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Pravenec M, Mlejnek P, Šimáková M, Šilhavý J. Hemodynamic Mechanisms Initiating Salt-Sensitive Hypertension in Rat Model of Primary Aldosteronism. Physiol Res 2024; 73:S365-S376. [PMID: 38634648 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the hemodynamic mechanism whereby primary hyperaldosteronism causes hypertension. The traditional view holds that hyperaldosteronism initiates hypertension by amplifying salt-dependent increases in cardiac output (CO) by promoting increases in sodium retention and blood volume. Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) is said to increase only as a secondary consequence of the increased CO and blood pressure. Recently, we investigated the primary hemodynamic mechanism whereby hyperaldosteronism promotes salt sensitivity and initiation of salt-dependent hypertension. In unilaterally nephrectomized male Sprague-Dawley rats given infusions of aldosterone or vehicle, we found that aldosterone promoted salt sensitivity and initiation of salt-dependent hypertension by amplifying salt-induced increases in SVR while decreasing CO. In addition, we validated mathematical models of human integrative physiology, derived from Guyton's classic 1972 model - Quantitative Cardiovascular Physiology-2005 and HumMod-3.0.4. Neither model accurately predicted the usual changes in sodium balance, CO, and SVR that normally occur in response to clinically realistic increases in salt intake. These results demonstrate significant limitations with the hypotheses inherent in the Guyton models. Together these findings challenge the traditional view of the hemodynamic mechanisms that cause salt-sensitive hypertension in primary aldosteronism. Key words: Aldosterone, Blood pressure, Salt, Sodium, Rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pravenec
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic.
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2
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Willmott T, Serrage HJ, Cottrell EC, Humphreys GJ, Myers J, Campbell PM, McBain AJ. Investigating the association between nitrate dosing and nitrite generation by the human oral microbiota in continuous culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0203523. [PMID: 38440981 PMCID: PMC11022587 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02035-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The generation of nitrite by the oral microbiota is believed to contribute to healthy cardiovascular function, with oral nitrate reduction to nitrite associated with systemic blood pressure regulation. There is the potential to manipulate the composition or activities of the oral microbiota to a higher nitrate-reducing state through nitrate supplementation. The current study examined microbial community composition and enzymatic responses to nitrate supplementation in sessile oral microbiota grown in continuous culture. Nitrate reductase (NaR) activity and nitrite concentrations were not significantly different to tongue-derived inocula in model biofilms. These were generally dominated by Streptococcus spp., initially, and a single nitrate supplementation resulted in the increased relative abundance of the nitrate-reducing genera Veillonella, Neisseria, and Proteus spp. Nitrite concentrations increased concomitantly and continued to increase throughout oral microbiota development. Continuous nitrate supplementation, over a 7-day period, was similarly associated with an elevated abundance of nitrate-reducing taxa and increased nitrite concentration in the perfusate. In experiments in which the models were established in continuous low or high nitrate environments, there was an initial elevation in nitrate reductase, and nitrite concentrations reached a relatively constant concentration over time similar to the acute nitrate challenge with a similar expansion of Veillonella and Neisseria. In summary, we have investigated nitrate metabolism in continuous culture oral biofilms, showing that nitrate addition increases nitrate reductase activity and nitrite concentrations in oral microbiota with the expansion of putatively NaR-producing taxa.IMPORTANCEClinical evidence suggests that blood pressure regulation can be promoted by nitrite generated through the reduction of supplemental dietary nitrate by the oral microbiota. We have utilized oral microbiota models to investigate the mechanisms responsible, demonstrating that nitrate addition increases nitrate reductase activity and nitrite concentrations in oral microbiota with the expansion of nitrate-reducing taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Willmott
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah J. Serrage
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth C. Cottrell
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J. Humphreys
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Myers
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Campbell
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. McBain
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Elijovich F, Kirabo A, Laffer CL. Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure in Black People: The Need to Sort Out Ancestry Versus Epigenetic Versus Social Determinants of Its Causation. Hypertension 2024; 81:456-467. [PMID: 37767696 PMCID: PMC10922075 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.17951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Race is a social construct, but self-identified Black people are known to have higher prevalence and worse outcomes of hypertension than White people. This may be partly due to the disproportionate incidence of salt sensitivity of blood pressure in Black people, a cardiovascular risk factor that is independent of blood pressure and has no proven therapy. We review the multiple physiological systems involved in regulation of blood pressure, discuss what, if anything is known about the differences between Black and White people in these systems and how they affect salt sensitivity of blood pressure. The contributions of genetics, epigenetics, environment, and social determinants of health are briefly touched on, with the hope of stimulating further work in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Elijovich
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Cheryl L Laffer
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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Hypolipidemic Effects of Beetroot Juice in SHR-CRP and HHTg Rat Models of Metabolic Syndrome: Analysis of Hepatic Proteome. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020192. [PMID: 36837811 PMCID: PMC9965406 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, red beetroot has attracted attention as a health-promoting functional food. Studies have shown that beetroot administration can reduce blood pressure and ameliorate parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism; however, mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects of beetroot are not yet fully understood. In the current study, we analysed the effects of beetroot on parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism in two models of metabolic syndrome: (i) transgenic spontaneously hypertensive rats expressing human C-reactive protein (SHR-CRP rats), and (ii) hereditary hypertriglyceridemic (HHTg) rats. Treatment with beetroot juice for 4 weeks was, in both models, associated with amelioration of oxidative stress, reduced circulating lipids, smaller visceral fat depots, and lower ectopic fat accumulation in the liver compared to the respective untreated controls. On the other hand, beetroot treatment had no significant effects on the sensitivity of the muscle and adipose tissue to insulin action in either model. Analyses of hepatic proteome revealed significantly deregulated proteins involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism, mTOR signalling, inflammation, and cytoskeleton rearrangement.
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Thiruvengadam M, Chung IM, Samynathan R, Chandar SRH, Venkidasamy B, Sarkar T, Rebezov M, Gorelik O, Shariati MA, Simal-Gandara J. A comprehensive review of beetroot ( Beta vulgaris L.) bioactive components in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:708-739. [PMID: 35972148 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2108367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Beetroot is rich in various bioactive phytochemicals, which are beneficial for human health and exert protective effects against several disease conditions like cancer, atherosclerosis, etc. Beetroot has various therapeutic applications, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and analgesic functions. Besides the pharmacological effects, food industries are trying to preserve beetroots or their phytochemicals using various food preservation methods, including drying and freezing, to preserve their antioxidant capacity. Beetroot is a functional food due to valuable active components such as minerals, amino acids, phenolic acid, flavonoid, betaxanthin, and betacyanin. Due to its stability, nontoxic and non-carcinogenic and nonpoisonous capabilities, beetroot has been used as an additive or preservative in food processing. Beetroot and its bioactive compounds are well reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, antimicrobial, antiviral, etc. In this review, we provided updated details on (i) food processing, preservation and colorant methods using beetroot and its phytochemicals, (ii) synthesis and development of several nanoparticles using beetroot and its bioactive compounds against various diseases, (iii) the role of beetroot and its phytochemicals under disease conditions with molecular mechanisms. We have also discussed the role of other phytochemicals in beetroot and their health benefits. Recent technologies in food processing are also updated. We also addressed on molecular docking-assisted biological activity and screening for bioactive chemicals. Additionally, the role of betalain from different sources and its therapeutic effects have been listed. To the best of our knowledge, little or no work has been carried out on the impact of beetroot and its nanoformulation strategies for phytocompounds on antimicrobial, antiviral effects, etc. Moreover, epigenetic alterations caused by phytocompounds of beetroot under several diseases were not reported much. Thus, extensive research must be carried out to understand the molecular effects of beetroot in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Baskar Venkidasamy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tanmay Sarkar
- Department of Food Processing Technology, Malda Polytechnic, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Government of West Bengal, Malda, India
| | - Maksim Rebezov
- Department of Scientific Advisers, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Scientific Research, K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russia Federation
| | - Olga Gorelik
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Ural State Agrarian University, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
- Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- Department of Scientific Research, K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russia Federation
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical Chemistry and Food Science Department, Faculty of Science, Ourense, Spain
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Kurtz T, Pravenec M, DiCarlo S. Mechanism-based strategies to prevent salt sensitivity and salt-induced hypertension. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:599-620. [PMID: 35452099 PMCID: PMC9069470 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-salt diets are a major cause of hypertension and cardiovascular (CV) disease. Many governments are interested in using food salt reduction programs to reduce the risk for salt-induced increases in blood pressure and CV events. It is assumed that reducing the salt concentration of processed foods will substantially reduce mean salt intake in the general population. However, contrary to expectations, reducing the sodium density of nearly all foods consumed in England by 21% had little or no effect on salt intake in the general population. This may be due to the fact that in England, as in other countries including the U.S.A., mean salt intake is already close to the lower normal physiologic limit for mean salt intake of free-living populations. Thus, mechanism-based strategies for preventing salt-induced increases in blood pressure that do not solely depend on reducing salt intake merit attention. It is now recognized that the initiation of salt-induced increases in blood pressure often involves a combination of normal increases in sodium balance, blood volume and cardiac output together with abnormal vascular resistance responses to increased salt intake. Therefore, preventing either the normal increases in sodium balance and cardiac output, or the abnormal vascular resistance responses to salt, can prevent salt-induced increases in blood pressure. Suboptimal nutrient intake is a common cause of the hemodynamic disturbances mediating salt-induced hypertension. Accordingly, efforts to identify and correct the nutrient deficiencies that promote salt sensitivity hold promise for decreasing population risk of salt-induced hypertension without requiring reductions in salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore W. Kurtz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94017-0134, U.S.A
| | - Michal Pravenec
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Stephen E. DiCarlo
- Department of Physiology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
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Kurtz TW, Pravenec M, DiCarlo SE. Will Food and Drug Administration Guidance to Reduce the Salt Content of Processed Foods Reduce Salt Intake and Save Lives? Hypertension 2022; 79:809-812. [PMID: 35263161 PMCID: PMC8903218 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore W Kurtz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (T.W.K.)
| | - Michal Pravenec
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (M.P.)
| | - Stephen E DiCarlo
- Department of Physiology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing (S.E.D.)
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Bhattacharya S, Bera OP, Saleem SM, Hossain MM, Varshney DS, Kaur R, Rana RK, Tripathi S, Gokdemir O, Bacorro M, Mehta K, Singh A. Dietary salt consumption pattern as an antecedent risk factor for hypertension: Status, vision, and future recommendations. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 47:422-430. [PMID: 35063238 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple salt reduction strategies have been devised from time to time, addressing the issues of hypertension without considering the other essential factors, like the variability of salt sensitivity from the person to person. In this paper, we discuss how high salt consumption is one modifiable risk factor associated with hypertension among Indians, and there needs to be updated cut-off values. A thorough literature search on salt consumption articles on well-known search engines like Cochrane Library, PubMed, Google Scholar and Embase electronic database revealed a paucity of data in this field for India. Several studies revealed that the mean salt intake among the Indian populations ranges between 5.22 and 42.30 g/day. Moreover, among other risk factors analysed, salt intake (≥ 5 gm/day) was significantly associated with the development of hypertension. Although the need to address reduced salt intake for primordial prevention of hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in India is well acknowledged by the key stakeholders, social and cultural beliefs, unorganized food retail sector and lack of existing food policing are some of the potential barriers that affect the progress and employment of such effective strategies. Some multinational food companies have already research is warranted to evaluate the contextual barriers and facilitators and to adopt effective strategies to improve awareness among consumers, to encourage the endorsement of salt reduction by the food industry, and to facilitate the adoption of countrywide consumer-friendly food labelling. We concluded that salt consumption is high in India, although this assessment has been done primarily by subjective methods in India. People all across are recommended the same cut-off value of dietary salt consumption regardless of the diversity in dietary patterns and environmental conditions across the country. There is an urgent need to address these issues through evidence-based population research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Om Prakash Bera
- National Consultant, Global Health Advocacy Incubator, India
| | | | - Md Mahbub Hossain
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Texas A & M University, Texas, USA
| | | | - Ravneet Kaur
- Associate Professor of All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rishabh Kumar Rana
- Department of PSM, Patliputra Medical College and Hospital PMCH, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
| | | | - Ozden Gokdemir
- PhD Izmir University of Economics, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Madonna Bacorro
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Sto. Tomas Hospital, Espana, Manila, Philippines
| | - Kedar Mehta
- GMERS Medical College, Community Medicine, Gotri, Vadodara, India
| | - Amarjeet Singh
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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Tawa M, Nagata R, Sumi Y, Nakagawa K, Sawano T, Ohkita M, Matsumura Y. Preventive effects of nitrate-rich beetroot juice supplementation on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249816. [PMID: 33831045 PMCID: PMC8031446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) has a high level of nitrate; therefore, its dietary intake could increase nitric oxide (NO) level in the body, possibly preventing the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH). In this study, we examined the effects of beetroot juice (BJ) supplementation on PH and the contribution of nitrate to such effects using a rat model of monocrotaline (MCT, 60 mg/kg s.c.)-induced PH. Rats were injected subcutaneously with saline or 60 mg/kg MCT and were sacrificed 28 days after the injection. In some rats injected with MCT, BJ was supplemented from the day of MCT injection to the day of sacrifice. First, MCT-induced right ventricular systolic pressure elevation, pulmonary arterial medial thickening and muscularization, and right ventricular hypertrophy were suppressed by supplementation with low-dose BJ (nitrate: 1.3 mmol/L) but not high-dose BJ (nitrate: 4.3 mmol/L). Of the plasma nitrite, nitrate, and their sum (NOx) levels, only the nitrate levels were found to be increased by the high-dose BJ supplementation. Second, in order to clarify the possible involvement of nitrate in the preventive effects of BJ on PH symptoms, the effects of nitrate-rich BJ (nitrate: 0.9 mmol/L) supplementation were compared with those of the nitrate-depleted BJ. While the former exerted preventive effects on PH symptoms, such effects were not observed in rats supplemented with nitrate-depleted BJ. Neither supplementation with nitrate-rich nor nitrate-depleted BJ affected plasma nitrite, nitrate, and NOx levels. These findings suggest that a suitable amount of BJ ingestion, which does not affect systemic NO levels, can prevent the development of PH in a nitrate-dependent manner. Therefore, BJ could be highly useful as a therapy in patients with PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Tawa
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Rikako Nagata
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuiko Sumi
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawano
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Mamoru Ohkita
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Matsumura
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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Kurtz TW, DiCarlo SE, Pravenec M, Morris RC. No evidence of racial disparities in blood pressure salt sensitivity when potassium intake exceeds levels recommended in the US dietary guidelines. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1903-H1918. [PMID: 33797275 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00980.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
On average, black individuals are widely believed to be more sensitive than white individuals to blood pressure (BP) effects of changes in salt intake. However, few studies have directly compared the BP effects of changing salt intake in black versus white individuals. In this narrative review, we analyze those studies and note that when potassium intake substantially exceeds the recently recommended US dietary goal of 87 mmol/day, black adults do not appear more sensitive than white adults to BP effects of short-term or long-term increases in salt intake (from an intake ≤50 mmol/day up to 150 mmol/day or more). However, with lower potassium intakes, racial differences in salt sensitivity are observed. Mechanistic studies suggest that racial differences in salt sensitivity are related to differences in vascular resistance responses to changes in salt intake mediated by vasodilator and vasoconstrictor pathways. With respect to cause and prevention of racial disparities in salt sensitivity, it is noteworthy that 1) on average, black individuals consume less potassium than white individuals and 2) consuming supplemental potassium bicarbonate, or potassium rich foods can prevent racial disparities in salt sensitivity. However, the new US dietary guidelines reduced the dietary potassium goal well below the amount associated with preventing racial disparities in salt sensitivity. These observations should motivate research on the impact of the new dietary potassium guidelines on racial disparities in salt sensitivity, the risks and benefits of potassium-containing salt substitutes or supplements, and methods for increasing consumption of foods rich in nutrients that protect against salt-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore W Kurtz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Stephen E DiCarlo
- Department of Physiology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Michal Pravenec
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R Curtis Morris
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Tan ML, Hamid SBS. Beetroot as a Potential Functional Food for Cancer Chemoprevention, a Narrative Review. J Cancer Prev 2021; 26:1-17. [PMID: 33842401 PMCID: PMC8020175 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2021.26.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with cancer are prone to several debilitating side effects including fatigue, insomnia, depression and cognitive disturbances. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) as a health promoting functional food may be potentially beneficial in cancer. As a source of polyphenols, flavonoids, dietary nitrates and other useful nutrients, beetroot supplementation may provide a holistic means to prevent cancer and manage undesired effects associated with chemotherapy. The main aim of this narrative review is to discuss beetroot's nutrient composition, current studies on its potential utility in chemoprevention and cancer-related fatigue or treatment-related side effects such as cardiotoxicity. This review aims to provide the current status of knowledge and to identify the related research gaps in this area. The flavonoids and polyphenolic components present in abundance in beetroot support its significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities. Most in vitro and in vivo studies have shown promising results; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying chemopreventive and chemoprotective effects of beetroot have not been completely elucidated. Although recent clinical trials have shown that beetroot supplementation improves human performance, translational studies on beetroot and its functional benefits in managing fatigue or other symptoms in patients with cancer are still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lan Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Yang P, Zhao X, Zhou L, Jin Y, Zheng X, Ouyang Y, Chen M, Zeng L, Chen S, Chen X, Tian Z. Protective effect of oral histidine on hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats induced by high-salt diet. Life Sci 2021; 270:119134. [PMID: 33513395 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Salt-sensitive hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Previous studies have shown that insufficient arginine in the kidney caused by metabolic imbalance is an important factor in salt-sensitive hypertension. Whether the high nitrogen content of histidine can affect the balance of nitrogen metabolism in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats. This article aimed to study the effects of oral histidine on salt-sensitive hypertension, kidney damage and metabolic patterns of high-salt diet in SS rats. MAIN METHODS Adult rats were divided into four groups, and blood pressure was measured using a non-invasive tail-cuff system. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyzed metabolites in serum and kidney tissues. KEY FINDINGS High-salt diet significantly increased the blood pressure of rats and aggravated kidney damage. Of note, histidine can attenuate salt-sensitive hypertension and kidney damage by improving metabolic pattern, reducing Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and increasing nitric oxide levels in SS rats. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that histidine could be a potential adjuvant to prevent and control salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xinrui Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Luxin Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yuexin Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xuewei Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yanan Ouyang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Meng Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Li Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Sa Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiangbo Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhongmin Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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Ralph AF, Grenier C, Costello HM, Stewart K, Ivy JR, Dhaun N, Bailey MA. Activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System Promotes Blood Pressure Salt-Sensitivity in C57BL6/J Mice. Hypertension 2020; 77:158-168. [PMID: 33190558 PMCID: PMC7720873 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Global salt intake averages >8 g/person per day, over twice the limit advocated by the American Heart Association. Dietary salt excess leads to hypertension, and this partly mediates its poor health outcomes. In ≈30% of people, the hypertensive response to salt is exaggerated. This salt-sensitivity increases cardiovascular risk. Mechanistic cardiovascular research relies heavily on rodent models and the C57BL6/J mouse is the most widely used reference strain. We examined the effects of high salt intake on blood pressure, renal, and vascular function in the most commonly used and commercially available C57BL6/J mouse strain. Changing from control (0.3% Na+) to high salt (3% Na+) diet increased systolic blood pressure in male mice by ≈10 mm Hg within 4 days of dietary switch. This hypertensive response was maintained over the 3-week study period. Returning to control diet gradually reduced blood pressure back to baseline. High-salt diet caused a rapid and sustained downregulation in mRNA encoding renal NHE3 (sodium-hydrogen-exchanger 3) and EnaC (epithelial sodium channel), although we did not observe a suppression in aldosterone until ≈7 days. During the development of salt-sensitivity, the acute pressure natriuresis relationship was augmented and neutral sodium balance was maintained throughout. High-salt diet increased ex vivo sensitivity of the renal artery to phenylephrine and increased urinary excretion of adrenaline, but not noradrenaline. The acute blood pressure-depressor effect of hexamethonium, a ganglionic blocker, was enhanced by high salt. Salt-sensitivity in commercially sourced C57BL6/J mice is attributable to sympathetic overactivity, increased adrenaline, and enhanced vascular sensitivity to alpha-adrenoreceptor activation and not sodium retention or attenuation of the acute pressure natriuresis response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailsa F Ralph
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Celine Grenier
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah M Costello
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Stewart
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica R Ivy
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A Bailey
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Tawa M, Masuoka T, Yamashita Y, Nakano K, Ishibashi T. Effect of Betanin, a Beetroot Component, on Vascular Tone in Isolated Porcine Arteries. Am J Hypertens 2020; 33:305-309. [PMID: 31913440 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beetroot has attracted much attention because of its blood pressure-lowering properties. Although beetroot contains various nutritional compounds, including inorganic nitrate, some of their physiological properties are not fully understood. In this study, we examined whether betanin, a beetroot component, has a regulatory effect on vascular tone. METHODS Mechanical responses of isolated porcine coronary, mesenteric, and pulmonary arteries were assessed by organ chamber technique. In some cases, the vascular reactivity was observed in the presence of a physiological concentration of betanin (10 µM). RESULTS Betanin did not induce vasorelaxation at physiological concentrations both in endothelium-intact and -denuded coronary, mesenteric, and pulmonary arteries. The endothelium-dependent agonists, bradykinin and A23187 induced vasorelaxation of endothelium-intact coronary arteries, both of which were not affected by exposure to betanin. Likewise, endothelium-independent vasorelaxation induced by sodium nitrite and sodium nitroprusside was also not affected by the presence of betanin. In addition, exposure of endothelium-intact coronary arteries to betanin did not attenuate prostaglandin F2α- and endothelin-1-induced vasocontraction. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that betanin does not have a vasorelaxant activity. It is unlikely that betanin is a component directly responsible for the beetroot-induced acute blood pressure-lowering effect in a nitrate-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Tawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Masuoka
- Department of Pharmacology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuka Yamashita
- Department of Pharmacology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Katsuya Nakano
- Department of Pharmacology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takaharu Ishibashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan
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Kurtz TW, Pravenec M, Dicarlo SE. Strategies Are Needed to Prevent Salt-Induced Hypertension That Do Not Depend on Reducing Salt Intake. Am J Hypertens 2020; 33:116-118. [PMID: 31634913 PMCID: PMC10868576 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpz173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore W Kurtz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michal Pravenec
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stephen E Dicarlo
- Department of Physiology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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Green SJ. Letter by Green Regarding Article "Small Amounts of Inorganic Nitrate or Beetroot Provide Substantial Protection From Salt-Induced Increases in Blood Pressure". Hypertension 2019; 74:e4-e5. [PMID: 31055954 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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