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Kim WD, Sin DD. Granzyme B May Act as an Effector Molecule to Control the Inflammatory Process in COPD. COPD 2024; 21:1-11. [PMID: 38314671 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2023.2299104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is caused by smoking, but only a small proportion of smokers have disease severe enough to develop COPD. COPD is not always progressive. The question then arises as to what explains the different trajectories of COPD. The role of autoimmunity and regulatory T (Treg) cells in the pathogenesis of COPD is increasingly being recognized. Nine published studies on Treg cells in the lung tissue or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid have shown that smokers with COPD have fewer Treg cells than smokers without COPD or nonsmokers. Three studies showed a positive correlation between Treg cell count and FEV1%, suggesting an important role for Treg cells in COPD progression. Treg cells can regulate immunological responses via the granzyme B (GzmB) pathway. Immunohistochemical staining for GzmB in surgically resected lungs with centrilobular emphysema showed that the relationship between the amount of GzmB+ cells and FEV1% was comparable to that between Treg cell count and FEV1% in the COPD lung, suggesting that GzmB could be a functional marker for Treg cells. The volume fraction of GzmB+ cells in the small airways, the number of alveolar GzmB+ cells, and GzmB expression measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the lung tissue of smokers were significantly correlated with FEV1%. These results suggest that the GzmB content in lung tissue may determine the progression of COPD by acting as an effector molecule to control inflammatory process. Interventions to augment GzmB-producing immunosuppressive cells in the early stages of COPD could help prevent or delay COPD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Dong Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Don D Sin
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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2
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Zhang DW, Ye JJ, Sun Y, Ji S, Kang JY, Wei YY, Fei GH. CD19 and POU2AF1 are Potential Immune-Related Biomarkers Involved in the Emphysema of COPD: On Multiple Microarray Analysis. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:2491-2507. [PMID: 35479834 PMCID: PMC9035466 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s355764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Emphysema is the main cause of the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study aimed to identify the key genes involved in COPD-related emphysema. Patients and Methods GSE76925 was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database. Protein–protein interaction networks of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between control and COPD groups were constructed to identify hub genes using Cytoscape. Diagnostic performance of hub genes was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Correlation analysis was performed to identify the key genes by analyzing the relationship between the hub genes and lung function and computed tomography (CT) indexes of emphysema. COPD patients were then divided into two groups based on the median expression of key genes and DEGs between these two groups were identified. Enrichment analysis of DEGs and correlation analysis between key genes and the infiltration of the immune cells were also analyzed. Finally, the role of key genes was evaluated in a lung tissues dataset (GSE47460) and a blood dataset (GSE76705). Additionally, the expression of key genes was validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Results CD19 and POU2AF1 had diagnostic efficacy for COPD and were significantly correlated with lung function and CT indexes of emphysema. Enrichment and immune analyses revealed that CD19 and POU2AF1 were correlated with the B cells in COPD. These results were consistent in GSE47460. The expression of CD19 and POU2AF1 in blood was the opposite of that in lung tissues, and CD19 and POU2AF1 were both significantly upregulated in COPD lung tissues at both the mRNA and protein levels. Conclusion CD19 and POU2AF1 may serve as key regulators of emphysema and contribute to the progression of COPD by regulating the B-cell immunology. Targeting B cells may be a promising strategy for treating COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jing Ye
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang Ji
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Ying Kang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guang-He Fei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Guang-He Fei, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 551 6292 2013, Fax +86 551 6363 5578, Email
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3
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Feng B, Zhu J, Xu Y, Chen W, Sheng X, Feng X, Shi X, Liu J, Pan Q, Yang J, Yu J, Li L, Cao H. Immunosuppressive effects of mesenchymal stem cells on lung B cell gene expression in LPS-induced acute lung injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:418. [PMID: 32977837 PMCID: PMC7517809 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01934-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune system disorders play important roles in acute lung injury (ALI), and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) treatment can reduce inflammation during ALI. In this study, we compared the changes in lung B cells during MSC treatment. Methods We investigated the effects of MSCs on lung B cells in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI. MSCs were administered intratracheally 4 h after LPS. As vehicle-treated controls, mice were treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 2% C57BL/6 (PBS group). Histopathological changes, survival rate, inflammatory factor levels, and the number of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) analysis was performed to evaluate the transcriptional changes in lung B cells between the PBS, LPS, and LPS/MSC groups on days 3 and 7. Results MSC treatment ameliorated LPS-induced ALI, as indicated by the reductions in mortality, the levels of chemokines and cytokines in BALF, and the severity of lung tissue histopathology in ALI mice. Lung B cells in the PBS group remained undifferentiated and had an inhibitory phenotype. Based on our scRNA-Seq results, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in lung B cells in both the PBS group and LPS group were involved in chemotaxis processes and some proinflammatory pathways. MSC treatment inhibited the expression of chemokine genes that were upregulated by LPS and were related to the recruitment of neutrophils into lung tissues. Immunoglobulin-related gene expression was decreased in lung B cells of mice treated with LPS/MSC for 7 days. The DEGs regulated by MSCs were enriched in biological processes, including humoral immune response and apoptotic signaling. Conclusions Lung B cells played an important role in the effects of treatment of ALI with MSCs. These observations provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the effects of MSC treatment for ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Feng
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China
| | - Yanping Xu
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China
| | - Wenyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China
| | - Xinyu Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China
| | - Xudong Feng
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China
| | - Xiaowei Shi
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China
| | - Jingqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China
| | - Qiaoling Pan
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China
| | - Jinfeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China
| | - Jiong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China
| | - Hongcui Cao
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Aging and Physic-chemical Injury Diseases, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou City, 310003, China.
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Martins TL, Campos KKD, Araújo NPDS, Machado DF, Bezerra FS. Extrapulmonary effects of temporal exposure to cigarette smoke. Toxicol Ind Health 2017; 33:717-725. [PMID: 28854870 DOI: 10.1177/0748233717715187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the extrapulmonary effects of exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) through the analysis of blood components and histopathological examinations of the trachea and diaphragm muscle (DM) in C57BL/6 mice. Thirty-six animals were exposed to six cigarettes per day for 5 days. The mice were divided into a control group (CG) and groups exposed to CS for 1 (CS1D), 2 (CS2D), 3 (CS3D), 4 (CS4D), and 5 (CS5D) days. The trachea, DM, and blood were collected for morphometric and biochemical analyses. In comparison with the CG, CS4D and CS5D mice showed an increased influx of inflammatory cells into the DM and trachea. Increased glycogen deposits in the tracheal tissue of CS3D mice were observed, compared with that in CG, CS1D, and CS2D mice. In the blood serum, the number of inflammatory cells and the concentration of cholesterol increased in CS1D mice, compared with the CG. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were elevated in CS5D mice, compared with those in CS3D and CS4D mice. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were elevated in CS3D and CS5D mice, compared with those in the CG. Urea levels were significantly increased in CS5D mice, compared with CS1D mice. Our results showed extrapulmonary effects of short-term exposure to CS in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Lourenço Martins
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Center of Research in Biological Sciences (NUPEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Keila Karine Duarte Campos
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Center of Research in Biological Sciences (NUPEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Natália Pereira da Silva Araújo
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Center of Research in Biological Sciences (NUPEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Dafne Fernandes Machado
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Center of Research in Biological Sciences (NUPEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Frank Silva Bezerra
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Center of Research in Biological Sciences (NUPEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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5
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Mostaco-Guidolin L, Hajimohammadi S, Vasilescu DM, Hackett TL. Application of Euclidean distance mapping for assessment of basement membrane thickness distribution in asthma. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:473-481. [PMID: 28596268 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00171.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal thickening of the airway basement membrane is one of the hallmarks of airway remodeling in asthma. The present protocols for measuring the basement membrane involve the use of stained tissue sections and measurements of the basement membrane thickness at certain intervals, followed by the calculation of the geometric mean thickness for each airway. This report describes an automated, unbiased approach which uses color segmentation to identify structures of interest on stained sections and Euclidean distance mapping to measure the thickness distribution of airway structures. This method was applied to study the thickness distribution of the basement membrane and airway epithelium in lungs donated for research from seven nonasthmatic and eight asthmatic age- and sex-matched donors. A total of 60 airways were assessed. We report that the thickness and thickness distribution of the basement membrane and airway epithelium are increased in large and small airways of asthmatics compared with nonasthmatics. Using this method we were able to demonstrate the heterogeneity in the thickness of the basement membrane and airway epithelium within individual airways of asthmatic subjects. This new computational method enables comprehensive and objective quantification of airway structures, which can be used to quantify heterogeneity of airway remodeling in obstructive lung diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The described application of Euclidean distance mapping provides an unbiased approach to study the extent and thickness distribution of changes in tissue structures. This approach will enable researchers to use computer-aided analysis of structural changes within lung tissue to understand the heterogeneity of airway remodeling in lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Mostaco-Guidolin
- University of British Columbia, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Soheil Hajimohammadi
- University of British Columbia, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dragoş M Vasilescu
- University of British Columbia, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tillie-Louise Hackett
- University of British Columbia, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; .,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
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6
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Karimi R, Tornling G, Forsslund H, Mikko M, Wheelock ÅM, Nyrén S, Sköld CM. Differences in regional air trapping in current smokers with normal spirometry. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/1/1600345. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00345-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated regional air trapping on computed tomography in current smokers with normal spirometry. It was hypothesised that presence of regional air trapping may indicate a specific manifestation of smoking-related changes.40 current smokers, 40 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and 40 healthy never- smokers underwent computed tomography scans. Regional air trapping was assessed on end-expiratory scans and emphysema, micronodules and bronchial wall thickening on inspiratory scans. The ratio of expiratory and inspiratory mean lung attenuation (E/I) was calculated as a measure of static (fixed) air trapping.Regional air trapping was present in 63% of current smokers, in 45% of never smokers and in 8% of COPD patients (p<0.001). Current smokers with and without regional air trapping had E/I ratio of 0.81 and 0.91, respectively (p<0.001). Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) was significantly higher and emphysema less frequent in current smokers with regional air trapping.Current smokers with regional air trapping had higher FEV1 and less emphysema on computed tomography. In contrast, current smokers without regional air trapping resembled COPD. Our results highlight heterogeneity among smokers with normal spirometry and may contribute to early detection of smoking related structural changes in the lungs.
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7
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Yadava K, Bollyky P, Lawson MA. The formation and function of tertiary lymphoid follicles in chronic pulmonary inflammation. Immunology 2016; 149:262-269. [PMID: 27441396 PMCID: PMC5046054 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid follicles (TLFs) can develop in the respiratory tract in response to infections or chronic inflammation. However, their functional relevance remains unclear because they are implicated in both protective and pathological responses. In contrast to homeostatic conditions, external antigens and damage to the lung tissue may drive TLF formation in inflamed lungs, and once established, the presence of pulmonary TLFs may signal the progression of chronic lung disease. This novel concept will be discussed in light of recent work in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and how changes in the pulmonary microbiota may drive and direct TLF formation and function. We will also discuss the cellularity of TLFs at the pulmonary mucosa, with emphasis on the potential roles of lymphoid tissue inducer cells, and B- and T-cell aggregates, and will examine the function of key chemokines and cytokines including CXCL13 and interleukin-17, in the formation and maintenance of pulmonary TLFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshika Yadava
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Paul Bollyky
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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8
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Bagdonas E, Raudoniute J, Bruzauskaite I, Aldonyte R. Novel aspects of pathogenesis and regeneration mechanisms in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2015; 10:995-1013. [PMID: 26082624 PMCID: PMC4459624 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s82518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a major cause of death and morbidity worldwide, is characterized by expiratory airflow limitation that is not fully reversible, deregulated chronic inflammation, and emphysematous destruction of the lungs. Despite the fact that COPD is a steadily growing global healthcare problem, the conventional therapies remain palliative, and regenerative approaches for disease management are not available yet. We aim to provide an overview of key reviews, experimental, and clinical studies addressing lung emphysema development and repair mechanisms published in the past decade. Novel aspects discussed herein include integral revision of the literature focused on lung microflora changes in COPD, autoimmune component of the disease, and environmental risk factors other than cigarette smoke. The time span of studies on COPD, including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthmatic bronchitis, covers almost 200 years, and several crucial mechanisms of COPD pathogenesis are described and studied. However, we still lack the holistic understanding of COPD development and the exact picture of the time-course and interplay of the events during stable, exacerbated, corticosteroid-treated COPD states, and transitions in-between. Several generally recognized mechanisms will be discussed shortly herein, ie, unregulated inflammation, proteolysis/antiproteolysis imbalance, and destroyed repair mechanisms, while novel topics such as deviated microbiota, air pollutants-related damage, and autoimmune process within the lung tissue will be discussed more extensively. Considerable influx of new data from the clinic, in vivo and in vitro studies stimulate to search for novel concise explanation and holistic understanding of COPD nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvardas Bagdonas
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jovile Raudoniute
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ieva Bruzauskaite
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ruta Aldonyte
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
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9
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Khawar B, Abbasi MH, Sheikh N. A panoramic spectrum of complex interplay between the immune system and IL-32 during pathogenesis of various systemic infections and inflammation. Eur J Med Res 2015; 20:7. [PMID: 25626592 PMCID: PMC4322809 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-015-0083-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines have always been of great interest due to their vast potential and participation in the progression and pathogenesis of various ailments. Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is a recently identified cytokine, whose gene is located on human chromosome 16 p13.3, with eight exons and six splice variants (IL-32α to IL-32ζ). IL-32α, the most abundant form, is secreted by different types of cells including T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, endothelial cells and epithelial cells. It acts as a preferential mediator and effector of abnormal immune responses to multiple inflammatory and auto immune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), etc. It was found to stimulate the induction of various chemokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2). Hence, IL-32 mediates the crucial interplay among immune system and body cells during pathogenesis of various insults. The aim of the present effort is to summarize the role, mechanism of pathogenesis and potential therapeutic applications of IL-32 in different systemic infections and diseased conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babar Khawar
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muddasir Hassan Abbasi
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan. .,Department of Zoology, Governments. College of Science, Wahdat Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Nadeem Sheikh
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Abstract
The respiratory tract is served by a variety of lymphoid tissues, including the tonsils, adenoids, nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), as well as the lymph nodes that drain the upper and lower respiratory tract. Each of these tissues uses unique mechanisms to acquire antigens and respond to pathogens in the local environment and supports immune responses that are tailored to protect those locations. This chapter will review the important features of NALT and BALT and define how these tissues contribute to immunity in the upper and lower respiratory tract, respectively.
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11
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John-Schuster G, Hager K, Conlon TM, Irmler M, Beckers J, Eickelberg O, Yildirim AÖ. Cigarette smoke-induced iBALT mediates macrophage activation in a B cell-dependent manner in COPD. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L692-706. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00092.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by a progressive decline in lung function, caused by exposure to exogenous particles, mainly cigarette smoke (CS). COPD is initiated and perpetuated by an abnormal CS-induced inflammatory response of the lungs, involving both innate and adaptive immunity. Specifically, B cells organized in iBALT structures and macrophages accumulate in the lungs and contribute to CS-induced emphysema, but the mechanisms thereof remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that B cell-deficient mice are significantly protected against CS-induced emphysema. Chronic CS exposure led to an increased size and number of iBALT structures, and increased lung compliance and mean linear chord length in wild-type (WT) but not in B cell-deficient mice. The increased accumulation of lung resident macrophages around iBALT and in emphysematous alveolar areas in CS-exposed WT mice coincided with upregulated MMP12 expression. In vitro coculture experiments using B cells and macrophages demonstrated that B cell-derived IL-10 drives macrophage activation and MMP12 upregulation, which could be inhibited by an anti-IL-10 antibody. In summary, B cell function in iBALT formation seems necessary for macrophage activation and tissue destruction in CS-induced emphysema and possibly provides a new target for therapeutic intervention in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit John-Schuster
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Hager
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Conlon
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
- Experimental Genetics, Technical University Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; and
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Neuherberg, Germany
- Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Neuherberg, Germany
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Randall TD, Mebius RE. The development and function of mucosal lymphoid tissues: a balancing act with micro-organisms. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:455-66. [PMID: 24569801 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are constantly exposed to environmental antigens, colonized by commensal organisms and used by pathogens as points of entry. As a result, the immune system has devoted the bulk of its resources to mucosal sites to maintain symbiosis with commensal organisms, prevent pathogen entry, and avoid unnecessary inflammatory responses to innocuous antigens. These functions are facilitated by a variety of mucosal lymphoid organs that develop during embryogenesis in the absence of microbial stimulation as well as ectopic lymphoid tissues that develop in adults following microbial exposure or inflammation. Each of these lymphoid organs samples antigens from different mucosal sites and contributes to immune homeostasis, commensal containment, and immunity to pathogens. Here we discuss the mechanisms, mostly based on mouse studies, that control the development of mucosal lymphoid organs and how the various lymphoid tissues cooperate to maintain the integrity of the mucosal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Randall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Alabama, USA
| | - R E Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Oxidative stress-mediated iNKT-cell activation is involved in COPD pathogenesis. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:568-78. [PMID: 24172846 PMCID: PMC3998637 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major clinical challenge mostly due to cigarette smoke (CS) exposure. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are potent immunoregulatory cells that have a crucial role in inflammation. In the current study, we investigate the role of iNKT cells in COPD pathogenesis. The frequency of activated NKT cells was found to be increased in peripheral blood of COPD patients relative to controls. In mice chronically exposed to CS, activated iNKT cells accumulated in the lungs and strongly contributed to the pathogenesis. The detrimental role of iNKT cells was confirmed in an acute model of oxidative stress, an effect that depended on interleukin (IL)-17. CS extracts directly activated mouse and human dendritic cells (DC) and airway epithelial cells (AECs) to trigger interferonγ and/or IL-17 production by iNKT cells, an effect ablated by the anti-oxidant N-acetylcystein. In mice, this treatment abrogates iNKT-cell accumulation in the lung and abolished the development of COPD. Together, activation of iNKT cells by oxidative stress in DC and AECs participates in the development of experimental COPD, a finding that might be exploited at a therapeutic level.
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14
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Shaban MM, Mohamed SA, Kamel MA. Role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES AND TUBERCULOSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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15
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): evaluation from clinical, immunological and bacterial pathogenesis perspectives. J Microbiol 2014; 52:211-26. [PMID: 24585052 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-4068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a disease manifested by significantly impaired airflow, afflicts ∼14.2 million cases in the United States alone with an estimated 63 million people world-wide. Although there are a number of causes, the predominant cause is excessive tobacco smoke. In fact, in China, there have been estimates of 315,000,000 people that smoke. Other less frequent causes are associated with indirect cigarette smoke, air pollutants, biomass fuels, and genetic mutations. COPD is often associated with heart disease, lung cancer, osteoporosis and conditions can worsen in patients with sudden falls. COPD also affects both innate and adaptive immune processes. Cigarette smoke increases the expression of matrix metalloproteases and proinflammatory chemokines and increases lung titers of natural killer cells and neutrophils. Yet, neutrophil reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated by the phagocytic respiratory burst and phagocytosis is impaired by nicotine. In contrast to innate immunity in COPD, dendritic cells represent leukocytes recruited to the lung that link the innate immune responses to adaptive immune responses by activating naïve T cells through antigen presentation. The autoimmune process that is also a significant part of inflammation associated with COPD. Moreover, coupled with restricted FEV1 values, are the prevalence of patients with single or multiple infections by bacteria, viruses and fungi. Finally, we focus on one of the more problematic infectious agents, the Gram-negative opportunistic pathogenic bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Specifically, we delve into the development of highly problematic biofilm infections that are highly refractory to conventional antibiotic therapies in COPD. We offer a non-conventional, biocidal treatment that may be effective for COPD airway infections as well as with combinations of current antibiotic regimens for more effective treatment outcomes and relief for patients with COPD.
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Increased numbers of NK cells, NKT-like cells, and NK inhibitory receptors in peripheral blood of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:721782. [PMID: 24069043 PMCID: PMC3773417 DOI: 10.1155/2013/721782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
T cells and B cells participate in the pathogenesis of COPD. Currently, NK cells and NKT cells have gained increasing attention. In the present study, 19 COPD patients and 12 healthy nonsmokers (HNS) were recruited, and their pulmonary function was assessed. The frequencies of CD3+ T, CD4+ T, CD8+ T, B, NK, and NKT-like cells were determined using flow cytometry. The frequencies of spontaneous and inducible IFN-γ+ or CD107a+ NK and NKT-like cells as well as activating or inhibitory receptors were also detected. The potential association of lymphocyte subsets with disease severity was further analyzed. Significantly decreased numbers of CD3+ and CD4+ T cells, and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio, but increased numbers of CD3−CD56+ NK and CD3+CD56+ NKT-like cells were observed in COPD patients compared to HNS. The frequencies of inducible IFN-γ-secreting NK and NKT-like cells were less in COPD patients. The frequencies of CD158a and CD158b on NK cells and CD158b on NKT-like cells were greater. The frequency of CD158b+ NK cells was negatively correlated with FEV1% prediction and FEV1/FVC. Our data indicate that COPD patients have immune dysfunction, and higher frequencies of inhibitory NK cells and NKT-like cells may participate in the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Kato A, Hulse KE, Tan BK, Schleimer RP. B-lymphocyte lineage cells and the respiratory system. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:933-57; quiz 958. [PMID: 23540615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive humoral immune responses in the airways are mediated by B cells and plasma cells that express highly evolved and specific receptors and produce immunoglobulins of most isotypes. In some cases, such as autoimmune diseases or inflammatory diseases caused by excessive exposure to foreign antigens, these same immune cells can cause disease by virtue of overly vigorous responses. This review discusses the generation, differentiation, signaling, activation, and recruitment pathways of B cells and plasma cells, with special emphasis on unique characteristics of subsets of these cells functioning within the respiratory system. The primary sensitization events that generate B cells responsible for effector responses throughout the airways usually occur in the upper airways, tonsils, and adenoid structures that make up the Waldeyer ring. On secondary exposure to antigen in the airways, antigen-processing dendritic cells migrate into secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, that drain the upper and lower airways, and further B-cell expansion takes place at those sites. Antigen exposure in the upper or lower airways can also drive expansion of B-lineage cells in the airway mucosal tissue and lead to the formation of inducible lymphoid follicles or aggregates that can mediate local immunity or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kato
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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18
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Bazzan E, Saetta M, Turato G, Borroni EM, Cancellieri C, Baraldo S, Savino B, Calabrese F, Ballarin A, Balestro E, Mantovani A, Cosio MG, Bonecchi R, Locati M. Expression of the atypical chemokine receptor D6 in human alveolar macrophages in COPD. Chest 2013; 143:98-106. [PMID: 22797410 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-3220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND D6 is an atypical chemokine receptor involved in chemokine degradation and resolution of acute inflammatory responses in mice. Emerging evidence suggests that D6 might behave differently in human chronic inflammatory conditions. We, therefore, investigated the involvement of D6 in the immune responses in COPD, a chronic inflammatory condition of the lung. METHODS D6 expression was quantified by immunohistochemistry in surgical resected lung specimens from 16 patients with COPD (FEV(1), 57% ± 6% predicted) and 18 control subjects with normal lung function (nine smokers and nine nonsmokers). BAL was also obtained and analyzed by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and molecular analysis for further assessment of D6 involvement. RESULTS D6 expression in the lung was mainly detected in alveolar macrophages (AMs). The percentage of D6(+) AMs was markedly increased in patients with COPD as compared with both smoker and nonsmoker control subjects (P < .0005 for both). D6 expression was detected at both transcript and protein level in AMs but not in monocyte-derived macrophages. Finally, D6 expression was positively correlated with markers of immune activation (CD8(+) T lymphocytes, IL-32, tumor necrosis factor-α, B-cell activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family, phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase) and negatively with lung function (FEV(1), FEV(1)/FVC). CONCLUSIONS D6 is expressed in AMs from patients with COPD, and its expression correlates with the degree of functional impairment and markers of immune activation. Upregulation of D6 in AMs could indicate that, besides its known scavenger activity in acute inflammation, D6 may have additional roles in chronic inflammatory conditions possibly promoting immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Bazzan
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova
| | - Marina Saetta
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova.
| | - Graziella Turato
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova
| | - Elena M Borroni
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Cinzia Cancellieri
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Simonetta Baraldo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova
| | - Benedetta Savino
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Fiorella Calabrese
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova
| | - Andrea Ballarin
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova
| | - Elisabetta Balestro
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Manuel G Cosio
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova; Respiratory Division at Royal Victoria Hospital and the Meakins-Christie Laboratories in the Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QB, Canada
| | - Raffaella Bonecchi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Massimo Locati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
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van den Berge M, Ten Hacken NHT, Cohen J, Douma WR, Postma DS. Small airway disease in asthma and COPD: clinical implications. Chest 2011; 139:412-423. [PMID: 21285055 DOI: 10.1378/chest.10-1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma and COPD have a high personal, societal, and economic impact. Both diseases are characterized by airway obstruction and an inflammatory process. The inflammatory process affects the whole respiratory tract, from central to peripheral airways that are <2 mm in internal diameter, the so-called small airways. There is an increased interest in small airway disease, and some new insights have been gained about the contribution of these small airways to the clinical expression of asthma and COPD, as reviewed in this article. Newly developed devices enable drugs to target the small airways, and this may have implications for treatment of patients with asthma, particularly those not responding to large-particle inhaled corticosteroids or those with uncontrollable asthma. The first studies in COPD are promising, and results from new studies are eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten van den Berge
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nick H T Ten Hacken
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Cohen
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - W Rob Douma
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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20
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Chen YH, Wang PP, Wang XM, He YJ, Yao WZ, Qi YF, Tang CS. Involvement of endogenous hydrogen sulfide in cigarette smoke-induced changes in airway responsiveness and inflammation of rat lung. Cytokine 2011; 53:334-41. [PMID: 21190866 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), recently considered the third endogenous gaseous transmitter, may have an important role in systemic inflammation. We investigated whether endogenous H₂S may be a crucial mediator in airway responsiveness and airway inflammation in a rat model of chronic exposure to cigarette smoke (CS). Rats randomly divided into control and CS-exposed groups were treated with or without sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, donor of H₂S) or propargylglycine (PPG, inhibitor of cystathionine-γ-lyase [CSE], an H₂S-synthesizing enzyme) for 4-month exposure. Serum H₂S level and CSE protein expression in lung tissue were higher, by 2.04- and 2.33-fold, respectively, in CS-exposed rats than in controls (P<0.05). Exogenous administration of NaHS to CS-exposed rats alleviated airway reactivity induced by acetylcholine (Ach) or potassium chloride (KCl) by 17.4% and 13.8%, respectively, decreased lung pathology score by 32.7%, inhibited IL-8 and TNF- α concentrations in lung tissue by 34.2% and 31.4%, respectively, as compared with CS-exposed rats (all P<0.05). However, blocking endogenous CSE with PPG in CS-exposed rats increased airway reactivity induced by Ach or KCl, by 24.1% and 24.5%, respectively, and aggravated lung pathology score, by 44.8%, as compared with CS-exposed rats (all P<0.01). Incubation in vitro with NaHS, 1-3 mmol/L, relaxed rat tracheal smooth muscle precontracted by Ach or KCl. However, the NaHS-induced relaxation was not blocked by glibenclamide (10⁻⁴ mol/L), L-NAME (10⁻⁴ mol/L), or ODQ (1 μmol/L) or denudation of epithelium. Endogenous H₂S may have a protective role of anti-inflammation and bronchodilation in chronic CS-induced pulmonary injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hong Chen
- Respiratory Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
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21
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van Eeden SF, Hogg JC. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: do regional differences in tissue inflammation matter? Respiration 2011; 81:359-61. [PMID: 21335946 DOI: 10.1159/000323869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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22
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Abstract
Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) is a constitutive mucosal lymphoid tissue adjacent to major airways in some mammalian species, including rats and rabbits, but not humans or mice. A related tissue, inducible BALT (iBALT), is an ectopic lymphoid tissue that is formed upon inflammation or infection in both mice and humans and can be found throughout the lung. Both BALT and iBALT acquire antigens from the airways and initiate local immune responses and maintain memory cells in the lungs. Here, we discuss the development and function of BALT and iBALT in the context of pulmonary immunity to infectious agents, tumors, and allergens as well as autoimmunity and inflammatory diseases of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy D Randall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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23
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Polverino F, Baraldo S, Bazzan E, Agostini S, Turato G, Lunardi F, Balestro E, Damin M, Papi A, Maestrelli P, Calabrese F, Saetta M. A Novel Insight into Adaptive Immunity in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:1011-9. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200911-1700oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Urbanowicz RA, Lamb JR, Todd I, Corne JM, Fairclough LC. Enhanced effector function of cytotoxic cells in the induced sputum of COPD patients. Respir Res 2010; 11:76. [PMID: 20540777 PMCID: PMC2891678 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously shown that NK (CD56+CD3-) and NKT-like (CD56+CD3+) cells are reduced in both numbers and cytotoxicity in peripheral blood. The aim of the present study was to investigate their numbers and function within induced sputum. Methods Induced sputum cell numbers and intracellular granzyme B and perforin were analysed by flow cytometry. Immunomagnetically selected CD56+ cells (NK and NKT-like cells) were used in an LDH release assay to determine cytotoxicity. Results The proportion of NK cells and NKT-like cells in smokers with COPD (COPD subjects) was significantly higher (12.7% and 3%, respectively) than in healthy smokers (smokers) (5.7%, p < 0.01; 1%, p < 0.001) and non-smoking healthy subjects (HNS) (4.2%, p < 0.001; 0.8%, p < 0.01). The proportions of NK cells and NKT-like cells expressing both perforin and granzyme B were also significantly higher in COPD subjects compared to smokers and HNS. CD56+ cells from COPD subjects were significantly more cytotoxic (1414 biological lytic activity) than those from smokers (142.5; p < 0.01) and HNS (3.8; p < 0.001) and were inversely correlated to FEV1. (r = -0.75; p = 0.0098). Conclusion We have shown an increased proportion of NK and NKT-like cells in the induced sputum of COPD subjects and have demonstrated that these cells are significantly more cytotoxic in COPD subjects than smokers and HNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Urbanowicz
- COPD Research Group, Nottingham Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, The University of Nottingham, UK
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25
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Cornwell WD, Kim V, Song C, Rogers TJ. Pathogenesis of inflammation and repair in advanced COPD. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 31:257-66. [PMID: 20496295 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1254066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by an abnormal persistent inflammatory response to noxious environmental stimuli, most commonly cigarette smoke. Although cigarette smoking elicits airway inflammation in all of those who smoke, persistent inflammation and clinically significant COPD occurs in only a minority of smokers. The pathogenesis of COPD involves the recruitment and regulation of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes to the lung, as well as the induction of oxidative stress, all of which result in lung parenchymal destruction and airway remodeling. Recent research has generated a greater understanding of the mechanisms responsible for COPD development, including new concepts in T cell biology and the increasing recognition that the processes governing lung cell apoptosis are upregulated. We are also starting to understand the reasons for continued inflammation even after smoking cessation, which accelerates the rate of lung function decline in COPD. Herein we review our current knowledge of the inflammatory pathways involved in COPD pathogenesis, as well as newer concepts that have begun to unfold in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Cornwell
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Center for Substance Abuse Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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26
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Olloquequi J, Ferrer J, Montes JF, Rodríguez E, Montero MA, García-Valero J. Differential lymphocyte infiltration in small airways and lung parenchyma in COPD patients. Respir Med 2010; 104:1310-8. [PMID: 20359875 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In COPD, although histological lesions at both the small airways (wall thickening and tissue remodeling) and lung parenchyma (emphysematous destruction) are definitely different, the inflammatory cells involved in both processes are the same. Our study aims to determine if these histopathological phenotypes are related to two different lymphocyte profiles. METHODS Distribution and cell density of CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+) and B lymphocytes were compared in small airways and parenchymal interstitium of 9 non-smokers, 18 smokers without COPD, 16 smokers with moderate COPD and 16 patients with very severe COPD undergoing lung transplantation. Spatial distribution of lymphocytes in periemphysematous parenchyma was also assessed. RESULTS CD3(+) and B cell densities were significantly higher in small airways than parenchyma interstitium of very severe COPD patients. Furthermore, CD8(+) cells were increased in the epithelium of airways of moderate COPD patients compared to non-smokers. Although CD8(+) cell density was increased in parenchyma of COPD patients, CD8(+) and B cell densities were similar when comparing periemphysematous and non-emphysematous alveolar interstitium. CONCLUSIONS In COPD, it is true that the small airways' wall shows a clear inflammatory pattern, with a high mononuclear infiltration and tissue remodeling. However, parenchymal interstitium shows a milder CD8(+) infiltration which, moreover, is not spatially related to emphysematous destroyed areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Olloquequi
- Departament de Biologia Cel-lular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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27
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Impact of female cigarette smoking on circulating B cells in vivo: the suppressed ICOSLG, TCF3, and VCAM1 gene functional network may inhibit normal cell function. Immunogenetics 2010; 62:237-51. [PMID: 20217071 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As pivotal immune guardians, B cells were found to be directly associated with the onset and development of many smoking-induced diseases. However, the in vivo molecular response of B cells underlying the female cigarette smoking remains unknown. Using the genome-wide Affymetrix HG-133A GeneChip microarray, we firstly compared the gene expression profiles of peripheral circulating B cells between 39 smoking and 40 non-smoking healthy US white women. A total of 125 differential expressed genes were identified in our study, and 75.2% of them were down-regulated in smokers. We further obtained genotypes of 702 single nucleotide polymorphisms in those promising genes and assessed their associations with smoking status. Using a novel multicriteria evaluation model integrating information from microarray and the association studies, several genes were further revealed to play important roles in the response of smoking, including ICOSLG (CD275, inducible T-cell co-stimulator ligand), TCF3 (E2A immunoglobulin enhancer binding factors E12/E47), VCAM1 (CD106, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1), CCR1 (CD191, chemokine C-C motif receptor 1) and IL13 (interleukin 13). The differential expression of ICOSLG (p = 0.0130) and TCF3 (p = 0.0125) genes between the two groups were confirmed by real-time reverse transcription PCR experiment. Our findings support the functional importance of the identified genes in response to the smoking stimulus. This is the first in vivo genome-wide expression study on B cells at today's context of high prevalence rate of smoking for women. Our results highlight the potential usage of integrated analyses for unveiling the novel pathogenesis mechanism and emphasized the significance of B cells in the etiology of smoking-induced disease.
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28
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Kuo YB, Chang CA, Wu YK, Hsieh MJ, Tsai CH, Chen KT, Chen CY, Chan EC. Identification and clinical association of anti-cytokeratin 18 autoantibody in COPD. Immunol Lett 2009; 128:131-6. [PMID: 20038439 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains unclear. A mechanism involving the autoimmune reaction in the pathogenesis of COPD has been proposed but not confirmed. The aim of this study was to investigate whether serum autoantibodies against pulmonary cellular proteins are present in COPD patients and to identify their autoantigens if possible. Samples from 50 COPD patients and 42 control subjects were studied. Circulating autoantibodies were detected by Western blot. Immunoprecipitation and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry were used to identify the autoantigens. Autoantibodies against pulmonary cellular antigens were found in the sera of COPD patients. Specifically, an autoantibody against the 45-kDa human cytokeratin 18 protein was found in 76.0% of COPD patients and 23.8% of control subjects (p<0.001). Furthermore, the cytokeratin 18 autoantibody level was positively correlated with the FEV(1) (L) (p=0.013) and FEV(1) (%pred.) (p=0.043) values observed in COPD patients. This study identified the pulmonary epithelial cytokeratin 18 protein as a COPD-associated autoantigen and found that anti-cytokeratin 18 autoantibodies were prevalent in COPD patients. Our results support the hypothesis that humoral autoimmunity may be involved in the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Bin Kuo
- College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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29
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Anderson D, Macnee W. Targeted treatment in COPD: a multi-system approach for a multi-system disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2009; 4:321-35. [PMID: 19750192 PMCID: PMC2740954 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a varied condition when examined from a number of different perspectives including factors which influence disease development, pathological process and clinical features. There may be a complex interaction between the degree by which each of these processes influences the development of COPD and the subsequent clinical phenotype with which the patient presents. The varied host response and subsequent clinical phenotype has generated much interest in recent years. It is possible that failure of treatment to impact on mortality and reverse the disease process is because of the heterogeneous nature of the condition. Identification and targeted treatment of clinical and pathological phenotypes within the broad spectrum of COPD may therefore improve outcome. This article will review previous work which has attempted to phenotype COPD and identify if specific treatment for these phenotypes has been shown to be of benefit. It will examine the work on pathological processes and clinical manifestations, both pulmonary and systemic, and will focus on pharmacological therapies.
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Hsu LA, Ko YL, Wu S, Teng MS, Chou HH, Chang CJ, Chang PY. Association of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in Taiwanese. Metabolism 2009; 58:983-8. [PMID: 19394054 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Circulating concentrations of soluble cell adhesive molecules are useful predictors for the risk of development and progression of atherosclerosis. This study was initiated to investigate the association between soluble intercellular adhesive molecule-1 (sICAM-1) levels and traditional and emerging cardiovascular risk factors, as well as insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, in a Taiwanese population. Six hundred nine unrelated individuals recruited during routine health examinations were enrolled for the analysis. In age- and sex-adjusted regression models, sICAM-1 levels were negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and positively associated with systolic, mean, and diastolic blood pressure; body mass index; waist circumference; waist-hip ratio; the homeostasis model assessment index; fasting serum insulin; triglyceride; and C-reactive protein levels. The sICAM-1 levels were also higher in subjects with current smoking (P = .001), diabetes mellitus (P = .004), insulin resistance (P < .001), and metabolic syndrome (P < .001). The sICAM-1 levels increased in a stepwise fashion with increasing Framingham risk score quartiles (P = .001) and with increasing number of metabolic syndrome components (P < .001). In subjects with metabolic syndrome, increased C-reactive protein levels were associated with increased sICAM-1 levels (P = .003). In stepwise linear regression models, sICAM-1 levels remained associated with current smoking, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. In conclusion, our data revealed that insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome were associated with sICAM-1 levels in Taiwanese. These data provide further evidence of the mechanisms of sICAM-1 as a molecular marker for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lung-An Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Cardiovascular Division, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kelsen SG, Aksoy MO, Georgy M, Hershman R, Ji R, Li X, Hurford M, Solomides C, Chatila W, Kim V. Lymphoid follicle cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overexpress the chemokine receptor CXCR3. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179:799-805. [PMID: 19218194 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200807-1089oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The mechanisms underlying formation of lung lymphoid follicles (LF) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are unknown. The chemokine receptor CXCR3 regulates immune responses in secondary lymphoid structures elsewhere in the body and is highly expressed by Th1 lymphocytes in the airway in COPD. Because chemokine receptors control inflammatory cell homing to inflamed tissue, we reasoned that CXCR3 may contribute to LF formation in COPD. OBJECTIVES We assessed the expression of CXCR3 and its ligands (IP-10/CXCL10, Mig/CXCL9, and ITAC/CXCL11) by LF cells in never-smokers, smokers without COPD, and subjects with COPD. METHODS CXCR3, IP-10, Mig, and ITAC expression were assessed in lung sections from 46 subjects (never-smokers, smokers without COPD [S], and subjects with COPD in GOLD stages 1-4) by immunohistochemistry. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS CXCR3-expressing T cells (CD8+ or CD4+) and B cells (CD20+) were topographically distributed at the follicle periphery and center, respectively. The percentage of immunohistochemically identified CXCR3+ cells increased progressively while proceeding from S through GOLD 3-4 (P < 0.01 for GOLD 3-4 vs. S). Moreover, the number of CXCR3+ follicular cells correlated inversely with FEV(1) (r = 0.60). The CXCR3 ligands IP-10 and Mig were expressed by several cell types in and around the follicle, including CD68+ dendritic cells/ macrophages, airway epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and T and B cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that LF form in the COPD lung by recruitment and/or retention of CXCR3-expressing T and B lymphocytes, which are attracted to the region through production of CXCR3 ligands IP-10 and Mig by lung structural and follicular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Kelsen
- 761 Parkinson Pavilion, Temple University Hospital, 3401 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Hogg JC, Timens W. The Pathology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2009; 4:435-59. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James C. Hogg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia and iCapture Center, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia V6Z 1Y6, Canada;
| | - Wim Timens
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands;
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Tiddens HAWM, Hofhuis W, Casotti V, Hop WC, Hulsmann AR, de Jongste JC. Airway dimensions in bronchopulmonary dysplasia: implications for airflow obstruction. Pediatr Pulmonol 2008; 43:1206-13. [PMID: 18991341 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The cause of lung function abnormalities in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is incompletely understood, even in the "new era" of this disease. Altered airway wall dimensions are important in the pathogenesis of airflow obstruction in diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Whether airway wall dimensions contribute to lung function abnormalities in BPD is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate airway wall dimensions in relation to airway size in BPD. Lung tissue of patients with BPD was obtained at autopsy, and lung tissue from children who died from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) served as control. Airway wall dimensions and epithelial loss were measured in 75 airways from 5 BPD patients and 176 airways from 11 SIDS patients. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to assess the relationships between airway wall dimensions and airway size for BPD and SIDS patients. Little epithelial loss was present in the BPD patients while extensive loss was observed in some of the SIDS patients. The inner wall area, outer wall area, epithelium area and smooth muscle area were all substantially larger (all P < 0.001) in BPD than in SIDS patients. It is likely that the increased thickness of the airway wall components contributes to airflow obstruction in BPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm A W M Tiddens
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Rufino R, Costa CHD, Souza HSPD, Madi K, Silva JRLE. Induced sputum and peripheral blood cell profile in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Bras Pneumol 2008; 33:510-8. [PMID: 18026648 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132007000500005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine cell profiles, as well as to identify CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subgroups, in induced sputum (IS) and peripheral venous blood (PVB) of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS Total cell counts and counts of individual cell types, including CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, were determined in the IS and PVB of 85 subjects (38 with COPD without exacerbation, 29 smokers without obstruction and 18 nonsmokers). Mann-Whitney and Spearman non-parametric tests were used in the statistical analysis, and values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Comparing the IS of subjects with COPD to that of nonsmokers, neutrophil, eosinophil and CD8+ T lymphocyte counts were higher (respectively p = 0.005, p < 0.05 and p < 0.05), whereas the percentage of macrophages was lower (p = 0.003). There were weak linear correlations (r(2) < 0.1) between each cell type in IS and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC ratio. Eosinophil and CD8+ T lymphocyte counts were also higher in PVB (p = 0.04 and p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS In patients with stable COPD, CD8+ T lymphocyte counts were higher in PVB, whereas total leukocyte counts were similar to those of the other two groups analyzed, suggesting systemic inflammatory involvement. The CD8+ T lymphocyte count in blood can be a useful marker of systemic inflammation and can help identify smokers who already present a COPD inflammatory pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogerio Rufino
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ - Rio de Janeiro State University School of Medical Sciences - Rio de Janeiro (RJ) Brazil
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Sarir H, Henricks PAJ, van Houwelingen AH, Nijkamp FP, Folkerts G. Cells, mediators and Toll-like receptors in COPD. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 585:346-53. [PMID: 18410916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a global health problem. Being a progressive disease characterized by inflammation, it deteriorates pulmonary functioning. Research has focused on airway inflammation, oxidative stress, and remodelling of the airways. Macrophages, neutrophils and T cells are thought to be important key players. A number of new research topics received special attention in the last years. The combined use of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists produces better control of symptoms and lung function than that of the use of either compound alone. Furthermore, collagen breakdown products might be involved in the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells by which the process of airway remodelling becomes self-sustaining. Also, TLR (Toll-like receptor)-based signalling pathways seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of COPD. These new findings may lead to new therapeutic strategies to stop the process of inflammation and self-destruction in the airways of COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Sarir
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Curtis JL, Freeman CM, Hogg JC. The immunopathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: insights from recent research. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2008; 4:512-21. [PMID: 17878463 PMCID: PMC2365762 DOI: 10.1513/pats.200701-002fm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) progression is characterized by accumulation of inflammatory mucous exudates in the lumens of small airways, and thickening of their walls, which become infiltrated by innate and adaptive inflammatory immune cells. Infiltration of the airways by polymorphonuclear and mononuclear phagocytes and CD4 T cells increases with COPD stage, but the cumulative volume of the infiltrate does not change. By contrast, B cells and CD8 T cells increase in both the extent of their distribution and in accumulated volume, with organization into lymphoid follicles. This chronic lung inflammation is also associated with a tissue repair and remodeling process that determines the ultimate pathologic phenotype of COPD. Why these pathologic abnormalities progress in susceptible individuals, even after removal of the original noxious stimuli, remains mysterious. However, important clues are emerging from analysis of pathologic samples from patients with COPD and from recent discoveries in basic immunology. We consider the following relevant information: normal limitations on the innate immune system's ability to generate adaptive pulmonary immune responses and how they might be overcome by tobacco smoke exposure; the possible contribution of autoimmunity to COPD pathogenesis; and the potential roles of ongoing lymphocyte recruitment versus in situ proliferation, of persistently activated resident lung T cells, and of the newly described T helper 17 (Th17) phenotype. We propose that the severity and course of acute exacerbations of COPD reflects the success of the adaptive immune response in appropriately modulating the innate response to pathogen-related molecular patterns ("the Goldilocks hypothesis").
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Curtis
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-2303, USA.
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Karakış GP, Alzafer S, Gezgen A, Uzunali E, Küçükvardar D, Tarım Z. THE DECREASE OF FEF25-75 IS MORE SPECIFIC FOR ASTHMA THAN COPD. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2008. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/82569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Feghali-Bostwick CA, Gadgil AS, Otterbein LE, Pilewski JM, Stoner MW, Csizmadia E, Zhang Y, Sciurba FC, Duncan SR. Autoantibodies in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177:156-63. [PMID: 17975205 PMCID: PMC2204079 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200701-014oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Adaptive immune responses are present in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and it has been postulated that these processes could be autoreactive. OBJECTIVES To ascertain if humoral autoimmunity could play a role in COPD pathogenesis. METHODS Circulating IgG autoantibodies were detected by immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to evaluate intrapulmonary IgG and complement (C3) deposition in human lung explants. Autoantibody pathogenicity was also investigated with an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The prevalence of anti-HEp-2 epithelial cell autoantibodies in 47 smokers/former smokers with COPD (GOLD stages 1-4) was greater than among 8 subjects with a smoking history but normal spirometry and 21 healthy control subjects who had never smoked (68 vs. 13 vs. 10%, respectively; P < 0.0001). Antibodies against primary pulmonary epithelial cells were found in 12 of 12 patients with COPD versus 3 of 12 never-smoked control subjects (P < 0.001). Self-antigens immunoprecipitated from 34 of 35 (97%) of COPD plasmas (vs. 0/12 never-smoked controls). Antibodies against a particular 130-kD autoantigen (n = 7) were associated with decreased body mass index (23.2 +/- 2.1 vs. 29.5 +/- 1.0 kg/m(2), P = 0.007). Intrapulmonary immune complexes were present in six of six and C3 was seen in five of six COPD lung explants, unlike zero of six and one of six normals, respectively. Cytotoxicity of pulmonary epithelial cells by allogeneic mononuclear cells also increased 46% after incubation with COPD plasmas (n = 10), compared with identical treatments with eight normal specimens (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS IgG autoantibodies with avidity for pulmonary epithelium, and the potential to mediate cytotoxicity, are prevalent in patients with COPD. Autoreactive adaptive immune responses may be important in the etiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Feghali-Bostwick
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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40
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Louhelainen N, Myllärniemi M, Rahman I, Kinnula VL. Airway biomarkers of the oxidant burden in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: current and future perspectives. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2008; 3:585-603. [PMID: 19281076 PMCID: PMC2650600 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s3671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been claimed to be attributable to increased systemic and local oxidative stress. Detection of the oxidant burden and evaluation of their progression and phenotypes by oxidant biomarkers have proved challenging and difficult. A large number of asthmatics are cigarette smokers and smoke itself contains oxidants complicating further the use of oxidant biomarkers. One of the most widely used oxidant markers in asthma is exhaled nitric oxide (NO), which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma and disease monitoring. Another oxidant marker that has been widely investigated in COPD is 8-isoprostane, but it is probably not capable of differentiating asthma from COPD, or even sensitive in the early assessment of these diseases. None of the current biomarkers have been shown to be better than exhaled NO in asthma. There is a need to identify new biomarkers for obstructive airway diseases, especially their differential diagnosis. A comprehensive evaluation of oxidant markers and their combinations will be presented in this review. In brief, it seems that additional analyses utilizing powerful tools such as genomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, and proteomics will be required to improve the specificity and sensitivity of the next generation of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Louhelainen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjukka Myllärniemi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine and the Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Vuokko L Kinnula
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) encompasses a number of injurious processes, including an abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs to inhaled particles and gases. Other processes, such as failure to resolve inflammation, abnormal cell repair, apoptosis, abnormal cellular maintenance programs, extracellular matrix destruction (protease/antiprotease imbalance), and oxidative stress (oxidant/antioxidant imbalance) also have a role. The inflammatory responses to the inhalation of active and passive tobacco smoke and urban and rural air pollution are modified by genetic and epigenetic factors. The subsequent chronic inflammatory responses lead to mucus hypersecretion, airway remodeling, and alveolar destruction. This article provides an update on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these processes in the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Macnee
- ELEGI Colt Research Laboratories, MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Avenue, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.
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Gupta J, Chattopadhaya D, Bhadoria DP, Qadar Pasha MA, Gupta VK, Kumar M, Dabur R, Yadav V, Sharma GL. T lymphocyte subset profile and serum alpha-1-antitrypsin in pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 149:463-9. [PMID: 17565607 PMCID: PMC2219333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory disorder characterized by the presence of non-fully reversible airflow limitation. The study was undertaken to investigate the involvement of alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha(1)AT) and T lymphocyte subsets in the pathogenesis of COPD. Blood samples of 50 subjects, including 25 healthy volunteers and 25 patients with COPD, were analysed. Serum trypsin inhibitory capacity (STIC) was determined by enzymatic assay. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes were enumerated in heparinized blood using a fluorescence activated cell sorter counter. The STIC in COPD patients was found to be decreased significantly than in controls (P < 0.01). In COPD patients with lower expression levels of alpha(1)AT, a highly significant decrease in the number of CD4(+) T lymphocytes (P < 0.0009) and CD4/CD8 ratio was observed compared with control subjects (P < 0.008). The mean +/- standard error of CD8(+) lymphocytes was found to be little different (only marginally decreased) in COPD patients compared to healthy controls; however, an alteration in the individual count of CD8(+) lymphocytes cells was observed in COPD patients. Using linear regression analysis, a negative correlation was observed between STIC and CD4(+) lymphocytes and CD8(+) lymphocytes (r = -0.40, P < 0.04; r = -0.42, P < 0.03, respectively) in COPD patients. An alteration in alpha(1)AT and T lymphocyte subsets in COPD patients suggested that interplay of these factors may be responsible for the progression of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gupta
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, University Campus, Delhi, India
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Abstract
Over the last 10 years, there has been a remarkable degree of progress in our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the genesis of emphysema. This review attempts to summarize these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Wright
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Kim WD, Ling SH, Coxson HO, English JC, Yee J, Levy RD, Paré PD, Hogg JC. The association between small airway obstruction and emphysema phenotypes in COPD. Chest 2007; 131:1372-8. [PMID: 17317735 DOI: 10.1378/chest.06-2194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airflow limitation in COPD is due to a variable combination of small airway obstruction and centrilobular emphysema (CLE) and/or panlobular emphysema (PLE), but the relationship between these three different phenotypes is poorly understood. This study compares the severity of small airway obstruction in both forms of emphysema and determines its relationship with FEV(1). METHODS We compared the lung histology of nonsmoking control subjects without emphysema (n = 10) to that of patients with CLE (n = 30) and PLE with (n = 8) and without alpha(1)-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency (n = 11). The degree of airspace enlargement was measured using the mean interalveolar wall distance (IAWD) [mean linear intercept, Lm], and the evenness of airspace destruction was assessed by the coefficient of variation (CV) of the IAWD. The severity of small airway obstruction was determined by dividing total wall area by the length of the basement membrane to obtain wall thickness. RESULTS Lm was greater in all three subgroups of emphysema than in control subjects, and in AAT deficiency than in PLE or CLE. The CV of IAWD was greater in AAT deficiency and CLE than in control subjects and in CLE than in AAT deficiency or PLE. Although small airway wall thickness was greater in CLE and PLE with AAT deficiency than in control subjects, the association between wall thickness and both Lm and FEV(1) was observed only in CLE. CONCLUSIONS Small airway wall thickening occurs in CLE and PLE with AAT deficiency but is more closely associated with degree of emphysema and airflow limitation in CLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Dong Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 388-1 Pungnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea.
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Quint JK, Wedzicha JA. The neutrophil in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:1065-71. [PMID: 17270263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex, heterogeneous collection of conditions characterized by irreversible expiratory airflow limitation. The disease involves a multifaceted progressive inflammatory process leading to the development of mucus hypersecretion, tissue destruction, and disruption to the normal repair and defense mechanisms. The result is increased resistance to airflow in small conducting airways, change in lung compliance, and the premature collapse of airways during expiration that leads to air trapping. Neutrophils are necessary in healthy lungs; they are an important component of innate immunity, protecting healthy individuals against infection. However, in COPD, they play a role in the destructive processes that characterize the disease. They can be responsible for significant damage when they accumulate at sites of inflammation and are harmful to healthy tissue. In recent years, increased understanding of the role of neutrophils has led to improved knowledge of the pathogenesis of COPD and allowed new avenues of treatment to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kathleen Quint
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, UK
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Green FHY, Butt JC, James AL, Carroll NG. Abnormalities of the bronchial arteries in asthma. Chest 2006; 130:1025-33. [PMID: 17035434 DOI: 10.1378/chest.130.4.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The bronchial arteries supply systemic blood to the airways, tracheobronchial lymph nodes, and nerves. Their structure has not been studied in patients with asthma. DESIGN Case-control study of pathologic changes of bronchial arteries in asthma. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Postmortem lungs were examined from three case groups: (1) fatal asthma (n = 12), death due to asthma; (2) nonfatal asthma (n = 12), asthmatic and death due to nonrespiratory causes; and (3) nonasthmatic control subjects (n = 12), no history of asthma and death due to nonrespiratory causes. In bronchial arteries with outer diameters of 0.1 to 1.0 mm, the areas of lumen, intima, and media were measured and compared between case groups. RESULTS There were no significant differences in artery size (outer diameter) or in medial area between the three groups. In the two asthma groups, the intimal area was increased (p < 0.05), with a corresponding decrease in luminal area compared with the control group. There was a significant effect of gender, age, and smoking on intimal area. In the asthma cases, the area of bronchial artery intima was related to duration of asthma (p < 0.05), and this increase was associated with smooth muscle proliferation, reduplication, and calcification of the elastica, but not with inflammatory cell infiltration. CONCLUSIONS While the pathophysiologic significance of these changes is uncertain, the relation to duration of asthma, age, and smoking suggests a secondary response to chronic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis H Y Green
- Respiratory Research Group, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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47
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Işik ACU, Yardimci S, Guven C, Avunduk MC, Civelek S. Morphologic alteration induced by short-term smoke exposure in rats. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2006; 69:13-7. [PMID: 17085947 DOI: 10.1159/000096711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is a well-established fact that cigarette smoking causes degenerative, inflammatory, and respiratory diseases in humans. Because many factors such as air pollution and harsh working conditions can easily be eliminated in animal studies, we conducted this study to identify the effect of tobacco on rat trachea. METHODS 24 male Wistar rats were divided randomly into an experimental and a control group. The experimental group of rats was exposed to cigarette smoke for 2 h each day over a duration of 60 consecutive days and the control group was treated in an identical fashion yet exposed only to room air. A morphometric study was performed on tracheal specimens taken from 22 rats (10 smoke-exposed rats and 12 control rats). RESULTS Our results show that many of the morphological changes of the tracheal epithelium were found in the experimental group and significant quantitative differences were observed between the two groups. Loss of cilia, basal cell hyperplasia, goblet cell hyperplasia and an increased number of subepithelial inflammatory cells were observed by light microscopic examination of the trachea of experimental rats. We found very high levels of plasma thiocyanate after exposure to smoke in the experimental group, but no increase in the control group. CONCLUSIONS The oxidants contained tobacco which could play an important role in the development of these structural and functional abnormalities in the trachea after smoke exposure. In addition, smoking can recruit inflammatory cells to the trachea.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cemal Umit Işik
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
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Battaglia S, Mauad T, van Schadewijk AM, Vignola AM, Rabe KF, Bellia V, Sterk PJ, Hiemstra PS. Differential distribution of inflammatory cells in large and small airways in smokers. J Clin Pathol 2006; 60:907-11. [PMID: 16917001 PMCID: PMC1994511 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2006.037002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking induces structural changes in the airways, and is considered a major factor in the development of airflow obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, differences in inflammatory cell distribution between large airways (LA) and small airways (SA) have not been systematically explored in smokers. HYPOTHESIS The content of cells infiltrating the airway wall differs between LA and SA. AIMS To compare the content of neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and mast cells infiltrating LA and SA in smokers who underwent surgery for lung cancer. METHODS Lung tissue from 15 smokers was analysed. Inflammatory cells in the lamina propria were identified by immunohistochemical analysis, quantified by digital image analysis and expressed as number of cells per surface area. RESULTS The number of neutrophils infiltrating the lamina propria of SA (median 225.3 cells/mm(2)) was higher than that in the lamina propria of LA (median 60.2 cells/mm(2); p<0.001). Similar results were observed for mast cells: 313.3 and 133.7 cells/mm(2) in the SA and LA, respectively (p<0.001). In contrast, the number of CD4 cells was higher in LA compared with SA (median 217.8 vs 80.5 cells/mm(2); p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate a non-uniform distribution of neutrophils and mast cells throughout the bronchial tree, and suggest that these cells may be involved in the development of smoking-related peripheral lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Battaglia
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Smoking may influence the type of airway inflammation observed in asthma and its response to therapy. More studies are needed on how smoking-induced changes in lung function/structure and airway inflammation may result in a change in clinical expression. We compared clinical, physiologic, radiologic, and airway inflammatory features of 22 smoking asthma patients (cigarette smoking history, 14.0 +/- 7.6 pack-years [mean +/- SD]) and 27 nonsmoking asthma patients. Mean age/duration of asthma of smoking and nonsmoking asthma patients were 31 years/14 years and 29 years/17 years, respectively. Quality of life, FEV(1), bronchodilator response, perception of bronchoconstriction, and methacholine responsiveness were similar in the two groups. Compared to nonsmoking asthma patients, smokers had more respiratory symptoms, a lower mean forced expiratory flow at 25 to 75% of FVC, FEV(1)/FVC ratio, and lung diffusion capacity, and a higher functional residual capacity. Induced-sputum neutrophil and bronchial cell counts were higher and exhaled breath condensate pH was more acidic in smoking asthma patients. On high-resolution CT, airway and parenchymal abnormalities were more common in smoking asthma patients than in nonsmokers. In conclusion, compared with nonsmoking asthma patients, smoking asthma patients have features similar to what could be found in early stages of COPD.
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Abstract
The current paradigm for the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is that chronic airflow limitation results from an abnormal inflammatory response to inhaled particles and gases in the lung. Airspace inflammation appears to be different in susceptible smokers and involves a predominance of CD8+ T lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages. Studies have characterized inflammation in the peripheral airspaces in different stages of disease severity. Two other processes have received considerable research attention. The first is a protease-antiprotease imbalance, which has been linked to the pathogenesis of emphysema. However, the hypothesis of an increased protease burden associated with functional inhibition of antiproteases has been difficult to prove and is now considered an oversimplification. The second process, oxidative stress, has a role in many of the pathogenic processes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and may be one mechanism that enhances the inflammatory response. In addition, it has been proposed that the development of emphysema may involve alveolar cell loss through apoptosis. This mechanism may involve the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- William MacNee
- Respiratory Medicine, ELEGI/Colt Research Laboratories, Wilkie Building, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
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