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Mirmotahari SA, Aliomrani M, Hassanzadeh F, Sirous H, Rostami M. Hybrid derivatives containing dimethyl fumarate and benzothiazole scaffolds for the potential treatment of multiple sclerosis; in silico & in vivo study. Daru 2024:10.1007/s40199-024-00529-8. [PMID: 39106020 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-024-00529-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune, inflammatory neurological disease of the CNS. Riluzole and dimethyl fumarate (DMF) are two FDA-approved drugs to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and MS. Riluzole (a benzothiazole derivative) inhibits glutamate release from nerve terminals by antagonizing the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor, and DMF upregulates anti-oxidative pathways. OBJECTIVES Herein, using molecular hybridization strategy, we synthesized some new hybrid structures of Riluzole and DMF through some common successive synthetic pathways for evaluating their potential activity for remyelination in MS treatment. METHODS Molecular docking experiments assessed the binding affinity of proposed structures to the NMDA active site. The designed structures were synthesized and purified based on well-known chemical synthesis procedures. Afterward, in vivo evaluation for their activity was done in the C57Bl/6 Cuprizone-induced demyelination MS model. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The proposed derivatives were recognized to be potent enough based on docking studies (ΔGbind of all derivatives were -7.2 to -7.52 compare to the Ifenprodil (-6.98) and Riluzole (-4.42)). The correct structures of desired derivatives were confirmed using spectroscopic methods. Based on in vivo studies, D4 and D6 derivatives exhibited the best pharmacological results, although only D6 showed a statistically significant difference compared to the control. Also, for D4 and D6 derivatives, myelin staining confirmed reduced degeneration in the corpus callosum. Consequently, D4 and D6 derivatives are promising candidates for developing new NMDA antagonists with therapeutic value against MS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Azin Mirmotahari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R., Iran
| | - Mehdi Aliomrani
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Farshid Hassanzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R., Iran
| | - Hajar Sirous
- Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R., Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Rostami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R., Iran.
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Li Y, Tu H, Zhang S, Ding Z, Wu G, Piao J, Lv D, Hu L, Li F, Wang Q. P2Y6 Receptor Activation Aggravates NLRP3-dependent Microglial Pyroptosis via Downregulation of the PI3K/AKT Pathway in a Mouse Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4259-4277. [PMID: 38079109 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory signals generated after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) trigger a form of regulated cell death known as pyroptosis in microglia. White matter injury (WMI) refers to the condition where the white matter area of the brain suffers from mechanical, ischemic, metabolic, or inflammatory damage. Although the p2Y purinoceptor 6 (P2Y6R) plays a significant role in the control of inflammatory reactions in central nervous system diseases, its roles in the development of microglial pyroptosis and WMI following ICH remain unclear. In this study, we sought to clarify the role of P2Y6R in microglial pyroptosis and WMI by using an experimental mouse model of ICH. Type IV collagenase was injected into male C57BL/6 mice to induce ICH. Mice were then treated with MRS2578 and LY294002 to inhibit P2Y6R and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), respectively. Bio-conductivity analysis was performed to examine PI3K/AKT pathway involvement in microglial pyroptosis. Quantitative Real-Time PCR, immunofluorescence staining, and western blot were conducted to examine microglial pyroptosis and WMI following ICH. A modified Garcia test, corner turning test, and forelimb placement test were used to assess neurobehavior. Hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) was performed to detect cells damage around hematoma. Increases in the expression of P2Y6R, NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, and GSDMD were observed after ICH. P2Y6R was only expressed on microglia. MRS2578, a specific inhibitor of P2Y6R, attenuated short-term neurobehavioral deficits, brain edema and hematoma volume while improving both microglial pyroptosis and WMI. These changes were accompanied by decreases in pyroptosis-related proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines both in vivo and vitro. Bioinformatic analysis revealed an association between the PI3K/AKT pathway and P2Y6R-mediated microglial pyroptosis. The effects of MRS2578 were partially reversed by treatment with LY294002, a specific PI3K inhibitor. P2Y6R inhibition alleviates microglial pyroptosis and WMI and ameliorates neurological deficits through the PI3K/AKT pathway after ICH. Consequently, targeting P2Y6R might be a promising approach for ICH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Li
- Neurosurgery Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiru Tu
- Neurosurgery Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengfan Zhang
- Neurosurgery Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiquan Ding
- Neurosurgery Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiwei Wu
- Neurosurgery Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Jifeng Piao
- Neurosurgery Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingyi Lv
- Neurosurgery Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Libin Hu
- Neurosurgery Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Li
- Neurosurgery Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Neurosurgery Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, People's Republic of China.
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Ou Yong BM, Awuah WA, Shah MH, Sanker V, Huk JKS, Venkata SY, Patel DH, Tan JK, Khan NA, Kulasekaran A, Sarkar M, Abdul-Rahman T, Atallah O. Intracerebral haemorrhage in multiple sclerosis: assessing the impact of disease-modifying medications. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:344. [PMID: 38918831 PMCID: PMC11197372 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01945-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disorder that significantly impacts the central nervous system, leading to a range of complications. While intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) is a rare but highly morbid complication, more common CNS complications include progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and other CNS infections. This severe form of stroke, known for its high morbidity and mortality rates, presents a critical challenge in the management of MS. The use of disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) in treating MS introduces a nuanced aspect to patient care, with certain medications like Dimethyl Fumarate and Fingolimod showing potential in reducing the risk of ICH, while others such as Alemtuzumab and Mitoxantrone are associated with an increased risk. Understanding the intricate relationship between these DMDs, the pathophysiological mechanisms of ICH, and the individualised aspects of each patient's condition is paramount. Factors such as genetic predispositions, existing comorbidities, and lifestyle choices play a crucial role in tailoring treatment approaches, emphasising the importance of a personalised, vigilant therapeutic strategy. The necessity for ongoing and detailed research cannot be overstated. It is crucial to explore the long-term effects of DMDs on ICH occurrence and prognosis in MS patients, aiming to refine clinical practices and promote patient-centric, informed therapeutic decisions. This approach ensures that the management of MS is not only comprehensive but also adaptable to the evolving understanding of the disease and its treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vivek Sanker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Trivandrum Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | | | - Diti H Patel
- Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Davie, FL, USA
| | | | - Noor Ayman Khan
- DOW Medical College, DOW University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Baba-E-Urdu Road, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Manali Sarkar
- MGM Medical College Navi, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Oday Atallah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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Zhao X, Ting SM, Sun G, Bautista Garrido J, Obertas L, Aronowski J. Clearance of Neutrophils From ICH-Affected Brain by Macrophages Is Beneficial and Is Assisted by Lactoferrin and CD91. Stroke 2024; 55:166-176. [PMID: 38063014 PMCID: PMC10842928 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.123.045194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within hours after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) onset, masses of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) infiltrate the ICH-affected brain. After degranulation involving controlled release of many toxic antimicrobial molecules, the PMNs undergo rapid apoptosis and then are removed by phagocytic microglia/macrophages (MΦ) through a process called efferocytosis. Effective removal of PMNs may limit secondary brain damage and inflammation; however, the molecular mechanisms governing these cleanup activities are not well understood. We propose that scavenger receptor CD91 on myeloid phagocytes especially in presence of CD91 ligand, LTF (lactoferrin, protein abundant in PMNs), plays an important role in clearance of dead apoptotic PMNs (ANs). METHODS Mice/rats were subjected to an autologous blood injection model of ICH. Primary cultured microglia were used to assess phagocytosis of ANs. Immunohistochemistry was employed to assess CD91 expression and PMN infiltration. CD91 knockout mice selectively in myeloid phagocytes (Mac-CD91-KO) were used to establish the CD91/LTF function in phagocytosis and in reducing ICH-induced injury, as assessed using behavioral tests, hematoma resolution, and oxidative stress. RESULTS Masses of PMNs are found in ICH-affected brain, and they contain LTF. MΦ at the outer border of hematoma are densely packed, expressing CD91 and phagocytosing ANs. Microglia deficient in CD91 demonstrate defective phagocytosis of ANs, and mice deficient in CD91 (Mac-CD91-KO) subjected to ICH injury have increased neurological dysfunction that is associated with impaired hematoma resolution (hemoglobin and iron clearance) and elevated oxidative stress. LTF that normally ameliorates ICH injury in CD91-proficient control mice shows reduced therapeutic effects in Mac-CD91-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that CD91 plays a beneficial role in improving ANs phagocytosis and ultimately post-ICH outcome and that the beneficial effect of LTF in ICH is in part dependent on presence of CD91 on MΦ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiurong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas HSC, McGovern Medical School, Houston
| | - Shun-Ming Ting
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas HSC, McGovern Medical School, Houston
| | - Guanghua Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas HSC, McGovern Medical School, Houston
| | | | - Lidiya Obertas
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas HSC, McGovern Medical School, Houston
| | - Jaroslaw Aronowski
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas HSC, McGovern Medical School, Houston
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Sandouka S, Singh PK, Saadi A, Taiwo RO, Sheeni Y, Zhang T, Deeb L, Guignet M, White SH, Shekh-Ahmad T. Repurposing dimethyl fumarate as an antiepileptogenic and disease-modifying treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy. J Transl Med 2023; 21:796. [PMID: 37940957 PMCID: PMC10634153 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy affects over 65 million people worldwide and significantly burdens patients, caregivers, and society. Drug-resistant epilepsy occurs in approximately 30% of patients and growing evidence indicates that oxidative stress contributes to the development of such epilepsies. Activation of the Nrf2 pathway, which is involved in cellular defense, offers a potential strategy for reducing oxidative stress and epilepsy treatment. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), an Nrf2 activator, exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and is used to treat multiple sclerosis. METHODS The expression of Nrf2 and its related genes in vehicle or DMF treated rats were determined via RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Neuronal cell death was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. The effects of DMF in preventing the onset of epilepsy and modifying the disease were investigated in the kainic acid-induced status epilepticus model of temporal lobe epilepsy in rats. The open field, elevated plus maze and T-Maze spontaneous alteration tests were used for behavioral assessments. RESULTS We demonstrate that administration of DMF following status epilepticus increased Nrf2 activity, attenuated status epilepticus-induced neuronal cell death, and decreased seizure frequency and the total number of seizures compared to vehicle-treated animals. Moreover, DMF treatment reversed epilepsy-induced behavioral deficits in the treated rats. Moreover, DMF treatment even when initiated well after the diagnosis of epilepsy, reduced symptomatic seizures long after the drug was eliminated from the body. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggest that DMF, through the activation of Nrf2, has the potential to serve as a therapeutic target for preventing epileptogenesis and modifying epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sereen Sandouka
- Faculty of Medicine, The School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Prince Kumar Singh
- Faculty of Medicine, The School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aseel Saadi
- Faculty of Medicine, The School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rhoda Olowe Taiwo
- Faculty of Medicine, The School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yara Sheeni
- Faculty of Medicine, The School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Taige Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, The School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Larin Deeb
- Faculty of Medicine, The School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michelle Guignet
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Epilepsy Drug Discovery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Steve H White
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Epilepsy Drug Discovery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad
- Faculty of Medicine, The School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Helmuth TB, Kumari R, Palsa K, Neely EB, Slagle-Webb B, Simon SD, Connor JR. Common Mutation in the HFE Gene Modifies Recovery After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2023; 54:2886-2894. [PMID: 37750297 PMCID: PMC10996156 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.123.043799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is characterized by bleeding into the brain parenchyma. During an ICH, iron released from the breakdown of hemoglobin creates a cytotoxic environment in the brain through increased oxidative stress. Interestingly, the loss of iron homeostasis is associated with the pathological process of other neurological diseases. However, we have previously shown that the H63D mutation in the homeostatic iron regulatory (HFE) gene, prevalent in 28% of the White population in the United States, acts as a disease modifier by limiting oxidative stress. The following study aims to examine the effects of the murine homolog, H67D HFE, on ICH. METHODS An autologous blood infusion model was utilized to create an ICH in the right striatum of H67D and wild-type mice. The motor recovery of each animal was assessed by rotarod. Neurodegeneration was measured using fluorojade-B and mitochondrial damage was assessed by immunofluorescent numbers of CytC+ (cytochrome C) neurons and CytC+ astrocytes. Finally, the molecular antioxidant response to ICH was quantified by measuring Nrf2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor), GPX4 (glutathione peroxidase 4), and FTH1 (H-ferritin) levels in the ICH-affected and nonaffected hemispheres via immunoblotting. RESULTS At 3 days post-ICH, H67D mice demonstrated enhanced performance on rotarod compared with wild-type animals despite no differences in lesion size. Additionally, H67D mice displayed higher levels of Nrf2, GPX4, and FTH1 in the ICH-affected hemisphere; however, these levels were not different in the contralateral, non-ICH-affected hemisphere. Furthermore, H67D mice showed decreased degenerated neurons, CytC+ Neurons, and CytC+ astrocytes in the perihematomal area. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the H67D mutation induces a robust antioxidant response 3 days following ICH through Nrf2, GPX4, and FTH1 activation. This activation could explain the decrease in degenerated neurons, CytC+ neurons, and CytC+ astrocytes in the perihematomal region, leading to the improved motor recovery. Based on this study, further investigation into the mechanisms of this neuroprotective response and the effects of the H63D HFE mutation in a population of patients with ICH is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Helmuth
- Department of Neurosurgery (T.B.H., K.P., E.B.N., B.S.-W., S.D.S., J.R.C.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Rashmi Kumari
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences (R.K.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Kondaiah Palsa
- Department of Neurosurgery (T.B.H., K.P., E.B.N., B.S.-W., S.D.S., J.R.C.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Elizabeth B Neely
- Department of Neurosurgery (T.B.H., K.P., E.B.N., B.S.-W., S.D.S., J.R.C.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Becky Slagle-Webb
- Department of Neurosurgery (T.B.H., K.P., E.B.N., B.S.-W., S.D.S., J.R.C.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Scott D Simon
- Department of Neurosurgery (T.B.H., K.P., E.B.N., B.S.-W., S.D.S., J.R.C.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery (T.B.H., K.P., E.B.N., B.S.-W., S.D.S., J.R.C.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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Bresciani G, Manai F, Davinelli S, Tucci P, Saso L, Amadio M. Novel potential pharmacological applications of dimethyl fumarate-an overview and update. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1264842. [PMID: 37745068 PMCID: PMC10512734 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1264842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. DMF is known to stabilize the transcription factor Nrf2, which in turn induces the expression of antioxidant response element genes. It has also been shown that DMF influences autophagy and participates in the transcriptional control of inflammatory factors by inhibiting NF-κB and its downstream targets. DMF is receiving increasing attention for its potential to be repurposed for several diseases. This versatile molecule is indeed able to exert beneficial effects on different medical conditions through a pleiotropic mechanism, in virtue of its antioxidant, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative effects. A growing number of preclinical and clinical studies show that DMF may have important therapeutic implications for chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular and respiratory pathologies, cancer, eye disorders, neurodegenerative conditions, and systemic or organ specific inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases. This comprehensive review summarizes and highlights the plethora of DMF's beneficial effects and underlines its repurposing opportunities in a variety of clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Bresciani
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federico Manai
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology L. Spallanzani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Vittorio Erspamer, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marialaura Amadio
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Möhle L, Stefan K, Bascuñana P, Brackhan M, Brüning T, Eiriz I, El Menuawy A, van Genderen S, Santos-García I, Górska AM, Villa M, Wu J, Stefan SM, Pahnke J. ABC Transporter C1 Prevents Dimethyl Fumarate from Targeting Alzheimer's Disease. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:932. [PMID: 37508364 PMCID: PMC10376064 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, is a growing health issue with very limited treatment options. To meet the need for novel therapeutics, existing drugs with additional preferred pharmacological profiles could be recruited. This strategy is known as 'drug repurposing'. Here, we describe dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a drug approved to treat multiple sclerosis (MS), to be tested as a candidate for other brain diseases. We used an APP-transgenic model (APPtg) of senile β-amyloidosis mice to further investigate the potential of DMF as a novel AD therapeutic. We treated male and female APPtg mice through drinking water at late stages of β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition. We found that DMF treatment did not result in modulating effects on Aβ deposition at this stage. Interestingly, we found that glutathione-modified DMF interacts with the ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCC1, an important gatekeeper at the blood-brain and blood-plexus barriers and a key player for Aβ export from the brain. Our findings suggest that ABCC1 prevents the effects of DMF, which makes DMF unsuitable as a novel therapeutic drug against AD. The discovered effects of ABCC1 also have implications for DMF treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Möhle
- Department of Pathology, Section of Neuropathology/Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Katja Stefan
- Department of Pathology, Section of Neuropathology/Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pablo Bascuñana
- Department of Pathology, Section of Neuropathology/Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mirjam Brackhan
- Department of Pathology, Section of Neuropathology/Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Department of Pathology, Section of Neuropathology/Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ivan Eiriz
- Department of Pathology, Section of Neuropathology/Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ahmed El Menuawy
- Department of Pathology, Section of Neuropathology/Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sylvie van Genderen
- Department of Pathology, Section of Neuropathology/Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Irene Santos-García
- Department of Pathology, Section of Neuropathology/Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Maria Górska
- Department of Pathology, Section of Neuropathology/Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - María Villa
- Department of Pathology, Section of Neuropathology/Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jingyun Wu
- Department of Pathology, Section of Neuropathology/Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sven Marcel Stefan
- Department of Pathology, Section of Neuropathology/Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Pahnke Lab (Drug Development and Chemical Biology), Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck (UzL) and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Department of Pathology, Section of Neuropathology/Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Pahnke Lab (Drug Development and Chemical Biology), Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck (UzL) and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 3, 1004 Rīga, Latvia
- Department of Neurobiology, The Georg S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Chen B, Jin W. A comprehensive review of stroke-related signaling pathways and treatment in western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1200061. [PMID: 37351420 PMCID: PMC10282194 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1200061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides insight into the complex network of signaling pathways and mechanisms involved in stroke pathophysiology. It summarizes the historical progress of stroke-related signaling pathways, identifying potential interactions between them and emphasizing that stroke is a complex network disease. Of particular interest are the Hippo signaling pathway and ferroptosis signaling pathway, which remain understudied areas of research, and are therefore a focus of the review. The involvement of multiple signaling pathways, including Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, and AMPK in pathophysiological mechanisms such as oxidative stress and apoptosis, highlights the complexity of stroke. The review also delves into the details of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapies such as Rehmanniae and Astragalus, providing an analysis of the recent status of western medicine in the treatment of stroke and the advantages and disadvantages of TCM and western medicine in stroke treatment. The review proposes that since stroke is a network disease, TCM has the potential and advantages of a multi-target and multi-pathway mechanism of action in the treatment of stroke. Therefore, it is suggested that future research should explore more treasures of TCM and develop new therapies from the perspective of stroke as a network disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhao Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Owjfard M, Karimi F, Mallahzadeh A, Nabavizadeh SA, Namavar MR, Saadi MI, Hooshmandi E, Salehi MS, Zafarmand SS, Bayat M, Karimlou S, Borhani-Haghighi A. Mechanism of action and therapeutic potential of dimethyl fumarate in ischemic stroke. J Neurosci Res 2023. [PMID: 37183360 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an immunomodulatory drug currently approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and psoriasis. Its benefits on ischemic stroke outcomes have recently come to attention. To date, only tissue plasminogen activators (tPAs) and clot retrieval methods have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Ischemic conditions lead to inflammation through diverse mechanisms, and recanalization can worsen the state. DMF and the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway it regulates seem to be important in postischemic inflammation, and animal studies have demonstrated that the drug improves overall stroke outcomes. Although the exact mechanism is still unknown, studies indicate that these beneficial impacts are due to the modulation of immune responses, blood-brain barrier permeability, and hemodynamic adjustments. One major component evaluated before, during, and after tPA therapy in stroke patients is blood pressure (BP). Recent studies have found that DMF may impact BP. Both hypotension and hypertension need correction before treatment, which may delay the appropriate intervention. Since BP management is crucial in managing stroke patients, it is important to consider DMF's role in this matter. That being said, it seems further investigations on DMF may lead to an alternative approach for stroke patients. In this article, we discuss the mechanistic roles of DMF and its potential role in stroke based on previously published literature and laboratory findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Owjfard
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Shiraz University of Applied Science and Technology (UAST), Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Arashk Mallahzadeh
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Nabavizadeh
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Namavar
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Etrat Hooshmandi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saied Salehi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mahnaz Bayat
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Karimlou
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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11
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Tiberi J, Segatto M, Fiorenza MT, La Rosa P. Apparent Opportunities and Hidden Pitfalls: The Conflicting Results of Restoring NRF2-Regulated Redox Metabolism in Friedreich's Ataxia Pre-Clinical Models and Clinical Trials. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051293. [PMID: 37238963 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal, recessive, inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by the loss of activity of the mitochondrial protein frataxin (FXN), which primarily affects dorsal root ganglia, cerebellum, and spinal cord neurons. The genetic defect consists of the trinucleotide GAA expansion in the first intron of FXN gene, which impedes its transcription. The resulting FXN deficiency perturbs iron homeostasis and metabolism, determining mitochondrial dysfunctions and leading to reduced ATP production, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and lipid peroxidation. These alterations are exacerbated by the defective functionality of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a transcription factor acting as a key mediator of the cellular redox signalling and antioxidant response. Because oxidative stress represents a major pathophysiological contributor to FRDA onset and progression, a great effort has been dedicated to the attempt to restore the NRF2 signalling axis. Despite this, the beneficial effects of antioxidant therapies in clinical trials only partly reflect the promising results obtained in preclinical studies conducted in cell cultures and animal models. For these reasons, in this critical review, we overview the outcomes obtained with the administration of various antioxidant compounds and critically analyse the aspects that may have contributed to the conflicting results of preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Tiberi
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
- PhD Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Segatto
- Department of Bioscience and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Fiorenza
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio La Rosa
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00179 Rome, Italy
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12
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Taing K, Chen L, Weng HR. Emerging roles of GPR109A in regulation of neuroinflammation in neurological diseases and pain. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:763-768. [PMID: 36204834 PMCID: PMC9700108 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.354514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the pathological process of multiple neurological disorders and pathological pain conditions. GPR109A, a Gi protein-coupled receptor, has emerged as an important therapeutic target for controlling inflammation in various tissues and organs. In this review, we summarized current data about the role of GPR109A in neuroinflammation. Specifically, we focused on the pharmacological features of GPR109A and signaling pathways used by GPR109A to ameliorate neuroinflammation and symptoms in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and pathological pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Taing
- Department of Basic Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence Chen
- Department of Basic Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, CA, USA
| | - Han-Rong Weng
- Department of Basic Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, CA, USA
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13
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Sun Y, Yang X, Xu L, Jia M, Zhang L, Li P, Yang P. The Role of Nrf2 in Relieving Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1405-1420. [PMID: 36453490 PMCID: PMC10324331 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221129100308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke includes two related pathological damage processes: brain injury caused by primary ischemia and secondary ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. I/R injury has become a worldwide health problem. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of satisfactory drugs for ameliorating cerebral I/R damage. Nrf2 is a vital endogenous antioxidant protein, which combines with Keap1 to maintain a dormant state under physiological conditions. When pathological changes such as I/R occurs, Nrf2 dissociates from Keap1 and activates the expression of downstream antioxidant proteins to exert a protective effect. Recent research have shown that the activated Nrf2 not only effectively inhibits oxidative stress, but also performs the ability to repair the function of compromised mitochondria, alleviate endoplasmic reticulum stress, eliminate inflammatory response, reduce blood-brain barrier permeability, inhibit neuronal apoptosis, enhance the neural network remolding, thereby exerting significant protective effects in alleviating the injuries caused by cell oxygen-glucose deprivation, or animal cerebral I/R. However, no definite clinical application report demonstrated the efficacy of Nrf2 activators in the treatment of cerebral I/R. Therefore, further efforts are needed to elaborate the role of Nrf2 activators in the treatment of cerebral I/R. Here, we reviewed the possible mechanisms underlying its potential pharmacological benefits in alleviating cerebral I/R injury, so as to provide a theoretical basis for studying its mechanism and developing Nrf2 activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Mengxiao Jia
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Limeng Zhang
- School of Nursing, Pingdingshan Polytenchnic College, Pingdingshan, 467001, China
| | - Peng Li
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Pengfei Yang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Xinxiang, 453003, China
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Shimizu H, Takayama K, Yamada K, Suzumura A, Sato T, Nishio Y, Ito M, Ushida H, Nishiguchi KM, Takeuchi M, Kaneko H. Dimethyl Fumarate Protects Retinal Pigment Epithelium from Blue Light-Induced Oxidative Damage via the Nrf2 Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010045. [PMID: 36670906 PMCID: PMC9854498 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the protective effect of dimethyl fumarate (DMF), the methyl-ester of fumaric acid, against blue-light (BL) exposure in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. ARPE-19 cells, a human RPE cell line, were cultured with DMF followed by exposure to BL. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, cell viability, and cell death rate were determined. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were performed to determine the change in nuclear factor (erythroid-derived)-like 2 (NRF2) expression. Twenty-seven inflammatory cytokines in the supernatant of culture medium were measured. BL exposure induced ROS generation in ARPE-19 cells, which DMF alleviated in a concentration-dependent manner. BL exposure increased the ARPE-19 cell death rate, which DMF alleviated. BL exposure induced ARPE-19 cell apoptosis, again alleviated by DMF. Under BL exposure, DMF increased the NRF2 mRNA level and promoted NRF2 expression in the nucleus. BL also strongly increased interleukin (IL)-1β and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) expression. BL strongly induced RPE cell damage with apoptotic change while DMF mainly reduced inflammation in BL-induced RPE damage, resulting in blockade of cell death. DMF has a protective effect in RPE cells against BL exposure via activation of the NRF2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Shimizu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kei Takayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa 258-8513, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yamada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ayana Suzumura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tomohito Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa 258-8513, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishio
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa 258-8513, Japan
| | - Masataka Ito
- Department of Developmental Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa 258-8513, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ushida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Koji M Nishiguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masaru Takeuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa 258-8513, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kaneko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-52-744-2275
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15
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Wang CL, Yan XJ, Zhang CL, Xu YW. Elevated serum nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 levels contribute to a poor prognosis after acute supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage: A prospective cohort study. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1014472. [DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1014472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveNuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key transcriptional factor for antioxidant response element-regulated genes. The purpose of this study was to assess the prognostic role of serum Nrf2 in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).Materials and methodsIn this prospective observational study, serum Nrf2 levels of 115 acute supratentorial ICH patients and 115 controls were gaged. Early neurologic deterioration (END) was defined as an increase of four or greater points in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score or death at post-stroke 24 h. A poor outcome was referred to as the post-stroke 90-day modified Rankin scale (mRS) score of 3–6. END and a poor outcome were considered as the two prognostic parameters.ResultsAs compared to controls, serum Nrf2 levels of patients were substantially elevated (P < 0.001), with its levels increasing during the 6-h period immediately, peaking in 12–18 h, plateauing at 18–24 h, and decreasing gradually thereafter (P < 0.05). Serum Nrf2 levels of patients were independently correlated with NIHSS score (t = 3.033; P = 0.003) and hematoma volume (t = 3.210; P = 0.002), independently predicted END (odds ratio 1.125; 95% confidence interval 1.027–1.232; P = 0.011) and poor outcome (odds ratio 1.217; 95% confidence interval 1.067–1.387; P = 0.013), as well as efficiently distinguished END (area under curve 0.771; 95% confidence interval 0.666–0.877; P < 0.001) and poor outcome (area under curve 0.803; 95% confidence interval 0.725–0.882; P < 0.001). Its predictive ability was equivalent to those of NIHSS score and hematoma volume (both P > 0.05), and it also significantly improved their predictive abilities under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (all P < 0.05).ConclusionElevated serum Nrf2 levels are closely correlated with severity, END, and 90-day poor outcome following ICH. Hence, Nrf2 may play an important role in acute brain injury after ICH, and serum Nrf2 may have the potential to serve as a prognostic biomarker of ICH.
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16
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Narayanan D, Tran KT, Pallesen JS, Solbak SMØ, Qin Y, Mukminova E, Luchini M, Vasilyeva KO, González Chichón D, Goutsiou G, Poulsen C, Haapanen N, Popowicz GM, Sattler M, Olagnier D, Gajhede M, Bach A. Development of Noncovalent Small-Molecule Keap1-Nrf2 Inhibitors by Fragment-Based Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14481-14526. [PMID: 36263945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the protein-protein interaction (PPI) between the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its repressor, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), constitutes a promising strategy for treating diseases involving oxidative stress and inflammation. Here, a fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) campaign resulted in novel, high-affinity (Ki = 280 nM), and cell-active noncovalent small-molecule Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors. We screened 2500 fragments using orthogonal assays─fluorescence polarization (FP), thermal shift assay (TSA), and surface plasmon resonance (SPR)─and validated the hits by saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR, leading to 28 high-priority hits. Thirteen co-structures showed fragments binding mainly in the P4 and P5 subpockets of Keap1's Kelch domain, and three fluorenone-based fragments featuring a novel binding mode were optimized by structure-based drug discovery. We thereby disclose several fragment hits, including their binding modes, and show how FBDD can be performed to find new small-molecule Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Narayanan
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim T Tran
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob S Pallesen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara M Ø Solbak
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yuting Qin
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elina Mukminova
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martina Luchini
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristina O Vasilyeva
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorleta González Chichón
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Georgia Goutsiou
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Poulsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nanna Haapanen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Grzegorz M Popowicz
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Bavarian NMR Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Bavarian NMR Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - David Olagnier
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Michael Gajhede
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Bach
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Activation of Nrf2 to Optimise Immune Responses to Intracerebral Haemorrhage. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101438. [PMID: 36291647 PMCID: PMC9599325 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemorrhage into the brain parenchyma can be devastating. This manifests as spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) after head trauma, and in the context of vascular dementia. Randomised controlled trials have not reliably shown that haemostatic treatments aimed at limiting ICH haematoma expansion and surgical approaches to reducing haematoma volume are effective. Consequently, treatments to modulate the pathophysiological responses to ICH, which may cause secondary brain injury, are appealing. Following ICH, microglia and monocyte derived cells are recruited to the peri-haematomal environment where they phagocytose haematoma breakdown products and secrete inflammatory cytokines, which may trigger both protective and harmful responses. The transcription factor Nrf2, is activated by oxidative stress, is highly expressed by central nervous system microglia and macroglia. When active, Nrf2 induces a transcriptional programme characterised by increased expression of antioxidant, haem and heavy metal detoxification and proteostasis genes, as well as suppression of proinflammatory factors. Therefore, Nrf2 activation may facilitate adaptive-protective immune cell responses to ICH by boosting resistance to oxidative stress and heavy metal toxicity, whilst limiting harmful inflammatory signalling, which can contribute to further blood brain barrier dysfunction and cerebral oedema. In this review, we consider the responses of immune cells to ICH and how these might be modulated by Nrf2 activation. Finally, we propose potential therapeutic strategies to harness Nrf2 to improve the outcomes of patients with ICH.
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18
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Zhang Y, Yu W, Liu Y, Chang W, Wang M, Zhang L. Regulation of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 as a potential therapeutic target in intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:995518. [PMID: 36245922 PMCID: PMC9559574 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.995518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic stroke can be categorized into several subtypes. The most common is intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), which exhibits significant morbidity and mortality, affecting the lives of millions of people worldwide every year. Brain injury after ICH includes the primary injury that results from direct compression as well as stimulation by the hematoma and secondary brain injury (SBI) that is due to ischemia and hypoxia in the penumbra around the hematoma. A number of recent studies have analyzed the mechanisms producing the oxidative stress and inflammation that develop following hematoma formation and are associated with the ICH induced by the SBI as well as the resulting neurological dysfunction. Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a critical component in mediating oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory response. We summarize the pathological mechanisms of ICH focusing on oxidative stress and the regulatory role of Nrf2, and review the mechanisms regulating Nrf2 at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels by influencing gene expression levels, protein stability, subcellular localization, and synergistic effects with other transcription factors. We further reviewing the efficacy of several Nrf2 activators in the treatment of ICH in experimental ICH models. Activation of Nrf2 might produce antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuron-protection effects, which could potentially be a focus for developing future treatments and prevention of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Zhang,
| | - Wanpeng Yu
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenguang Chang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Man Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Tashiro R, Bautista-Garrido J, Ozaki D, Sun G, Obertas L, Mobley AS, Kim GS, Aronowski J, Jung JE. Transplantation of Astrocytic Mitochondria Modulates Neuronal Antioxidant Defense and Neuroplasticity and Promotes Functional Recovery after Intracerebral Hemorrhage. J Neurosci 2022; 42:7001-7014. [PMID: 35970559 PMCID: PMC9463988 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2222-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes release functional mitochondria (Mt) that play regulatory and prosurvival functions on entering adjacent cells. We recently demonstrated that these released Mts could enter microglia to promote their reparative/prophagocytic phenotype that assists in hematoma cleanup and neurological recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, the relevance of astrocytic Mt transfer into neurons in protecting brain after ICH is unclear. Here, we found that ICH causes a robust increase in superoxide generation and elevated oxidative damage that coincides with loss of the mitochondrial enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD). The damaging effect of ICH was reversed by intravenous transplantation of astrocytic Mt, which on entering the brain (and neurons), restored Mn-SOD levels and reduced neurological deficits in male mice subjected to ICH. Using an in vitro ICH-like injury model in cultured neurons, we established that astrocytic Mt on entering neurons prevented reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative stress and neuronal death by restoring neuronal Mn-SOD levels while at the same time promoted neurite extension and upregulation of synaptogenesis-related gene expression. Furthermore, we found that Mt genome-encoded small peptide humanin, which is normally abundant in Mt, could simulate Mt-transfer effect on neuronal Mn-SOD expression, oxidative stress, and neuroplasticity under ICH-like injury. This study demonstrates that adoptive astrocytic Mt transfer enhances neuronal Mn-SOD-mediated antioxidative defense and neuroplasticity in the brain, which potentiate functional recovery following ICH.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Mitochondrial dysfunction and antioxidant defense play essential roles in brain damage after ICH. Astrocytes release functional Mt that enters adjacent cells to help brain homeostatic function. Here, we show that systemic transplantation of astrocytic Mt restores ICH-impaired neuronal antioxidative defense, enhances neurite outgrowth, and improves stroke recovery after ICH. Our study suggests that systemic transplantation of astrocytic Mt could be considered as a novel and potentially promising strategy for ICH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Tashiro
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jesus Bautista-Garrido
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Dan Ozaki
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Guanghua Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Lidiya Obertas
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Alexis S Mobley
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Gab Seok Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jaroslaw Aronowski
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Joo Eun Jung
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
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20
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Song D, Yeh CT, Wang J, Guo F. Perspectives on the mechanism of pyroptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Immunol 2022; 13:989503. [PMID: 36131917 PMCID: PMC9484305 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.989503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a highly harmful neurological disorder with high rates of mortality, disability, and recurrence. However, effective therapies are not currently available. Secondary immune injury and cell death are the leading causes of brain injury and a poor prognosis. Pyroptosis is a recently discovered form of programmed cell death that differs from apoptosis and necrosis and is mediated by gasdermin proteins. Pyroptosis is caused by multiple pathways that eventually form pores in the cell membrane, facilitating the release of inflammatory substances and causing the cell to rupture and die. Pyroptosis occurs in neurons, glial cells, and endothelial cells after ICH. Furthermore, pyroptosis causes cell death and releases inflammatory factors such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, leading to a secondary immune-inflammatory response and further brain damage. The NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)/caspase-1/gasdermin D (GSDMD) pathway plays the most critical role in pyroptosis after ICH. Pyroptosis can be inhibited by directly targeting NLRP3 or its upstream molecules, or directly interfering with caspase-1 expression and GSDMD formation, thus significantly improving the prognosis of ICH. The present review discusses key pathological pathways and regulatory mechanisms of pyroptosis after ICH and suggests possible intervention strategies to mitigate pyroptosis and brain dysfunction after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengpan Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chi-Tai Yeh
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Fuyou Guo, ; Jian Wang, ; Chi-Tai Yeh,
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fuyou Guo, ; Jian Wang, ; Chi-Tai Yeh,
| | - Fuyou Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fuyou Guo, ; Jian Wang, ; Chi-Tai Yeh,
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21
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Lee MJ, Zhu J, An JH, Lee SE, Kim TY, Oh E, Kang YE, Chung W, Heo JY. A transcriptomic analysis of cerebral microvessels reveals the involvement of Notch1 signaling in endothelial mitochondrial-dysfunction-dependent BBB disruption. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:64. [PMID: 36028880 PMCID: PMC9414148 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial cells (ECs) in cerebral vessels are considered the primary targets in acute hemorrhagic brain injuries. EC dysfunction can aggravate neuronal injuries by causing secondary inflammatory responses and blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Previous studies have reported that enhancement of mitochondrial function within ECs may reduce BBB disruption and decrease the severity of acute brain injuries. However, the molecular signaling pathways through which enhanced EC mitochondrial function is enhanced to exert this BBB protective effect have not been fully elucidated. Methods To identify signaling pathways involved in linking EC-specific mitochondrial dysfunction and BBB disruption, we first performed RNA sequencing using isolated cerebral vessels from TEKCRIF1 KO mice, a mouse strain that displays EC-specific mitochondrial dysfunction. After identification, we assessed the significance of candidate signaling pathways using an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) mouse model. BBB integrity was assessed using an IgG leakage assay, and symptomatic changes were evaluated using behavioral assays. Results Transcriptome analyses of the TEKCRIF1 KO mouse revealed significant changes in Notch1 signaling, a pathway intimately involved in BBB maintenance. We also observed a decrease in Notch1 signaling and expression of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) complex in the ICH mouse model, which also exhibits BBB disruption. To further assess the function of Notch1 signaling in relation to BBB disruption, we injected ICH model mice with adropin, a protein that interacts with the Notch1 ligand NB-3 and activates Notch1 signaling. We found that adropin prevented BBB disruption and reduced the extent (area) of the injury compared with that in vehicle controls, in association with alteration of mitochondrial function. Conclusion These results suggest that the Notch1 signaling pathway acts as an upstream regulator of DEGs and can be a target to regulate the changes involved with endothelial mitochondrial dysfunction-dependent BBB disruption. Thus, treatment methods that activate Notch1 may be beneficial in acute brain injuries by protecting BBB integrity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-022-00363-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Joung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiebo Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hun An
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Eun Lee
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Deajeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yeon Kim
- Bio-Synergy Research Center, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eungseok Oh
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Yea Eun Kang
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Deajeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woosuk Chung
- Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun Young Heo
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea. .,Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea. .,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Neuroprotective Effect of Morin Hydrate against Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Induced by MSG and/or Protein Malnutrition in Rat Pups: Effect on Oxidative/Monoamines/Inflammatory Balance and Apoptosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15081012. [PMID: 36015160 PMCID: PMC9415807 DOI: 10.3390/ph15081012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is one of the most widely used food additives. However, it has been linked to protein malnutrition (PM) and various forms of toxicities such as metabolic disorders and neurotoxic effects. The current study is the first to explore the association between MSG, PM, and induced brain injury similar to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Moreover, we determined the underlying mechanistic protective pathways of morin hydrate (MH)―a natural flavonoid with reported multiple therapeutic properties. PM was induced by feeding animals with a low protein diet and confirmed by low serum albumin measurement. Subsequently, rat pups were randomized into seven groups of 10 rats each. Group I, III, and VI were normally fed (NF) and groups II, IV, V, and VII were PM fed. Group I served as normal control NF while Group II served as PM control animals. Group III received NF + 0.4 g/kg MSG, Group IV: PM + 0.4 g/kg MSG, Group V: PM + 60 mg/kg MH, Group VI: NF + 0.4 kg/g MSG + 60 mg/kg MH and Group VII: PM + 0.4 kg/kg MSG + 60 mg/kg MH. At the end of the experimental period, animals were subjected to behavioral and biochemical tests. Our results showed that treatment of rats with a combination of MSG + PM-fed exhibited inferior outcomes as evidenced by deteriorated effects on behavioral, neurochemical, and histopathological analyses when compared to rats who had received MSG or PM alone. Interestingly, MH improved animals’ behavior, increased brain monoamines, brain-derived neuroprotective factor (BDNF), antioxidant status and protein expression of Nrf2/HO-1. This also was accompanied by a significant decrease in brain MDA, inflammatory markers (NF-kB, TNF-α and IL1β), and suppression of TLR4/NLRP3/caspase-1 axis. Taken together, MSG and/or PM are associated with neuronal dysfunction. Our findings suggest MH as a potential neuroprotective agent against brain insults via targeting Nrf2/HO-1 and hindering TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways.
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23
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Carreño M, Pires MF, Woodcock SR, Brzoska T, Ghosh S, Salvatore SR, Chang F, Khoo NKH, Dunn M, Connors N, Yuan S, Straub AC, Wendell SG, Kato GJ, Freeman BA, Ofori-Acquah SF, Sundd P, Schopfer FJ, Vitturi DA. Immunomodulatory actions of a kynurenine-derived endogenous electrophile. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm9138. [PMID: 35767602 PMCID: PMC9242454 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm9138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The up-regulation of kynurenine metabolism induces immunomodulatory responses via incompletely understood mechanisms. We report that increases in cellular and systemic kynurenine levels yield the electrophilic derivative kynurenine-carboxyketoalkene (Kyn-CKA), as evidenced by the accumulation of thiol conjugates and saturated metabolites. Kyn-CKA induces NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2- and aryl hydrocarbon receptor-regulated genes and inhibits nuclear factor κB- and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3-dependent proinflammatory signaling. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hereditary hemolytic condition characterized by basal inflammation and recurrent vaso-occlusive crises. Both transgenic SCD mice and patients with SCD exhibit increased kynurenine and Kyn-CKA metabolite levels. Plasma hemin and kynurenine concentrations are positively correlated, indicating that Kyn-CKA synthesis in SCD is up-regulated during pathogenic vascular stress. Administration of Kyn-CKA abrogated pulmonary microvasculature occlusion in SCD mice, an important factor in lung injury development. These findings demonstrate that the up-regulation of kynurenine synthesis and its metabolism to Kyn-CKA is an adaptive response that attenuates inflammation and protects tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Carreño
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maria F. Pires
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven R. Woodcock
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tomasz Brzoska
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Samit Ghosh
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sonia R. Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fei Chang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas K. H. Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Dunn
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nora Connors
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adam C. Straub
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Microvascular Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacy G. Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Bruce A. Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Solomon F. Ofori-Acquah
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Prithu Sundd
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Francisco J. Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dario A. Vitturi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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24
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Zhao YH, Fu HG, Cheng H, Zheng RJ, Wang G, Li S, Li EY, Li LG. Electroacupuncture at Zusanli ameliorates the autistic-like behaviors of rats through activating the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant responses. Gene 2022; 828:146440. [PMID: 35339642 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emerging evidence suggests that acupuncture plays a neuroprotective role in autism. This study aimed to explore the effect of electroacupuncture at Zusanli (ST36) on autistic-like behaviors and the underlying mechanism. METHOD Pregnant rats were administered with valproic acid (VPA) on gestational day 12.5 to induce an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) model. The pups were given electroacupuncture at ST36 daily from postnatal day (PND) 28-48. On PND28, the adenoviral vector containing small interfering RNA Nrf2 (Ad-siRNA-Nrf2) was injected into the prefrontal cortex of rats. The behavioral analysis was performed on PND 44-48. On PND48, the animals were euthanized and the brains were collected for further detection. Nissl staining was performed to detect neuronal viability. The biochemical markers of oxidative stress were subsequently measured. RESULT Electroacupuncture at ST36 ameliorated the locomotor activity, social behavior, spatial learning and memory and repetitive behavior compared with ASD rats. It was notable that the electroacupuncture decreased oxidative stress markers in the tissues of prefrontal cortex, enhanced translocation of nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor2 (Nrf2) from cytoplasm to nucleus, and up-regulated the levels of NADP(H) quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) and heme oxygenase (HO-1). However, these effects induced by electroacupuncture at ST36 were abolished after injection of Ad-siRNA-Nrf2. CONCLUSION These data suggested that electroacupuncture at ST36 protected nerve function in ASD rats through Nrf2 activation and the antioxidant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hong Zhao
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Henan, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Hong-Guang Fu
- Institute of Health Engineering, Zhengzhou Health Vocational College, Zhengzhou 450100, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Henan, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Rui-Juan Zheng
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Henan, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Guo Wang
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Henan, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Sheng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - En-Yao Li
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Henan, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Li-Guo Li
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Henan, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Institute of Health Engineering, Zhengzhou Health Vocational College, Zhengzhou 450100, China
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25
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Thomas SD, Jha NK, Sadek B, Ojha S. Repurposing Dimethyl Fumarate for Cardiovascular Diseases: Pharmacological Effects, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Promise. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050497. [PMID: 35631325 PMCID: PMC9143321 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a small molecule that has been shown to assert potent in vivo immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory therapeutic actions. The drug has been approved and is currently in use for treating multiple sclerosis and psoriasis in the USA and Europe. Since inflammatory reactions have been significantly implicated in the etiology and progression of diverse disease states, the pharmacological actions of DMF are presently being explored and generalized to other diseases where inflammation needs to be suppressed and immunoregulation is desirable, either as a monotherapeutic agent or as an adjuvant. In this review, we focus on DMF, and present an overview of its mechanism of action while briefly discussing its pharmacokinetic profile. We further discuss in detail its pharmacological uses and highlight its potential applications in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. DMF, with its unique combination of anti-inflammatory and vasculoprotective effects, has the potential to be repurposed as a therapeutic agent in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The clinical studies mentioned in this review with respect to the beneficial effects of DMF in atherosclerosis involve observations in patients with multiple sclerosis and psoriasis in small cohorts and for short durations. The findings of these studies need to be assessed in larger prospective clinical trials, ideally with a double-blind randomized study design, investigating the effects on cardiovascular endpoints as well as morbidity and mortality. The long-term impact of DMF therapy on cardiovascular diseases also needs to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilu Deepa Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
- Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India;
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
- Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (S.O.)
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
- Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (S.O.)
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26
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Zhang Y, Khan S, Liu Y, Wu G, Yong VW, Xue M. Oxidative Stress Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Targets. Front Immunol 2022; 13:847246. [PMID: 35355999 PMCID: PMC8959663 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.847246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a highly fatal disease with mortality rate of approximately 50%. Oxidative stress (OS) is a prominent cause of brain injury in ICH. Important sources of reactive oxygen species after hemorrhage are mitochondria dysfunction, degradated products of erythrocytes, excitotoxic glutamate, activated microglia and infiltrated neutrophils. OS harms the central nervous system after ICH mainly through impacting inflammation, killing brain cells and exacerbating damage of the blood brain barrier. This review discusses the sources and the possible molecular mechanisms of OS in producing brain injury in ICH, and anti-OS strategies to ameliorate the devastation of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suliman Khan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guofeng Wu
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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27
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Abu-Elfotuh K, Al-Najjar AH, Mohammed AA, Aboutaleb AS, Badawi GA. Fluoxetine ameliorates Alzheimer's disease progression and prevents the exacerbation of cardiovascular dysfunction of socially isolated depressed rats through activation of Nrf2/HO-1 and hindering TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 104:108488. [PMID: 35042170 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a risk factor for Alzheimer's (AD) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Therefore, depression treatment restricts its deteriorating effects on mood, memory and CV system. Fluoxetine is the most widely used antidepressant drug, it has neuroprotective effect through its antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties. The current study investigated for the first-time the cross link between depression, AD and CVD besides, role of fluoxetine in mitigating such disorders. Depression was induced in rats by social isolation (SI) for 12 weeks, AlCL3 (70 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was used to induce AD which was administered either in SI or normal control (NC) grouped rats starting at 8th week till the end of the experiment, fluoxetine (10 mg/kg/day, p.o) treatment also was started at 8th week. SI and AD showed a statistically significant deteriorated effect on behavioral, neurochemical and histopathological analysis which was exaggerated when two disorder combined than each alone. Fluoxetine treatment showed protective effect against SI, AD and prevents exacerbation of CVD. Fluoxetine improved animals' behavior, increased brain monoamines, BDNF besides increased antioxidant defense mechanism of SOD, TAC contents and increased protein expression of Nrf2/HO-1 with significant decrease of AChE activity, β-amyloid, Tau protein, MDA, TNF-α, IL1β contents as well as decreased protein expression of NF-kB, TLR4, NLRP3 and caspase1. It also showed cardioprotective effects as it improved lipid profile with pronounced decrease of cardiac enzymes of CK-MB, troponin and MEF2. In conclusion, fluoxetine represents as a promising drug against central and peripheral disorders through its anti-inflammatory/antioxidant effects via targeting antioxidant Nrf2/HO-1 and hindering TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karema Abu-Elfotuh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aya H Al-Najjar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Mohammed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amany S Aboutaleb
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada A Badawi
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, El Arish, Egypt.
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Christopher E, Loan JJM, Samarasekera N, McDade K, Rose J, Barrington J, Hughes J, Smith C, Al-Shahi Salman R. Nrf2 activation in the human brain after stroke due to supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage: a case–control study. BMJ Neurol Open 2022; 4:e000238. [PMID: 35265844 PMCID: PMC8860052 DOI: 10.1136/bmjno-2021-000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Pharmacological activation of the antioxidative transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) improves outcomes in experimental models of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). However, the Nrf2 pathway has not been previously studied in humans after ICH. Our study aims to address this gap. Methods We selected cases with fatal ICH from a prospective community-based inception cohort study and age-matched and sex-matched controls who died suddenly of non-neurological disease. We used immunohistochemistry to quantify Nrf2 (% total area stained overall and % of nuclei stained) and CD68 expression in controls and perihaematomal, ipsilateral and contralateral brain tissue from cases. We measured downstream haem oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 [NQO1] expression using RNA in situ hybridisation. Results 26 ICH cases (median age: 82 (IQR 76–86); 13 (50%) male) and eight controls (median age: 79 (IQR 77–80); 3 (37.5%) male) were included. We found no significant differences in overall % of Nrf2 staining between ICH cases and controls. However, the mean % of nuclei staining for Nrf2 seemed higher in perihaematomal compared with contralateral regions, although this was only statistically significant >60 days after ICH (25% (95% CI 17% to 33%) vs 14% (95% CI 11% to 17%), p=0.029). The percentage of perihaematomal tissue staining for CD68 was higher >60 days after ICH (6.75%, 95% CI 2.78% to 10.73%) compared with contralateral tissue (1.45%, 95% CI 0.93% to 1.96%, p=0.027) and controls (1.08%, 95% CI 0.20% to 1.97%, p=0.0008). RNA in situ hybridisation suggested increased abundance of HMOX1 and NQO1 transcripts in perihaematomal versus distant ipsilateral brain tissue obtained <7 days from onset of ICH. Conclusions We found evidence of Nrf2 activation in human brain tissue after ICH. Pharmacological augmentation of Nrf2 activation after ICH might be a promising therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Christopher
- The University of Edinburgh College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James J M Loan
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neshika Samarasekera
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karina McDade
- Academic Neuropathology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jamie Rose
- Academic Neuropathology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jack Barrington
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeremy Hughes
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Academic Neuropathology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Liu J, Zhu Z, Leung GKK. Erythrophagocytosis by Microglia/Macrophage in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: From Mechanisms to Translation. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:818602. [PMID: 35237132 PMCID: PMC8882619 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.818602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating condition characterized by hematoma related mass effect. Microglia/macrophage (M φ) are rapidly recruited in order to remove the red blood cells through erythrophagocytosis. Efficient erythrophagocytosis can detoxify hemolytic products and facilitate neurological recovery after ICH. The underlying mechanisms include modulation of inflammatory response and oxidative stress, among others. It is a dynamic process mediated by a cascade of signal transduction, including “find-me” signals, “eat-me” signals and a set of phagocytotic receptors-ligand pairs that may be exploited as therapeutic targets. This review summarizes mechanistic signaling pathways of erythrophagocytosis and highlights the potential of harnessing M φ-mediated phagocytosis for ICH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Liu
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhu
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gilberto Ka-Kit Leung
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Gilberto Ka-Kit Leung,
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30
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Huang L, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Chen Q, Li L. Ferrostatin-1 Polarizes Microglial Cells Toward M2 Phenotype to Alleviate Inflammation After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2022; 36:942-954. [PMID: 35099711 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-021-01401-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the most lethal stroke types and lacks effective therapeutic regimens. Recently, evidence has suggested the involvement of the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) in the pathophysiological process of ICH. In this study, we examined the underlying mechanism. METHODS We induced an in vitro apoptosis model in organotypic hippocampal slice (OHS) using hemoglobin (Hb) and an in vivo ICH model using collagenase. OHSs were treated with MK-801, Fer-1, glutamate, and Hb to assess the impacts of Fer-1 on neuron apoptosis, glutathione peroxidase-4 activity, reactive oxygen species production, inflammation-related factors, expression of M1 markers and M2 markers, and the phagocytic function of microglial cells in vitro. Then, ICH mice were treated with Fer-1 and ruxolitinib to evaluate the effects of Fer-1-orchestrating janus kinase 1/signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 pathway on neurological function, brain water content, hematoma volume, the anti-inflammatory factor, M1 and M2 markers, and the phagocytic function of microglial cells in vivo. RESULTS Hb or glutamate facilitated glutathione peroxidase dysfunction, reactive oxygen species production, and neuronal apoptosis in OHSs, which was nullified by Fer-1. Fer-1 polarized microglial cells to the M2 phenotype, enhanced their phagocytic function, and prevented inflammation in Hb-induced OHSs. In the ICH mouse model, Fer-1 was found to improve neurological function and promote hematoma absorption. In addition, Fer-1 activated the Fer-1-orchestrating janus kinase 1/signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 pathway, which accelerated microglial M2 polarization, enhanced the phagocytic function of microglial cells, and restrained inflammation in ICH mice. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings suggest that Fer-1 may be a novel mechanism underlying microglial M2 polarization and inflammation after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar Cancer Hospital, No. 27, Taishun Street, Tiefeng District, Heilongjiang, 161000, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjiao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar Cancer Hospital, No. 27, Taishun Street, Tiefeng District, Heilongjiang, 161000, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar Cancer Hospital, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyou Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar Cancer Hospital, No. 27, Taishun Street, Tiefeng District, Heilongjiang, 161000, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar Cancer Hospital, No. 27, Taishun Street, Tiefeng District, Heilongjiang, 161000, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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Aronowski J, Sansing LH, Xi G, Zhang JH. Mechanisms of Damage After Cerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Owjfard M, Bigdeli MR, Safari A, Namavar MR. Therapeutic Effects of Dimethyl Fumarate on the Rat Model of Brain Ischemia. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e19677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mohammad Reza Namavar
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Ren H, Han R, Liu X, Wang L, Koehler RC, Wang J. Nrf2-BDNF-TrkB pathway contributes to cortical hemorrhage-induced depression, but not sex differences. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:3288-3301. [PMID: 34238051 PMCID: PMC8669278 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211029060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Post-stroke depression, observed in 30-50% of stroke patients, negatively affects quality of life and mortality. The pathogenesis of post-stroke depression is complex, but heightened reactive oxygen species production and inflammation might be two key factors. We have reported that intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in cerebral cortex produces depression-like behavior in young male mice. Here, we found that mice lacking nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor that upregulates antioxidant proteins and trophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), had more severe depression-like behavior than wild-type mice at days 21 to 28 after cortical ICH (c-ICH). Moreover, the expression of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1, BDNF, and TrkB were significantly decreased in wild-type mice after c-ICH. Interestingly, TP-500 (2 mg/kg), a potent Nrf2 inducer, decreased the inflammatory response and reactive oxygen species production on day 28 after c-ICH and improved depression-like behaviors. TrkB receptor antagonist ANA-12 abolished this anti-depression effect. Depression was more severe in female than in male wild-type mice after ICH, but TP-500 improved depression-like behavior in females. These results suggest that downregulation of Nrf2-BDNF-TrkB signaling contributes to development of post-stroke depression, and that Nrf2 inducer TP-500 might improve depression after c-ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ranran Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Raymond C Koehler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Bi R, Fang Z, You M, He Q, Hu B. Microglia Phenotype and Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Balance of Yin and Yang. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:765205. [PMID: 34720885 PMCID: PMC8549831 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.765205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) features extremely high rates of morbidity and mortality, with no specific and effective therapy. And local inflammation caused by the over-activated immune cells seriously damages the recovery of neurological function after ICH. Fortunately, immune intervention to microglia has provided new methods and ideas for ICH treatment. Microglia, as the resident immune cells in the brain, play vital roles in both tissue damage and repair processes after ICH. The perihematomal activated microglia not only arouse acute inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and cytotoxicity to cause neuron death, but also show another phenotype that inhibit inflammation, clear hematoma and promote tissue regeneration. The proportion of microglia phenotypes determines the progression of brain tissue damage or repair after ICH. Therefore, microglia may be a promising and imperative therapeutic target for ICH. In this review, we discuss the dual functions of microglia in the brain after an ICH from immunological perspective, elaborate on the activation mechanism of perihematomal microglia, and summarize related therapeutic drugs researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rentang Bi
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Fang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingfeng You
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Quanwei He
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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35
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Lee MTW, Mahy W, Rackham MD. The medicinal chemistry of mitochondrial dysfunction: a critical overview of efforts to modulate mitochondrial health. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1281-1311. [PMID: 34458736 PMCID: PMC8372206 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00113b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are subcellular organelles that perform a variety of critical biological functions, including ATP production and acting as hubs of immune and apoptotic signalling. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been extensively linked to the pathology of multiple neurodegenerative disorders, resulting in significant investment from the drug discovery community. Despite extensive efforts, there remains no disease modifying therapies for neurodegenerative disorders. This manuscript aims to review the compounds historically used to modulate the mitochondrial network through the lens of modern medicinal chemistry, and to offer a perspective on the evidence that relevant exposure was achieved in a representative model and that exposure was likely to result in target binding and engagement of pharmacology. We hope this manuscript will aid the community in identifying those targets and mechanisms which have been convincingly (in)validated with high quality chemical matter, and those for which an opportunity exists to explore in greater depth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Mahy
- MSD The Francis Crick Institute 1 Midland Road London NW1 1AT UK
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36
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Farina M, Vieira LE, Buttari B, Profumo E, Saso L. The Nrf2 Pathway in Ischemic Stroke: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:5001. [PMID: 34443584 PMCID: PMC8399750 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, characterized by the sudden loss of blood flow in specific area(s) of the brain, is the leading cause of permanent disability and is among the leading causes of death worldwide. The only approved pharmacological treatment for acute ischemic stroke (intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator) has significant clinical limitations and does not consider the complex set of events taking place after the onset of ischemic stroke (ischemic cascade), which is characterized by significant pro-oxidative events. The transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which regulates the expression of a great number of antioxidant and/or defense proteins, has been pointed as a potential pharmacological target involved in the mitigation of deleterious oxidative events taking place at the ischemic cascade. This review summarizes studies concerning the protective role of Nrf2 in experimental models of ischemic stroke, emphasizing molecular events resulting from ischemic stroke that are, in parallel, modulated by Nrf2. Considering the acute nature of ischemic stroke, we discuss the challenges in using a putative pharmacological strategy (Nrf2 activator) that relies upon transcription, translation and metabolically active cells in treating ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Farina
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil;
| | - Leonardo Eugênio Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil;
| | - Brigitta Buttari
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (B.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Elisabetta Profumo
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (B.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Möhle L, Brackhan M, Bascuñana P, Pahnke J. Dimethyl fumarate does not mitigate cognitive decline and β-amyloidosis in female APPPS1 mice. Brain Res 2021; 1768:147579. [PMID: 34233173 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia and a major global health issue. Currently, only limited treatment options are available to patients. One possibility to expand the treatment repertoire is repurposing of existing drugs such as dimethyl fumarate (DMF). DMF is approved for treatment of multiple sclerosis and previous animal studies have suggested that DMF may also have a beneficial effect for the treatment of AD. METHODS We used an APPPS1 transgenic model of senile β-amyloidosis and treated female mice orally with DMF in two treatment paradigms (pre and post onset). We quantified learning and memory parameters, β-amyloidosis, and neuroinflammation to determine the potential of DMF as AD therapeutics. RESULTS Treatment with DMF had no influence on water maze performance, β-amyloid accumulation, plaque formation, microglia activation, and recruitment of immune cells to the brain. Compared to vehicle-treated animals, oral DMF treatment could not halt or retard disease progression in the mice. DISCUSSION Our results do not favour the use of DMF as treatment for AD. While our results stand in contrast to previous findings in other models, they emphasize the importance of animal model selection and suggest further studies to elucidate the mechanisms leading to conflicting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Möhle
- Department of Neuro-/Pathology, Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Oslo, Norway.
| | - Mirjam Brackhan
- Department of Neuro-/Pathology, Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Oslo, Norway; LIED, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Pablo Bascuñana
- Department of Neuro-/Pathology, Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Department of Neuro-/Pathology, Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Oslo, Norway; LIED, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia.
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Imai T, Matsubara H, Hara H. Potential therapeutic effects of Nrf2 activators on intracranial hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:1483-1500. [PMID: 33444090 PMCID: PMC8221764 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20984565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating disease which induces high mortality and poor outcomes including severe neurological dysfunctions. ICH pathology is divided into two types: primary brain injury (PBI) and secondary brain injury (SBI). Although there are numerous preclinical studies documenting neuroprotective agents in experimental ICH models, no effective drugs have been developed for clinical use due to complicated ICH pathology. Oxidative and inflammatory stresses play central roles in the onset and progression of brain injury after ICH, especially SBI. Nrf2 is a crucial transcription factor in the anti-oxidative stress defense system. Under normal conditions, Nrf2 is tightly regulated by the Keap1. Under ICH pathological conditions, such as overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), Nrf2 is translocated into the nucleus where it up-regulates the expression of several anti-oxidative phase II enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Recently, many reports have suggested the therapeutic potential of Nrf2 activators (including natural or synthesized compounds) for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, several Nrf2 activators attenuate ischemic stroke-induced brain injury in several animal models. This review summarizes the efficacy of several Nrf2 activators in ICH animal models. In the future, Nrf2 activators might be approved for the treatment of ICH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Imai
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Matsubara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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Yan N, Xu Z, Qu C, Zhang J. Dimethyl fumarate improves cognitive deficits in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rats by alleviating inflammation, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis via NRF2/ARE/NF-κB signal pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 98:107844. [PMID: 34153667 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease and its risk factors cause persistent decrease of cerebral blood flow, chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is the major foundation of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). The hippocampus is extremely vulnerable to cerebral ischemia and hypoxia. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation injury are important pathophysiological mechanisms of this process, which is closely related to hippocampal neurons damage and loss. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), an FDA-approved therapeutic for multiple sclerosis (MS), plays a protective role in multiple neurological disorders. Studies have shown that DMF exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects via the NRF2/ARE/NF-κB signaling pathway. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of DMF in the CCH rat model. Ferroptosis, a novel defined iron-dependent cell death form, were found to be strongly associated with the pathophysiology of CCH. Emerging evidences have shown that inhibition of ferroptosis by targeting NRF2 exerted neuroprotective effect in neurodegeneration diseases. We also investigated whether DMF can alleviate cognitive deficits through inhibition of ferroptosis by the NRF2 signaling pathway in this study. DMF was intragastric for consecutive five weeks (100 mg/kg/day). Then behavior test and histological, molecular, and biochemical analysis were performed. We found that DMF treatment significantly improved cognitive deficits and partially reversed hippocampus neuronal damage and loss caused by CCH. And DMF treatment decreased hippocampus IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokines concentration, and mediated the NF-κB signaling pathway. And DMF also alleviated hippocampus oxidative stress through reducing MDA, and increasing GSH and SOD levels, which are also closely associated with ferroptosis. Besides, DMF treatment reduced the expression of PTGS2, and increased the expression of FTH1 and xCT, and the iron content is also reduced, which were the important features related to ferroptosis. Furthermore, DMF activated the NRF2/ARE signaling pathway and upregulated the expression of HO-1, NQO1 and GPX4. These outcomes indicated that DMF can improve cognitive impairment in rats with CCH, possibly through alleviating neuroinflammation, oxidative stress damage and inhibiting ferroptosis of hippocampal neurons. Overall, our results provide new evidence for the neuroprotective role of DMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Yan
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; Hubei Clinical Research Center for Dementias and Cognitive Impairments, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; Hubei Clinical Research Center for Dementias and Cognitive Impairments, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Changhua Qu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; Hubei Clinical Research Center for Dementias and Cognitive Impairments, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - JunJian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; Hubei Clinical Research Center for Dementias and Cognitive Impairments, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China.
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Hidrox ® Roles in Neuroprotection: Biochemical Links between Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050818. [PMID: 34065584 PMCID: PMC8161307 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are a serious public-health problem. Furthermore, subsequent TBI events can compromise TBI patients’ quality of life. TBI is linked to a number of long- and short-term complications such as cerebral atrophy and risk of developing dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Following direct TBI damage, oxidative stress and the inflammatory response lead to tissue injury-associated neurodegenerative processes that are characteristic of TBI-induced secondary damage. Hidrox® showed positive effects in preclinical models of toxic oxidative stress and neuroinflammation; thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Hidrox® administration on TBI-induced secondary injury and on the propagation of the AD-like neuropathology. Hidrox® treatment reduced histological damage after controlled cortical impact. Form a molecular point of view, hydroxytyrosol is able to preserve the cellular redox balance and protein homeostasis by activating the Nrf2 pathway and increasing the expression of phase II detoxifying enzymes such as HO-1, SOD, Catalase, and GSH, thus counteracting the neurodegenerative damage. Additionally, Hidrox® showed anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the activation of the NFkB pathway and related cytokines overexpression. From a behavioral point of view, Hidrox® treatment ameliorated the cognitive dysfunction and memory impairment induced by TBI. Additionally, Hidrox® was associated with a significant increased number of hippocampal neurons in the CA3 region, which were reduced post-TBI. In particular, Hidrox® decreased AD-like phenotypic markers such as ß-amyloid accumulation and APP and p-Tau overexpression. These findings indicate that Hidrox® could be a valuable treatment for TBI-induced secondary injury and AD-like pathological features.
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Wang H, Cao X, Wen X, Li D, Ouyang Y, Bao B, Zhong Y, Qin Z, Yin M, Chen Z, Yin X. Transforming growth factor‑β1 functions as a competitive endogenous RNA that ameliorates intracranial hemorrhage injury by sponging microRNA‑93‑5p. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:499. [PMID: 33955515 PMCID: PMC8127068 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has the highest mortality rate of all stroke subtypes but an effective treatment has yet to be clinically implemented. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) has been reported to modulate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation after ICH and promote functional recovery; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) have surfaced as critical regulators in human disease. A known miR-93 target, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), has been shown to be neuroprotective after ICH. It was hypothesized that TGF-β1 functions as a ceRNA that sponges miR-93-5p and thereby ameliorates ICH injury in the brain. Short interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knock down TGF-β1 and miR-93 expression was also pharmacologically manipulated to elucidate the mechanistic association between miR-93-5p, Nrf2, and TGF-β1 in an in vitro model of ICH (thrombin-treated human microglial HMO6 cells). Bioinformatics predictive analyses showed that miR-93-5p could bind to both TGF-β1 and Nrf2. It was found that neuronal miR-93-5p was dramatically decreased in these HMO6 cells, and similar changes were observed in fresh brain tissue from patients with ICH. Most importantly, luciferase reporter assays were used to demonstrate that miR-93-5p directly targeted Nrf2 to inhibit its expression and the addition of the TGF-β1 untranslated region restored the levels of Nrf2. Moreover, an miR-93-5p inhibitor increased the expression of TGF-β1 and Nrf2 and decreased apoptosis. Collectively, these results identified a novel function of TGF-β1 as a ceRNA that sponges miR-93-5p to increase the expression of neuroprotective Nrf2 and decrease cell death after ICH. The present findings provided evidence to support miR-93-5p as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Xianming Cao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Wen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Dongling Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Yetong Ouyang
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Bing Bao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Yuqin Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhengfang Qin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Min Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhiying Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
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Owjfard M, Bigdeli MR, Safari A, Haghani M, Namavar MR. Effect of Dimethyl Fumarate on the Motor Function and Spatial Arrangement of Primary Motor Cortical Neurons in the Sub-Acute Phase of Stroke in a Rat Model. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105630. [PMID: 33497934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic effects of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) in patients with multiple sclerosis and animal models of neurologic disease were reported. The density and the distribution pattern of motor neurons are important in transmitting the signal and controlling the movement-related functions. The present study evaluated the effects of DMF treatment on the neurological functions, infarct volume, and spatial distribution of the neurons in the primary motor cortex after cerebral ischemia. METHODS Thirty-three Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: The sham group underwent surgery without middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and drug. The vehicle and treatment groups after MCAO received a vehicle or DMF for three consecutive days. Post-stroke neurological and motor functions were assessed. At the end of the third day, the brains were removed, and the cerebral infarct volume was evaluated. We used cresyl violet staining to analyze the density and the spatial arrangement of motor cortical neurons using Voronoi tessellation. RESULTS Treatment of the brain ischemia for three days with DMF could not significantly reduce the neurological and motor function deficits and infarct volume. However, it reduced the neuronal area and death and preserved their spatial distribution in the normal regular pattern. CONCLUSION Cerebral ischemia decreased the neuronal density of the primary motor cortex and changed their distributions to a random pattern. DMF treatment during sub-acute ischemic stroke did not significantly improve the neurological deficit scores. However, it could prevent neuronal swelling and death and preserved the spatial distribution of the cortical neurons in their normal pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Owjfard
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Animal Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Bigdeli
- Department of Animal Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Cognitive and Brain Science, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anahid Safari
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoud Haghani
- Histomorphometry & Stereology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Physiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Namavar
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Histomorphometry & Stereology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Hoogendoorn A, Avery TD, Li J, Bursill C, Abell A, Grace PM. Emerging Therapeutic Applications for Fumarates. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:239-254. [PMID: 33618840 PMCID: PMC7954891 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fumarates are successfully used for the treatment of psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. Their antioxidative, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective properties make fumarates attractive therapeutic candidates for other pathologies. The exact working mechanisms of fumarates are, however, not fully understood. Further elucidation of the mechanisms is required if these drugs are to be successfully repurposed for other diseases. Towards this, administration route, dosage, and treatment timing, frequency, and duration are important parameters to consider and optimize with clinical paradigms in mind. Here, we summarize the rapidly expanding literature on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fumarates, including a discussion on two recently FDA-approved fumarates VumerityTM and BafiertamTM. We review emerging applications of fumarates, focusing on neurological and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Hoogendoorn
- Vascular and Heart Health, Life Long Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University of Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Thomas D Avery
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University of Adelaide, Australia; Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing & Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jiahe Li
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christina Bursill
- Vascular and Heart Health, Life Long Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University of Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew Abell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University of Adelaide, Australia; Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing & Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter M Grace
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Crilly S, Withers SE, Allan SM, Parry-Jones AR, Kasher PR. Revisiting promising preclinical intracerebral hemorrhage studies to highlight repurposable drugs for translation. Int J Stroke 2021; 16:123-136. [PMID: 33183165 PMCID: PMC7859586 DOI: 10.1177/1747493020972240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage is a devastating global health burden with limited treatment options and is responsible for 49% of 6.5 million annual stroke-related deaths comparable to ischemic stroke. Despite the impact of intracerebral hemorrhage, there are currently no effective treatments and so weaknesses in the translational pipeline must be addressed. There have been many preclinical studies in intracerebral hemorrhage models with positive outcomes for potential therapies in vivo, but beyond advancing the understanding of intracerebral hemorrhage pathology, there has been no translation toward successful clinical application. Multidisciplinary preclinical research, use of multiple models, and validation in human tissue are essential for effective translation. Repurposing of therapeutics for intracerebral hemorrhage may be the most promising strategy to help relieve the global health burden of intracerebral hemorrhage. Here, we have reviewed the existing literature to highlight repurposable drugs with successful outcomes in preclinical models of intracerebral hemorrhage that have realistic potential for development into the clinic for intracerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Crilly
- Division of Neuroscience and
Experimental Psychology, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation,
School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester
Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sarah E Withers
- Division of Neuroscience and
Experimental Psychology, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation,
School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester
Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Division of Neuroscience and
Experimental Psychology, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation,
School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester
Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adrian R Parry-Jones
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences,
Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences,
Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre,
The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Centre for Clinical
Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health
Science Centre, Salford, UK
| | - Paul R Kasher
- Division of Neuroscience and
Experimental Psychology, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation,
School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester
Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Li S, Vaziri ND, Swentek L, Takasu C, Vo K, Stamos MJ, Ricordi C, Ichii H. Prevention of Autoimmune Diabetes in NOD Mice by Dimethyl Fumarate. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020193. [PMID: 33572792 PMCID: PMC7912218 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of diabetes. This study tested the hypothesis that by protecting β-cells against oxidative stress and inflammation, an Nrf2 activator, dimethyl fumarate (DMF), may prevent or delay the onset of type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Firstly, islet isolation was conducted to confirm the antioxidative effects of DMF oral administration on islet cells. Secondly, in a spontaneous diabetes model, DMF (25 mg/kg) was fed to mice once daily starting at the age of 8 weeks up to the age of 22 weeks. In a cyclophosphamide-induced accelerated diabetes model, DMF (25 mg/kg) was fed to mice twice daily for 2 weeks. In the islet isolation study, DMF administration improved the isolation yield, attenuated oxidative stress and enhanced GCLC and NQO1 expression in the islets. In the spontaneous model, DMF significantly reduced the onset of diabetes compared to the control group (25% vs. 54.2%). In the accelerated model, DMF reduced the onset of diabetes from 58.3% to 16.7%. The insulitis score in the islets of the DMF treatment group (1.6 ± 0.32) was significantly lower than in the control group (3.47 ± 0.21). The serum IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1 and CXCL16 levels in the DMF-treated group were lower than in the control group. In conclusion, DMF may protect islet cells and reduce the incidence of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice by attenuating insulitis and proinflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Li
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (L.S.); (C.T.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (H.I.); Tel.: +1-714-456-5160 (S.L.); +1-714-456-8698 (H.I.)
| | | | - Lourdes Swentek
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (L.S.); (C.T.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Chie Takasu
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (L.S.); (C.T.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Kelly Vo
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (L.S.); (C.T.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Michael J. Stamos
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (L.S.); (C.T.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Hirohito Ichii
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (L.S.); (C.T.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (H.I.); Tel.: +1-714-456-5160 (S.L.); +1-714-456-8698 (H.I.)
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Dhaliwal N, Dhaliwal J, Singh A, Chopra K. Dimethyl fumarate attenuates 2-VO-induced vascular dementia via activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway in rats. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:537-547. [PMID: 33459879 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00785-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) induced oxidative stress and inflammation is known to be implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular dementia. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for neuroprotection. In the present study, we investigated the beneficial effects of dimethyl fumarate (DMF), an Nrf2 activator in an experimental model of vascular dementia. METHODS Permanent occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries (2-VO) was performed to induce CCH in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. DMF (15, 30, and 60 mg/kg) was administered for 4 weeks. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM) and novel object (NOR) tests. After behavior tests, various oxidative and inflammatory markers were assessed in the hippocampus. RESULTS The obtained results indicate that treatment with DMF significantly improved 2 VO-induced cognitive deficits. DMF decreased MDA (p < 0.001), protein carbonyl (PCO) contents (p < 0.001), and acetylcholinesterase (p < 0.01) activities, and inhibited inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κβ, and COX-2) levels. Furthermore, our results showed that DMF augmented GSH (p < 0.001) levels and SOD (p < 0.05), CAT, and GSH-Px (p < 0.001) activities in the hippocampus. Nrf2 (p < 0.05) and its downstream targets HO-1 levels (p < 0.01) and NQO1 (p < 0.05) levels were also up-regulated after DMF treatment. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results demonstrate that DMF could serve as a promising neuroprotective agent for treating vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Dhaliwal
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Pharmacology Division, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Jatinder Dhaliwal
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Pharmacology Division, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Aagamjit Singh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Kanwaljit Chopra
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Pharmacology Division, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Timpani CA, Rybalka E. Calming the (Cytokine) Storm: Dimethyl Fumarate as a Therapeutic Candidate for COVID-19. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 14:15. [PMID: 33375288 PMCID: PMC7824470 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has rapidly spread worldwide and incidences of hospitalisation from respiratory distress are significant. While a vaccine is in the pipeline, there is urgency for therapeutic options to address the immune dysregulation, hyperinflammation and oxidative stress that can lead to death. Given the shared pathogenesis of severe cases of COVID-19 with aspects of multiple sclerosis and psoriasis, we propose dimethyl fumarate as a viable treatment option. Currently approved for multiple sclerosis and psoriasis, dimethyl fumarate is an immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative drug that could be rapidly implemented into the clinic to calm the cytokine storm which drives severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara A. Timpani
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Emma Rybalka
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
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Neuroinflammation in intracerebral haemorrhage: immunotherapies with potential for translation. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19:1023-1032. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30364-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kourakis S, Timpani CA, de Haan JB, Gueven N, Fischer D, Rybalka E. Dimethyl Fumarate and Its Esters: A Drug with Broad Clinical Utility? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13100306. [PMID: 33066228 PMCID: PMC7602023 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumaric acid esters (FAEs) are small molecules with anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is the best characterised FAE and is approved and registered for the treatment of psoriasis and Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS). Psoriasis and RRMS share an immune-mediated aetiology, driven by severe inflammation and oxidative stress. DMF, as well as monomethyl fumarate and diroximel fumarate, are commonly prescribed first-line agents with favourable safety and efficacy profiles. The potential benefits of FAEs against other diseases that appear pathogenically different but share the pathologies of oxidative stress and inflammation are currently investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kourakis
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
| | - Cara A. Timpani
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Judy B. de Haan
- Oxidative Stress Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Basic Science Domain, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Nuri Gueven
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia;
| | - Dirk Fischer
- Division of Developmental- and Neuropediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Emma Rybalka
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-383-958-226
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Ma A, Gao L, Wafi AM, Yu L, Rudebush T, Zhou W, Zucker IH. Overexpression of Central ACE2 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2) Attenuates the Pressor Response to Chronic Central Infusion of Ang II (Angiotensin II): A Potential Role for Nrf2 (Nuclear Factor [Erythroid-Derived 2]-Like 2). Hypertension 2020; 76:1514-1525. [PMID: 32895018 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the mechanism by which ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) overexpression alters neurohumoral outflow and central oxidative stress. Nrf2 (nuclear factor [erythroid-derived 2]-like 2) is a master antioxidant transcription factor that regulates cytoprotective and antioxidant genes. We hypothesized that upregulation of central ACE2 inhibits the pressor response to Ang II (angiotensin II) by reducing reactive oxygen species through a Nrf2/antioxidant enzyme-mediated mechanism in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Synapsin human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 positive (SynhACE2+/+) mice and their littermate controls synhACE2-/- were used to evaluate the consequence of intracerebroventricular infusion of Ang II. In control mice, Ang II infusion evoked a significant increase in blood pressure and norepinephrine excretion, along with polydipsia and polyuria. The pressor effect of central Ang II was completely blocked in synhACE2+/+ mice. Polydipsia, norepinephrine excretion, and markers of oxidative stress in response to central Ang II were also reduced in synhACE2+/+ mice. The MasR (Mas receptor) agonist Ang 1-7 and blocker A779 had no effects on blood pressure. synhACE2+/+ mice showed enhanced expression of Nrf2 in the rostral ventrolateral medulla which was blunted following Ang II infusion. Ang II evoked nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in cultured Neuro 2A (N2A) cells. In synhACE2-/- mice, the central Ang II pressor response was attenuated by simultaneous intracerebroventricular infusion of the Nrf2 activator sulforaphane; blood pressure was enhanced by knockdown of Nrf2 in the rostral ventrolateral medulla in Nrf2 floxed (Nrf2f/f) mice. These data suggest that the hypertensive effects of intracerebroventricular Ang II are attenuated by selective overexpression of brain synhACE2 and may be mediated by Nrf2-upregulated antioxidant enzymes in the rostral ventrolateral medulla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyun Ma
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Lie Gao
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Ahmed M Wafi
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Li Yu
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Tara Rudebush
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Wenxian Zhou
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Irving H Zucker
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
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