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Ding Y, Postle BR, van Ede F. Neural Signatures of Competition between Voluntary and Involuntary Influences over the Focus of Attention in Visual Working Memory. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:815-827. [PMID: 38319683 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Adaptive behavior relies on the selection and prioritization of relevant sensory inputs from the external environment as well as from among internal sensory representations held in working memory. Recent behavioral evidence suggests that the classic distinction between voluntary (goal-driven) and involuntary (stimulus-driven) influences over attentional allocation also applies to the selection of internal representations held in working memory. In the current EEG study, we set out to investigate the neural dynamics associated with the competition between voluntary and involuntary control over the focus of attention in visual working memory. We show that when voluntary and involuntary factors compete for the internal focus of attention, prioritization of the appropriate item is delayed-as reflected both in delayed gaze biases that track internal selection and in delayed neural beta (15-25 Hz) dynamics that track the planning for the upcoming memory-guided manual action. We further show how this competition is paralleled-possibly resolved-by an increase in frontal midline theta (4-8 Hz) activity that, moreover, predicts the speed of ensuing memory-guided behavior. Finally, because theta increased following retrocues that effectively reduced working-memory load, our data unveil how frontal theta activity during internal attentional focusing tracks demands on cognitive control over and above working-memory load. Together, these data yield new insight into the neural dynamics that govern the focus of attention in visual working memory, and disentangle the contributions of frontal midline theta activity to the processes of control versus retention in working memory.
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2
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Thornberry C, Caffrey M, Commins S. Theta oscillatory power decreases in humans are associated with spatial learning in a virtual water maze task. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:4341-4356. [PMID: 37957526 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Theta oscillations (4-8 Hz) in humans play a role in navigation processes, including spatial encoding, retrieval and sensorimotor integration. Increased theta power at frontal and parietal midline regions is known to contribute to successful navigation. However, the dynamics of cortical theta and its role in spatial learning are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate theta oscillations via electroencephalogram (EEG) during spatial learning in a virtual water maze. Participants were separated into a learning group (n = 25) who learned the location of a hidden goal across 12 trials, or a time-matched non-learning group (n = 25) who were required to simply navigate the same arena, but without a goal. We compared all trials, at two phases of learning, the trial start and the goal approach. We also compared the first six trials with the last six trials within-groups. The learning group showed reduced low-frequency theta power at the frontal and parietal midline during the start phase and largely reduced theta combined with a short increase at both midlines during the goal-approach phase. These patterns were not found in the non-learning group, who instead displayed extensive increases in low-frequency oscillations at both regions during the trial start and at the parietal midline during goal approach. Our results support the theory that theta plays a crucial role in spatial encoding during exploration, as opposed to sensorimotor integration. We suggest our findings provide evidence for a link between learning and a reduction of theta oscillations in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Thornberry
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Michelle Caffrey
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Sean Commins
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
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3
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Seger SE, Kriegel JLS, Lega BC, Ekstrom AD. Memory-related processing is the primary driver of human hippocampal theta oscillations. Neuron 2023; 111:3119-3130.e4. [PMID: 37467749 PMCID: PMC10685603 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Decades of work in rodents suggest that movement is a powerful driver of hippocampal low-frequency "theta" oscillations. Puzzlingly, such movement-related theta increases in primates are less sustained and of lower frequency, leading to questions about their functional relevance. Verbal memory encoding and retrieval lead to robust increases in low-frequency oscillations in humans, and one possibility is that memory might be a stronger driver of hippocampal theta oscillations in humans than navigation. Here, neurosurgical patients navigated routes and then immediately mentally simulated the same routes while undergoing intracranial recordings. We found that mentally simulating the same route that was just navigated elicited oscillations that were of greater power, higher frequency, and longer duration than those involving navigation. Our findings suggest that memory is a more potent driver of human hippocampal theta oscillations than navigation, supporting models of internally generated theta oscillations in the human hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Seger
- Neuroscience Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Jennifer L S Kriegel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Brad C Lega
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Arne D Ekstrom
- Neuroscience Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Psychology Department, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
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4
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Liu F, Li D, Li Y, Xiang Z, Chen Y, Xu Z, Lin Q, Ruan Y. Atomic Magnetometer Achieves Visual Salience Analysis in Drosophila. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1092. [PMID: 36772132 PMCID: PMC9921713 DOI: 10.3390/s23031092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An atomic magnetometer (AM) was used to non-invasively detect the tiny magnetic field generated by the brain of a single Drosophila. Combined with a visual stimulus system, the AM was used to study the relationship between visual salience and oscillatory activity of the Drosophila brain by analyzing changes in the magnetic field. Oscillatory activity of Drosophila in the 1-20 Hz frequency band was measured with a sensitivity of 20 fT/Hz. The field in the 20-30 Hz band under periodic light stimulation was used to explore the correlation between short-term memory and visual salience. Our method opens a new path to a more flexible method for the investigation of brain activity in Drosophila and other small insects.
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Duleme M, Perrey S, Dray G. Stable decoding of working memory load through frequency bands. Cogn Neurosci 2023; 14:1-14. [PMID: 35083960 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2022.2026312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that working memory modulates every frequency band's power in the human brain. Yet, the question of how the highly distributed working memory adapts to external demands remains unresolved. Here, we explored frequency band modulations underlying working memory load, taking executive control under account. We hypothesized that synchronizations underlying various cognitive functions may be sequenced in time to avoid interference and that transient modulation of decoding accuracy of task difficulty would vary with increasing difficulty. We recorded whole scalp EEG data from 12 healthy participants, while they performed a visuo-spatial n-back task with three conditions of increasing difficulty, after an initial learning phase. We analyzed evoked spectral perturbations and time-resolved decoding of individual synchronization. Surprisingly, our results provide evidence for persistent decoding above the level-of-chance (83.17% AUC) for combined frequency bands. In fact, the decoding accuracy was higher for the combined than for isolated frequency bands (AUC from 65.93% to 74.30%). However, in line with our hypothesis, frequency band clusters transiently emerged in parieto-occipital regions within two separate time windows for alpha-/beta-band (relative synchronization from approximately 200 to 600 ms) and for the delta-/theta-band (relative desynchronization from approximately 600 to 1000 ms). Overall, these findings highlight concurrent sustained and transient measurable features of working memory load. This could reflect the emergence of stability within and between functional networks of the complex working memory system. In turn, this process allows energy savings to cope with external demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meyi Duleme
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Ales, France
| | - Stephane Perrey
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Ales, France
| | - Gerard Dray
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Ales, France
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Theta oscillations support active exploration in human spatial navigation. Neuroimage 2022; 262:119581. [PMID: 35995375 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Active navigation seems to yield better spatial knowledge than passive navigation, but it is unclear how active decision-making influences learning and memory. Here, we examined the contributions of theta oscillations to memory-related exploration while testing theories about how they contribute to active learning. Using electroencephalography (EEG), we tested individuals on a maze-learning task in which they made discrete decisions about where to explore at each choice point in the maze. Half the participants were free to make active decisions at each choice point, and the other half passively explored by selecting a marked choice (matched to active exploration) at each intersection. Critically, all decisions were made when stationary, decoupling the active decision-making process from movement and speed factors, which is another prominent potential role for theta oscillations. Participants were then tested on their knowledge of the maze by traveling from object A to object B within the maze. Results show an advantage for active decision-making during learning and indicate that the active group had greater theta power during choice points in exploration, particularly in midfrontal channels. These findings demonstrate that active exploration is associated with theta oscillations during human spatial navigation, and that these oscillations are not exclusively related to movement or speed. Results demonstrating increased theta oscillations in prefrontal regions suggest communication with the hippocampus and integration of new information into memory. We also found evidence for alpha oscillations during active navigation, suggesting a role for attention as well. This study finds support for a general mnemonic role for theta oscillations during navigational learning.
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Min Park Y, Park J, Young Kim I, Koo Kang J, Pyo Jang D. Interhemispheric Theta Coherence in the Hippocampus for Successful Object-Location Memory in Human Intracranial Encephalography. Neurosci Lett 2022; 786:136769. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Smailovic U, Ferreira D, Ausén B, Ashton NJ, Koenig T, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Jelic V. Decreased Electroencephalography Global Field Synchronization in Slow-Frequency Bands Characterizes Synaptic Dysfunction in Amnestic Subtypes of Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:755454. [PMID: 35462693 PMCID: PMC9031731 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.755454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundMild cognitive impairment (MCI) is highly prevalent in a memory clinic setting and is heterogeneous regarding its clinical presentation, underlying pathophysiology, and prognosis. The most prevalent subtypes are single-domain amnestic MCI (sd-aMCI), considered to be a prodromal phase of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and multidomain amnestic MCI (md-aMCI), which is associated with multiple etiologies. Since synaptic loss and dysfunction are the closest pathoanatomical correlates of AD-related cognitive impairment, we aimed to characterize it in patients with sd-aMCI and md-aMCI by means of resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) global field power (GFP), global field synchronization (GFS), and novel cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) synaptic biomarkers.MethodsWe included 52 patients with sd-aMCI (66.9 ± 7.3 years, 52% women) and 30 with md-aMCI (63.1 ± 7.1 years, 53% women). All patients underwent a detailed clinical assessment, resting-state EEG recordings and quantitative analysis (GFP and GFS in delta, theta, alpha, and beta bands), and analysis of CSF biomarkers of synaptic dysfunction, neurodegeneration, and AD-related pathology. Cognitive subtyping was based on a comprehensive neuropsychological examination. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used as an estimation of global cognitive performance. EEG and CSF biomarkers were included in a multivariate model together with MMSE and demographic variables, to investigate differences between sd-aMCI and md-aMCI.ResultsPatients with sd-aMCI had higher CSF phosphorylated tau, total tau and neurogranin levels, and lower values in GFS delta and theta. No differences were observed in GFP. The multivariate model showed that the most important synaptic measures for group separation were GFS theta, followed by GFS delta, GFP theta, CSF neurogranin, and GFP beta.ConclusionPatients with sd-aMCI when compared with those with md-aMCI have a neurophysiological and biochemical profile of synaptic damage, neurodegeneration, and amyloid pathology closer to that described in patients with AD. The most prominent signature in sd-aMCI was a decreased global synchronization in slow-frequency bands indicating that functional connectivity in slow frequencies is more specifically related to early effects of AD-specific molecular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Smailovic
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Ferreira
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Birgitta Ausén
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Clinic for Cognitive Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Women’s Health and Allied Health Professionals Theme, Medical Unit Medical Psychology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Nicholas James Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Institute Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Koenig
- Psychiatric Electrophysiology Unit, Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Vesna Jelic
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Clinic for Cognitive Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Vesna Jelic,
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Young JH, Arterberry ME, Martin JP. Contrasting Electroencephalography-Derived Entropy and Neural Oscillations With Highly Skilled Meditators. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:628417. [PMID: 33994976 PMCID: PMC8119624 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.628417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Meditation is an umbrella term for a number of mental training practices designed to improve the monitoring and regulation of attention and emotion. Some forms of meditation are now being used for clinical intervention. To accompany the increased clinical interest in meditation, research investigating the neural basis of these practices is needed. A central hypothesis of contemplative neuroscience is that meditative states, which are unique on a phenomenological level, differ on a neurophysiological level. To identify the electrophysiological correlates of meditation practice, the electrical brain activity of highly skilled meditators engaging in one of six meditation styles (shamatha, vipassana, zazen, dzogchen, tonglen, and visualization) was recorded. A mind-wandering task served as a control. Lempel-Ziv complexity showed differences in nonlinear brain dynamics (entropy) during meditation compared with mind wandering, suggesting that meditation, regardless of practice, affects neural complexity. In contrast, there were no differences in power spectra at six different frequency bands, likely due to the fact that participants engaged in different meditation practices. Finally, exploratory analyses suggest neurological differences among meditation practices. These findings highlight the importance of studying the electroencephalography (EEG) correlates of different meditative practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob H. Young
- Department of Biology, Colby College, Waterville, ME, United States
- Department of Psychology, Colby College, Waterville, ME, United States
| | | | - Joshua P. Martin
- Department of Biology, Colby College, Waterville, ME, United States
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10
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Miyakoshi M, Gehrke L, Gramann K, Makeig S, Iversen J. The AudioMaze: An EEG and motion capture study of human spatial navigation in sparse augmented reality. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:8283-8307. [PMID: 33497490 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spatial navigation is one of the fundamental cognitive functions central to survival in most animals. Studies in humans investigating the neural foundations of spatial navigation traditionally use stationary, desk-top protocols revealing the hippocampus, parahippocampal place area (PPA), and retrosplenial complex to be involved in navigation. However, brain dynamics, while freely navigating the real world remain poorly understood. To address this issue, we developed a novel paradigm, the AudioMaze, in which participants freely explore a room-sized virtual maze, while EEG is recorded synchronized to motion capture. Participants (n = 16) were blindfolded and explored different mazes, each in three successive trials, using their right hand as a probe to "feel" for virtual maze walls. When their hand "neared" a virtual wall, they received directional noise feedback. Evidence for spatial learning include shortening of time spent and an increase of movement velocity as the same maze was repeatedly explored. Theta-band EEG power in or near the right lingual gyrus, the posterior portion of the PPA, decreased across trials, potentially reflecting the spatial learning. Effective connectivity analysis revealed directed information flow from the lingual gyrus to the midcingulate cortex, which may indicate an updating process that integrates spatial information with future action. To conclude, we found behavioral evidence of navigational learning in a sparse-AR environment, and a neural correlate of navigational learning was found near the lingual gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Miyakoshi
- Swartz Center for Neural Computation, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lukas Gehrke
- FG Biopsychologie und Neuroergonomie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Gramann
- FG Biopsychologie und Neuroergonomie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,School of Computer Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Scott Makeig
- Swartz Center for Neural Computation, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - John Iversen
- Swartz Center for Neural Computation, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
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Thomschewski A, Trinka E, Jacobs J. Temporo-Frontal Coherences and High-Frequency iEEG Responses during Spatial Navigation in Patients with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020162. [PMID: 33530531 PMCID: PMC7911024 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex and hippocampus function in tight coordination during multiple cognitive processes. During spatial navigation, prefrontal neurons are linked to hippocampal theta oscillations, presumably in order to enhance communication. Hippocampal ripples have been suggested to reflect spatial memory processes. Whether prefrontal-hippocampal-interaction also takes place within the ripple band is unknown. This intracranial EEG study aimed to investigate whether ripple band coherences can also be used to show this communication. Twelve patients with epilepsy and intracranial EEG evaluation completed a virtual spatial navigation task. We calculated ordinary coherence between prefrontal and temporal electrodes during retrieval, re-encoding, and pre-task rest. Coherences were compared between the conditions via permutation testing. Additionally, ripples events were automatically detected and changes in occurrence rates were investigated excluding ripples on epileptic spikes. Ripple-band coherences yielded no general effect of the task on coherences across all patients. Furthermore, we did not find significant effects of task conditions on ripple rates. Subsequent analyses pointed to rather short periods of synchrony as opposed to general task-related changes in ripple-band coherence. Specifically designed tasks and adopted measures might be necessary in order to map these interactions in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljoscha Thomschewski
- Affiliated Centre of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Department of Neurology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Christian-Doppler Medical Centre, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
- Department of Psychology, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Affiliated Centre of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Department of Neurology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Christian-Doppler Medical Centre, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Julia Jacobs
- Member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Epilepsy Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 64, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, University Hospital Freiburg, Mathildenstraße 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Room 293, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Mishra S, Kumar A, Padmanabhan P, Gulyás B. Neurophysiological Correlates of Cognition as Revealed by Virtual Reality: Delving the Brain with a Synergistic Approach. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11010051. [PMID: 33466371 PMCID: PMC7824819 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergy of perceptual psychology, technology, and neuroscience can be used to comprehend how virtual reality affects cognition of human brain. Numerous studies have used neuroimaging modalities to assess the cognitive state and response of the brain with various external stimulations. The virtual reality-based devices are well known to incur visual, auditory, and haptic induced perceptions. Neurophysiological recordings together with virtual stimulations can assist in correlating humans’ physiological perception with response in the environment designed virtually. The effective combination of these two has been utilized to study human behavior, spatial navigation performance, and spatial presence, to name a few. Moreover, virtual reality-based devices can be evaluated for the neurophysiological correlates of cognition through neurophysiological recordings. Challenges exist in the integration of real-time neuronal signals with virtual reality-based devices, and enhancing the experience together with real-time feedback and control through neuronal signals. This article provides an overview of neurophysiological correlates of cognition as revealed by virtual reality experience, together with a description of perception and virtual reality-based neuromodulation, various applications, and existing challenges in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Mishra
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (S.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (S.M.); (A.K.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Gushan District, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Gushan District, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Parasuraman Padmanabhan
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (S.M.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (P.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Balázs Gulyás
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (S.M.); (A.K.)
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 608232, Singapore
- Correspondence: (P.P.); (B.G.)
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Charalambous E, Hanna S, Penn A. Aha! I know where I am: the contribution of visuospatial cues to reorientation in urban environments. SPATIAL COGNITION AND COMPUTATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13875868.2020.1865359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Efrosini Charalambous
- Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sean Hanna
- Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Alan Penn
- Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Abstract
Neural oscillations play an important role in the integration and segregation of brain regions that are important for brain functions, including pain. Disturbances in oscillatory activity are associated with several disease states, including chronic pain. Studies of neural oscillations related to pain have identified several functional bands, especially alpha, beta, and gamma bands, implicated in nociceptive processing. In this review, we introduce several properties of neural oscillations that are important to understand the role of brain oscillations in nociceptive processing. We also discuss the role of neural oscillations in the maintenance of efficient communication in the brain. Finally, we discuss the role of neural oscillations in healthy and chronic pain nociceptive processing. These data and concepts illustrate the key role of regional and interregional neural oscillations in nociceptive processing underlying acute and chronic pains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junseok A. Kim
- Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour, Krembil Brain Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen D. Davis
- Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour, Krembil Brain Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Moezzi B, Pratti LM, Hordacre B, Graetz L, Berryman C, Lavrencic LM, Ridding MC, Keage HAD, McDonnell MD, Goldsworthy MR. Characterization of Young and Old Adult Brains: An EEG Functional Connectivity Analysis. Neuroscience 2020; 422:230-239. [PMID: 31806080 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Brain connectivity studies have reported that functional networks change with older age. We aim to (1) investigate whether electroencephalography (EEG) data can be used to distinguish between individual functional networks of young and old adults; and (2) identify the functional connections that contribute to this classification. Two eyes-open resting-state EEG recording sessions with 64 electrodes for each of 22 younger adults (19-37 years) and 22 older adults (63-85 years) were conducted. For each session, imaginary coherence matrices in delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma bands were computed. A range of machine learning classification methods were utilized to distinguish younger and older adult brains. A support vector machine (SVM) classifier was 93% accurate in classifying the brains by age group. We report decreased functional connectivity with older age in delta, theta, alpha and gamma bands, and increased connectivity with older age in beta band. Most connections involving frontal, temporal, and parietal electrodes, and more than half of connections involving occipital electrodes, showed decreased connectivity with older age. Slightly less than half of the connections involving central electrodes showed increased connectivity with older age. Functional connections showing decreased strength with older age were not significantly different in electrode-to-electrode distance than those that increased with older age. Most of the connections used by the classifier to distinguish participants by age group belonged to the alpha band. Findings suggest a decrease in connectivity in key networks and frequency bands associated with attention and awareness, and an increase in connectivity of the sensorimotor functional networks with aging during a resting state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Moezzi
- Cognitive Ageing and Impairment Neurosciences Laboratory, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Australia.
| | | | - Brenton Hordacre
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Lynton Graetz
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Carolyn Berryman
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Louise M Lavrencic
- Cognitive Ageing and Impairment Neurosciences Laboratory, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Australia; Neuroscience Research of Australia, Australia
| | - Michael C Ridding
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hannah A D Keage
- Cognitive Ageing and Impairment Neurosciences Laboratory, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark D McDonnell
- Computational Learning Systems Laboratory, School of Information Technology and Mathematical Sciences, University of South Australia, Australia
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16
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Wei Y, Okazaki YO, So RHY, Chu WCW, Kitajo K. Motion sickness-susceptible participants exposed to coherent rotating dot patterns show excessive N2 amplitudes and impaired theta-band phase synchronization. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116028. [PMID: 31326576 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) can occur via prolonged exposure to visual stimulation that generates the illusion of self-motion (vection). Not everyone is susceptible to VIMS and the neural mechanism underlying susceptibility is unclear. This study explored the differences of electroencephalographic (EEG) signatures between VIMS-susceptible and VIMS-resistant groups. Thirty-two-channel EEG data were recorded from 12 VIMS-susceptible and 15 VIMS-resistant university students while they were watching two patterns of moving dots: (1) a coherent rotation pattern (vection-inducing and potentially VIMS-provoking pattern), and (2) a random movement pattern (non-VIMS-provoking control). The VIMS-susceptible group exhibited a significantly larger increase in the parietal N2 response when exposed to the coherent rotating pattern than when exposed to control patterns. In members of the VIMS-resistant group, before vection onset, global connectivity from all other EEG electrodes to the right-temporal-parietal and to the right-central areas increased, whereas after vection onset the global connectivity to the right-frontal area reduced. Such changes were not observed in the susceptible group. Further, the increases in N2 amplitude and the identified phase synchronization index were significantly correlated with individual motion sickness susceptibility. Results suggest that VIMS susceptibility is associated with systematic impairment of dynamic cortical coordination as captured by the phase synchronization of cortical activities. Analyses of dynamic EEG signatures could be a means to unlock the neural mechanism of VIMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wei
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, 9 Yuexing First Road, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518057, China; Bio-Engineering Graduate Program, School of Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuka O Okazaki
- RIKEN CBS-TOYOTA Collaboration Center, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Richard H Y So
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, 9 Yuexing First Road, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518057, China; Department of Industrial Engineering and Decision Analytics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Bio-Engineering Graduate Program, School of Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Winnie C W Chu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Keiichi Kitajo
- RIKEN CBS-TOYOTA Collaboration Center, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan; Division of Neural Dynamics, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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17
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Moxon KA, Shahlaie K, Girgis F, Saez I, Kennedy J, Gurkoff GG. From adagio to allegretto: The changing tempo of theta frequencies in epilepsy and its relation to interneuron function. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 129:169-181. [PMID: 30798003 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research, our understanding of epilepsy, including how seizures are generated and propagate, is incomplete. However, there is growing recognition that epilepsy is more than just the occurrence of seizures, with patients often experiencing comorbid deficits in cognition that are poorly understood. In addition, the available therapies for treatment of epilepsy, from pharmaceutical treatment to surgical resection and seizure prevention devices, often exacerbate deficits in cognitive function. In this review, we discuss the hypothesis that seizure generation and cognitive deficits have a similar pathological source characterized by, but not limited to, deficits in theta oscillations and their influence on interneurons. We present a new framework that describes oscillatory states in epilepsy as alternating between hyper- and hypo-synchrony rather than solely the spontaneous transition to hyper-excitability characterized by the seizures. This framework suggests that as neural oscillations, specifically in the theta range, vary their tempo from a slowed almost adagio tempo during interictal periods to faster, more rhythmic allegretto tempo preictally, they impact the function of interneurons, modulating their ability to control seizures and their role in cognitive processing. This slow wave oscillatory framework may help explain why current therapies that work to reduce hyper-excitability do not completely eliminate seizures and often lead to exacerbated cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Moxon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America.
| | - Kiarash Shahlaie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America; Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95618, United States of America
| | - Fady Girgis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America
| | - Ignacio Saez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America; Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95618, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Kennedy
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America
| | - Gene G Gurkoff
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America; Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95618, United States of America
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18
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Zwaka H, Bartels R, Lehfeldt S, Jusyte M, Hantke S, Menzel S, Gora J, Alberdi R, Menzel R. Learning and Its Neural Correlates in a Virtual Environment for Honeybees. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 12:279. [PMID: 30740045 PMCID: PMC6355692 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for neural correlates of operant and observational learning requires a combination of two (experimental) conditions that are very difficult to combine: stable recording from high order neurons and free movement of the animal in a rather natural environment. We developed a virtual environment (VE) that simulates a simplified 3D world for honeybees walking stationary on an air-supported spherical treadmill. We show that honeybees perceive the stimuli in the VE as meaningful by transferring learned information from free flight to the virtual world. In search for neural correlates of learning in the VE, mushroom body extrinsic neurons were recorded over days during learning. We found changes in the neural activity specific to the rewarded and unrewarded visual stimuli. Our results suggest an involvement of the mushroom body extrinsic neurons in operant learning in the honeybee (Apis mellifera).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Zwaka
- Department of Biology and Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ruth Bartels
- Department of Biology and Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Lehfeldt
- Department of Biology and Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Meida Jusyte
- Department of Biology and Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sören Hantke
- Department of Biology and Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Menzel
- Department of Biology and Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob Gora
- Department of Biology and Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rafael Alberdi
- Department of Biology and Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Randolf Menzel
- Department of Biology and Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Wohlgemuth MJ, Yu C, Moss CF. 3D Hippocampal Place Field Dynamics in Free-Flying Echolocating Bats. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:270. [PMID: 30190673 PMCID: PMC6115611 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of laboratory research has investigated the process by which environmental cues are acquired and used for spatial navigation in rodents; however, the key to differentiating between species specializations and general principles lies in comparative research. Rodent research has focused on a class of neurons in the hippocampus implicated in the representation of allocentric space - termed place cells - and the process by which these representations form. One class of models of hippocampal place field formation depends on continuous theta, a low frequency brain oscillation that is prevalent in crawling rodents. Comparative studies of hippocampal activity in echolocating bats have reported many findings that parallel the rodent literature, but also describe noteworthy species differences, especially with respect to theta rhythm. Here, we first discuss studies of the bat hippocampal formation and point to gaps in our knowledge, which motivate our new lines of inquiry. We present data from the free-flying laryngeal echolocating big brown bat, which shows 3-D place cells without continuous theta, similar to reports from the lingual echolocating Egyptian fruit bat. We also report findings, which demonstrate that the animal's control over echolocation call rate (sensory sampling) influences place field tuning. These results motivate future comparative research on hippocampal function in the context of natural sensory-guided behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melville J. Wohlgemuth
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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20
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Herweg NA, Kahana MJ. Spatial Representations in the Human Brain. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:297. [PMID: 30104966 PMCID: PMC6078001 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While extensive research on the neurophysiology of spatial memory has been carried out in rodents, memory research in humans had traditionally focused on more abstract, language-based tasks. Recent studies have begun to address this gap using virtual navigation tasks in combination with electrophysiological recordings in humans. These studies suggest that the human medial temporal lobe (MTL) is equipped with a population of place and grid cells similar to that previously observed in the rodent brain. Furthermore, theta oscillations have been linked to spatial navigation and, more specifically, to the encoding and retrieval of spatial information. While some studies suggest a single navigational theta rhythm which is of lower frequency in humans than rodents, other studies advocate for the existence of two functionally distinct delta-theta frequency bands involved in both spatial and episodic memory. Despite the general consensus between rodent and human electrophysiology, behavioral work in humans does not unequivocally support the use of a metric Euclidean map for navigation. Formal models of navigational behavior, which specifically consider the spatial scale of the environment and complementary learning mechanisms, may help to better understand different navigational strategies and their neurophysiological mechanisms. Finally, the functional overlap of spatial and declarative memory in the MTL calls for a unified theory of MTL function. Such a theory will critically rely upon linking task-related phenomena at multiple temporal and spatial scales. Understanding how single cell responses relate to ongoing theta oscillations during both the encoding and retrieval of spatial and non-spatial associations appears to be key toward developing a more mechanistic understanding of memory processes in the MTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A. Herweg
- Computational Memory Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael J. Kahana
- Computational Memory Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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21
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Liang M, Starrett MJ, Ekstrom AD. Dissociation of frontal-midline delta-theta and posterior alpha oscillations: A mobile EEG study. Psychophysiology 2018; 55:e13090. [PMID: 29682758 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Numerous reports have demonstrated low-frequency oscillations during navigation using invasive recordings in the hippocampus of both rats and human patients. Given evidence, in some cases, of low-frequency synchronization between midline cortex and hippocampus, it is also possible that low-frequency movement-related oscillations manifest in healthy human neocortex. However, this possibility remains largely unexplored, in part due to the difficulties of coupling free ambulation and effective scalp EEG recordings. In the current study, participants freely ambulated on an omnidirectional treadmill and explored an immersive virtual reality city rendered on a head-mounted display while undergoing simultaneous wireless scalp EEG recordings. We found that frontal-midline (FM) delta-theta (2-7.21 Hz) oscillations increased during movement compared to standing still periods, consistent with a role in navigation. In contrast, posterior alpha (8.32-12.76 Hz) oscillations were suppressed in the presence of visual input, independent of movement. Our findings suggest that FM delta-theta and posterior alpha oscillations arise at independent frequencies, under complementary behavioral conditions, and, at least for FM delta-theta oscillations, at independent recordings sites. Together, our findings support a double dissociation between movement-related FM delta-theta and resting-related posterior alpha oscillations. Our study thus provides novel evidence that FM delta-theta oscillations arise, in part, from real-world ambulation, and are functionally independent from posterior alpha oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Liang
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
| | - Michael J Starrett
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
| | - Arne D Ekstrom
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis.,Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis
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22
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Lee DJ, Kulubya E, Goldin P, Goodarzi A, Girgis F. Review of the Neural Oscillations Underlying Meditation. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:178. [PMID: 29662434 PMCID: PMC5890111 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Meditation is one type of mental training that has been shown to produce many cognitive benefits. Meditation practice is associated with improvement in concentration and reduction of stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, different forms of meditation training are now being used as interventions for a variety of psychological and somatic illnesses. These benefits are thought to occur as a result of neurophysiologic changes. The most commonly studied specific meditation practices are focused attention (FA), open-monitoring (OM), as well as transcendental meditation (TM), and loving-kindness (LK) meditation. In this review, we compare the neural oscillatory patterns during these forms of meditation. Method: We performed a systematic review of neural oscillations during FA, OM, TM, and LK meditation practices, comparing meditators to meditation-naïve adults. Results: FA, OM, TM, and LK meditation are associated with global increases in oscillatory activity in meditators compared to meditation-naïve adults, with larger changes occurring as the length of meditation training increases. While FA and OM are related to increases in anterior theta activity, only FA is associated with changes in posterior theta oscillations. Alpha activity increases in posterior brain regions during both FA and OM. In anterior regions, FA shows a bilateral increase in alpha power, while OM shows a decrease only in left-sided power. Gamma activity in these meditation practices is similar in frontal regions, but increases are variable in parietal and occipital regions. Conclusions: The current literature suggests distinct differences in neural oscillatory activity among FA, OM, TM, and LK meditation practices. Further characterizing these oscillatory changes may better elucidate the cognitive and therapeutic effects of specific meditation practices, and potentially lead to the development of novel neuromodulation targets to take advantage of their benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrin J Lee
- Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Edwin Kulubya
- Neurosurgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Philippe Goldin
- Nursing, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Amir Goodarzi
- Neurosurgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Fady Girgis
- Neurosurgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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23
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Fellrath J, Mottaz A, Schnider A, Guggisberg AG, Ptak R. Theta-band functional connectivity in the dorsal fronto-parietal network predicts goal-directed attention. Neuropsychologia 2016; 92:20-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Duarte IC, Castelhano J, Sales F, Castelo-Branco M. The anterior versus posterior hippocampal oscillations debate in human spatial navigation: evidence from an electrocorticographic case study. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00507. [PMID: 27688937 PMCID: PMC5036430 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hippocampal oscillations have been regularly described as playing a dominant role in spatial memory and navigation in rodents. In humans, the relative role of anterior versus posterior rhythms during navigational memory is not established. METHODS Here, we tested this hypothesis using direct brain ECoG recordings in the anterior and posterior hippocampus of a patient, in a navigational task requiring spatial memory. We assessed multiple oscillatory bands during encoding and retrieval phases. RESULTS We found navigation related 1-3.5 Hz activity during retrieval, both in the anterior and posterior hippocampus. Activity between 4 and 8 Hz was identified during both encoding and retrieval, only in the anterior hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are consistent with the view that an anterior/posterior functional gradient is present in the hippocampus, and involves two distinct neuronal networks, supporting either encoding or retrieval processes. Although this is a single case scenario, these findings suggest that neural oscillations during spatial navigation do vary across hippocampal subregions, as a function of encoding versus retrieval processes during the mnemonic process. In this single case study, the results point to the presence of a dual involvement of multiple frequency bands across hippocampal subregions during encoding and retrieval. Although these results need generalization, they provide a new perspective on distinct physiological properties of the anterior and posterior hippocampus in human spatial navigation during encoding and retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel C Duarte
- Brain Imaging Network ICNAS Coimbra Portugal; Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences CNC.IBILI University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - João Castelhano
- Brain Imaging Network ICNAS Coimbra Portugal; Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences CNC.IBILI University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | | | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Brain Imaging Network ICNAS Coimbra Portugal; Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences CNC.IBILI University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
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25
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Changes in absolute theta power in bipolar patients during a saccadic attention task. Psychiatry Res 2015; 228:785-90. [PMID: 26073283 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study analyzed absolute theta power (ATP) in brain areas involved with attention in the three phase of BD while the patients performing a saccadic attention task. We hypothesized that patients in depression and mania states show a higher ATP compared to euthymic patients, since a higher ATP is indicative of attention deficit. We analyzed the frontal (F7, F3, Fz, F4 and F8) and central (C3, Cz and C4) areas. Thirty bipolar patients were enrolled in this study. The subjects performed a saccadic attention task while their brain activity pattern was recorded using quantitative electroencephalography (20 channels). Our results showed a main effect for group over C3, C4, Cz, F7, F4, F8 electrodes, and a main effect for moment over Cz, F7, F8 electrodes. These results indicate that both task and groups produce changes in theta activity in distinct cortical areas that participate in the organization of attention. Our results therefore demonstrate that, although it is well established in the literature that theta has a relevant role in the attention process, it is necessary to deepen the investigations to better understand the specifics of theta during visual processing tasks that have a demand for attention.
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26
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Sakihara K, Hirata M, Ebe K, Kimura K, Yi Ryu S, Kono Y, Muto N, Yoshioka M, Yoshimine T, Yorifuji S. Cerebral oscillatory activity during simulated driving using MEG. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 8:975. [PMID: 25566017 PMCID: PMC4267277 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to examine cerebral oscillatory differences associated with psychological processes during simulated car driving. We recorded neuromagnetic signals in 14 healthy volunteers using magnetoencephalography (MEG) during simulated driving. MEG data were analyzed using synthetic aperture magnetometry to detect the spatial distribution of cerebral oscillations. Group effects between subjects were analyzed statistically using a non-parametric permutation test. Oscillatory differences were calculated by comparison between “passive viewing” and “active driving.” “Passive viewing” was the baseline, and oscillatory differences during “active driving” showed an increase or decrease in comparison with a baseline. Power increase in the theta band was detected in the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) during active driving. Power decreases in the alpha, beta, and low gamma bands were detected in the right inferior parietal lobe (IPL), left postcentral gyrus (PoCG), middle temporal gyrus (MTG), and posterior cingulate gyrus (PCiG) during active driving. Power increase in the theta band in the SFG may play a role in attention. Power decrease in the right IPL may reflect selectively divided attention and visuospatial processing, whereas that in the left PoCG reflects sensorimotor activation related to driving manipulation. Power decreases in the MTG and PCiG may be associated with object recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotoe Sakihara
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Suita, Japan ; Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hirata
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Suita, Japan ; Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Suita, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Ebe
- Frontier Research Center, Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., Nagakute, Japan
| | - Kenji Kimura
- Human System Integration Group, Vehicle Engineering Development Division, Toyota Motor Corporation Toyota, Japan
| | - Seong Yi Ryu
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kono
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Suita, Japan
| | - Nozomi Muto
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Suita, Japan
| | - Masako Yoshioka
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Suita, Japan
| | - Toshiki Yoshimine
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Suita, Japan
| | - Shiro Yorifuji
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Suita, Japan
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27
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Brauns I, Teixeira S, Velasques B, Bittencourt J, Machado S, Cagy M, Gongora M, Bastos VH, Machado D, Sandoval-Carrillo A, Salas-Pacheco J, Piedade R, Ribeiro P, Arias-Carrión O. Changes in the theta band coherence during motor task after hand immobilization. Int Arch Med 2014; 7:51. [PMID: 25838843 PMCID: PMC4363202 DOI: 10.1186/1755-7682-7-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Many different factors can temporarily or permanently impair movement and impairs cortical organization, e.g. hand immobilization. Such changes have been widely studied using electroencephalography. Within this context, we have investigated the immobilization effects through the theta band coherence analysis, in order to find out whether the immobilization period causes any changes in the inter and intra-hemispheric coherence within the cerebral cortex, as well as to observe whether the theta band provides any information about the neural mechanisms involved during the motor act. We analyzed the cortical changes that occurred after 48 hours of hand immobilization. The theta band coherence was study through electroencephalography in 30 healthy subjects, divided into two groups (control and experimental). Within both groups, the subjects executed a task involving flexion and extension of the index finger, before and after 48 hours. The experimental group, however, was actually submitted to hand immobilization. We were able to observe an increase in the coupling within the experimental group in the frontal, parietal and temporal regions, and a decrease in the motor area. In order to execute manual tasks after some time of movement restriction, greater coherence is present in areas related to attention, movement preparation and sensorimotor integration processes. These results may contribute to a detailed assessment of involved neurophysiological mechanism in motor act execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Brauns
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silmar Teixeira
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento y Sueño (TMS), Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González/IFC-UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico ; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento y Sueño (TMS), Hospital General Ajusco Medio, Secretaria de Salud Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bruna Velasques
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Institute of Applied Neuroscience (INA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics (INTO), Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Bittencourt
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sergio Machado
- Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Panic and Respiration, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Physical Activity Neuroscience, Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Cagy
- Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gongora
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Bastos
- Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, UFPI, Parnaiba, Brazil ; Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, UFPI, Parnaiba, Brazil
| | - Dionis Machado
- Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, UFPI, Parnaiba, Brazil ; Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, UFPI, Parnaiba, Brazil
| | - Ada Sandoval-Carrillo
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Durango, México
| | - Jose Salas-Pacheco
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Durango, México
| | - Roberto Piedade
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ribeiro
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; School of Physical Education, Bioscience Department (EEFD/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Institute of Applied Neuroscience (INA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Oscar Arias-Carrión
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento y Sueño (TMS), Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González/IFC-UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico ; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento y Sueño (TMS), Hospital General Ajusco Medio, Secretaria de Salud Mexico City, Mexico
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Plank M, Snider J, Kaestner E, Halgren E, Poizner H. Neurocognitive stages of spatial cognitive mapping measured during free exploration of a large-scale virtual environment. J Neurophysiol 2014; 113:740-53. [PMID: 25376779 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00114.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a novel, fully mobile virtual reality paradigm, we investigated the EEG correlates of spatial representations formed during unsupervised exploration. On day 1, subjects implicitly learned the location of 39 objects by exploring a room and popping bubbles that hid the objects. On day 2, they again popped bubbles in the same environment. In most cases, the objects hidden underneath the bubbles were in the same place as on day 1. However, a varying third of them were misplaced in each block. Subjects indicated their certainty that the object was in the same location as the day before. Compared with bubble pops revealing correctly placed objects, bubble pops revealing misplaced objects evoked a decreased negativity starting at 145 ms, with scalp topography consistent with generation in medial parietal cortex. There was also an increased negativity starting at 515 ms to misplaced objects, with scalp topography consistent with generation in inferior temporal cortex. Additionally, misplaced objects elicited an increase in frontal midline theta power. These findings suggest that the successive neurocognitive stages of processing allocentric space may include an initial template matching, integration of the object within its spatial cognitive map, and memory recall, analogous to the processing negativity N400 and theta that support verbal cognitive maps in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Plank
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Joseph Snider
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Erik Kaestner
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Eric Halgren
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Departments of Radiology, Neurosciences, and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Howard Poizner
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
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Gómez C, Lizier JT, Schaum M, Wollstadt P, Grützner C, Uhlhaas P, Freitag CM, Schlitt S, Bölte S, Hornero R, Wibral M. Reduced predictable information in brain signals in autism spectrum disorder. Front Neuroinform 2014; 8:9. [PMID: 24592235 PMCID: PMC3924322 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2014.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common developmental disorder characterized by communication difficulties and impaired social interaction. Recent results suggest altered brain dynamics as a potential cause of symptoms in ASD. Here, we aim to describe potential information-processing consequences of these alterations by measuring active information storage (AIS)-a key quantity in the theory of distributed computation in biological networks. AIS is defined as the mutual information between the past state of a process and its next measurement. It measures the amount of stored information that is used for computation of the next time step of a process. AIS is high for rich but predictable dynamics. We recorded magnetoencephalography (MEG) signals in 10 ASD patients and 14 matched control subjects in a visual task. After a beamformer source analysis, 12 task-relevant sources were obtained. For these sources, stationary baseline activity was analyzed using AIS. Our results showed a decrease of AIS values in the hippocampus of ASD patients in comparison with controls, meaning that brain signals in ASD were either less predictable, reduced in their dynamic richness or both. Our study suggests the usefulness of AIS to detect an abnormal type of dynamics in ASD. The observed changes in AIS are compatible with Bayesian theories of reduced use or precision of priors in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gómez
- Biomedical Engineering Group, E. T. S. Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, University of ValladolidValladolid, Spain
| | - Joseph T. Lizier
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Computational InformaticsMarsfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Schaum
- MEG Unit, Brain Imaging Center, Johann Wolfgang Goethe UniversityFrankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patricia Wollstadt
- MEG Unit, Brain Imaging Center, Johann Wolfgang Goethe UniversityFrankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christine Grützner
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max-Planck Institute for Brain ResearchFrankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Uhlhaas
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
| | - Christine M. Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe UniversityFrankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sabine Schlitt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe UniversityFrankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sven Bölte
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe UniversityFrankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roberto Hornero
- Biomedical Engineering Group, E. T. S. Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, University of ValladolidValladolid, Spain
| | - Michael Wibral
- MEG Unit, Brain Imaging Center, Johann Wolfgang Goethe UniversityFrankfurt am Main, Germany
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Jacobs J. Hippocampal theta oscillations are slower in humans than in rodents: implications for models of spatial navigation and memory. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 369:20130304. [PMID: 24366145 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The theta oscillation is a neuroscience enigma. When a rat runs through an environment, large-amplitude theta oscillations (4-10 Hz) reliably appear in the hippocampus's electrical activity. The consistency of this pattern led to theta playing a central role in theories on the neural basis of mammalian spatial navigation and memory. However, in fact, hippocampal oscillations at 4-10 Hz are rare in humans and in some other species. This presents a challenge for theories proposing theta as an essential component of the mammalian brain, including models of place and grid cells. Here, I examine this issue by reviewing recent research on human hippocampal oscillations using direct brain recordings from neurosurgical patients. This work indicates that the human hippocampus does indeed exhibit rhythms that are functionally similar to theta oscillations found in rodents, but that these signals have a slower frequency of approximately 1-4 Hz. I argue that oscillatory models of navigation and memory derived from rodent data are relevant for humans, but that they should be modified to account for the slower frequency of the human theta rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Jacobs
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, , Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Langer N, von Bastian CC, Wirz H, Oberauer K, Jäncke L. The effects of working memory training on functional brain network efficiency. Cortex 2013; 49:2424-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hori S, Matsumoto J, Hori E, Kuwayama N, Ono T, Kuroda S, Nishijo H. Alpha- and Theta-Range Cortical Synchronization and Corticomuscular Coherence During Joystick Manipulation in a Virtual Navigation Task. Brain Topogr 2013; 26:591-605. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-013-0304-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ekstrom AD, Watrous AJ. Multifaceted roles for low-frequency oscillations in bottom-up and top-down processing during navigation and memory. Neuroimage 2013; 85 Pt 2:667-77. [PMID: 23792985 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A prominent and replicated finding is the correlation between running speed and increases in low-frequency oscillatory activity in the hippocampal local field potential. A more recent finding concerns low-frequency oscillations that increase in coherence between the hippocampus and neocortical brain areas such as prefrontal cortex during memory-related behaviors (i.e., remembering the correct location to visit). In this review, we tie together movement-related and memory-related low-frequency oscillations in the rodent with similar findings in humans. We argue that although movement-related low-frequency oscillations, in particular, may have slightly different characteristics in humans than rodents, placing important constraints on our thinking about this issue, both phenomena have similar functional foundations. We review four prominent theoretical models that provide partially conflicting accounts of movement-related low-frequency oscillations. We attempt to tie together these theoretical proposals, and existing data in rodents and humans, with memory-related low-frequency oscillations. We propose that movement-related low-frequency oscillations and memory-related low-frequency oscillatory activity, both of which show significant coherence with oscillations in other brain regions, represent different facets of "spectral fingerprints," or different resonant frequencies within the same brain networks underlying different cognitive processes. Together, movement-related and memory-related low-frequency oscillatory coupling may be linked by their distinct contributions to bottom-up, sensorimotor driven processing and top-down, controlled processing characterizing aspects of memory encoding and retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne D Ekstrom
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, USA.
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Hasselmo ME, Stern CE. Theta rhythm and the encoding and retrieval of space and time. Neuroimage 2013; 85 Pt 2:656-66. [PMID: 23774394 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological data demonstrates theta frequency oscillations associated with memory function and spatial behavior. Modeling and data from animals provide a perspective on the functional role of theta rhythm, including correlations with behavioral performance and coding by timing of spikes relative to phase of oscillations. Data supports a theorized role of theta rhythm in setting the dynamics for encoding and retrieval within cortical circuits. Recent data also supports models showing how network and cellular theta rhythmicity allows neurons in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus to code time and space as a possible substrate for encoding events in episodic memory. Here we discuss these models and relate them to current physiological and behavioral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Hasselmo
- Center for Memory and Brain, Department of Psychology and Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, 2 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Clemens Z, Borbély C, Weiss B, Erőss L, Szűcs A, Kelemen A, Fabó D, Rásonyi G, Janszky J, Halász P. Increased mesiotemporal delta activity characterizes virtual navigation in humans. Neurosci Res 2013; 76:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Watrous AJ, Lee DJ, Izadi A, Gurkoff GG, Shahlaie K, Ekstrom AD. A comparative study of human and rat hippocampal low-frequency oscillations during spatial navigation. Hippocampus 2013; 23:656-661. [PMID: 23520039 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rhythmic oscillations within the 3-12 Hz theta frequency band manifest in the rodent hippocampus during a variety of behaviors and are particularly well characterized during spatial navigation. In contrast, previous studies of rhythmic hippocampal activity in primates under comparable behavioral conditions suggest it may be less apparent and possibly less prevalent, or even absent, compared with the rodent. We compared the relative presence of low-frequency oscillations in rats and humans during spatial navigation by using an oscillation detection algorithm ("P-episode" or "BOSC") to better characterize their presence in microelectrode local field potential (LFP) recordings. This method quantifies the proportion of time the LFP exceeds both a power and cycle duration threshold at each frequency, characterizing the presence of (1) oscillatory activity compared with background noise, (2) the peak frequency of oscillatory activity, and (3) the duration of oscillatory activity. Results demonstrate that both humans and rodents have hippocampal rhythmic fluctuations lasting, on average, 2.75 and 4.3 cycles, respectively. Analyses further suggest that human hippocampal rhythmicity is centered around ∼3 Hz while that of rats is centered around ∼8 Hz. These results establish that low-frequency rhythms relevant to spatial navigation are present in both the rodent and human hippocampus, albeit with different properties under the behavioral conditions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Watrous
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA
| | - Darrin J Lee
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Ali Izadi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Gene G Gurkoff
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Kiarash Shahlaie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Arne D Ekstrom
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA
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Adaptive reorganization of cortical networks in Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Theta responses are abnormal in mild cognitive impairment: evidence from analysis of theta event-related synchronization during a temporal expectancy task. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0921-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Cornwell BR, Arkin N, Overstreet C, Carver FW, Grillon C. Distinct contributions of human hippocampal theta to spatial cognition and anxiety. Hippocampus 2012; 22:1848-59. [PMID: 22467298 PMCID: PMC3390451 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Current views of the hippocampus assign this structure, and its prominent theta rhythms, a key role in both cognition and affect. We studied this duality of function in humans, where no direct evidence exists. Whole-head magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data were recorded to measure theta activity while healthy participants (N = 25) navigated two virtual Morris water mazes, one in which they risked receiving aversive shocks without warning to induce anxiety and one in which they were safe from shocks. Results showed that threat of shock elevated anxiety level and enhanced navigation performance as compared to the safe condition. MEG source analyses revealed that improved navigation performance during threat was preferentially associated with increased left septal (posterior) hippocampal theta (specifically 4-8 Hz activity), replicating previous research that emphasizes a predominant role of the septal third of the hippocampus in spatial cognition. Moreover, increased self-reported anxiety during threat was preferentially associated with increased left temporal (anterior) hippocampal theta (specifically 2-6 Hz activity), consistent with this region's involvement in mediating conditioned and innate fear. Supporting contemporary theory, these findings highlight simultaneous involvement of the human hippocampus in spatial cognition and anxiety, and clarify their distinct correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Cornwell
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Movement-related theta rhythm in humans: coordinating self-directed hippocampal learning. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001267. [PMID: 22389627 PMCID: PMC3289589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A multimodal neuroimaging study of virtual spatial navigation extends the role of the hippocampal theta rhythm to human memory and self-directed learning. The hippocampus is crucial for episodic or declarative memory and the theta rhythm has been implicated in mnemonic processing, but the functional contribution of theta to memory remains the subject of intense speculation. Recent evidence suggests that the hippocampus might function as a network hub for volitional learning. In contrast to human experiments, electrophysiological recordings in the hippocampus of behaving rodents are dominated by theta oscillations reflecting volitional movement, which has been linked to spatial exploration and encoding. This literature makes the surprising cross-species prediction that the human hippocampal theta rhythm supports memory by coordinating exploratory movements in the service of self-directed learning. We examined the links between theta, spatial exploration, and memory encoding by designing an interactive human spatial navigation paradigm combined with multimodal neuroimaging. We used both non-invasive whole-head Magnetoencephalography (MEG) to look at theta oscillations and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to look at brain regions associated with volitional movement and learning. We found that theta power increases during the self-initiation of virtual movement, additionally correlating with subsequent memory performance and environmental familiarity. Performance-related hippocampal theta increases were observed during a static pre-navigation retrieval phase, where planning for subsequent navigation occurred. Furthermore, periods of the task showing movement-related theta increases showed decreased fMRI activity in the parahippocampus and increased activity in the hippocampus and other brain regions that strikingly overlap with the previously observed volitional learning network (the reverse pattern was seen for stationary periods). These fMRI changes also correlated with participant's performance. Our findings suggest that the human hippocampal theta rhythm supports memory by coordinating exploratory movements in the service of self-directed learning. These findings directly extend the role of the hippocampus in spatial exploration in rodents to human memory and self-directed learning. Neural activity both within and across brain regions can oscillate in different frequency ranges (such as alpha, gamma, and theta frequencies), and these different ranges are associated with distinct functions. In behaving rodents, for example, theta rhythms (4–12 Hz) in the hippocampus are prominent during the initiation of movement and have been linked to spatial exploration. Recent evidence in humans, however, suggests that the human hippocampus is involved in guiding self-directed learning. This suggests that the human hippocampal theta rhythm supports memory by coordinating exploratory movements in the service of self-directed learning. In this study, we tested whether there is a human analogue for the movement-initiation-related theta rhythm found in the rodent hippocampus by using a virtual navigation paradigm, combined with non-invasive recordings and functional imaging techniques. Our recordings showed that, indeed, theta power increases are linked to movement initiation. We also examined the relationship to memory encoding, and we found that hippocampal theta oscillations related to pre-retrieval planning predicted memory performance. Imaging results revealed that periods of the task showing movement-related theta also showed increased activity in the hippocampus, as well as other brain regions associated with self-directed learning. These findings directly extend the role of the hippocampal theta rhythm in rodent spatial exploration to human memory and self-directed learning.
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Cruikshank LC, Singhal A, Hueppelsheuser M, Caplan JB. Theta oscillations reflect a putative neural mechanism for human sensorimotor integration. J Neurophysiol 2012; 107:65-77. [PMID: 21975453 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00893.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal theta oscillations (3–12 Hz) may reflect a mechanism for sensorimotor integration in rats (Bland BH. Prog Neurobiol 26: 1–54, 1986); however, it is unknown whether cortical theta activity underlies sensorimotor integration in humans. Rather, the mu rhythm (8–12 Hz) is typically found to desynchronize during movement. We measured oscillatory EEG activity for two conditions of an instructed delayed reaching paradigm. Conditions 1 and 2 were designed to differentially manipulate the contribution of the ventral visuomotor stream during the response initiation phase. We tested the hypothesis that theta activity would reflect changes in the relevant sensorimotor network: condition 2 engaged ventral stream mechanisms to a greater extent than condition 1. Theta oscillations were more prevalent during movement initiation and execution than during periods of stillness, consistent with a sensorimotor relevance for theta activity. Furthermore, theta activity was more prevalent at temporal sites in condition 2 than condition 1 during response initiation, suggesting that theta activity is present within the necessary sensorimotor network. Mu activity desynchronized more during condition 2 than condition 1, suggesting mu desynchronization is also specific to the sensorimotor network. In summary, cortical theta synchronization and mu desynchronization may represent broadly applicable rhythmic mechanisms for sensorimotor integration in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Singhal
- Center for Neuroscience and
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Jeremy B. Caplan
- Center for Neuroscience and
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Velasques B, Machado S, Paes F, Bittencourt J, Domingues CA, Basile LF, Salles JI, Cagy M, Piedade R, Arias-Carrión O, Sack AT, Cheniaux E, Nardi AE, Ribeiro P. Hemispheric differences over frontal theta-band power discriminate between stimulus- versus memory-driven saccadic eye movement. Neurosci Lett 2011; 504:204-8. [PMID: 21964492 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Although several electrophysiological studies have demonstrated the role of theta band during the execution of different visuospatial attention tasks, this study is the first to directly investigate the role of theta power during the planning, execution and cognitive control of saccadic eye movements (SEMs). The current study aims at addressing this issue by investigating absolute theta power over the frontal cortex during the execution of random and fixed SEMs. Twelve healthy volunteers, performed two tasks involving different conditions in the planning, execution and cognitive control of SEMs while their brain activity pattern was recorded using quantitative electroencephalography. We found an interaction between SEM condition and electrode (F3, F4, Fz), and a main effect of time point and electrode. Our key finding revealed that the stimulus presentation induces different patterns over frontal theta power increase between the left and right hemisphere. We conclude that right and left frontal regions are an important factor to discriminate between memory- versus stimulus-driven SEMs, and speculate on their different contributions to visuospatial attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Velasques
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Brazil. bruna
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de Araujo DB, Ribeiro S, Cecchi GA, Carvalho FM, Sanchez TA, Pinto JP, de Martinis BS, Crippa JA, Hallak JEC, Santos AC. Seeing with the eyes shut: neural basis of enhanced imagery following Ayahuasca ingestion. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 33:2550-60. [PMID: 21922603 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallucinogenic brew Ayahuasca, a rich source of serotonergic agonists and reuptake inhibitors, has been used for ages by Amazonian populations during religious ceremonies. Among all perceptual changes induced by Ayahuasca, the most remarkable are vivid "seeings." During such seeings, users report potent imagery. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging during a closed-eyes imagery task, we found that Ayahuasca produces a robust increase in the activation of several occipital, temporal, and frontal areas. In the primary visual area, the effect was comparable in magnitude to the activation levels of natural image with the eyes open. Importantly, this effect was specifically correlated with the occurrence of individual perceptual changes measured by psychiatric scales. The activity of cortical areas BA30 and BA37, known to be involved with episodic memory and the processing of contextual associations, was also potentiated by Ayahuasca intake during imagery. Finally, we detected a positive modulation by Ayahuasca of BA 10, a frontal area involved with intentional prospective imagination, working memory and the processing of information from internal sources. Therefore, our results indicate that Ayahuasca seeings stem from the activation of an extensive network generally involved with vision, memory, and intention. By boosting the intensity of recalled images to the same level of natural image, Ayahuasca lends a status of reality to inner experiences. It is therefore understandable why Ayahuasca was culturally selected over many centuries by rain forest shamans to facilitate mystical revelations of visual nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Draulio B de Araujo
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil. draulio @neuro.ufrn.br
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White DJ, Congedo M, Ciorciari J, Silberstein RB. Brain oscillatory activity during spatial navigation: theta and gamma activity link medial temporal and parietal regions. J Cogn Neurosci 2011; 24:686-97. [PMID: 21812639 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Brain oscillatory correlates of spatial navigation were investigated using blind source separation (BSS) and standardized low resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) analyses of 62-channel EEG recordings. Twenty-five participants were instructed to navigate to distinct landmark buildings in a previously learned virtual reality town environment. Data from periods of navigation between landmarks were subject to BSS analyses to obtain source components. Two of these cortical sources were found to exhibit significant spectral power differences during navigation with respect to a resting eyes open condition and were subject to source localization using sLORETA. These two sources were localized as a right parietal component with gamma activation and a right medial-temporal-parietal component with activation in theta and gamma bandwidths. The parietal gamma activity was thought to reflect visuospatial processing associated with the task. The medial-temporal-parietal activity was thought to be more specific to the navigational processing, representing the integration of ego- and allo-centric representations of space required for successful navigation, suggesting theta and gamma oscillations may have a role in integrating information from parietal and medial-temporal regions. Theta activity on this medial-temporal-parietal source was positively correlated with more efficient navigation performance. Results are discussed in light of the depth and proposed closed field structure of the hippocampus and potential implications for scalp EEG data. The findings of the present study suggest that appropriate BSS methods are ideally suited to minimizing the effects of volume conduction in noninvasive recordings, allowing more accurate exploration of deep brain processes.
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Kober SE, Neuper C. Sex differences in human EEG theta oscillations during spatial navigation in virtual reality. Int J Psychophysiol 2011; 79:347-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gramann K, Onton J, Riccobon D, Mueller HJ, Bardins S, Makeig S. Human brain dynamics accompanying use of egocentric and allocentric reference frames during navigation. J Cogn Neurosci 2010; 22:2836-49. [PMID: 19925183 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining spatial orientation while travelling requires integrating spatial information encountered from an egocentric viewpoint with accumulated information represented within egocentric and/or allocentric reference frames. Here, we report changes in high-density EEG activity during a virtual tunnel passage task in which subjects respond to a postnavigation homing challenge in distinctly different ways--either compatible with a continued experience of the virtual environment from a solely egocentric perspective or as if also maintaining their original entrance orientation, indicating use of a parallel allocentric reference frame. By spatially filtering the EEG data using independent component analysis, we found that these two equal subject subgroups exhibited differences in EEG power spectral modulation during tunnel passages in only a few cortical areas. During tunnel turns, stronger alpha blocking occurred only in or near right primary visual cortex of subjects whose homing responses were compatible with continued use of an egocentric reference frame. In contrast, approaching and during tunnel turns, subjects who responded in a way compatible with use of an allocentric reference frame exhibited stronger alpha blocking of occipito-temporal, bilateral inferior parietal, and retrosplenial cortical areas, all areas implicated by hemodynamic imaging and neuropsychological observation in construction and maintenance of an allocentric reference frame. We conclude that in these subjects, stronger activation of retrosplenial and related cortical areas during turns support a continuous translation of egocentrically experienced visual flow into an allocentric model of their virtual position and movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Gramann
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0961, USA.
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Jacobs J, Korolev IO, Caplan JB, Ekstrom AD, Litt B, Baltuch G, Fried I, Schulze-Bonhage A, Madsen JR, Kahana MJ. Right-lateralized brain oscillations in human spatial navigation. J Cogn Neurosci 2010; 22:824-36. [PMID: 19400683 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
During spatial navigation, lesion and functional imaging studies suggest that the right hemisphere has a unique functional role. However, studies of direct human brain recordings have not reported interhemisphere differences in navigation-related oscillatory activity. We investigated this apparent discrepancy using intracranial electroencephalographic recordings from 24 neurosurgical patients playing a virtual taxi driver game. When patients were virtually moving in the game, brain oscillations at various frequencies increased in amplitude compared with periods of virtual stillness. Using log-linear analysis, we analyzed the region and frequency specificities of this pattern and found that neocortical movement-related gamma oscillations (34-54 Hz) were significantly lateralized to the right hemisphere, especially in posterior neocortex. We also observed a similar right lateralization of gamma oscillations related to searching for objects at unknown virtual locations. Thus, our results indicate that gamma oscillations in the right neocortex play a special role in human spatial navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Jacobs
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 3401 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Direct brain recordings fuel advances in cognitive electrophysiology. Trends Cogn Sci 2010; 14:162-71. [PMID: 20189441 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Electrocorticographic brain recordings in patients with surgically implanted electrodes have recently emerged as a powerful tool for examining the neural basis of human cognition. These recordings measure the electrical activity of the brain directly, and thus provide data with higher temporal and spatial resolution than other human neuroimaging techniques. Here we review recent research in this area and in particular we explain how electrocorticographic recordings have provided insight into the neural basis of human working memory, episodic memory, language, and spatial cognition. In some cases this research has identified patterns of human brain activity that were unexpected on the basis of studies in animals.
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Sauseng P, Griesmayr B, Freunberger R, Klimesch W. Control mechanisms in working memory: a possible function of EEG theta oscillations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 34:1015-22. [PMID: 20006645 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neural correlates of control mechanisms in human working memory are discussed at two levels in this review: (i) at 'item level', where in multi-item working memory information needs to be organized into sequential memory representations, and (ii) at a 'process level', indicating the integration and control of a variety of cognitive functions involved in working memory, independent of item representations per se. It will be discussed that at both levels electroencephalographic theta activity is responsible for control of working memory functions. On item level, exact phase coding, e.g., approached by coupling between theta and gamma oscillations or phase resetting of theta frequency, is suggested to integrate information into working memory representations. At process level interregional theta synchronization is discussed to integrate brain structures necessary for working memory. When discussing the specificity of theta activity for control of working memory processes it will be suggested that theta oscillations might play an important general integrative role in organization of brain activity. And as working memory often involves a variety of cognitive processes which need to be coordinated there is particular need for an integrative brain mechanism like theta activity as suggested in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Sauseng
- Brain Imaging and Neurostimulation Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, Germany.
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