I.); (T.T.); (V.B.)
| | - Jia-Wei Yang
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA; (J.-W.Y.); (N.R.d.B.)
| | - Natan Roberto de Barros
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA; (J.-W.Y.); (N.R.d.B.)
| | - Finosh G. Thankam
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (K.G.); (K.I.); (T.T.); (V.B.)
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16
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Ijichi T, Sundararaman N, Martin TG, Pandey R, Koronyo E, Kirk JA, Marbán E, Van Eyk JE, Fert-Bober J. Peptidyl arginine deiminase inhibition alleviates angiotensin II-induced fibrosis. Am J Transl Res 2023; 15:4558-4572. [PMID: 37560217 PMCID: PMC10408542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The conversion of protein arginine residues to citrulline by calcium-dependent peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, indicating that PADs are therapeutic targets. A recent study indicated that PAD4 regulates age-related organ fibrosis and dysfunction; however, the specific role of this PAD and its citrullination substrate remains unclear. We investigated whether pharmacological inhibition of PAD activity could affect the progression of fibrosis and restore heart function. METHODS Cardiac hypertrophy was induced by chronic infusion of angiotensin (Ang) II. After 2 weeks of AngII infusion, a PAD inhibitor (Cl-amidine hydrochloride) or vehicle (saline) was injected every other day for the next 14 days together with the continued administration of AngII for a total of up to 28 days. Cardiac fibrosis and remodeling were evaluated by quantitative heart tissue histology, echocardiography, and mass spectrometry. RESULTS A reverse AngII-induced effect was observed in PAD inhibitor-treated mice (n=6) compared with AngII vehicle-treated mice, as indicated by a significant reduction in the heart/body ratio (AngII: 6.51±0.8 mg/g vs. Cl-amidine: 5.27±0.6 mg/g), a reduction in fibrosis (AngII: 2.1-fold increased vs. Cl-amidine: 1.8-fold increased), and a reduction in left ventricular posterior wall diastole (LWVPd) (AngII: 1.1±0.04 vs. Cl-amidine: 0.78±0.02 mm). Label-free quantitative proteomics analysis of heart tissue indicated that proteins involved in fibrosis (e.g., periostin), cytoskeleton organization (e.g., transgelin), and remodeling (e.g., myosin light chain, carbonic anhydrase) were normalized by Cl-amidine treatment. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of PAD may be an effective strategy to attenuate cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ijichi
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CA 90048, The United States
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Tokai UniversityIsehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Niveda Sundararaman
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CA 90048, The United States
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CA 90048, The United States
| | - Thomas G Martin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of MedicineMaywood, IL 60153, The United States
| | - Rakhi Pandey
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CA 90048, The United States
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CA 90048, The United States
| | - Etai Koronyo
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CA 90048, The United States
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CA 90048, The United States
| | - Jonathan A Kirk
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of MedicineMaywood, IL 60153, The United States
| | - Eduardo Marbán
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CA 90048, The United States
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CA 90048, The United States
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CA 90048, The United States
| | - Justyna Fert-Bober
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CA 90048, The United States
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CA 90048, The United States
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17
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Reiss AB, Ahmed S, Johnson M, Saeedullah U, De Leon J. Exosomes in Cardiovascular Disease: From Mechanism to Therapeutic Target. Metabolites 2023; 13:479. [PMID: 37110138 PMCID: PMC10142472 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. In recent decades, clinical research has made significant advances, resulting in improved survival and recovery rates for patients with CVD. Despite this progress, there is substantial residual CVD risk and an unmet need for better treatment. The complex and multifaceted pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of CVD pose a challenge for researchers seeking effective therapeutic interventions. Consequently, exosomes have emerged as a new focus for CVD research because their role as intercellular communicators gives them the potential to act as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic nanocarriers. In the heart and vasculature, cell types such as cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle, cardiac fibroblasts, inflammatory cells, and resident stem cells are involved in cardiac homeostasis via the release of exosomes. Exosomes encapsulate cell-type specific miRNAs, and this miRNA content fluctuates in response to the pathophysiological setting of the heart, indicating that the pathways affected by these differentially expressed miRNAs may be targets for new treatments. This review discusses a number of miRNAs and the evidence that supports their clinical relevance in CVD. The latest technologies in applying exosomal vesicles as cargo delivery vehicles for gene therapy, tissue regeneration, and cell repair are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B. Reiss
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
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18
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Ciullo A, Peck K, Jones X, Yamaguchi S, Morris AA, Kumar AN, Li L, Lee J, dos Santos RM, Cingolani E, Ibrahim AG. TDO2-augmented fibroblasts secrete EVs enriched in immunomodulatory Y-derived small RNA. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 2:e73. [PMID: 38938522 PMCID: PMC11080885 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Mounting evidence implicates extracellular vesicles (EVs) factors as mediators of cell therapy. Cardiosphere-derived cells are cardiac-derived cells with tissue reparative capacity. Activation of a downstream target of wnt/β-catenin signalling, tryptophan 2,3 dioxygenase (TDO2) renders therapeutically inert skin fibroblasts cardioprotective. Here, we investigate the mechanism by which concentrated conditioned media from TDO2-augmented fibroblasts (TDO2-CCM) exert cardioprotective effects. TDO2-CCM is cardioprotective in a mouse model of MI compared to CCM from regular fibroblasts (HDF-CCM). Transcriptomic analysis of cardiac tissue at 24 h demonstrates broad suppression of inflammatory and cell stress markers in animals given TDO2-CCM compared to HDF-CCM or vehicle. Sequencing analysis of TDO2-EV RNA demonstrated abundance of a small Y-derived small RNA dubbed 'NT4'. Purification of TDO2-EVs by size-exclusion chromatography and RNAse protection assays demonstrated that NT4 is encapsulated inside EVs. Consistently with TDO2-CCM, macrophages exposed to NT4 showed suppression of the inflammatory and cell stress mediators, particularly p21/cdkn1a. NT4-depleted TDO2-CCM resulted in diminished immunomodulatory capacity. Finally, administration of NT4 alone was cardioprotective in an acute model of myocardial infarction. Taken together, these findings elucidate the mechanism by which TDO2 augmentation mediates potency in secreted EVs through enrichment of NT4 which suppresses upstream cell stress mediators including p21/cdkn1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ciullo
- Smidt Heart InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kiel Peck
- Smidt Heart InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Xaviar Jones
- Smidt Heart InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shukuro Yamaguchi
- Smidt Heart InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ashley Anne Morris
- Smidt Heart InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Arati Naveen Kumar
- Smidt Heart InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Liang Li
- Smidt Heart InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jamie Lee
- Smidt Heart InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Eugenio Cingolani
- Smidt Heart InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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19
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Gao R, Li X. Extracellular Vesicles and Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1418:17-31. [PMID: 37603270 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1443-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is a well-recognized risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Although lots of efforts have been made to illustrate the underlying molecular mechanisms, many issues remain undiscovered. Recently, intercellular communication by delivering small molecules between different cell types in the progression of cardiac hypertrophy has been reported, including bioactive nucleic acids or proteins. These extracellular vesicles (EVs) may act in an autocrine or paracrine manner between cardiomyocytes and noncardiomyocytes to provoke or inhibit cardiac remodeling and hypertrophy. Besides, EVs can be used as novel diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers in cardiac hypertrophy and also may serve as potential therapeutic targets due to its biocompatible nature and low immunogenicity. In this chapter, we will first summarize the current knowledge about EVs from different cells in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Then, we will focus on the value of EVs as therapeutic agents and biomarkers for pathological myocardial hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinli Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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20
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Cui J, Li Y, Zhu M, Liu Y, Liu Y. Analysis of the Research Hotspot of Exosomes in Cardiovascular Disease: A Bibliometric-based Literature Review. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2023; 21:316-345. [PMID: 37779407 DOI: 10.2174/0115701611249727230920042944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the current status and development trend of research on exosomes in cardiovascular disease (CVD) using bibliometric analysis and to elucidate trending research topics. METHODS Research articles on exosomes in CVD published up to April 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science database. Data were organized using Microsoft Office Excel 2019. CiteSpace 6.1 and VOSviewer 1.6.18 were used for bibliometric analysis and result visualization. RESULTS Overall, 256 original research publications containing 190 fundamental research publications and 66 clinical research publications were included. "Extracellular vesicle" was the most frequent research keyword, followed by "microrna," "apoptosis," and "angiogenesis." Most publications were from China (187, 73.05%), followed by the United States (57, 22.27%), the United Kingdom (7, 2.73%), and Japan (7, 2.73%). A systematic review of the publications revealed that myocardial infarction and stroke were the most popular topics and that exosomes and their contents, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), play positive roles in neuroprotection, inhibition of autophagy and apoptosis, promotion of angiogenesis, and protection of cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION Research on exosomes in CVD has attracted considerable attention, with China having the most published studies. Fundamental research has focused on CVD pathogenesis; exosomes regulate the progression of CVD through biological processes, such as the inflammatory response, autophagy, and apoptosis. Clinical research has focused on biomarkers for CVD; studies on using miRNAs in exosomes as disease markers for diagnosis could become a future trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cui
- National Clinical Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- National Clinical Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhu
- National Clinical Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- National Clinical Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Second Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- National Clinical Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Lv K, Wang Y, Lou P, Liu S, Zhou P, Yang L, Lu Y, Cheng J, Liu J. Extracellular vesicles as advanced therapeutics for the resolution of organ fibrosis: Current progress and future perspectives. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1042983. [PMCID: PMC9630482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1042983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ fibrosis is a serious health challenge worldwide, and its global incidence and medical burden are increasing dramatically each year. Fibrosis can occur in nearly all major organs and ultimately lead to organ dysfunction. However, current clinical treatments cannot slow or reverse the progression of fibrosis to end-stage organ failure, and thus advanced anti-fibrotic therapeutics are urgently needed. As a type of naturally derived nanovesicle, native extracellular vesicles (EVs) from multiple cell types (e.g., stem cells, immune cells, and tissue cells) have been shown to alleviate organ fibrosis in many preclinical models through multiple effective mechanisms, such as anti-inflammation, pro-angiogenesis, inactivation of myofibroblasts, and fibrinolysis of ECM components. Moreover, the therapeutic potency of native EVs can be further enhanced by multiple engineering strategies, such as genetic modifications, preconditionings, therapeutic reagent-loadings, and combination with functional biomaterials. In this review, we briefly introduce the pathology and current clinical treatments of organ fibrosis, discuss EV biology and production strategies, and particularly focus on important studies using native or engineered EVs as interventions to attenuate tissue fibrosis. This review provides insights into the development and translation of EV-based nanotherapies into clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lv
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yizhuo Wang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Lou
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pingya Zhou
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanrong Lu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingping Liu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jingping Liu,
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22
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Mao L, Li YD, Chen RL, Li G, Zhou XX, Song F, Wu C, Hu Y, Hong YX, Dang X, Li GR, Wang Y. Heart-targeting exosomes from human cardiosphere-derived cells improve the therapeutic effect on cardiac hypertrophy. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:435. [PMID: 36195937 PMCID: PMC9531502 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01630-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes of human cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) are very promising for treating cardiovascular disorders. However, the current challenge is inconvenient delivery methods of exosomes for clinical application. The present study aims to explore the potential to enhance the therapeutic effect of exosome (EXO) from human CDCs to myocardial hypertrophy. A heart homing peptide (HHP) was displayed on the surface of exosomes derived from CDCs that were forced to express the HHP fused on the N-terminus of the lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2b (LAMP2b). The cardiomyocyte-targeting capability of exosomes were analyzed and their therapeutic effects were evaluated in a mouse model of myocardial hypertrophy induced by transverse aorta constriction (TAC). The molecular mechanisms of the therapeutic effects were dissected in angiotensin II-induced neonatal rat cardiomyocyte (NRCMs) hypertrophy model using a combination of biochemistry, immunohistochemistry and molecular biology techniques. We found that HHP-exosomes (HHP-EXO) accumulated more in mouse hearts after intravenous delivery and in cultured NRCMs than control exosomes (CON-EXO). Cardiac function of TAC mice was significantly improved with intravenous HHP-EXO administration. Left ventricular hypertrophy was reduced more by HHP-EXO than CON-EXO via inhibition of β-MHC, BNP, GP130, p-STAT3, p-ERK1/2, and p-AKT. Similar results were obtained in angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy of NRCMs, in which the beneficial effects of HHP-EXO were abolished by miRNA-148a inhibition. Our results indicate that HHP-EXO preferentially target the heart and improve the therapeutic effect of CDCs-exosomes on cardiac hypertrophy. The beneficial therapeutic effect is most likely attributed to miRNA-148a-mediated suppression of GP130, which in turn inhibits STAT3/ERK1/2/AKT signaling pathway, leading to improved cardiac function and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Mao
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yun-Da Li
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Chen
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Gang Li
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Zhou
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Fei Song
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Chan Wu
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Yi-Xiang Hong
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Xitong Dang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Gui-Rong Li
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China.,Nanjing Amaigh Pharma Limited, Nanjing, 210032, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China.
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23
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Diagnostic and Therapeutic Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Aging-Related Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6742792. [PMID: 35979398 PMCID: PMC9377967 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6742792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aging shows a decline in overall physical function, and cellular senescence is the powerful catalyst leading to aging. Considering that aging will be accompanied with the emergence of various aging-related diseases, research on new antiaging drugs is still valuable. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as tools for intercellular communication, are important components of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), and they can play pathological roles in the process of cellular senescence. In addition, EVs are similar to their original cells in functions. Therefore, EVs derived from pathological tissues or body fluids may be closely related to the progression of diseases and become potential biomarkers, while those from healthy cells may have therapeutic effects. Moreover, EVs are satisfactory drug carriers. At present, numerous studies have supported the idea that engineered EVs could improve drug targeting ability and utilization efficiency. Here, we summarize the characteristics of EVs and cellular senescence and focus on the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of EVs in various aging-related diseases, including Alzheimer disease, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and its complications, and skin aging.
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24
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Krishnamoorthi MK, Thandavarayan RA, Youker KA, Bhimaraj A. An In Vitro Platform to Study Reversible Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:912660. [PMID: 35814231 PMCID: PMC9259860 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.912660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells can acquire a mesenchymal phenotype in response to external stimuli through both mechanical and biological factors, using a process known as endothelial-to-mesenchymal (EndoMT) transition. EndoMT is characterized by the decrease in endothelial characteristics, increase in mesenchymal markers, and morphological changes. It has been recognized not only during development but also in different pathological conditions including organ/tissue fibrosis in adults. The ability to modulate the EndoMT process could have a therapeutic potential in many fibrotic diseases. An in vitro method is presented here to induce EndoMT with Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) and angiotensin II (Ang II) followed by a protocol to study the reversibility of EndoMT. Using this method, we furnish evidence that the combination of L-NAME and Ang II can stimulate EndoMT in Human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) and this process can be reversed as observed using endothelial functionality assays. This method may serve as a model to screen and identify potential pharmacological molecules to target and regulate the EndoMT process, with applications in drug discovery for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arvind Bhimaraj
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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25
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Zhuang R, Chen J, Cheng HS, Assa C, Jamaiyar A, Pandey AK, Pérez-Cremades D, Zhang B, Tzani A, Wara AK, Plutzky J, Barrera V, Bhetariya P, Mitchell RN, Liu Z, Feinberg MW. Perivascular Fibrosis Is Mediated by a KLF10-IL-9 Signaling Axis in CD4+ T Cells. Circ Res 2022; 130:1662-1681. [PMID: 35440172 PMCID: PMC9149118 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.320420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perivascular fibrosis, characterized by increased amount of connective tissue around vessels, is a hallmark for vascular disease. Ang II (angiotensin II) contributes to vascular disease and end-organ damage via promoting T-cell activation. Despite recent data suggesting the role of T cells in the progression of perivascular fibrosis, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. METHODS TF (transcription factor) profiling was performed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of hypertensive patients. CD4-targeted KLF10 (Kruppel like factor 10)-deficient (Klf10fl/flCD4Cre+; [TKO]) and CD4-Cre (Klf10+/+CD4Cre+; [Cre]) control mice were subjected to Ang II infusion. End point characterization included cardiac echocardiography, aortic imaging, multiorgan histology, flow cytometry, cytokine analysis, aorta and fibroblast transcriptomic analysis, and aortic single-cell RNA-sequencing. RESULTS TF profiling identified increased KLF10 expression in hypertensive human subjects and in CD4+ T cells in Ang II-treated mice. TKO mice showed enhanced perivascular fibrosis, but not interstitial fibrosis, in aorta, heart, and kidney in response to Ang II, accompanied by alterations in global longitudinal strain, arterial stiffness, and kidney function compared with Cre control mice. However, blood pressure was unchanged between the 2 groups. Mechanistically, KLF10 bound to the IL (interleukin)-9 promoter and interacted with HDAC1 (histone deacetylase 1) inhibit IL-9 transcription. Increased IL-9 in TKO mice induced fibroblast intracellular calcium mobilization, fibroblast activation, and differentiation and increased production of collagen and extracellular matrix, thereby promoting the progression of perivascular fibrosis and impairing target organ function. Remarkably, injection of anti-IL9 antibodies reversed perivascular fibrosis in Ang II-infused TKO mice and C57BL/6 mice. Single-cell RNA-sequencing revealed fibroblast heterogeneity with activated signatures associated with robust ECM (extracellular matrix) and perivascular fibrosis in Ang II-treated TKO mice. CONCLUSIONS CD4+ T cell deficiency of Klf10 exacerbated perivascular fibrosis and multi-organ dysfunction in response to Ang II via upregulation of IL-9. Klf10 or IL-9 in T cells might represent novel therapeutic targets for treatment of vascular or fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rulin Zhuang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jingshu Chen
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Henry S. Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carmel Assa
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anurag Jamaiyar
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arvind K. Pandey
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Pérez-Cremades
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, and INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Bofang Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aspasia Tzani
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Akm Khyrul Wara
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jorge Plutzky
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Victor Barrera
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Preetida Bhetariya
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard N. Mitchell
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Mark W. Feinberg
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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26
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Lee SA, Yoo TH. Therapeutic application of extracellular vesicles for various kidney diseases: a brief review. BMB Rep 2022. [PMID: 34903318 PMCID: PMC8810552 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022.55.1.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sul A Lee
- Department of Medicine, MetroWest Medical Center/Tufts University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Tae Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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27
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Abstract
Navitoclax, which is a type of senolytic drug, selectively eliminates senescent cells. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of navitoclax in treatment of angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced heart failure in mice. Navitoclax or vehicle was administrated in mice with Ang II-induced heart failure. Cardiac function and electrophysiology were assessed before and after administration of navitoclax. Cardiac remodeling, including morphological changes, fibrosis, and inflammatory responses, was analyzed in myocardial tissue. Cellular effects of navitoclax were validated in isolated primary cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts in vitro. Echocardiography of mice showed that navitoclax improved cardiac dysfunction by improving the left ventricular ejection fraction (vehicle: 45.88 ± 2.19%; navitoclax: 54.70 ± 1.65%, P < 0.01). In cardiac electrophysiological testing, navitoclax increased conduction velocity (vehicle: 1.37 ± 0.05 mm/ms; navitoclax: 1.69 ± 0.08 mm/ms, P < 0.05) and decreased susceptibility to ventricular tachyarrhythmia induced by programmed electrical stimulation. Histopathological staining, immunofluorescence, and western blotting examinations showed that navitoclax ameliorated Ang II-induced cardiac fibrosis, hypertrophy, and the inflammatory response. Moreover, navitoclax eliminated senescent cells by inducing apoptosis. Therefore, navitoclax improved cardiac function and electrophysiological characteristics through decreasing cardiac fibrosis, hypertrophy, and inflammation in mice with heart failure. Pharmacological clearance of senescent cells may be a potential therapeutic approach in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
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28
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Villarreal-Leal RA, Cooke JP, Corradetti B. Biomimetic and immunomodulatory therapeutics as an alternative to natural exosomes for vascular and cardiac applications. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2021; 35:102385. [PMID: 33774130 PMCID: PMC8238887 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a central mechanism in cardiovascular diseases (CVD), where sustained oxidative stress and immune responses contribute to cardiac remodeling and impairment. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by cells to communicate with their surroundings and to modulate the tissue microenvironment. Recent evidence indicates their potential as cell-free immunomodulatory therapeutics for CVD, preventing cell death and fibrosis while inducing wound healing and angiogenesis. Biomimetic exosomes are semi-synthetic particles engineered using essential moieties present in natural exosomes (lipids, RNA, proteins) to reproduce their therapeutic effects while improving on scalability and standardization due to the ample range of moieties available to produce them. In this review, we provide an up-to-date description of the use of exosomes for CVD and offer our vision on the areas of opportunity for the development of biomimetic strategies. We also discuss the current limitations to overcome in the process towards their translation into clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro A Villarreal-Leal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - John P Cooke
- RNA Therapeutics Program, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.S., J.P.C.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX, USA; Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center (J.P.C.), Houston Methodist Hospital, TX, USA
| | - Bruna Corradetti
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Center of NanoHealth, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK.
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29
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Extracellular Vesicles in Organ Fibrosis: Mechanisms, Therapies, and Diagnostics. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071596. [PMID: 34202136 PMCID: PMC8305303 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is the unrelenting deposition of excessively large amounts of insoluble interstitial collagen due to profound matrigenic activities of wound-associated myofibroblasts during chronic injury in diverse tissues and organs. It is a highly debilitating pathology that affects millions of people globally and leads to decreased function of vital organs and increased risk of cancer and end-stage organ disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced within the chronic wound environment have emerged as important vehicles for conveying pro-fibrotic signals between many of the cell types involved in driving the fibrotic response. On the other hand, EVs from sources such as stem cells, uninjured parenchymal cells, and circulation have in vitro and in vivo anti-fibrotic activities that have provided novel and much-needed therapeutic options. Finally, EVs in body fluids of fibrotic individuals contain cargo components that may have utility as fibrosis biomarkers, which could circumvent current obstacles to fibrosis measurement in the clinic, allowing fibrosis stage, progression, or regression to be determined in a manner that is accurate, safe, minimally-invasive, and conducive to repetitive testing. This review highlights the rapid and recent progress in our understanding of EV-mediated fibrotic pathogenesis, anti-fibrotic therapy, and fibrosis staging in the lung, kidney, heart, liver, pancreas, and skin.
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30
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Nowak N, Yamanouchi M, Satake E. The Nephroprotective Properties of Extracellular Vesicles in Experimental Models of Chronic Kidney Disease: a Systematic Review. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:902-932. [PMID: 34110587 PMCID: PMC8942930 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV)-based therapy was hypothesized as a promising regenerative approach which has led to intensive research of EVs in various pathologies. In this study, we performed a comprehensive systematic review of the current experimental evidence regarding the protective properties of EVs in chronic kidney disease (CKD). We evaluated the EV-based experiments, EV characteristics, and effector molecules with their involvement in CKD pathways. Including all animal records with available creatinine or urea data, we performed a stratified univariable meta-analysis to assess the determinants of EV-based therapy effectiveness. We identified 35 interventional studies that assessed nephroprotective role of EVs and catalogued them according to their involvement in CKD mechanism. Systematic assessment of these studies suggested that EVs had consistently improved glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and cell damage, among different CKD models. Moreover, EV-based therapy reduced the progression of renal decline in CKD. The stratified analyses showed that the disease model, administered dose, and time of therapeutic intervention were potential predictors of therapeutic efficacy. Together, EV therapy is a promising approach for CKD progression in experimental studies. Further standardisation of EV-methods, continuous improvement of the study quality, and better understanding of the determinants of EV effectiveness will facilitate preclinical research, and may help development of clinical trials in people with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Nowak
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Bioinformatics and Data Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Masayuki Yamanouchi
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine Faculty of Medicine Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Toranomon Hospital, Nephrology Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Satake
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, MA, Boston, USA
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31
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Huang F, Na N, Ijichi T, Wu X, Miyamoto K, Ciullo A, Tran M, Li L, Ibrahim A, Marbán E, de Couto G. Exosomally derived Y RNA fragment alleviates hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in transgenic mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 24:951-960. [PMID: 34094713 PMCID: PMC8141670 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiosphere-derived cell exosomes (CDCexo) and YF1, a CDCexo-derived non-coding RNA, elicit therapeutic bioactivity in models of myocardial infarction and hypertensive hypertrophy. Here we tested the hypothesis that YF1, a 56-nucleotide Y RNA fragment, could alleviate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, inflammation, and fibrosis associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in transgenic mice harboring a clinically relevant mutation in cardiac troponin I (cTnIGly146). By quantitative PCR, YF1 was detectable in bone marrow, spleen, liver, and heart 30 min after intravenous (i.v.) infusion. For efficacy studies, mice were randomly allocated to receive i.v. YF1 or vehicle, monitored for ambulatory and cardiac function, and sacrificed at 4 weeks. YF1 (but not vehicle) improved ambulation and reduced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. In parallel, peripheral mobilization of neutrophils and proinflammatory monocytes was decreased, and fewer macrophages infiltrated the heart. RNA-sequencing of macrophages revealed that YF1 confers substantive and broad changes in gene expression, modulating pathways associated with immunological disease and inflammatory responses. Together, these data demonstrate that YF1 can reverse hypertrophic and fibrotic signaling pathways associated with HCM, while improving function, raising the prospect that YF1 may be a viable novel therapeutic candidate for HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Huang
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Na Na
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Takeshi Ijichi
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Xiaokang Wu
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kazutaka Miyamoto
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Alessandra Ciullo
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - My Tran
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Liang Li
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Eduardo Marbán
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Geoffrey de Couto
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Chen W, Li L, Wang J, Li Q, Zhang R, Wang S, Wu Y, Xing D. Extracellular vesicle YRNA in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 517:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Landmesser U, Poller W, Tsimikas S, Most P, Paneni F, Lüscher TF. From traditional pharmacological towards nucleic acid-based therapies for cardiovascular diseases. Eur Heart J 2021; 41:3884-3899. [PMID: 32350510 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based therapeutics are currently developed at large scale for prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), since: (i) genetic studies have highlighted novel therapeutic targets suggested to be causal for CVD; (ii) there is a substantial recent progress in delivery, efficacy, and safety of nucleic acid-based therapies; (iii) they enable effective modulation of therapeutic targets that cannot be sufficiently or optimally addressed using traditional small molecule drugs or antibodies. Nucleic acid-based therapeutics include (i) RNA-targeted therapeutics for gene silencing; (ii) microRNA-modulating and epigenetic therapies; (iii) gene therapies; and (iv) genome-editing approaches (e.g. CRISPR-Cas-based): (i) RNA-targeted therapeutics: several large-scale clinical development programmes, using antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) or short interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics for prevention and management of CVD have been initiated. These include ASO and/or siRNA molecules to lower apolipoprotein (a) [apo(a)], proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), apoCIII, ANGPTL3, or transthyretin (TTR) for prevention and treatment of patients with atherosclerotic CVD or TTR amyloidosis. (ii) MicroRNA-modulating and epigenetic therapies: novel potential therapeutic targets are continually arising from human non-coding genome and epigenetic research. First microRNA-based therapeutics or therapies targeting epigenetic regulatory pathways are in clinical studies. (iii) Gene therapies: EMA/FDA have approved gene therapies for non-cardiac monogenic diseases and LDL receptor gene therapy is currently being examined in patients with homozygous hypercholesterolaemia. In experimental studies, gene therapy has significantly improved cardiac function in heart failure animal models. (iv) Genome editing approaches: these technologies, such as using CRISPR-Cas, have proven powerful in stem cells, however, important challenges are remaining, e.g. low rates of homology-directed repair in somatic cells such as cardiomyocytes. In summary, RNA-targeted therapies (e.g. apo(a)-ASO and PCSK9-siRNA) are now in large-scale clinical outcome trials and will most likely become a novel effective and safe therapeutic option for CVD in the near future. MicroRNA-modulating, epigenetic, and gene therapies are tested in early clinical studies for CVD. CRISPR-Cas-mediated genome editing is highly effective in stem cells, but major challenges are remaining in somatic cells, however, this field is rapidly advancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Landmesser
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, CC11 (Cardiovascular Medicine), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Strasse 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Poller
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, CC11 (Cardiovascular Medicine), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, BSB 1080, La Jolla, CA 92093-0682, USA
| | - Patrick Most
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Translational Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.,Molecular and Translational Cardiology, Department of Medicine III, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesco Paneni
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, MOU2, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,Research, Education and Development, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospital Trust and Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, Guy Scadding Building, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK
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Shrivastava S, Morris KV. The Multifunctionality of Exosomes; from the Garbage Bin of the Cell to a Next Generation Gene and Cellular Therapy. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020173. [PMID: 33513776 PMCID: PMC7912150 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are packaged with a variety of cellular cargo including RNA, DNA, lipids and proteins. For several decades now there has been ongoing debate as to what extent exosomes are the garbage bin of the cell or if these entities function as a distributer of cellular cargo which acts in a meaningful mechanistic way on target cells. Are the contents of exosomes unwanted excess cellular produce or are they selective nucleic acid packaged nanoparticles used to communicate in a paracrine fashion? Overexpressed RNAs and fragments of DNA have been shown to collect into exosomes which are jettisoned from cells in response to particular stimuli to maintain homeostasis suggesting exosomes are functional trash bins of the cell. Other studies however have deciphered selective packaging of particular nucleic acids into exosomes. Nucleic acids packaged into exosomes are increasingly reported to exert transcriptional control on recipient cells, supporting the notion that exosomes may provide a role in signaling and intracellular communication. We survey the literature and conclude that exosomes are multifunctional entities, with a plethora of roles that can each be taken advantage to functionally modulate cells. We also note that the potential utility of developing exosomes as a next generation genetic therapy may in future transform cellular therapies. We also depict three models of methodologies which can be adopted by researchers intending to package nucleic acid in exosomes for developing gene and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Shrivastava
- Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope-Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
- Hematological Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Kevin V. Morris
- Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope-Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
- Hematological Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- School of Medical Science, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport 4222, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Vascular Cell Communications in Hypertension: Mechanism Insights and Therapeutic Potential of ncRNAs. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 36:157-172. [PMID: 32964302 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension, a chronic and progressive disease, is an outstanding public health issue that affects nearly 40% of the adults worldwide. The increasing prevalence of hypertension is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Despite of the available treatment medications, an increasing number of hypertensive individuals continues to have uncontrolled blood pressure. In the vasculature, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and adventitial fibroblasts play a fundamental role in vascular homeostasis. The aberrant interactions between vascular cells might lead to hypertension and vascular remodeling. Identification of the precise mechanisms of vascular remodeling may be highly required to develop effective therapeutic approaches for hypertension. Recently, extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of proteins or noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) between vascular cells holds promise for the treatment of hypertension. Especially, extracellular vesicle-packaging ncRNAs have gained enormous attention of basic and clinical scientists because of their tremendous potential to act as novel clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets of hypertension. Here we will discuss the current findings focusing on the emerging roles of extracellular vesicle-carrying ncRNAs in the pathologies of hypertension and its associated vascular remodeling. Furthermore, we will highlight the potential of extracellular vesicles and ncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for hypertension. The future research directions on the challenges and perspectives of extracellular vesicles and ncRNAs in hypertensive vascular remodeling are also proposed.
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Das S, Shah R, Dimmeler S, Freedman JE, Holley C, Lee JM, Moore K, Musunuru K, Wang DZ, Xiao J, Yin KJ. Noncoding RNAs in Cardiovascular Disease: Current Knowledge, Tools and Technologies for Investigation, and Future Directions: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. CIRCULATION. GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2020; 13:e000062. [PMID: 32812806 DOI: 10.1161/hcg.0000000000000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery that much of the non-protein-coding genome is transcribed and plays a diverse functional role in fundamental cellular processes has led to an explosion in the development of tools and technologies to investigate the role of these noncoding RNAs in cardiovascular health. Furthermore, identifying noncoding RNAs for targeted therapeutics to treat cardiovascular disease is an emerging area of research. The purpose of this statement is to review existing literature, offer guidance on tools and technologies currently available to study noncoding RNAs, and identify areas of unmet need. METHODS The writing group used systematic literature reviews (including MEDLINE, Web of Science through 2018), expert opinion/statements, analyses of databases and computational tools/algorithms, and review of current clinical trials to provide a broad consensus on the current state of the art in noncoding RNA in cardiovascular disease. RESULTS Significant progress has been made since the initial studies focusing on the role of miRNAs (microRNAs) in cardiovascular development and disease. Notably, recent progress on understanding the role of novel types of noncoding small RNAs such as snoRNAs (small nucleolar RNAs), tRNA (transfer RNA) fragments, and Y-RNAs in cellular processes has revealed a noncanonical function for many of these molecules. Similarly, the identification of long noncoding RNAs that appear to play an important role in cardiovascular disease processes, coupled with the development of tools to characterize their interacting partners, has led to significant mechanistic insight. Finally, recent work has characterized the unique role of extracellular RNAs in mediating intercellular communication and their potential role as biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS The rapid expansion of tools and pipelines for isolating, measuring, and annotating these entities suggests that caution in interpreting results is warranted until these methodologies are rigorously validated. Most investigators have focused on investigating the functional role of single RNA entities, but studies suggest complex interaction between different RNA molecules. The use of network approaches and advanced computational tools to understand the interaction of different noncoding RNA species to mediate a particular phenotype may be required to fully comprehend the function of noncoding RNAs in mediating disease phenotypes.
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MESH Headings
- American Heart Association
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cardiovascular Diseases/genetics
- Cardiovascular Diseases/pathology
- Humans
- MicroRNAs/chemistry
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- RNA, Long Noncoding/chemistry
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism
- RNA, Small Nucleolar/chemistry
- RNA, Small Nucleolar/genetics
- RNA, Small Nucleolar/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer/chemistry
- RNA, Transfer/genetics
- RNA, Transfer/metabolism
- RNA, Untranslated/chemistry
- RNA, Untranslated/genetics
- RNA, Untranslated/metabolism
- United States
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37
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Zhong Y, Tang R, Lu Y, Wang W, Xiao C, Meng T, Ao X, Li X, Peng L, Kwadwo Nuro-Gyina P, Zhou Q. Irbesartan may relieve renal injury by suppressing Th22 cells chemotaxis and infiltration in Ang II-induced hypertension. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 87:106789. [PMID: 32683300 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) as an important pathogenic factor, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and associated renal injury, and inhibition of Ang II can reduce renal inflammation and exert renal protective effects. In the present study, we determine the infiltration of Th22 cells in kidney and serum IL-22 level in hypertensive renal injury, and explore the effects and mechanisms of a widely used angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker irbesartan on Th22 cells infiltration and related renal injury. Hypertension was induced by administering 1.5 mg/kg Ang II subcutaneously daily in C57BL/6 mice for 28 days. The mice were additionally treated by irbesartan or amlodipine. Renal Th22 lymphocytes frequency was evaluated through flow cytometry, serum IL-22 was detected by ELISA, and renal histopathological changes were also detected. The levels of renal chemokines (CCL20, CCL22, CCL27) and serum proinflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) were measured by ELISA. Renal expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Fibronectin (FN) and collagen I (Col I) were evaluated by western blot. Chemotaxis assay and co-culture assay were conducted to clarify the effect of irbesartan on Th22 cells chemotaxis and differentiation in vitro. Our results showed in Ang II-infused hypertension mice, irbesartan suppressed renal Th22 cells accumulation as well as CCL20, CCL22, CCL27 expression. Serum IL-22, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations wasere also reduced, in addition to inhibited renal expression of α-SMA, FN and Col I. Irbesartan treatment lowered blood pressure, urinary protein and renal pathological damage. In vitro, irbesartan could abrogate the Th22 cells chemotaxis and differentiation, compared to control and amlodipine groups. Our study reveals a new pharmacological mechanism that irbesartan ameliorates inflammation and fibrosis in hypertensive renal injury induced by Ang II, maybe through inhibiting Th22 cells chemotaxis and infiltration, which provides a new theoretical basis and therapeutic target for hypertensive renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rong Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chenggen Xiao
- Department of Emergency, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Meng
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Ao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaozhao Li
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | | | - Qiaoling Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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38
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Roles and Clinical Applications of Exosomes in Cardiovascular Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5424281. [PMID: 32596327 PMCID: PMC7303764 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5424281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite substantial improvements in therapeutic strategies, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Exosomes, extracellular vesicles with a lipid bilayer membrane of endosomal origin, have been the focus of a large body of research in CVD. Exosomes not only serve as carriers for signal molecules responsible for intercellular and interorgan communication underlying CVD pathophysiology but also are bioactive agents which are partly responsible for the therapeutic effect of stem cell therapy of CVD. We here review recent insights gained into the role of exosomes in apoptosis, hypertrophy, angiogenesis, fibrosis, and inflammation in CVD pathophysiology and progression and the application and mechanisms of exosomes as therapeutic agents for CVD.
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39
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López E, Marinaro F, de Pedro MDLÁ, Sánchez-Margallo FM, Gómez-Serrano M, Ponath V, Pogge von Strandmann E, Jorge I, Vázquez J, Fernández-Pereira LM, Crisóstomo V, Álvarez V, Casado JG. The Immunomodulatory Signature of Extracellular Vesicles From Cardiosphere-Derived Cells: A Proteomic and miRNA Profiling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:321. [PMID: 32582685 PMCID: PMC7295954 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental data demonstrated that the regenerative potential and immunomodulatory capacity of cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) is mediated by paracrine mechanisms. In this process, extracellular vesicles derived from CDCs (EV-CDCs) are key mediators of their therapeutic effect. Considering the future applicability of these vesicles in human diseases, an accurate preclinical-to-clinical translation is needed, as well as an exhaustive molecular characterization of animal-derived therapeutic products. Based on that, the main goal of this study was to perform a comprehensive characterization of proteins and miRNAs in extracellular vesicles from porcine CDCs as a clinically relevant animal model. The analysis was performed by identification and quantification of proteins and miRNA expression profiles. Our results revealed the presence of clusters of immune-related and cardiac-related molecular biomarkers in EV-CDCs. Additionally, considering that priming stem cells with inflammatory stimuli may increase the therapeutic potential of released vesicles, here we studied the dynamic changes that occur in the extracellular vesicles from IFNγ-primed CDCs. These analyses detected statistically significant changes in several miRNAs and proteins. Notably, the increase in interleukin 6 (IL6) protein, as well as the increase in mir-125b (that targets IL6 receptor) was especially relevant. These results suggest a potential involvement of EV-CDCs in the regulation of the IL6/IL6R axis, with implications in inflammatory-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther López
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Federica Marinaro
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Miguel Sánchez-Margallo
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gómez-Serrano
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Viviane Ponath
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.,Clinic for Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elke Pogge von Strandmann
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.,Clinic for Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Inmaculada Jorge
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Verónica Crisóstomo
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Álvarez
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Javier G Casado
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
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40
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Abramowicz A, Story MD. The Long and Short of It: The Emerging Roles of Non-Coding RNA in Small Extracellular Vesicles. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061445. [PMID: 32498257 PMCID: PMC7352322 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a significant role in intercellular communication through their non-coding RNA (ncRNA) cargo. While the initial examination of EV cargo identified both mRNA and miRNA, later studies revealed a wealth of other types of EV-related non-randomly packed ncRNAs, including tRNA and tRNA fragments, Y RNA, piRNA, rRNA, and lncRNA. A number of potential roles for these ncRNA species were suggested, with strong evidence provided in some cases, whereas the role for other ncRNA is more speculative. For example, long non-coding RNA might be used as a potential diagnostic tool but might also mediate resistance to certain cancer-specific chemotherapy agents. piRNAs, on the other hand, have a significant role in genome integrity, however, no role has yet been defined for the piRNAs found in EVs. While our knowledgebase for the function of ncRNA-containing EVs is still modest, the potential role that these EV-ensconced ncRNA might play is promising. This review summarizes the ncRNA content of EVs and describes the function where known, or the potential utility of EVs that harbor specific types of ncRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Abramowicz
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael D Story
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Correspondence:
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41
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Rogers RG, Ciullo A, Marbán E, Ibrahim AG. Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic Agents for Cardiac Fibrosis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:479. [PMID: 32528309 PMCID: PMC7255103 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart disease remains an increasing major public health challenge in the United States and worldwide. A common end-organ feature in diseased hearts is myocardial fibrosis, which stiffens the heart and interferes with normal pump function, leading to pump failure. The development of cells for regenerative therapy has been met with many pitfalls on its path to clinical translation. Recognizing that regenerative cells secrete therapeutically bioactive vesicles has paved the way to circumvent many failures of cell therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of extracellular vesicles (EVs), with a focus on their utility as therapeutic agents for cardiac regeneration. We also highlight the engineering potential of EVs to enhance their therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eduardo Marbán
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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42
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Dergilev KV, Vasilets ID, Tsokolaeva ZI, Zubkova ES, Parfenova EV. [Perspectives of cell therapy for myocardial infarction and heart failure based on cardiosphere cells]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2020; 92:111-120. [PMID: 32598708 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2020.04.000634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In recent years, researchers are attracted to the use of cell therapy based on stem cell and progenitor cells, which has been a promising strategy for cardiac repair after injury. However, conducted research using intracoronary or intramyocardial transplantation of various types of stem/progenitor cells as a cell suspension showed modest efficiency. This is due to the low degree of integration and cell survival after transplantation. To overcome these limitations, the concept of the use of multicellular spheroids modeling the natural microenvironment of cells has been proposed, which allows maintaining their viability and therapeutic properties. It is of great interest to use so-called cardial spheroids (cardiospheres) spontaneously forming three-dimensional structures under low-adhesive conditions, consisting of a heterogeneous population of myocardial progenitor cells and extracellular matrix proteins. This review presents data on methods for creating cardiospheres, directed regulation of their properties and reparative potential, as well as the results of preclinical and clinical studies on their use for the treatment of heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Z I Tsokolaeva
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology.,Negovsky Scientific Research Institute of General Reanimatology of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology
| | - E S Zubkova
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology
| | - E V Parfenova
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology.,Lomonosov Moscow State University
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43
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Michell DL, Zhao S, Allen RM, Sheng Q, Vickers KC. Pervasive Small RNAs in Cardiometabolic Research: Great Potential Accompanied by Biological and Technical Barriers. Diabetes 2020; 69:813-822. [PMID: 32312897 PMCID: PMC7171967 DOI: 10.2337/dbi19-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Advances in small RNA sequencing have revealed the enormous diversity of small noncoding RNA (sRNA) classes in mammalian cells. At this point, most investigators in diabetes are aware of the success of microRNA (miRNA) research and appreciate the importance of posttranscriptional gene regulation in glycemic control. Nevertheless, miRNAs are just one of multiple classes of sRNAs and likely represent only a minor fraction of sRNA sequences in a given cell. Despite the widespread appreciation of sRNAs, very little research into non-miRNA sRNA function has been completed, likely due to some major barriers that present unique challenges for study. To emphasize the importance of sRNA research in cardiometabolic diseases, we highlight the success of miRNAs and competitive endogenous RNAs in cholesterol and glucose metabolism. Moreover, we argue that sequencing studies have demonstrated that miRNAs are just the tip of the iceberg for sRNAs. We are likely standing at the precipice of immense discovery for novel sRNA-mediated gene regulation in cardiometabolic diseases. To realize this potential, we must first address critical barriers with an open mind and refrain from viewing non-miRNA sRNA function through the lens of miRNAs, as they likely have their own set of distinct regulatory factors and functional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Michell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Shilin Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Ryan M Allen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Quanhu Sheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Kasey C Vickers
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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44
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Valkov N, Das S. Y RNAs: Biogenesis, Function and Implications for the Cardiovascular System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1229:327-342. [PMID: 32285422 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1671-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, progress in the field of high-throughput sequencing technology and its application to a wide variety of biological specimens has greatly advanced the discovery and cataloging of a diverse set of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that have been found to have unexpected biological functions. Y RNAs are an emerging class of highly conserved, small ncRNAs. There is a growing number of reports in the literature demonstrating that Y RNAs and their fragments are not just random degradation products but are themselves bioactive molecules. This review will outline what is currently known about Y RNA including biogenesis, structure and functional roles. In addition, we will provide an overview of studies reporting the presence and functions attributed to Y RNAs in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedyalka Valkov
- Cardiovascular Research Center of Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saumya Das
- Cardiovascular Research Center of Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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45
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Jaquenod De Giusti C, Santalla M, Das S. Exosomal non-coding RNAs (Exo-ncRNAs) in cardiovascular health. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 137:143-151. [PMID: 31669445 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in the pathophysiological processes and in different diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Out of several categories of EVs, exosomes (smallest - 30 to 150 nm) are gaining most of the focus as the next generation of biomarkers and in therapeutic strategies. This is because exosomes can be differentiated from other types of EVs based on the expression of tetraspanin molecules on the surface. More importantly, exosomes can be traced back to the cell of origin by identifying the unique cellular marker(s) on the exosomal surface. Recently, several researchs have demonstrated an important and underappreciated mechanism of paracrine cell-cell communication involving exosomal transfer, and its subsequent functional impact on recipient cells. Exosomes are enriched in proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, and other non-coding RNAs, which can potentially alter myocardial function. Additionally, different stages of tissue damage can also be identified by measuring these bioactive molecules in the circulation. There are several aspects of this new concept still unknown. Therefore, in this review, we have summarized the knowledge we have so far and highlighted the potential of this novel concept of next generation biomarkers and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Jaquenod De Giusti
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares UNLP-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Manuela Santalla
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares UNLP-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Experimentales, Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de Buenos Aires, Pergamino, Argentina
| | - Samarjit Das
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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46
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Wang S, Chen W, Ma L, Zou M, Dong W, Yang H, Sun L, Chen X, Duan J. Infant cardiosphere-derived cells exhibit non-durable heart protection in dilated cardiomyopathy rats. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:1043-1052. [PMID: 31583508 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-019-00328-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells provide a new strategy for the treatment of cardiac diseases; however, their effectiveness in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) has not been investigated. In this study, cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) were isolated from infants (≤ 24 months) and identified by the cell surface markers CD105, CD90, CD117 and CD45, which is consistent with a previous report, although increased CD34 expression was observed. The molecular expression profile of CDCs from infants was determined by RNA sequencing and compared with adult CDCs, showing that infant CDCs have almost completely altered gene expression patterns compared with adult CDCs. The upregulated genes in infant CDCs are mainly related to the biological processes of cell morphogenesis and differentiation. The molecular profile of infant CDCs was characterized by lower expression of inflammatory cytokines and higher expression of stem cell markers and growth factors compared to adult CDCs. After intramyocardial administration of infant CDCs in the heart of DCM rats, we found that infant CDCs remained in the heart of DCM rats for at least 7 days, improved DCM-induced cardiac function impairment and protected the myocardium by elevating the left ventricular ejection fraction and fraction shortening. However, the effectiveness of transplanted CDCs was reversed later, as increased fibrosis formation instead of angiogenesis was observed. We concluded that infant CDCs, with higher expression of stem cell markers and growth factors, exhibit non-durable heart protection due to limited residence time in the heart of DCM animals, suggesting that multiple administrations of the CDCs or post-regulation after transplantation may be the key for cell therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Wang
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 JinSui Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 JinSui Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Weidan Chen
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 JinSui Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Ma
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 JinSui Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Minghui Zou
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 JinSui Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenyan Dong
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 JinSui Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 JinSui Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Haili Yang
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 JinSui Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 JinSui Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 JinSui Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 JinSui Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 JinSui Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jinzhu Duan
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 JinSui Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China. .,Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 JinSui Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.
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47
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Alegría-Herrera E, Herrera-Ruiz M, Román-Ramos R, Zamilpa A, Santillán-Urquiza MA, Aguilar MI, Avilés-Flores M, Fuentes-Mata M, Jiménez-Ferrer E. Effect of Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum selloi, and Rosmarinic Acid on Cerebral Vascular Damage in a Chronic Hypertension Model. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:201-211. [PMID: 30713252 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of treatment against hypertension is not only to reduce blood pressure levels, but also to reduce vascular risk in general. In the present work, administering angiotensin II (AGII; 0.2 µg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 12 weeks) activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which caused an increase in corticosterone levels, as well as in proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)) and macrophage chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and decreased anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 10 (IL-10) and interleukin 4 (IL-4)). On observing the behavior in the different models, an anxiogenic effect (elevated plus maze (EPM)) and cognitive impairment (water Morris maze (WMM)) was observed in animals with AGII. By administering organic extracts from Ocimum basilicum (Oba-EtOAc) and Ocimum selloi (Ose-EtOAc), and some doses of rosmarinic acid (RA) (6 weeks per os (p.o.)), the damage caused by AGII was stopped by re-establishing corticosterone serum levels and by decreasing the proinflammatory cytokines and MCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elian Alegría-Herrera
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS)
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa
- Departamento Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa
| | - Maribel Herrera-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS)
| | - Rubén Román-Ramos
- Departamento Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS)
| | | | - María Isabel Aguilar
- Laboratorio 111, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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48
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Pan W, Zhu Y, Meng X, Zhang C, Yang Y, Bei Y. Immunomodulation by Exosomes in Myocardial Infarction. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2018; 12:28-36. [PMID: 30374796 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-018-9836-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are important carriers of biological information that facilitate intercellular communication and participate in the pathophysiology of different cardiovascular diseases. Myocardial infarction is among the leading causes of death worldwide. Upon myocardial infarction, massive cardiomyocyte death triggers a strong inflammatory response which is a vital process of cardiac injury, repair, and remodeling. Increasing evidence has unveiled that exosomes are involved in the inflammatory response and immune regulation after myocardial infarction. In this review, we will summarize the biological function of exosomes in the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction, especially focusing on their roles in the modulation of inflammation and immune response after myocardial infarction which further influences myocardial repair and remodeling. We will also discuss the immunomodulation by exosomes derived from stem and progenitor cells in the treatment of myocardial infarction. A deep understanding of immunomodulation by exosomes may represent a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Pan
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xiangmin Meng
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Chenlin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Yihua Bei
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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49
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Pagano F, Picchio V, Angelini F, Iaccarino A, Peruzzi M, Cavarretta E, Biondi-Zoccai G, Sciarretta S, De Falco E, Chimenti I, Frati G. The Biological Mechanisms of Action of Cardiac Progenitor Cell Therapy. Curr Cardiol Rep 2018; 20:84. [PMID: 30105430 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-018-1031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cell therapy for cardiovascular diseases is regarded as a rapidly growing field within regenerative medicine. Different cellular populations enriched for cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), or derivate a-cellular products, are currently under preclinical and clinical evaluation. Here, we have reviewed the described mechanisms whereby resident post-natal CPCs, isolated in different ways, act as a therapeutic product on the damaged myocardium. RECENT FINDINGS Several biological mechanisms of action have been described which can explain the multiple therapeutic effects of CPC treatment observed on cardiac function and remodelling. These mechanisms span from direct cardiovascular differentiation, through induction of resident progenitor proliferation, to paracrine effects on cardiac and non-cardiac cells mediated by exosomes and non-coding RNAs. All the reported mechanisms of action support an integrated view including cardiomyogenesis, cardioprotection, and anti-fibrotic effects. Moreover, future developments of CPC therapy approaches may support cell-free strategies, exploiting effective pleiotropic cell-derived products, such as exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pagano
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Vittorio Picchio
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Francesco Angelini
- Medical Oncology Unit, San Filippo Neri Hospital, Via Giovanni Martinotti, 20, 00135, Rome, Italy.,Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO-National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Alessandra Iaccarino
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, viale Regina Margherita 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Peruzzi
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy.,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Via Atinense 18, 86077, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy.,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Via Atinense 18, 86077, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Elena De Falco
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Isotta Chimenti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy.,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Via Atinense 18, 86077, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Isotta Chimenti
- From the Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (I.C., G.F.)
| | - Giacomo Frati
- From the Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (I.C., G.F.).,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS NeuroMed Institute, Pozzilli, Italy (G.F.)
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