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Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, de Henauw S, Hirsch‐Ernst K, Knutsen HK, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Aggett P, Fairweather‐Tait S, de Sesmaisons Lecarré A, Fabiani L, Karavasiloglou N, Saad RM, Sofroniou A, Titz A, Naska A. Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for iron. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8819. [PMID: 38868106 PMCID: PMC11167337 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for iron. Systematic reviews were conducted to identify evidence regarding high iron intakes and risk of chronic diseases, adverse gastrointestinal effects and adverse effects of iron supplementation in infancy, young childhood and pregnancy. It is established that systemic iron overload leads to organ toxicity, but no UL could be established. The only indicator for which a dose-response could be established was black stools, which reflect the presence of large amounts of unabsorbed iron in the gut. This is a conservative endpoint among the chain of events that may lead to systemic iron overload but is not adverse per se. Based on interventions in which black stools did not occur at supplemental iron intakes of 20-25 mg/day (added to a background intake of 15 mg/day), a safe level of intake for iron of 40 mg/day for adults (including pregnant and lactating women) was established. Using allometric scaling (body weight0.75), this value was scaled down to children and adolescents and safe levels of intakes between 10 mg/day (1-3 years) and 35 mg/day (15-17 years) were derived. For infants 7-11 months of age who have a higher iron requirement than young children, allometric scaling was applied to the supplemental iron intakes (i.e. 25 mg/day) and resulted in a safe level of supplemental iron intake of 5 mg/day. This value was extended to 4-6 month-old infants and refers to iron intakes from fortified foods and food supplements, not from infant and follow-on formulae. The application of the safe level of intake is more limited than a UL because the intake level at which the risk of adverse effects starts to increase is not defined.
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Prakobdi C, Baldo TA, Aryal P, Link J, Saetear P, Henry CS. Non-invasive iron deficiency diagnosis: a saliva-based approach using capillary flow microfluidics. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2489-2495. [PMID: 38502566 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01933k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a condition characterized by lower-than-average iron (Fe) levels in the body, affecting a substantial number of young children and pregnant women globally. Existing diagnostic methods for IDA rely on invasive analysis of stored Fe in ferritin from blood samples, posing challenges, especially for toddlers and young children. To address this issue, saliva has been proposed as a non-invasive sample matrix for IDA diagnosis. However, conventional Fe analysis techniques often necessitate complex and costly instrumentation. This study presents the first non-invasive, saliva-based preliminary screening test for IDA using a nitrocellulose lateral flow system. In this study, we introduce a novel approach using the ferroin reaction with bathophenanthroline (Bphen) and ferrous (Fe2+) ions to quantify Fe levels in saliva. Our methodology involves a capillary flow-driven microfluidic device integrated into a lateral flow system utilizing nitrocellulose membranes. Here, we present the first instance of saliva on a nitrocellulose substrate to detect salivary Fe levels. The optimized system yielded a linear response over the 1-200 ppm range in buffer solution, with a limit of detection (LoD) of 5.6 ppm. Furthermore, the system demonstrated a linear response in pooled saliva samples across the 1-1000 ppm range, with a LoD of 55.1 ppm. These results underscore the potential of our capillary flow-driven microfluidic device as a viable non-invasive diagnostic tool for IDA, particularly in remote and resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirapha Prakobdi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Thaisa A Baldo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
| | - Prakash Aryal
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
| | - Jeremy Link
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
| | - Phoonthawee Saetear
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Arora S, Bajaj T, Kumar J, Goyal M, Singh A, Singh C. Recent Advances in Delivery of Peptide and Protein Therapeutics to the Brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:54-66. [PMID: 37977811 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The classes of neuropharmaceuticals known as proteins and peptides serve as diagnostic tools and are involved in specific communication in the peripheral and central nervous systems. However, due to tight junctions resembling epithelial cells found in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo, they are typically excluded from transport from the blood to the brain. The drugs having molecular weight of less than 400 Dalton are able to cross the BBB via lipid-mediated free diffusion. However, large molecule therapeutics are devoid of these characteristics. As an alternative, these substances may be carried via chimeric peptide drug delivery systems, and assist in transcytosis through BBB with the aid of linker strategies. With their recent developments, several forms of nanoparticles, including poly (ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) copolymers, nanogels, liposomes, nanostructured lipid carriers, poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles, chitosan, and solid lipid nanoparticles, have also been considered for their therapeutic applications. Moreover, the necessity for physiologic optimization of current drug delivery methods and their carriers to deliver therapeutic doses of medication into the brain for the treatment of various neurologic illnesses has also been emphasized. Therapeutic use of proteins and peptides has no neuroprotective impact in the absence of all these methods. Each tactic, however, has unique drawbacks and considerations. In this review, we discuss different drug delivery methods for therapeutic distribution of pharmaceuticals, primarily neuroproteins and neuropeptides, through endothelial capillaries via blood-brain barrier. Finally, we have also discussed the challenges and future perspective of protein and peptide therapeutics delivery to the brain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Very few reports on the delivery of therapeutic protein and peptide nanoformulations are available in the literature. Herein, we attempted to discuss these nanoformulations of protein and peptide therapeutics used to treat brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchit Arora
- Maa Saraswati College of Pharmacy, Abohar-Sito Road, VPO Kala Tibba, Punjab, India (S.A.); Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India Affiliated to I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India (T.B., C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Uttarakhand, India (J.K., M.G., C.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India (A.S.)
| | - Tania Bajaj
- Maa Saraswati College of Pharmacy, Abohar-Sito Road, VPO Kala Tibba, Punjab, India (S.A.); Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India Affiliated to I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India (T.B., C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Uttarakhand, India (J.K., M.G., C.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India (A.S.)
| | - Jayant Kumar
- Maa Saraswati College of Pharmacy, Abohar-Sito Road, VPO Kala Tibba, Punjab, India (S.A.); Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India Affiliated to I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India (T.B., C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Uttarakhand, India (J.K., M.G., C.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India (A.S.)
| | - Manoj Goyal
- Maa Saraswati College of Pharmacy, Abohar-Sito Road, VPO Kala Tibba, Punjab, India (S.A.); Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India Affiliated to I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India (T.B., C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Uttarakhand, India (J.K., M.G., C.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India (A.S.)
| | - Arti Singh
- Maa Saraswati College of Pharmacy, Abohar-Sito Road, VPO Kala Tibba, Punjab, India (S.A.); Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India Affiliated to I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India (T.B., C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Uttarakhand, India (J.K., M.G., C.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India (A.S.)
| | - Charan Singh
- Maa Saraswati College of Pharmacy, Abohar-Sito Road, VPO Kala Tibba, Punjab, India (S.A.); Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India Affiliated to I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India (T.B., C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Uttarakhand, India (J.K., M.G., C.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India (A.S.)
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Santhakumar S, Edison ES. Molecular insights into placental iron transfer mechanisms and maternofetal regulation. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2024; 309:63-77. [PMID: 37069381 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-023-07032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adequate iron transportation from the mother across the placenta is crucial for fetal growth and establishing sufficient iron stores in neonates at birth. The past decade has marked significant discoveries in iron metabolism with the identification of new players and mechanisms. Immunohistochemical studies rendered valuable data on the localization of substantial iron transporters on placental syncytiotrophoblasts. However, the function and regulation of maternal-placentofetal iron transporters and iron handling is still elusive and requires more attention. METHODS A thorough literature review was conducted to gather information about placental iron transfer, the role of regulators and maintenance of iron homeostasis. RESULTS The role of classical and new players in maternal-fetal iron transport and the regulation in the placenta has been addressed in this review. Animal and human studies have been discussed. The role of placental iron regulation in thalassemia and hemochromatosis pregnancies has been reviewed. CONCLUSIONS The current advances that highlight the mechanisms of placental iron regulation and transport in response to maternal and fetal signals have been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenithi Santhakumar
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 004, India
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Eunice S Edison
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 004, India.
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Mostafa E, Ahmed FASMS, Yahia SH, Ibrahim AIM, Elbahaie ES. The effects of intracellular iron availability on the outcome of Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:608-618. [PMID: 37520204 PMCID: PMC10382456 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01603-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a parasite that obtains the iron it needs for its own metabolism from the host-cell iron pool. In this work, we aimed to investigate if iron supplementation or deficiency affected the course of T. gondii infection. Eighty mice were divided into four groups, each with 20 animals: Group (I): Uninfected control group. Group (II): Infected control group: injected with Phosphate buffered saline. Group (III): Infected group: received iron sucrose treatment. Group (IV): Infected group: treated with deferoxamine. Quantitative PCR studies were performed on days 3 and 8 post-infection to detect the expression of iron metabolism genes (hamp and ferroprotin) and immune-histochemical analysis to study the percentage of TNF-α and TGF-β tissue expression. Iron supplementation induced progressions of infection evident by increased tissue expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and downregulation of TGF-β which is mostly linked to suppression of the inflammatory process caused by T. gondii. Increased expression of TGF-β and decreased expression of TNF-α was noticed when iron deprivation occurred. On day 3, we noticed increased expression in the hamp gene with iron supplementation while it decreases when the iron supply is low. On the contrary, iron deficiency increased ferroprotin gene expression whereas supplementing decreased it. On day 8, the level of expression of these genes returned to normal levels. These observations document the potential role of iron in controlling toxoplasmosis infection and indicate that the transcription of hamp and ferroprotin in T. gondii-infected cells appears to be regulated by a sophisticated indirect mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Mostafa
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Samah Hassan Yahia
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Enas Saed Elbahaie
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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6
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Yu H, Wang K, Yang Z, Li X, Liu S, Wang L, Zhang H. A ferritin protein is involved in the development and reproduction of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 52:750-758. [PMID: 37318359 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ferritins are conserved iron-binding proteins that exist in most living organisms and play an essential role in the maintenance of cellular iron homeostasis. Although ferritin has been studied in many species, little is known about its role in the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. In this study, we identified an iron-binding protein from B. tabaci and named it BtabFer1. The full-length cDNA of BtabFer1 is 1,043 bp and encodes a protein consisting of 224 amino acids with a deduced molecular weight of 25.26 kDa, and phylogenetic analysis shows that BtabFer1 is conserved among Hemiptera insects. The expression levels of BtabFer1 in different developmental stages and tissues were analyzed by real-time PCR, and results showed that BtabFer1 was ubiquitously expressed at all developmental stages and in all examined tissues. The RNAi-mediated knockdown of BtabFer1 caused a significant reduction in survival rate, egg production, and egg hatching rate of whiteflies. Knockdown of BtabFer1 also inhibited the transcription of genes in the juvenile hormone signal transduction pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that BtabFer1 plays a critical role in the development and reproduction of whiteflies. This study can broaden our understanding of ferritin in insect fecundity and development, as well as provide baseline data for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Kui Wang
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Zhifang Yang
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Shunxiao Liu
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
- College of Agrarian Technology and Natural Resources, Sumy National Agrarian University, Sumy 40021, Ukraine
| | - Liuhao Wang
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
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Khan S, Lang M. A Comprehensive Review on the Roles of Metals Mediating Insect-Microbial Pathogen Interactions. Metabolites 2023; 13:839. [PMID: 37512546 PMCID: PMC10384549 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects and microbial pathogens are ubiquitous and play significant roles in various biological processes, while microbial pathogens are microscopic organisms that can cause diseases in multiple hosts. Insects and microbial pathogens engage in diverse interactions, leveraging each other's presence. Metals are crucial in shaping these interactions between insects and microbial pathogens. However, metals such as Fe, Cu, Zn, Co, Mo, and Ni are integral to various physiological processes in insects, including immune function and resistance against pathogens. Insects have evolved multiple mechanisms to take up, transport, and regulate metal concentrations to fight against pathogenic microbes and act as a vector to transport microbial pathogens to plants and cause various plant diseases. Hence, it is paramount to inhibit insect-microbe interaction to control pathogen transfer from one plant to another or carry pathogens from other sources. This review aims to succinate the role of metals in the interactions between insects and microbial pathogens. It summarizes the significance of metals in the physiology, immune response, and competition for metals between insects, microbial pathogens, and plants. The scope of this review covers these imperative metals and their acquisition, storage, and regulation mechanisms in insect and microbial pathogens. The paper will discuss various scientific studies and sources, including molecular and biochemical studies and genetic and genomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhanullah Khan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minglin Lang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
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8
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Plata-Guzmán LY, Arroyo R, León-Sicairos N, Canizález-Román A, López-Moreno HS, Chávez-Ontiveros J, Garzón-Tiznado JA, León-Sicairos C. Stem-Loop Structures in Iron-Regulated mRNAs of Giardia duodenalis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3556. [PMID: 36834255 PMCID: PMC9966554 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a significant cause of waterborne and foodborne infections, day-care center outbreaks, and traveler's diarrhea worldwide. In protozoa such as Trichomonas vaginalis and Entamoeba histolytica, iron affects the growth, pathogenicity mechanisms, and expression of virulence genes. One of the proposed iron regulatory mechanisms is at the post-transcriptional level through an IRE/IRP-like (iron responsive element/iron regulatory protein) system. Recently, the expression of many putative giardial virulence factors in the free-iron levels has been reported in subsequent RNAseq experiments; however, the iron regulatory mechanism remains unknown. Thus, this work aimed to determine the effects of iron on the growth, gene expression, and presence of IRE-like structures in G. duodenalis. First, the parasite's growth kinetics at different iron concentrations were studied, and the cell viability was determined. It was observed that the parasite can adapt to an iron range from 7.7 to 500 µM; however, in conditions without iron, it is unable to survive in the culture medium. Additionally, the iron modulation of three genes was determined by RT-PCR assays. The results suggested that Actin, glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase, and cytochrome b5 mRNA were down-regulated by iron. To investigate the presence of IRE-like structures, in silico analyses were performed for different mRNAs from the Giardia genome database. The Zuker mfold v2.4 web server and theoretical analysis were used to predict the secondary structures of the 91 mRNAs analyzed. Interestingly, the iron-induced downregulation of the genes analyzed corresponds to the location of the stem-loop structures found in their UTR regions. In conclusion, iron modulates the growth and expression of specific genes, likely due to the presence of IRE-like structures in G. duodenalis mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Y. Plata-Guzmán
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Av. de las Américas y Josefa Ortíz (Cd. Universitaria), Culiacán 80030, Mexico
| | - Rossana Arroyo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN No. 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Nidia León-Sicairos
- CIASaP Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Cedros y Sauces Frac. Fresnos, Culiacán 80246, Mexico
- Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa, Boulevard Constitución S/N, Col. Jorge Almada, Culiacán 80200, Mexico
| | - Adrián Canizález-Román
- CIASaP Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Cedros y Sauces Frac. Fresnos, Culiacán 80246, Mexico
| | - Héctor S. López-Moreno
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Av. de las Américas y Josefa Ortíz (Cd. Universitaria), Culiacán 80030, Mexico
| | - Jeanett Chávez-Ontiveros
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Av. de las Américas y Josefa Ortíz (Cd. Universitaria), Culiacán 80030, Mexico
| | - José A. Garzón-Tiznado
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Av. de las Américas y Josefa Ortíz (Cd. Universitaria), Culiacán 80030, Mexico
| | - Claudia León-Sicairos
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Av. de las Américas y Josefa Ortíz (Cd. Universitaria), Culiacán 80030, Mexico
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Baltacı NG, Toraman E, Akyüz M, Kalın ŞN, Budak H. Tip60/Kat5 may be a novel candidate histone acetyltransferase for the regulation of liver iron localization via acetylation. Biometals 2022; 35:1187-1197. [PMID: 35986817 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepcidin (HAMP), an iron regulatory hormone synthesized by liver hepatocytes, works together with ferritin (FTH) and ferroportin (FPN) in regulating the storage, transport, and utilization of iron in the cell. Epigenetic mechanisms, especially acetylation, also play an important role in the regulation of iron metabolism. However, a target protein has not been mentioned yet. With this preliminary study, we investigated the effect of histone acetyltransferase TIP60 on the expression of HAMP, FTH, and FPN. In addition, how the depletion of Tip60, which regulates the circadian system, affects the daily expression of Hamp was examined at six Zeitgeber time (ZT) points. For this purpose, liver-specific Tip60 knockout mice (mutant) were produced with tamoxifen-inducible Cre/lox recombination and an iron overload model in mice was generated. While HAMP and FTH expressions decreased, FPN expression increased in the mutant group. Interestingly, there was no change in the iron content. A significant increase was observed in the expressions of HAMP, FTH, and FPN and total liver iron content in the liver tissue of the iron overload group. Since intracellular iron concentration is involved in regulating the circadian clock, temporal expression of Hamp was investigated in control and mutant groups at six ZT points. In the control group, Hamp accumulated in a circadian manner with maximal and minimal levels reaching around ZT16 and ZT8, respectively. In the mutant group, there was a significant reduction in Hamp expression in the light phase ZT0 and ZT4 and in the dark phase ZT16. These data are the first findings demonstrating a possible relationship between Tip60 and iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurdan Gönül Baltacı
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Emine Toraman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Mesut Akyüz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Türkiye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Şeyda Nur Kalın
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Harun Budak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Türkiye.
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10
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Ooi SL, Pak SC, Campbell R, Manoharan A. Polyphenol-Rich Ginger ( Zingiber officinale) for Iron Deficiency Anaemia and Other Clinical Entities Associated with Altered Iron Metabolism. Molecules 2022; 27:6417. [PMID: 36234956 PMCID: PMC9573525 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is rich in natural polyphenols and may potentially complement oral iron therapy in treating and preventing iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). This narrative review explores the benefits of ginger for IDA and other clinical entities associated with altered iron metabolism. Through in vivo, in vitro, and limited human studies, ginger supplementation was shown to enhance iron absorption and thus increase oral iron therapy's efficacy. It also reduces oxidative stress and inflammation and thus protects against excess free iron. Ginger's bioactive polyphenols are prebiotics to the gut microbiota, promoting gut health and reducing the unwanted side effects of iron tablets. Moreover, ginger polyphenols can enhance the effectiveness of erythropoiesis. In the case of iron overload due to comorbidities from chronic inflammatory disorders, ginger can potentially reverse the adverse impacts and restore iron balance. Ginger can also be used to synthesise nanoparticles sustainably to develop newer and more effective oral iron products and functional ingredients for IDA treatment and prevention. Further research is still needed to explore the applications of ginger polyphenols in iron balance and anaemic conditions. Specifically, long-term, well-designed, controlled trials are required to validate the effectiveness of ginger as an adjuvant treatment for IDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Liang Ooi
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia
| | - Sok Cheon Pak
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia
| | - Ron Campbell
- The Oaks Medical Practice, The Oaks, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Arumugam Manoharan
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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de Souza AF, Pigosso LL, Silva LOS, Galo IDC, Paccez JD, e Silva KSF, de Oliveira MAP, Pereira M, Soares CMDA. Iron Deprivation Modulates the Exoproteome in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:903070. [PMID: 35719340 PMCID: PMC9205457 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.903070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi of the Paracoccidioides genus are the etiological agents of the systemic mycosis paracoccidioidomycosis and, when in the host, they find a challenging environment that is scarce in nutrients and micronutrients, such as Fe, which is indispensable for the survival of the pathogen. Previous studies have shown that fungi of this genus, in response to Fe deprivation, are able to synthesize and capture siderophores (Fe3+ chelators), use Fe-containing host proteins as a source of the metal, and use a non-canonical reductive pathway for Fe3+ assimilation. Despite all of these findings, there are still gaps that need to be filled in the pathogen response to metal deprivation. To contribute to the knowledge related to this subject, we obtained the exoproteome of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb18) undergoing Fe deprivation and by nanoUPLC-MSE. One hundred forty-one proteins were identified, and out of these, 64 proteins were predicted to be secreted. We also identified the regulation of several virulence factors. Among the results, we highlight Cyb5 as a secreted molecule of Paracoccidioides in the exoproteome obtained during Fe deprivation. Cyb5 is described as necessary for the Fe deprivation response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus fumigatus. Experimental data and molecular modeling indicated that Cyb5 can bind to Fe ions in vitro, suggesting that it can be relevant in the arsenal of molecules related to iron homeostasis in P. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparecido Ferreira de Souza
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Laurine Lacerda Pigosso
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Lana O’Hara Souza Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Italo Dany Cavalcante Galo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Juliano Domiraci Paccez
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Kleber Santiago Freitas e Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Maristela Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Célia Maria de Almeida Soares,
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A Review: Haemonchus contortus Infection in Pasture-Based Sheep Production Systems, with a Focus on the Pathogenesis of Anaemia and Changes in Haematological Parameters. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101238. [PMID: 35625083 PMCID: PMC9137471 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Infection with Haemonchus contortus parasites (haemonchosis) is an important cause of anaemia in sheep. Haemonchosis is a global problem, although sheep that are kept in warm, high rainfall environments are at the greatest risk of infection due to the favourable conditions for H. contortus survival. Following ingestion, the parasites develop in the abomasum of sheep. Various factors such as age, breed, health, nutritional status, and larval challenge influence the severity of clinical disease. Hyperacute, acute, and chronic haemonchosis are reviewed, focusing on the pathophysiology of haemonchosis, associated clinical signs, and haematological and biochemical findings. Abstract Haemonchosis is an important cause of anaemia in sheep worldwide, particularly those that are kept in pasture-based systems in warm, high rainfall environments. Potential outcomes vary based on the severity of infection and the sheep’s immune response, however, in some sheep infection can lead to death. The consequences of Haemonchus contortus infection mean that it has been well-studied in a range of different farming systems. However, to our knowledge, there has not been a recent review focused on the pathophysiology of anaemia caused by haemonchosis. Thus, this review provides an in-depth discussion of the literature related to the pathophysiology of haemonchosis and associated clinical signs for hyperacute, acute, and chronic haemonchosis. Additionally, haematological and biochemical findings are presented, and various diagnostic methods are assessed.
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Martins AC, Virgolini MB, Tinkov AA, Skalny AV, Tirumala RP, Farina M, Santamaria A, Lu R, Aschner M. Iron overload and neurodegenerative diseases: What can we learn from Caenorhabditis elegans? TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2022; 6. [PMID: 35990536 PMCID: PMC9390093 DOI: 10.1177/23978473221091852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential trace element required for several physiological processes. It plays important roles in mitochondrial function, synthesis, and metabolism of the neurotransmitter, as well as oxygen transport. However, excess Fe can cause toxicity. Particularly, Fe overload may result in neurotoxicity, contributing to the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, although the molecular mechanisms underlying Fe-induced neurodegeneration have yet to be entirely understood. Alternative (non-rodent) experimental models have been pointed as important approaches to elucidate molecular and physiological events mediating Fe-induced pathology. Among such alternative strategies, an advantageous experimental worm-model system, Caenorhabditis elegans ( C. elegans), has been used to investigate Fe-induced neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative disorders. Its genome has been fully sequenced, corroborating that it shares significant homology with mammalians, and has approximately 40% of human disease-related genes. As part of this review, we discuss studies using the C. elegans model to study molecular mechanisms such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, disturbed homeostasis, and its potential contribution to the study of metal-induced neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Airton C Martins
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Miriam B Virgolini
- Departamento de Farmacología Otto Orsingher, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Técnicas (IFEC-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Laboratory of Molecular Dietetics, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Anatoly V. Skalny
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Marcelo Farina
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Abel Santamaria
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rongzhu Lu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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14
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Tandara L, Filipi P, Supe Domic D, Kresic B, Ivcic I, Stojanovic Stipic S, Rubic Z, Tandara M. Laboratory medicine in pandemic of COVID-19. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2022; 32:020501. [PMID: 35464749 PMCID: PMC8996317 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2022.020501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
After the outbreak in China in the year 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) quickly spread around the world causing a protracted pandemic. Approximately one-third of infections appear to be asymptomatic. Symptomatic disease is characterized primarily by symptoms of respiratory tract infection of varying severity. But Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is much more than an acute respiratory disease because SARS-CoV-2 affects many organs inducing a vast number of symptoms such as cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, dermatological, with numerous complications. Short and long-term effects of infection, severe ones, and especially mild forms of the disease which affect a huge number of patients need to be further investigated. Laboratory medicine has a crucial role in early diagnosis of the disease, recognition of the patients who need hospital care, and close monitoring of hospitalized patients to timely identify associated clinical complications as well as follow-up of patients with long-term COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leida Tandara
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostic, University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
- University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Corresponding author:
| | - Petra Filipi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostic, University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Daniela Supe Domic
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostic, University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
- University Department of Health Studies, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Branka Kresic
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostic, University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivo Ivcic
- University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Clinic for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Sanda Stojanovic Stipic
- University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Zana Rubic
- University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
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Ahmad Fuzi SF, Su Peng L, Zabaha Zalbahar N, Ab. Manan N, Mohamad Alwi MN. Effect of vitamin D3-fortified fruit juice supplementation of 4000 IU daily on the recovery of iron status in childbearing-aged women with marginally low iron stores: Protocol for an 8-week, parallel group, double-blind randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265772. [PMID: 35333885 PMCID: PMC8956161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
In recent years, emerging evidence has highlighted the role of vitamin D as an iron absorption enhancer by suppressing hepcidin concentration, albeit with an unclear underlying mechanism. Dietary-based approach in improving iron status has been widely practised, however, there is a scarcity in randomized controlled trials (RCT) to elucidate the effect of vitamin D-fortified juice on iron status recovery. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of an 8-week vitamin D3-fortified fruit juice supplementation on iron status indicators in childbearing-aged women with marginally low iron stores.
Methods
In a placebo-controlled, double-blind, RCT, a total of 120 women aged between 19–40 with serum ferritin < 20 μg/l and fulfilled the eligibility criteria will be randomized into consuming either vitamin D3-fortified fruit juices containing 4000 IU (100 mcg) (vitamin D) or placebo-fruit juices (placebo) daily for eight weeks. At every 4-week interval, 10 ml fasting blood sample, information on dietary habit and anthropometric measurement will be collected. A mixed model repeated-measures analysis of variance will be performed to determine the effect of the intervention and the interaction with time points for all iron and vitamin D status blood biomarkers.
Discussion
Vitamin D supplementation in food fortification as a novel iron absorption enhancer might be a future and relevant alternative management of iron deficiency as opposed to the oral iron therapy that has poor adherence.
Trial registration
Clinicaltrials.gov: registration number NCT04618289, registration date October 28, 2020, protocol ID JKEUPM-2020-033.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Faeza Ahmad Fuzi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Loh Su Peng
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurzalinda Zabaha Zalbahar
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhafizah Ab. Manan
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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de Azevedo Queiroz ÍO, Machado T, Alves CC, Vasques AMV, Cury MTS, Vasconcelos BC, Gomes-Filho JE, Vivan RR, Braga T, Love RM, Duarte MAH. Tracing the toxic ions of an endodontic tricalcium silicate-based sealer in local tissues and body organs. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 68:126856. [PMID: 34560425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to track the toxic ions released by MTA Fillapex, BioRoot RCS, and an experimental tricalcium silicate-based sealer (CEO) into local and distant tissues as well as to investigate their potential adverse effects. In addition, the chemical constituents of the sealers were also evaluated. The main components of the dry powders, pastes, and mixed sealers were characterized. MATERIAL AND METHODS Dry powder and sealer discs were each set for 72 h and their main components were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Polyethylene tubes filled with sealers were used to measure silicon and calcium ions. Polyethylene tubes filled with sealers or empty tubes were implanted into the dorsal connective tissue of Wistar rats. On days 7, 15, 30, and 45, the animals were euthanized and their brains, livers, kidneys, and subcutaneous tissues were removed and processed to determine the concentrations of chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, iron, magnesium and nickel using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer. RESULTS The main compounds in all sealers were carbon, oxygen, silicon, and calcium. MTA Fillapex release more Si while highest levels of Si were found in presence of BioRoot. The release of Si and Ca ions promoted by MTA Fillapex raise by time. No traces of cobalt, chromium, or magnesium were detected in any tissue. Irrespective of the sealer, no traces of copper and lead were found in the subcutaneous tissue; however, they were observed in the organs. The highest concentration of iron was identified in the liver. All sealers exhibited similar nickel traces in the brain, kidney, and liver except for MTA Fillapex, which demonstrated levels higher than CEO in the subcutaneous tissue on day 7. Tracing nickel ions over time revealed that lowest concentrations were found in subcutaneous tissue. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data demonstrate that CEOs have chemical compositions similar to those of other commercial sealers. Furthermore, none of them exhibited a threat to systemic health. Moreover, the minimal amounts of iron and nickel detected were not related to the sealers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thiago Machado
- Departmento de Cirurgia e Clínica Integrada, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, FOA/UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Camila Carneiro Alves
- Departmento de Odontologia Restauradora, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, FOA/UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Veiga Vasques
- Departmento de Odontologia Restauradora, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, FOA/UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Carvalho Vasconcelos
- Departmento de Endodontia, Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Ceará - Campus de Sobral, UFC, Sobral, Brazil
| | - João Eduardo Gomes-Filho
- Departmento de Odontologia Restauradora, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, FOA/UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ricci Vivan
- Departmento de Dentística, Endodontia e Materiais Odontológicos, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, FOB/USP, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Tiago Braga
- School of Medicine and Dentistry Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte
- Departmento de Dentística, Endodontia e Materiais Odontológicos, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, FOB/USP, Bauru, Brazil
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Aylaz G, Zenger O, Baydemir Peşint G, Andaç M. Molecularly imprinted composite discs for transferrin recognition. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2021.1990950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gülgün Aylaz
- Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine Division, Institute of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Okan Zenger
- Department of Bioengineering, Adana Alparslan Türkeş Science and Technology University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Gözde Baydemir Peşint
- Department of Bioengineering, Adana Alparslan Türkeş Science and Technology University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Müge Andaç
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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18
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Toxic Feedback Loop Involving Iron, Reactive Oxygen Species, α-Synuclein and Neuromelanin in Parkinson's Disease and Intervention with Turmeric. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5920-5936. [PMID: 34426907 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder associated with severe loss of mainly dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Pathological hallmarks include Lewy bodies, and loss of neuromelanin, due to degeneration of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons. Despite being described over 200 years ago, the etiology of PD remains unknown. Here, we highlight the roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS), iron, alpha synuclein (α-syn) and neuromelanin in a toxic feedback loop culminating in neuronal death and spread of the disease. Dopaminergic neurons are particularly vulnerable due to decreased antioxidant concentration with aging, constant exposure to ROS and presence of neurotoxic compounds (e.g. ortho-quinones). ROS and iron increase each other's levels, creating a state of oxidative stress. α-Syn aggregation is influenced by ROS and iron but also increases ROS and iron via its induced mitochondrial dysfunction and ferric-reductase activity. Neuromelanin's binding affinity is affected by increased ROS and iron. Furthermore, during neuronal death, neuromelanin is degraded in the extracellular space, releasing its bound toxins. This cycle of events continues to neighboring neurons in the form of a toxic loop, causing PD pathology. The increase in ROS and iron may be an important target for therapies to disrupt this toxic loop, and therefore diets rich in certain 'nutraceuticals' may be beneficial. Turmeric is an attractive candidate, as it is known to have anti-oxidant and iron chelating properties. More studies are needed to test this theory and if validated, this would be a step towards development of lifestyle-based therapeutic modalities to complement existing PD treatments.
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Widiyanti P, Kuehn H, Soetjipto S. Osteoblast iron genes: real time PCR and microarray hybridization approach under hyperoxia. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 32:491-496. [PMID: 34214335 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Iron is essential for cell growth, differentiation, electron transfer, and oxygen transport. Hyperoxia may increase the turnover of bone matrix components with a net effect of accelerated bone growth. Although hyperoxia was claimed could increase osteoblast activity, but expression level in possible genes which play role in proliferation is still unclear. This research aims to prove the differences of expression level of transferrin receptor gene and iron regulated transporter and other genes of 7F2 under 24 h normoxia, 24 h hyperoxia, and 48 h hyperoxia and the effect of hyperoxia by using osteoblast cell culture 7F2. METHODS Reverse transcriptase, real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and microarray is used to qualitatively detect gene expression. The computer softwares such as National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) data base, Software Affymetrix, DNA Strider program, Genomatix - DiAlign program, Oligo 5.0 program (Software primer design) from Wojciech & Piotr Rychlik, and Genetyx-Mac version 8.0 have been used to analyze the PCR result. RESULTS Under 24 h hyperoxia, there were 3,884 copies of transferrin receptor mRNA per 1,000,000 copies of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA. After 24 h hyperoxia, 8,325 copies of transferrin receptor mRNA per 1,000,000 GAPDH mRNA copies were found showing 2.1-fold up regulation. After 48 h hyperoxia, there was no significant increase at the level of expression of transferrin receptor mRNA, 8,079 mRNA copies per 1,000,000 copies of mRNA were found (2.0-fold up regulation compared with 24 h normoxia). CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that hyperoxia might have an effect on upregulating the expression of some osteoblast genes which might have an impact on osteoblast activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prihartini Widiyanti
- Department of Physics, Biomedical Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hartmut Kuehn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charite University of Clinics, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Soetjipto Soetjipto
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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20
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de Souza AF, de Paula MS, Lima RM, Silva MG, de Curcio JS, Pereira M, de Almeida Soares CM. The "Little Iron Waltz": The Ternary Response of Paracoccidioides spp. to Iron Deprivation. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E221. [PMID: 33053811 PMCID: PMC7712450 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides is a genus of thermodimorphic fungi that causes paracoccidioidomycosis. When in the host, the fungus undergoes several challenges, including iron deprivation imposed by nutritional immunity. In response to the iron deprivation triggered by the host, the fungus responds in a ternary manner using mechanisms of high affinity and specificity for the uptake of Fe, namely non-classical reductive iron uptake pathway, uptake of host iron proteins, and biosynthesis and uptake of siderophores. This triple response resembles the rhythmic structure of a waltz, which features three beats per compass. Using this connotation, we have constructed this review summarizing relevant findings in this area of study and pointing out new discoveries and perspectives that may contribute to the expansion of this "little iron waltz".
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74000-000, Brazil; (A.F.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.); (R.M.L.); (M.G.S.); (J.S.d.C.); (M.P.)
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21
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Transferrin saturation is independently associated with the severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and hypoxia among obese subjects. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:608-614. [PMID: 32600855 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION & AIMS Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a frequent complication of obesity. Intermittent chronic hypoxia which frequently results from OSAS could modulate the systemic control of iron metabolism and alter serum iron parameters, especially among obese patients. AIMS to evaluate whether serum parameters of iron bioavailability and storage (primary), as well as age, waist circumference, arterial hypertension and tobacco use (secondary) are associated with OSAS severity and/or hypoxia. METHODS design: a single-center retrospective study with prospective data collection; inclusion criteria: consecutive patients referred for initial assessment for obesity underwent nocturnal respiratory polygraphy and iron status serum assessment within a 3-month period. The adjusted analyzes were performed using ANOVA and reported as adjusted means and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS 13 men and 56 women were included. OSAS prevalence: 72% (n = 50). Ferritin (mean ± SD, 260 ± 276 vs. 111 ± 89 μg/l, p = 0.01) and transferrin saturation (31 ± 10 vs. 24 ± 9%, p = 0.002) were significantly higher in case of moderate/severe OSAS than in absent/mild OSAS, independently from gender and tobacco use. Serum iron (19.4 μg/l [CI95%, 16.5-22.3] vs. 16.2 μg/l ([14.1-18.2], p = 0.056) and transferrin saturation (31.5% [26.3-36.7]) vs. 25.3% [21.6-29.1], p = 0.043) were higher when time under oxygen saturation <90% was >15%. Age (mean ± SD, 51 ± 11 vs. 41 ± 12 yr, p = 0.001), waist circumference (136 ± 18 vs. 123 ± 12 cm, p = 0.003), arterial hypertension (59% (n = 13/22) vs. 23% (n = 11/47), p = 0.004) and tobacco use (64% (n = 14/22) vs. 32% (n = 15/47), p = 0.01) were significantly greater in moderate/severe OSAS than in absent/mild OSAS. CONCLUSIONS Transferrin saturation was associated with OSAS severity and time under hypoxia. This suggests a relationship between OSAS-induced hypoxia and iron metabolism among obese patients.
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Ramírez-Franco J, Oros-Pantoja R, Torres-García E, Aranda-Lara L, Díaz-Sánchez LE, Herrera-Ayala CI, Pérez-Soto E, Azorín-Vega EP. Effects of chronic immobilization stress on biokinetics and dosimetry of 67Ga in a murine model. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2020; 59:257-263. [PMID: 32240361 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-020-00839-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to determine the effect of chronic immobilization stress on kinetics and dosimetry of 67Ga in a mouse model. A control group (CG) and a stress group (SG), each with 15 mice, were included in the study, and the latter group was subjected to a chronic immobilization stress model 2 h daily for 14 consecutive days. At day 13, 67Ga-citrate was administered intraperitoneally (11.24 ± 0.44 MBq) to each mouse. Then, sets of three mice were obtained sequentially at 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h, in which the radionuclide activity was measured with an activity counter. The 67Ga biokinetic data showed a fast blood clearance in the SG, with a mean residence time of 0.06 h. The calculated mean radiation absorbed doses were: liver (2.45 × 10-03 Gy), heart (3.17 × 10-04 Gy) and kidney (1.88 × 10-04 Gy) in the SG. The results show that stress reduced weight gain by approximately 13% and also increased adrenal gland weight by 26%. On the other hand, chronic stress accelerates 67Ga clearance after 24 h compared to normal conditions. It is concluded that murine organisms under chronic immobilization stress have higher gallium-67 clearance rates, decreasing the cumulated activity and absorbed dose in all organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ramírez-Franco
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan s/n esquina Jesús Carranza, Col. Moderna de la Cruz, CP 50180, Toluca, México, México
- Departamento de Física Médica, Hospital de Oncología Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 06720, México City, México
| | - Rigoberto Oros-Pantoja
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan s/n esquina Jesús Carranza, Col. Moderna de la Cruz, CP 50180, Toluca, México, México
| | - Eugenio Torres-García
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan s/n esquina Jesús Carranza, Col. Moderna de la Cruz, CP 50180, Toluca, México, México.
| | - Liliana Aranda-Lara
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan s/n esquina Jesús Carranza, Col. Moderna de la Cruz, CP 50180, Toluca, México, México
| | - Luis E Díaz-Sánchez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan s/n esquina Jesús Carranza, Col. Moderna de la Cruz, CP 50180, Toluca, México, México
| | - Claudia I Herrera-Ayala
- Departamento de Medicina Nuclear, Centro Oncológico Estatal ISSEMyM, 50180, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Elvia Pérez-Soto
- Programa Institucional de Biomedicina Molecular ENMyH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07320, Mexico City, México
| | - Erika P Azorín-Vega
- Departamento de Materiales Radiactivos, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ), 52750, Ocoyoacac, Estado de México, México
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Inbaraj S, Sejian V, Ramasamy S. Role of environmental stressor-host immune system–pathogen interactions in development of infectious disease in farm animals. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1695084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Inbaraj
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Veerasamy Sejian
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Santhamani Ramasamy
- Department of microbiology and immunology, Post-doctoral research fellow, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Rodrigues de Morais T, Gambero A. Iron chelators in obesity therapy – Old drugs from a new perspective? Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 861:172614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Yanatori I, Richardson DR, Toyokuni S, Kishi F. How iron is handled in the course of heme catabolism: Integration of heme oxygenase with intracellular iron transport mechanisms mediated by poly (rC)-binding protein-2. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 672:108071. [PMID: 31421070 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heme and iron are essential to almost all forms of life. The strict maintenance of heme and iron homeostasis is essential to prevent cellular toxicity and the existence of systemic and intracellular regulation is fundamental. Cytosolic heme can be catabolized and detoxified by heme oxygenases (HOs). Interestingly, free heme detoxification through HOs results in the production of free ferrous iron, which can be potentially hazardous for cells. Recently, the intracellular iron chaperone, poly (rC)-binding protein 2 (PCBP2), has been identified, which can be involved in accepting iron after heme catabolism as well as intracellular iron transport. In fact, HO1, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, and PCBP2 form a functional unit that integrates the catabolism of heme with the binding and transport of iron by PCBP2. In this review, we provide an overview of our understanding of the iron chaperones and discuss the mechanism how iron chaperones bind iron released during the process of heme degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Yanatori
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Des R Richardson
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Shinya Toyokuni
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Fumio Kishi
- Kenjinkai Healthcare Corporation, 530 Asa, Sanyo-Onoda Yamaguchi, 757-0001, Japan.
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Abstract
Many past and recent advances in the field of iron metabolism have relied upon the discovery of divalent metal transporter 1, DMT1 in 1997. DMT1 is the major iron transporter and contributes non-heme iron uptake in most types of cell. Each DMT1 isoform exhibits different expression patterns in cell-type specificity and distinct subcellular distribution, which enables cells to uptake both transferrin-bound and non-transferrin-bound irons efficiently. DMT1 expression is regulated by iron through the translational and degradation pathways to ensure iron homeostasis. It is considered that mammalian iron transporters including DMT1 cannot transport ferric iron but ferrous iron. Being reduced to ferrous state is likely to damage cells and tissues through the production of reactive oxygen species. Recently, iron chaperones have been identified, which can provide an answer to how ferrous iron is transported safely in cytosol. We summarize DMT1 expression depending on the types of cell or tissue and the function and mechanism of one of the iron chaperones, PCBP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Yanatori
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA
| | - Fumio Kishi
- Hagi Public Health and Welfare Center, Yamaguchi Prefectural Government, 531-1 Emukai, Hagi, Yamaguchi 758-0041, Japan.
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Katsarou MS, Papasavva M, Latsi R, Drakoulis N. Hemochromatosis: Hereditary hemochromatosis and HFE gene. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2019; 110:201-222. [PMID: 30798813 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HH) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease, characterized by an excessively increased absorption of dietary iron. Excess iron can be accumulated because of the lack of an effective excretory mechanism leading to toxic effects. HH is one of the most common genetic disorders in individuals of European descent. Genetic polymorphisms of the HFE gene (rs1800562, rs1799945 and rs1800730) also affect the normal activity of another protein, hepcidin, a negative regulator of iron homeostasis. If left untreated, hereditary hemochromatosis can lead to morbidity and eventually death. Clinical onset hereditary hemochromatosis symptoms occur more frequently in adult men than women, as the monthly loss of iron due to menstruation in women slows down accumulation and the symptoms usually start appearing after menopause. Therapeutic phlebotomy is the primary form of treatment for this disease so far, combined with the use of chelating agents. Orthotopic liver transplantation (OTL) is performed in patients with advanced cirrhosis. In order to prevent the progression of iron accumulation, an early detection may be achieved by genotypic check of the frequent mutations of the HFE. Consequently, initiation of treatment may take place before the development of clinical symptoms, particularly cirrhosis, contributing significantly in achieving normal life expectancy. Therefore, genotypic check is vital in order to prevent the development of this type of hemochromatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha-Spyridoula Katsarou
- Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Papasavva
- Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Rozana Latsi
- Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Drakoulis
- Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Bryszewska MA, Tomás-Cobos L, Gallego E, Villalba M, Rivera D, Taneyo Saa DL, Gianotti A. In vitro bioaccessibility and bioavailability of iron from breads fortified with microencapsulated iron. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Fourie R, Kuloyo OO, Mochochoko BM, Albertyn J, Pohl CH. Iron at the Centre of Candida albicans Interactions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:185. [PMID: 29922600 PMCID: PMC5996042 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an absolute requirement for both the host and most pathogens alike and is needed for normal cellular growth. The acquisition of iron by biological systems is regulated to circumvent toxicity of iron overload, as well as the growth deficits imposed by iron deficiency. In addition, hosts, such as humans, need to limit the availability of iron to pathogens. However, opportunistic pathogens such as Candida albicans are able to adapt to extremes of iron availability, such as the iron replete environment of the gastrointestinal tract and iron deficiency during systemic infection. C. albicans has developed a complex and effective regulatory circuit for iron acquisition and storage to circumvent iron limitation within the human host. As C. albicans can form complex interactions with both commensal and pathogenic co-inhabitants, it can be speculated that iron may play an important role in these interactions. In this review, we highlight host iron regulation as well as regulation of iron homeostasis in C. albicans. In addition, the review argues for the need for further research into the role of iron in polymicrobial interactions. Lastly, the role of iron in treatment of C. albicans infection is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Fourie
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Oluwasegun O Kuloyo
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Bonang M Mochochoko
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jacobus Albertyn
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Carolina H Pohl
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Vieyra-Reyes P, Oros-Pantoja R, Torres-García E, Gutiérrez-Ruiz A, Pérez-Honorato J. 67Ga as a biosensor of iron needs in different organs: Study performed on male and female rats subjected to iron deficiency and exercise. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017; 44:93-98. [PMID: 28965608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the iron needs in different organs and tissues using 67Ga as a biosensor in males and females rats subjected to iron deficiency (ID) and voluntary exercise (EX). 67Ga citrate was injected i.p. to female and male Wistar rats (n=5/sex/group). Groups: Control (sedentary conditions), Control+EX, ID and ID+EX. To determine the 67Ga uptake, samples from the following regions of interest (ROIs) were extracted 12h post-injection: blood, liver, gonads, bone marrow, heart, adrenal glands, skeletal muscle, stomach, kidney, eyeball, sciatic nerve, small intestine and peritoneum. The total 67Ga uptake was 412% higher in ID subjects than in control subjects, being 1011% higher in ID-males than ID-females. In ID-females, the ROIs with the greater 67Ga uptake were blood, kidney and bone marrow, while in ID-males they were sciatic nerve, eyeball and adrenals, which demonstrates that the biodistribution differed between sexes in sedentary conditions but when subjected to EX, the biodistribution was similar in each sex group although females had a greater 67Ga uptake. In ID+EX subjects, the ROIs that showed the highest uptake were sciatic nerve, eyeball and adrenal glands. Using 67Ga as a biosensor, it is possible to identify the needs of iron that each organ requires to perform their functions in normal physiological conditions. In addition, a higher or lower 67Ga uptake in a specific organ may indicate its malfunction or show damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Vieyra-Reyes
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan S/N esquina Jesús Carranza, Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Rigoberto Oros-Pantoja
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan S/N esquina Jesús Carranza, Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Eugenio Torres-García
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan S/N esquina Jesús Carranza, Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Agustín Gutiérrez-Ruiz
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan S/N esquina Jesús Carranza, Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Jonathan Pérez-Honorato
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan S/N esquina Jesús Carranza, Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
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31
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Ahbab MA, Güven C, Koçkaya EA, Barlas N. Comparative developmental toxicity evaluation of di- n-hexyl phthalate and dicyclohexyl phthalate in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2017; 33:696-716. [PMID: 28854868 DOI: 10.1177/0748233717711868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of di- n-hexyl phthalate (DHP) and dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) on the development of fetus and placenta in utero, pregnant rats were exposed to DHP or DCHP at dosages of 0, 20, 100, and 500 mg/kg bw/day, by gavage, on gestational days 6-19. Anogenital distance (AGD) and AGD-body weight1/3 ratio of female fetuses decreased in all treatment groups in a non-dose-response way. The ossification centers of bones and the intensity of Alizarin red stain of the fetuses decreased in all treatment groups. The white blood cell levels of fetuses in DHP and DCHP exposed groups increased at all dosages. Mean cell hemoglobin, hemoglobin concentrations, and hemoglobin levels of all DHP and DCHP treated male and female fetuses were reduced. Histopathologic changes (hemorrhage in labyrinth, degeneration of spongiotrophoblast, hemorrhage, decreased and irregular vessel formation, and edema in the basal zone) were observed in placentas at high dosages of DHP and DCHP. In contrast, there was no change in weight gain of dams in DHP and DCHP exposed groups compared to control, but resorption rate, reduced fetal weight, delayed ossification, placental disruption, and hematologic parameters clearly indicated that in utero DHP and DCHP exposure resulted in intrauterine growth retardation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Müfide Aydogan Ahbab
- 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hacettepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Celal Güven
- 2 Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ömer Halis Demir University, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Evrim Arzu Koçkaya
- 3 The Higher Vocational School of Health Services, Gölbaşı Campus, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurhayat Barlas
- 4 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hacettepe, Ankara, Turkey
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Abstract
Exposure to stress is known to cause hepatic iron dysregulation, but the relationship between prolonged stress and liver iron metabolism is not yet fully understood. Thirty 13-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups, as follows: the control group (saline-injection) and the dexamethasone group (Dexamethasone (Dex)-injection 0.1 mg/kg/day). After the 21-day stress trial, the results showed that chronic Dex administration not only impaired serum corticosterone (p = 0.00) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (p = 0.01) levels, but also decreased white blood cell counts (p = 0.00), and reduced blood lymphocyte counts (p = 0.00). The daily Dex-injection also significantly reduced body weight (p < 0.01) by inhibiting food intake. Consecutive Dex administration resulted in decreased iron intake (p = 0.00), enhanced serum iron levels (p = 0.01), and increased the serum souble transferrin receptor (sTfR) content (p = 0.00) in rats. Meanwhile, long-term Dex exposure down-regulated duodenal cytochrome b (DCYTB) (p = 0.00) and the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) (p = 0.04) protein expression, but up-regulated ferroportin (FPN) protein expression (p = 0.04). Chronic Dex administration reduced liver iron concentration (p = 0.02) in rats. Hepatic transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1) expression was lowered at the protein level (p = 0.03), yet with uncoupled mRNA abundance in Dex-treated rats. Enhanced iron-regulatory protein (IRP)/iron-responsive element (IRE) binding activity was observed, but did not line up with lowered hepatic TFR1 protein expression. This study indicates that long-term Dex exposure reduces liver iron content, which is closely associated with down-regulated hepatic TFR1 protein expression.
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Xie XC, Cao YQ, Gao Q, Wang C, Li M, Wei SG. Acupuncture Improves Intestinal Absorption of Iron in Iron-deficient Obese Patients: A Randomized Controlled Preliminary Trial. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 130:508-515. [PMID: 28229980 PMCID: PMC5339922 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.200549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity has an adverse effect on iron status. Hepcidin-mediated inhibition of iron absorption in the duodenum is a potential mechanism. Iron-deficient obese patients have diminished response to oral iron therapy. This study was designed to assess whether acupuncture could promote the efficacy of oral iron supplementation for the treatment of obesity-related iron deficiency (ID). Methods: Sixty ID or ID anemia (IDA) patients with obesity were screened at Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine and were randomly allocated to receive either oral iron replacement allied with acupuncture weight loss treatment (acupuncture group, n = 30) or oral iron combined with sham-acupuncture treatment (control group, n = 30). Anthropometric parameters were measured and blood samples were tested pre- and post-treatment. Differences in the treatment outcomes of ID/IDA were compared between the two groups. Results: After 8 weeks of acupuncture treatment, there was a significant decrease in body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist/hip circumference ratio of patients in the acupuncture group, while no significant changes were observed in the control group. Oral iron supplementation brought more obvious improvements of iron status indicators including absolute increases in serum iron (11.08 ± 2.19 μmol/L vs. 4.43 ± 0.47 μmol/L), transferrin saturation (11.26 ± 1.65% vs. 1.01 ± 0.23%), and hemoglobin (31.47 ± 1.19 g/L vs. 21.00 ± 2.69 g/L) in the acupuncture group than control group (all P < 0.05). Meanwhile, serum leptin (2.26 ± 0.45 ng/ml vs. 8.13 ± 0.55 ng/ml, P < 0.05) and hepcidin (3.52 ± 1.23 ng/ml vs. 6.77 ± 0.84 ng/ml, P < 0.05) concentrations declined significantly in the acupuncture group than those in the control group. Conclusion: Acupuncture-based weight loss can enhance the therapeutic effects of iron replacement therapy for obesity-related ID/IDA through improving intestinal iron absorption, probably by downregulating the systemic leptin-hepcidin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Cai Xie
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Yan-Qiang Cao
- Department of Children's and Women's Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Children's and Women's Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Children's and Women's Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Children's and Women's Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shou-Gang Wei
- Department of Children's and Women's Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Bryszewska MA, Laghi L, Zannoni A, Gianotti A, Barone F, Taneyo Saa DL, Bacci ML, Ventrella D, Forni M. Bioavailability of Microencapsulated Iron from Fortified Bread Assessed Using Piglet Model. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030272. [PMID: 28335378 PMCID: PMC5372935 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of oral iron supplementation, in the form of fortified breads, on the growth performance, health, iron status parameters, and fecal metabolome of anemic piglets. A study was conducted on 24 hybrid (Large White × Landrace × Duroc) piglets. From day 44, the post-natal 12 piglets were supplemented with 100 g of one of two experimental breads, each fortified with 21 mg of ferrous sulphate, either encapsulated or not. After one week of oral supplementation, hematological parameters (hematocrit value, hemoglobin, and red blood cells) showed statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). Piglets fed with the fortified breads had higher iron concentrations in the heart, liver, and intestinal mucosa compared to anemic piglets fed with control bread. Gene expression of hepcidin, iron exporter ferroportin (IREG1), and divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), together with concentrations of plasma ferritin, showed no significant statistical differences between groups. Both fortified breads could be used as sources of bioavailable iron. The seven-day intervention trial showed microencapsulation to have only a mild effect on the effectiveness of iron supplementation in the form of fortified bread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata A Bryszewska
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz 90-924, Poland.
| | - Luca Laghi
- Department of Agro-Food Science and Technology, University of Bologna, Cesena 47521, Italy.
| | - Augusta Zannoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia 40064, Italy.
| | - Andrea Gianotti
- Department of Agro-Food Science and Technology, University of Bologna, Cesena 47521, Italy.
| | - Francesca Barone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia 40064, Italy.
| | - Danielle L Taneyo Saa
- Department of Agro-Food Science and Technology, University of Bologna, Cesena 47521, Italy.
| | - Maria L Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia 40064, Italy.
| | - Domenico Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia 40064, Italy.
| | - Monica Forni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia 40064, Italy.
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Balhara M, Chaudhary R, Ruhil S, Singh B, Dahiya N, Parmar VS, Jaiwal PK, Chhillar AK. Siderophores; iron scavengers: the novel & promising targets for pathogen specific antifungal therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1477-1489. [PMID: 27797604 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2016.1254196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The recent emergence of resistance, toxicity paradigm and limited efficacy of conventional antifungal drugs necessitate the identification of de novo targets in fungal metabolism. One of the most critical physiological processes during in vivo pathogenesis is maintenance of iron homeostasis. The most life threatening opportunistic human fungal pathogens like Aspergillus, Candida and Cryptococcus exploit the siderophore mediated iron uptake mechanism either for survival, virulence, propagation or resistance to oxidative stress envisaged in vivo during infection. Areas covered: In this review, we will highlight the metabolic pathways; specifically siderophore biosynthesis, uptake and utilisation, triggered in the fungal pathogens in iron starving conditions and the various putative targets viable in these pathways to be recruited as novel therapeutic antidotes either via biosynthetic enzymes catalytic site inhibitors or as drug conjugates through trojan horse approach and further role in the development of fungal specific reliable diagnostic markers. Expert opinion: Siderophores are the weapons released by a pathogen to conquer the battle for iron acquisition. Hence, the fungal siderophore biosynthetic pathways along with their uptake and utilisation mechanisms represent an ideal target for pathogen specific, host friendly therapeutic strategy which would block the proliferation of parasite without causing any harm to the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Balhara
- a Centre for Biotechnology , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , Haryana , India
| | - Renu Chaudhary
- a Centre for Biotechnology , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , Haryana , India
| | - Sonam Ruhil
- a Centre for Biotechnology , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , Haryana , India
| | - Bharat Singh
- a Centre for Biotechnology , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , Haryana , India
| | - Nisha Dahiya
- b Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases , Indian Council of Medical Research , Delhi , India
| | - Virinder S Parmar
- c Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Delhi , Delhi , India
| | - Pawan K Jaiwal
- a Centre for Biotechnology , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , Haryana , India
| | - Anil K Chhillar
- a Centre for Biotechnology , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , Haryana , India
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Denimal D, Ménégaut L, Rossi C, Duvillard L, Masson D. Extreme hyperferritinemia in the setting of acute myeloid leukaemia: a case report of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2016; 26:255-9. [PMID: 27346972 PMCID: PMC4910283 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2016.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Major hyperferritinemia is a rare feature in clinical laboratories associated with a wide variety of disorders, including hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). The diagnosis of HLH is based on clinical and biological criteria, such as those proposed by the Histiocyte Society. However, several of these criteria are not relevant in the specific setting of hematologic malignancies. Materials and methods A 69-year-old male was treated for an acute myeloid leukaemia. On day 15 after the start of chemotherapy, he developed severe sepsis with high fever, low blood pressure and hepatosplenomegaly. Results Blood tests were marked by extreme hyperferritinemia (191,000 µg/L, reference range: 26-388 µg/L) with increased C-reactive protein (87.0 mg/L) and procalcitonin (1.94 µg/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (499 U/L 37 °C) in the setting of chemotherapy-induced aplasia. This unusual extreme ferritinemia led to suspect HLH triggered by an invasive infection. Under intensive treatment, the clinical status improved and ferritin levels significantly decreased. Conclusions The diagnosis of HLH is usually based on clinical and biological criteria, mainly fever, splenomegaly, cytopenias, hypertriglyceridemia, hypofibrinogenemia, hemophagocytosis and hyperferritinemia. In this patient, the diagnosis of HLH was challenging because several criteria, such as hypertriglyceridemia, hemophagocytosis and hypofibrinogenemia, were absent. In addition, some criteria of HLH are not relevant in the setting of hematologic malignancy, in which fever, splenomegaly, cytopenias and elevated lactate dehydrogenase are commonly observed independently of HLH. This unusual case of extremely high ferritinemia emphasizes the important weight of the ferritin level for the diagnosis of HLH in adult patients in the setting of hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Denimal
- Department of Biochemistry, University Hospital Centre Dijon-Burgundy, France
| | - Louise Ménégaut
- Department of Biochemistry, University Hospital Centre Dijon-Burgundy, France
| | - Cédric Rossi
- Department of Clinical Hematology, University Hospital Centre Dijon-Burgundy, France
| | - Laurence Duvillard
- Department of Biochemistry, University Hospital Centre Dijon-Burgundy, France
| | - David Masson
- Department of Biochemistry, University Hospital Centre Dijon-Burgundy, France
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Katsarou MS, Latsi R, Papasavva M, Demertzis N, Kalogridis T, Tsatsakis AM, Spandidos DA, Drakoulis N. Population-based analysis of the frequency of HFE gene polymorphisms: Correlation with the susceptibility to develop hereditary hemochromatosis. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:630-6. [PMID: 27221532 PMCID: PMC4918619 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease, characterized by increased dietary iron absorption. Due to the absence of an effective excretory mechanism, the excess iron in the body may accumulate resulting in toxic effects. The HFE gene also affects the activity of hepcidin, a hormone which acts as a negative regulator of iron metabolism. In this study, we performed a population-based analysis of the distribution of three hemochromatosis-related polymorphisms in the HFE gene (rs1800562, rs1799945 and rs1800730). DNA from 1,446 non‑related individuals of Greek ethnicity was collected and analyzed, either from whole blood or buccal swabs. The frequency distribution of these HFE gene polymorphisms was then determined. The results revealed that in our Greek population cohort (gr) the frequencies of each polymorphism were as follows: rs1800562: GG (wild‑type)=97.0%, GA=1.5%, AA=1.5%; rs1799945: CC (wild‑type)=74.4%, CG=23.4%, GG=2.2%; rs1800730: AA (wild‑type)=98.1%, AT=1.5% and TT=0.4%. No association between the HFE polymorphisms rs1800562, rs1799945 and rs1800730 and gender could be established. As regards the rs1800562 polymorphism, the A allele (mutant) was ~1.8‑fold more frequent in the European population (eur) than in the Greek population [(gr)=2,3%<(eur)=4%]. As for the rs1799945 polymorphism, the G allele (mutant) was 1.2‑fold more frequent in the European population than in the Greek population [(gr)=13,9%<(eur)=17%]. As regards the rs1800730 polymorphism, the T allele (mutant) was ~1.7‑fold more frequent in the European population than in the Greek population [(gr)=1.2%<(eur)=2%]. However, these pathogenic mutations were found more frequently in the Greek population compared to the global population (gl) [rs1800562: (gl)=1%<(gr)=2,3%; rs1799945: (gl)=7%<(gr)=13,9%; rs1800730: (gl)=<1%<(gr)=1.2%]. This suggests that the Greek population may differ genetically from the northern European population, due to influences from neighboring Asian and African populations. These findings also suggest that there is no gender-associated inheritance of these polymorphisms, and gender-specific symptoms appear as a result of independent biological processes. Thus, the early detection of the tendency towards iron accumulation may be achieved by the genotypic analysis of the polymorphisms that may contribute to the development of the hemochromatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha-Spyridoula Katsarou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 157 71, Greece
| | - Rosana Latsi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 157 71, Greece
| | - Maria Papasavva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 157 71, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Demertzis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 157 71, Greece
| | - Thodoris Kalogridis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 157 71, Greece
| | - Aristides M Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71409, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Drakoulis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 157 71, Greece
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Cagin YF, Sahin N, Polat A, Erdogan MA, Atayan Y, Eyol E, Bilgic Y, Seckin Y, Colak C. The Acute Effect of Humic Acid on Iron Accumulation in Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 171:145-55. [PMID: 26380988 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Free iron leads to the formation of pro-oxidant reactive oxygen species (ROS). Humic acids (HAs) enhance permeability of cellular wall and act as a chelator through electron transferring. This study was designed to test chelator effect of HA on iron as well as its anti-oxidant effect against the iron-induced hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. The rats used were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8/group): group I (the control group); group II (the HA group), humic acid (562 mg/kg) was given over 10 days by oral gavage; group III (the iron group), iron III hydroxide polymaltose (250 mg/kg) was given over 10 days by intraperitoneal route; and group IV (the HA plus iron group), received the iron (similar to group II) plus humic acid (similar to those in groups II and III) group. Blood and two tissue samples both from liver and heart were obtained for biochemical and histopathological evaluations. Iron deposition, the iron-induced hepatotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity were demonstrated by histopathological and biochemical manner. However, no significant differences were observed in the serum biochemical values and the histopathological results among the iron and the HA plus iron groups in the liver tissue but not in the heart tissue. The protective effects of humic acid against iron-induced cardiotoxicity were shown but not against hepatotoxicity in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Furkan Cagin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey.
| | - N Sahin
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - A Polat
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - M A Erdogan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Y Atayan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - E Eyol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Y Bilgic
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Y Seckin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - C Colak
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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Lobachevsky P, Clark GR, Pytel PD, Leung B, Skene C, Andrau L, White JM, Karagiannis T, Cullinane C, Lee BQ, Stuchbery A, Kibedi T, Hicks RJ, Martin RF. Strand breakage by decay of DNA-bound 124I provides a basis for combined PET imaging and Auger endoradiotherapy. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:686-697. [PMID: 26902391 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.1136852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose DNA ligands labelled with 125I induce cytotoxic DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), suggesting a potential for Auger endoradiotherapy. Since the 60-day half-life of 125I is suboptimal for therapy, we have investigated another Auger-emitter 124I, with shorter half-life (4.18 days), and the additional feature of positron-emission, enabling positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The purpose of this study was to compare the two radionuclides on the basis of DNA DSB per decay. Materials and methods Using a 124I- (or 125I)-labelled minor groove binding DNA ligand, we investigated DNA breakage using the plasmid DNA assay. Biodistribution of the conjugate of the labelled ligand with transferrin was investigated in nude mice bearing a K562 human lymphoma xenograft. Results The probability of DSB per decay was 0.58 and 0.85 for 124I and 125I, respectively, confirming the therapeutic potential of the former. The crystal structure of the ligand DNA complex shows the iodine atom deep within the minor groove, consistent with the high efficiency of induced damage. Biodistribution studies, including PET imaging, showed distinctive results for the conjugate, compared to the free ligand and transferrin, consistent with receptor-mediated delivery of the ligand. Conclusions Conjugation of 124I-labelled DNA ligands to tumor targeting peptides provides a feasible strategy for Auger endoradiotherapy, with the advantage of monitoring tumor targeting by PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Lobachevsky
- a Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne.,b The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
| | - George R Clark
- c School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Patrycja D Pytel
- c School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Brenda Leung
- d School of Chemistry and Bio-21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , University of Melbourne , Australia
| | - Colin Skene
- d School of Chemistry and Bio-21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , University of Melbourne , Australia
| | - Laura Andrau
- d School of Chemistry and Bio-21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , University of Melbourne , Australia
| | - Jonathan M White
- d School of Chemistry and Bio-21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , University of Melbourne , Australia
| | - Tom Karagiannis
- a Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne
| | - Carleen Cullinane
- b The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia.,e Cancer Research Division , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne
| | - Boon Q Lee
- f Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics and Engineering , Australian National University , Canberra
| | - Andrew Stuchbery
- f Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics and Engineering , Australian National University , Canberra
| | - Tibor Kibedi
- f Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics and Engineering , Australian National University , Canberra
| | - Rodney J Hicks
- b The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia.,g Centre for Molecular Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , VIC , Australia
| | - Roger F Martin
- a Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne.,b The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia.,d School of Chemistry and Bio-21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , University of Melbourne , Australia
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Oxidative Stress in the Healthy and Wounded Hepatocyte: A Cellular Organelles Perspective. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:8327410. [PMID: 26788252 PMCID: PMC4691634 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8327410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accurate control of the cell redox state is mandatory for maintaining the structural integrity and physiological functions. This control is achieved both by a fine-tuned balance between prooxidant and anti-oxidant molecules and by spatial and temporal confinement of the oxidative species. The diverse cellular compartments each, although structurally and functionally related, actively maintain their own redox balance, which is necessary to fulfill specialized tasks. Many fundamental cellular processes such as insulin signaling, cell proliferation and differentiation and cell migration and adhesion, rely on localized changes in the redox state of signal transducers, which is mainly mediated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Therefore, oxidative stress can also occur long before direct structural damage to cellular components, by disruption of the redox circuits that regulate the cellular organelles homeostasis. The hepatocyte is a systemic hub integrating the whole body metabolic demand, iron homeostasis and detoxification processes, all of which are redox-regulated processes. Imbalance of the hepatocyte's organelles redox homeostasis underlies virtually any liver disease and is a field of intense research activity. This review recapitulates the evolving concept of oxidative stress in the diverse cellular compartments, highlighting the principle mechanisms of oxidative stress occurring in the healthy and wounded hepatocyte.
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Figueroa-Angulo EE, Calla-Choque JS, Mancilla-Olea MI, Arroyo R. RNA-Binding Proteins in Trichomonas vaginalis: Atypical Multifunctional Proteins. Biomolecules 2015; 5:3354-95. [PMID: 26703754 PMCID: PMC4693282 DOI: 10.3390/biom5043354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is highly regulated in vertebrates through a regulatory system mediated by RNA-protein interactions between the iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) that interact with an iron responsive element (IRE) located in certain mRNAs, dubbed the IRE-IRP regulatory system. Trichomonas vaginalis, the causal agent of trichomoniasis, presents high iron dependency to regulate its growth, metabolism, and virulence properties. Although T. vaginalis lacks IRPs or proteins with aconitase activity, possesses gene expression mechanisms of iron regulation at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. However, only one gene with iron regulation at the transcriptional level has been described. Recently, our research group described an iron posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism in the T. vaginalis tvcp4 and tvcp12 cysteine proteinase mRNAs. The tvcp4 and tvcp12 mRNAs have a stem-loop structure in the 5'-coding region or in the 3'-UTR, respectively that interacts with T. vaginalis multifunctional proteins HSP70, α-Actinin, and Actin under iron starvation condition, causing translation inhibition or mRNA stabilization similar to the previously characterized IRE-IRP system in eukaryotes. Herein, we summarize recent progress and shed some light on atypical RNA-binding proteins that may participate in the iron posttranscriptional regulation in T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa E Figueroa-Angulo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN # 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360 México, D.F., Mexico.
| | - Jaeson S Calla-Choque
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología en Neurocisticercosis, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingeniería, S.M.P., Lima 15102, Peru.
| | - Maria Inocente Mancilla-Olea
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN # 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360 México, D.F., Mexico.
| | - Rossana Arroyo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN # 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360 México, D.F., Mexico.
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Bivolarska AV, Gatseva PD, Maneva AI. The Role of Eating Habits on the Iron Status of Pregnant Women. J Am Coll Nutr 2015; 35:118-24. [PMID: 26259505 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1014946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study highlights the relationship between some eating habits and iron status during pregnancy. SUBJECTS The study included 219 healthy pregnant women aged 27.6 ± 5.7 years from southern Bulgaria. METHODS Subjects' iron status was assessed on the basis of the following iron indicators: hemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin (SF), serum transferrin receptor (sTfR), and body iron index (mg/kg). RESULTS Severe anemia among the women from southern Bulgaria was not observed. Advanced pregnancy and some eating habits are factors that deteriorate iron status. Women who had consumed fish at least 3 times a week had lower levels of sTfR (р = 0.008), higher levels of SF (р = 0.05), and lower levels of body iron (р = 0.018). Frequent legume consumption was related to increased levels of sTfR (р = 0.036). Pregnant women with a high frequency of coffee consumption had lower values of body iron (р < 0.0001). Women who had consumed cow's milk at least 3 times a week had lower levels of SF (р = 0.026) and body iron (р = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS Regular consumption of fish and legumes, rarely drinking coffee, and milk consumption during the intervals between food intake are conditions for optimization of iron status during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelia V Bivolarska
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Medical University , BULGARIA
| | - Penka D Gatseva
- b Department of Hygiene and Ecomedicine, Faculty of Public Health , Medical University , BULGARIA
| | - Ana I Maneva
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Medical University , BULGARIA
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De novo secondary structure motif discovery using RNAProfile. Methods Mol Biol 2015. [PMID: 25577372 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2291-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
RNA secondary structure plays critical roles in several biological processes. For example, many trans-acting noncoding RNA genes and cis-acting RNA regulatory elements present functional motifs, conserved both in structure and sequence, that can be hardly detected by primary sequence analysis alone. We describe here how conserved secondary structure motifs shared by functionally related RNA sequences can be detected through the software tool RNAProfile. RNAProfile takes as input a set of unaligned RNA sequences expected to share a common motif, and outputs the regions that are most conserved throughout the sequences, according to a similarity measure that takes into account both the sequence of the regions and the secondary structure they can form according to base-pairing and thermodynamic rules. The method is split into two parts. First, it identifies candidate regions within the input sequences, and associates with each region a locally optimal secondary structure. Then, it compares candidate regions to one another, both at sequence and structure level, and builds motifs exploring the search space through a greedy heuristic. We provide a detailed guide to the different parameters that can be employed, and usage examples showing the different software capabilities.
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Cognitive impairment associated with low ferritin responsive to iron supplementation. Pediatr Neurol 2014; 51:831-3. [PMID: 25283751 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in children. It affects 9% of children ages 1-3 years. Iron is essential for effective mitochondrial electron transport and neurotransmitter synthesis. Iron deficiency has been correlated with impaired psychomotor development, pica, attention deficit disorder, periodic limb movements of sleep, and breath-holding spells. Ferritin is the storage form of iron. PATIENT SERIES We assessed three children referred for developmental concerns. Extensive testing and neuroimaging were all unremarkable except for low iron stores. Dietary histories revealed excessive milk consumption in two of the children. After dietary adjustments and iron supplementation, iron stores normalized. CONCLUSIONS This cohort demonstrated a dramatic improvement in cognition once iron stores were repleted, suggesting iron studies should be considered as part of initial investigations of patients with cognitive concerns.
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β-Carotene can reverse dysregulation of iron protein in an in vitro model of inflammation. Immunol Res 2014; 61:70-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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In vitro heme and non-heme iron capture from hemoglobin, myoglobin and ferritin by bovine lactoferrin and implications for suppression of reactive oxygen species in vivo. Biometals 2014; 27:1371-82. [PMID: 25280951 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9798-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf), present in colostrum and milk is a member of the transferrin family of iron-binding glyco-proteins, with stronger binding capacity to ferric iron than hemoglobin, myoglobin or transferrin. Unlike hemoglobin and myoglobin, iron-bound Lf is reasonably stable to gastric and duodenal digestive conditions. Unlike ferrous iron, ferric iron is not directly reactive with oxygen supporting the capacity of Lf capture of heme iron to suppress reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We therefore hypothesized that bovine Lf could capture and thereby terminate the cycle of ROS production by heme iron. The transfer of heme iron from either intact or digested forms of hemoglobin and myoglobin and from intact ferritin was demonstrated by in vitro methods, monitoring Fe-saturation status of Lf by changes in absorptivity at 465 nm. The results are discussed in the context of new proposed opportunities for orally administered Lf to regulate oxidative damage associated with heme iron. In addition to potentially suppressing oxidative heme-iron-mediated tissue damage in the lumen, Lf is expected to also reverse the overload of ferritin-bound iron, that accompanies chronic inflammation and aging. These new proposed uses of Lf are additional to known host defense functions that include anti-microbial, anti-viral properties, immune and cancer cell growth regulation. The findings and interpretations presented require clinical substantiation and may support important additional protective and therapeutic uses for Lf in the future.
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Salazar-Mendiguchía J, González-Costello J, Roca J, Ariza-Solé A, Manito N, Cequier A. Anthracycline-mediated cardiomyopathy: basic molecular knowledge for the cardiologist. ARCHIVOS DE CARDIOLOGIA DE MEXICO 2014; 84:218-23. [PMID: 25001055 DOI: 10.1016/j.acmx.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracyclines are cytostatic antibiotics discovered almost half a century ago exerting their action through inhibition of topoisomerase II. The two most representative drugs are doxorubicin and daunorubicin and they have been proven as useful antineoplastics and are widely prescribed in daily oncology practice; unfortunately, cardiotoxicity has been a limiting factor when it comes to their use. Diverse mechanisms have been involved in anthracycline cardiotoxicity, none of which are capable of causing the whole clinical picture by itself. Traditionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have received more attention, although recently basic research has proven other factors to be as important as ROS. These factors mainly involve sarcomeric structure disruption, toxic accumulation of metabolites, iron metabolism, energetic alterations and inflammation. The role of genetics has been studied by some groups, although a clear genotype-response relationship is yet to be elucidated. With the improved survival from different oncologic diseases we are witnessing more cases of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity and the advent of new anticancer drugs poses several challenges for the cardiologist, highlighting the importance of a deep knowledge of the main mechanisms inducing this toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Salazar-Mendiguchía
- Unidad de Miocardiopatías, Insuficiencia Cardíaca y Trasplante, Área de Enfermedades del Corazón, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José González-Costello
- Unidad de Miocardiopatías, Insuficiencia Cardíaca y Trasplante, Área de Enfermedades del Corazón, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Roca
- Unidad de Miocardiopatías, Insuficiencia Cardíaca y Trasplante, Área de Enfermedades del Corazón, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Ariza-Solé
- Unidad de Miocardiopatías, Insuficiencia Cardíaca y Trasplante, Área de Enfermedades del Corazón, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolás Manito
- Unidad de Miocardiopatías, Insuficiencia Cardíaca y Trasplante, Área de Enfermedades del Corazón, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel Cequier
- Unidad de Miocardiopatías, Insuficiencia Cardíaca y Trasplante, Área de Enfermedades del Corazón, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
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Choi J, Corder NLB, Koduru B, Wang Y. Oxidative stress and hepatic Nox proteins in chronic hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 72:267-84. [PMID: 24816297 PMCID: PMC4099059 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major etiologic agent of HCC. A majority of HCV infections lead to chronic infection that can progress to cirrhosis and, eventually, HCC and liver failure. A common pathogenic feature present in HCV infection, and other conditions leading to HCC, is oxidative stress. HCV directly increases superoxide and H2O2 formation in hepatocytes by elevating Nox protein expression and sensitizing mitochondria to reactive oxygen species generation while decreasing glutathione. Nitric oxide synthesis and hepatic iron are also elevated. Furthermore, activation of phagocytic NADPH oxidase (Nox) 2 of host immune cells is likely to exacerbate oxidative stress in HCV-infected patients. Key mechanisms of HCC include genome instability, epigenetic regulation, inflammation with chronic tissue injury and sustained cell proliferation, and modulation of cell growth and death. Oxidative stress, or Nox proteins, plays various roles in these mechanisms. Nox proteins also function in hepatic fibrosis, which commonly precedes HCC, and Nox4 elevation by HCV is mediated by transforming growth factor β. This review summarizes mechanisms of oncogenesis by HCV, highlighting the roles of oxidative stress and hepatic Nox enzymes in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinah Choi
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Nicole L B Corder
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Bhargav Koduru
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Yiyan Wang
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
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Abstract
Iron is one of the most important nonorganic substances that make life possible. Iron plays major roles in oxygen transport (eg, hemoglobin; -67% of total body iron [TBI]), short-term oxygen storage (eg, myoglobin; -3.5% of TBI), and energy generation (eg, cytochromes; -3% of TBI). Iron also serves vital roles in various nonheme-containing enzymes (-2% of TBI). Figure 1 lists heme-containing and nonheme iron-containing proteins. TBI is controlled by the rate of iron absorption; there are no physiologic mechanisms to excrete excess iron. Iron deficiency has many adverse consequences, including anemia, and in children, behavioral and learning disorders. Iron excess is toxic to the body, harming the heart, liver, skin, pancreatic islet beta cells, bones, joints, and pituitary gland. Maintaining proper iron balance is essential for maintaining homeostasis and health. TBI in adults normally ranges between 3.5 and 5.0 g. A total of 75% of TBI is functional, and 25% is stored within cells as ferritin or hemosiderin. Ferritin contains 24 subunits of light chains (L chains; 19.7 kDa) and heavy chains (H chains; 21.1 kDa). The L chains are encoded on chromosome 19q13.33 and are 175 amino acids long. The H chains are encoded on chromosome 11q1 and are 183 amino acids long. Each ferritin molecule can contain as many as approximately 4500 ferric ions. Because the major role of iron is in hemoglobin synthesis, this review will focus on iron, iron transport, and hematopoiesis.
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50
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Jones BC, Huang X, Mailman RB, Lu L, Williams RW. The perplexing paradox of paraquat: the case for host-based susceptibility and postulated neurodegenerative effects. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2014; 28:191-7. [PMID: 24599642 PMCID: PMC4677573 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat is an herbicide used extensively in agriculture and has also been proposed to be a risk factor for Parkinson's disease. To date, experimental, clinical, and epidemiological data on paraquat neurotoxicity have been equivocal. In this short review, we discuss some technical and biological mechanisms that contribute to inconsistencies regarding paraquat neurotoxicity. We hypothesize that individual genetic variations in susceptibility generate major differences in neurotoxic risk and functional outcome. Identifying these heritable sources of variation in host susceptibility, and their role in complex gene-environment interactions, is crucial to identify risk biomarkers and to devise better prevention and treatment for those exposed to paraquat and other potential neurotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron C Jones
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
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