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Raby KL, Michaeloudes C, Tonkin J, Chung KF, Bhavsar PK. Mechanisms of airway epithelial injury and abnormal repair in asthma and COPD. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1201658. [PMID: 37520564 PMCID: PMC10374037 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1201658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium comprises of different cell types and acts as a physical barrier preventing pathogens, including inhaled particles and microbes, from entering the lungs. Goblet cells and submucosal glands produce mucus that traps pathogens, which are expelled from the respiratory tract by ciliated cells. Basal cells act as progenitor cells, differentiating into different epithelial cell types, to maintain homeostasis following injury. Adherens and tight junctions between cells maintain the epithelial barrier function and regulate the movement of molecules across it. In this review we discuss how abnormal epithelial structure and function, caused by chronic injury and abnormal repair, drives airway disease and specifically asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In both diseases, inhaled allergens, pollutants and microbes disrupt junctional complexes and promote cell death, impairing the barrier function and leading to increased penetration of pathogens and a constant airway immune response. In asthma, the inflammatory response precipitates the epithelial injury and drives abnormal basal cell differentiation. This leads to reduced ciliated cells, goblet cell hyperplasia and increased epithelial mesenchymal transition, which contribute to impaired mucociliary clearance and airway remodelling. In COPD, chronic oxidative stress and inflammation trigger premature epithelial cell senescence, which contributes to loss of epithelial integrity and airway inflammation and remodelling. Increased numbers of basal cells showing deregulated differentiation, contributes to ciliary dysfunction and mucous hyperproduction in COPD airways. Defective antioxidant, antiviral and damage repair mechanisms, possibly due to genetic or epigenetic factors, may confer susceptibility to airway epithelial dysfunction in these diseases. The current evidence suggests that a constant cycle of injury and abnormal repair of the epithelium drives chronic airway inflammation and remodelling in asthma and COPD. Mechanistic understanding of injury susceptibility and damage response may lead to improved therapies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Louise Raby
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - James Tonkin
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pankaj Kumar Bhavsar
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Zhou Z, Liang S, Zhou Z, Liu J, Meng X, Zou F, Yu C, Cai S. Avasimibe Alleviates Disruption of the Airway Epithelial Barrier by Suppressing the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:795934. [PMID: 35222024 PMCID: PMC8874122 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.795934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Avasimibe (Ava) is an acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) specific inhibitor and an established medicine for atherosclerosis, owing to its excellent and safe anti-inflammation effects in humans. However, its efficacy in asthma has not yet been reported. We first administered varying concentrations of avasimibe to house dust mite (HDM)-induced asthmatic mice; results showed that 20 mg/kg avasimibe most significantly reduced IL-4 and IL-5 production in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and total IgE in serum, and the avasimibe treatment also exhibited lower mucus secretion, decreased goblet and basal cells but increased ciliated cells compared to the HDM group. And the redistribution of adherens junction (AJ) proteins induced by HDM was far more less upon avasimibe administration. However, avasimibe did not reduce the cholesterol ester ratio in lung tissues or intracellular cholesterol ester, which is avasimibe’s main effect. Further analysis confirmed that avasimibe impaired epithelial basal cell proliferation independent of regulating cholesterol metabolism and we analyzed datasets using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and then found that the KRT5 gene (basal cell marker) expression is correlated with the β-catenin gene. Moreover, we found that β-catenin localized in cytomembrane upon avasimibe treatment. Avasimibe also reduced β-catenin phosphorylation in the cytoplasm and inactivated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway induced by HDMs, thereby alleviating the airway epithelial barrier disruption. Taken together, these findings indicated that avasimibe has potential as a new therapeutic option for allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicong Zhou
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shixiu Liang
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zili Zhou
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieyi Liu
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Meng
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changhui Yu
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shaoxi Cai, ; Changhui Yu,
| | - Shaoxi Cai
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shaoxi Cai, ; Changhui Yu,
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3
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Replacement Strategies for Animal Studies in Inhalation Testing. SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sci3040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal testing is mandatory in drug testing and is the gold standard for toxicity and efficacy evaluations. This situation is expected to change in the future as the 3Rs principle, which stands for the replacement, reduction, and refinement of the use of animals in science, is reinforced by many countries. On the other hand, technologies for alternatives to animal testing have increased. The need to develop and use alternatives depends on the complexity of the research topic and also on the extent to which the currently used animal models can mimic human physiology and/or exposure. The lung morphology and physiology of commonly used animal species differs from that of human lungs, and the realistic inhalation exposure of animals is challenging. In vitro and in silico methods can assess important aspects of the in vivo effects, namely particle deposition, dissolution, action at, and permeation through, the respiratory barrier, and pharmacokinetics. This review discusses the limitations of animal models and exposure systems and proposes in vitro and in silico techniques that could, when used together, reduce or even replace animal testing in inhalation testing in the future.
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4
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Suojalehto H, Ndika J, Lindström I, Airaksinen L, Karvala K, Kauppi P, Lauerma A, Toppila-Salmi S, Karisola P, Alenius H. Transcriptomic Profiling of Adult-Onset Asthma Related to Damp and Moldy Buildings and Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910679. [PMID: 34639020 PMCID: PMC8508786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of adult-onset asthma patients attribute their symptoms to damp and moldy buildings. Symptoms of idiopathic environmental intolerance (IEI) may resemble asthma and these two entities overlap. We aimed to evaluate if a distinct clinical subtype of asthma related to damp and moldy buildings can be identified, to unravel its corresponding pathomechanistic gene signatures, and to investigate potential molecular similarities with IEI. Fifty female adult-onset asthma patients were categorized based on exposure to building dampness and molds during disease initiation. IEI patients (n = 17) and healthy subjects (n = 21) were also included yielding 88 study subjects. IEI was scored with the Quick Environmental Exposure and Sensitivity Inventory (QEESI) questionnaire. Inflammation was evaluated by blood cell type profiling and cytokine measurements. Disease mechanisms were investigated via gene set variation analysis of RNA from nasal biopsies and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Nasal biopsy gene expression and plasma cytokine profiles suggested airway and systemic inflammation in asthma without exposure to dampness (AND). Similar evidence of inflammation was absent in patients with dampness-and-mold-related asthma (AAD). Gene expression signatures revealed a greater degree of similarity between IEI and dampness-related asthma than between IEI patients and asthma not associated to dampness and mold. Blood cell transcriptome of IEI subjects showed strong suppression of immune cell activation, migration, and movement. QEESI scores correlated to blood cell gene expression of all study subjects. Transcriptomic analysis revealed clear pathomechanisms for AND but not AAD patients. Furthermore, we found a distinct molecular pathological profile in nasal and blood immune cells of IEI subjects, including several differentially expressed genes that were also identified in AAD samples, suggesting IEI-type mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hille Suojalehto
- Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00032 Helsinki, Finland; (H.S.); (I.L.); (L.A.); (K.K.)
| | - Joseph Ndika
- Human Microbiome (HUMI) Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.N.); (P.K.)
| | - Irmeli Lindström
- Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00032 Helsinki, Finland; (H.S.); (I.L.); (L.A.); (K.K.)
| | - Liisa Airaksinen
- Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00032 Helsinki, Finland; (H.S.); (I.L.); (L.A.); (K.K.)
| | - Kirsi Karvala
- Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00032 Helsinki, Finland; (H.S.); (I.L.); (L.A.); (K.K.)
- Varma, 00098 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Kauppi
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, 00250 Helsinki, Finland; (P.K.); (A.L.); (S.T.-S.)
| | - Antti Lauerma
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, 00250 Helsinki, Finland; (P.K.); (A.L.); (S.T.-S.)
| | - Sanna Toppila-Salmi
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, 00250 Helsinki, Finland; (P.K.); (A.L.); (S.T.-S.)
| | - Piia Karisola
- Human Microbiome (HUMI) Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.N.); (P.K.)
| | - Harri Alenius
- Human Microbiome (HUMI) Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.N.); (P.K.)
- Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-50-4489526
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5
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Hachim MY, Elemam NM, Ramakrishnan RK, Salameh L, Olivenstein R, Hachim IY, Venkatachalam T, Mahboub B, Al Heialy S, Hamid Q, Hamoudi R. Derangement of cell cycle markers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of asthmatic patients as a reliable biomarker for asthma control. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11873. [PMID: 34088958 PMCID: PMC8178351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In asthma, most of the identified biomarkers pertain to the Th2 phenotype and no known biomarkers have been verified for severe asthmatics. Therefore, identifying biomarkers using the integrative phenotype-genotype approach in severe asthma is needed. The study aims to identify novel biomarkers as genes or pathways representing the core drivers in asthma development, progression to the severe form, resistance to therapy, and tissue remodeling regardless of the sample cells or tissues examined. Comprehensive reanalysis of publicly available transcriptomic data that later was validated in vitro, and locally recruited patients were used to decipher the molecular basis of asthma. Our in-silicoanalysis revealed a total of 10 genes (GPRC5A, SFN, ABCA1, KRT8, TOP2A, SERPINE1, ANLN, MKI67, NEK2, and RRM2) related to cell cycle and proliferation to be deranged in the severe asthmatic bronchial epithelium and fibroblasts compared to their healthy counterparts. In vitro, RT qPCR results showed that (SERPINE1 and RRM2) were upregulated in severe asthmatic bronchial epithelium and fibroblasts, (SFN, ABCA1, TOP2A, SERPINE1, MKI67, and NEK2) were upregulated in asthmatic bronchial epithelium while (GPRC5A and KRT8) were upregulated only in asthmatic bronchial fibroblasts. Furthermore, MKI76, RRM2, and TOP2A were upregulated in Th2 high epithelium while GPRC5A, SFN, ABCA1 were upregulated in the blood of asthmatic patients. SFN, ABCA1 were higher, while MKI67 was lower in severe asthmatic with wheeze compared to nonasthmatics with wheezes. SERPINE1 and GPRC5A were downregulated in the blood of eosinophilic asthmatics, while RRM2 was upregulated in an acute attack of asthma. Validation of the gene expression in PBMC of locally recruited asthma patients showed that SERPINE1, GPRC5A, SFN, ABCA1, MKI67, and RRM2 were downregulated in severe uncontrolled asthma. We have identified a set of biologically crucial genes to the homeostasis of the lung and in asthma development and progression. This study can help us further understand the complex interplay between the transcriptomic data and the external factors which may deviate our understanding of asthma heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Yaseen Hachim
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
- Center for Genomic Discovery, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Noha Mousaad Elemam
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rakhee K Ramakrishnan
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Laila Salameh
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Ibrahim Yaseen Hachim
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Thenmozhi Venkatachalam
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam Mahboub
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saba Al Heialy
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, UK
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6
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Li LY, Zhou YT, Sun L, Liu XY, Li J, Hong Y, Ye XY, Bao Q, Meng QX, Wen WP, Chen HX, Li CW. Downregulation of MCM2 contributes to the reduced growth potential of epithelial progenitor cells in chronic nasal inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 147:1966-1973.e3. [PMID: 33279575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that human nasal epithelial progenitor cells (hNEPCs) are characterized by poor proliferation capacities during chronic nasal inflammation. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the key molecular functions and candidates that contribute to the reduced growth potential of hNEPCs in chronically inflamed nasal mucosa. METHODS Nasal biopsy specimens were obtained from 28 patients with nasal polyps (NPs) and 13 healthy controls. hNEPCs from nasal samples were cultured for 3 consecutive passages, and their molecular and functional profiles were analyzed by RNA sequencing. The minichromosome maintenance protein (MCM) family gene MCM2 was validated in hNEPCs and tissue samples from patients with NPs and control subjects by cell cycle, quantitative PCR, and Western blot analyses; small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown assay; and immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS Compared with control hNEPCs, NP-derived hNEPCs showed (1) reduced growth kinetics, as evidenced by the colony-forming efficiency and doubling time; (2) inhibited cell cycle progression, as evidenced by gene ontology and/or pathway and cell cycle analyses; and (3) downregulated expression of MCM2, the key protein of the MCM complex, which is critical for DNA replication at the G1/S checkpoint. Moreover, hNEPCs with MCM2 knockdown showed a decreased proliferation rate, and the MCM2 protein level in basal cells was significantly lower in abnormally remodeled nasal epithelium than in normal epithelium. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate inhibited cell cycle progression and MCM2 downregulation in basal or progenitor nasal epithelial cells from NP tissue, which may contribute to the decreased growth potential of hNEPCs in chronically inflamed upper airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yue Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Tao Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Yi Liu
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Hong
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Yan Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Bao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Xiang Meng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Ping Wen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - He Xin Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun Wei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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7
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Bidirectional interaction of airway epithelial remodeling and inflammation in asthma. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:1063-1079. [PMID: 32369100 DOI: 10.1042/cs20191309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways that has long been viewed predominately as an inflammatory condition. Accordingly, current therapeutic interventions focus primarily on resolving inflammation. However, the mainstay of asthma therapy neither fully improves lung function nor prevents disease exacerbations, suggesting involvement of other factors. An emerging concept now holds that airway remodeling, another major pathological feature of asthma, is as important as inflammation in asthma pathogenesis. Structural changes associated with asthma include disrupted epithelial integrity, subepithelial fibrosis, goblet cell hyperplasia/metaplasia, smooth muscle hypertrophy/hyperplasia, and enhanced vascularity. These alterations are hypothesized to contribute to airway hyperresponsiveness, airway obstruction, airflow limitation, and progressive decline of lung function in asthmatic individuals. Consequently, targeting inflammation alone does not suffice to provide optimal clinical benefits. Here we review asthmatic airway remodeling, focusing on airway epithelium, which is critical to maintaining a healthy respiratory system, and is the primary defense against inhaled irritants. In asthma, airway epithelium is both a mediator and target of inflammation, manifesting remodeling and resulting obstruction among its downstream effects. We also highlight the potential benefits of therapeutically targeting airway structural alterations. Since pathological tissue remodeling is likewise observed in other injury- and inflammation-prone tissues and organs, our discussion may have implications beyond asthma and lung disease.
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García LN, Leimgruber C, Nicola JP, Quintar AA, Maldonado CA. Neonatal endotoxin stimulation is associated with a long-term bronchiolar epithelial expression of innate immune and anti-allergic markers that attenuates the allergic response. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226233. [PMID: 32379832 PMCID: PMC7205282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is the most common phenotype of the pathology, having an early-onset in childhood and producing a Th2-driven airways remodeling process that leads to symptoms and pathophysiological changes. The avoidance of aeroallergen exposure in early life has been shown to prevent asthma, but without repeated success and with the underlying preventive mechanisms at the beginning of asthma far to be fully recognized. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate if neonatal LPS-induced boost in epithelial host defenses contribute to prevent OVA-induced asthma in adult mice. To this, we focused on the response of bronchiolar club cells (CC), which are highly specialized in maintaining the epithelial homeostasis in the lung. In these cells, neonatal LPS administration increased the expression of TLR4 and TNFα, as well as the immunodulatory/antiallergic proteins: club cell secretory protein (CCSP) and surfactant protein D (SP-D). LPS also prevented mucous metaplasia of club cells and reduced the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-dependent mucin overproduction, with mice displaying normal breathing patterns after OVA challenge. Furthermore, the overexpression of the epithelial Th2-related molecule TSLP was blunted, and normal TSLP and IL-4 levels were found in the bronchoalveolar lavage. A lower eosinophilia was detected in LPS-pretreated mice, along with an increase in phagocytes and regulatory cells (CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ and CD4+IL-10+), together with higher levels of IL-12 and TNFα. In conclusion, our study demonstrates stable asthma-preventive epithelial effects promoted by neonatal LPS stimulation, leading to the presence of regulatory cells in the lung. These anti-allergic dynamic mechanisms would be overlaid in the epithelium, favored by an adequate epidemiological environment, during the development of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Noemi García
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carolina Leimgruber
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Nicola
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Amado Alfredo Quintar
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristina Alicia Maldonado
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Córdoba, Argentina
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9
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Clifford RL, Patel J, MacIsaac JL, McEwen LM, Johnson SR, Shaw D, Knox AJ, Hackett TL, Kobor MS. Airway epithelial cell isolation techniques affect DNA methylation profiles with consequences for analysis of asthma related perturbations to DNA methylation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14409. [PMID: 31595000 PMCID: PMC6783553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50873-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium forms the interface between the inhaled environment and the lung. The airway epithelium is dysfunctional in asthma and epigenetic mechanisms are considered a contributory factor. We hypothesised that the DNA methylation profiles of cultured primary airway epithelial cells (AECs) would differ between cells isolated from individuals with asthma (n = 17) versus those without asthma (n = 16). AECs were isolated from patients by two different isolation techniques; pronase digestion (9 non-asthmatic, 8 asthmatic) and bronchial brushings (7 non-asthmatic and 9 asthmatic). DNA methylation was assessed using an Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array. DNA methylation of AECs clustered by isolation technique and linear regression identified 111 CpG sites differentially methylated between isolation techniques in healthy individuals. As a consequence, the effect of asthmatic status on DNA methylation was assessed within AEC samples isolated using the same technique. In pronase isolated AECs, 15 DNA regions were differentially methylated between asthmatics and non-asthmatics. In bronchial brush isolated AECs, 849 differentially methylated DNA regions were identified with no overlap to pronase regions. In conclusion, regardless of cell isolation technique, differential DNA methylation was associated with asthmatic status in AECs, providing further evidence for aberrant DNA methylation as a signature of epithelial dysfunction in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Clifford
- Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK. .,Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Jamie Patel
- Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Julia L MacIsaac
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lisa M McEwen
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Simon R Johnson
- Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Dominick Shaw
- Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alan J Knox
- Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tillie-Louise Hackett
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michael S Kobor
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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10
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Sotty J, Garçon G, Denayer FO, Alleman LY, Saleh Y, Perdrix E, Riffault V, Dubot P, Lo-Guidice JM, Canivet L. Toxicological effects of ambient fine (PM 2.5-0.18) and ultrafine (PM 0.18) particles in healthy and diseased 3D organo-typic mucocilary-phenotype models. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 176:108538. [PMID: 31344532 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the underlying mechanisms by which particulate matter (PM) exerts its health effects is still incomplete since it may trigger various symptoms as some persons may be more susceptible than others. Detailed studies realized in more relevant in vitro models are highly needed. Healthy normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE), asthma-diseased human bronchial epithelial (DHBE), and COPD-DHBE cells, differentiated at the air-liquid interface, were acutely or repeatedly exposed to fine (i.e., PM2.5-0.18, also called FP) and quasi-ultrafine (i.e., PM0.18, also called UFP) particles. Immunofluorescence labelling of pan-cytokeratin, MUC5AC, and ZO-1 confirmed their specific cell-types. Baselines of the inflammatory mediators secreted by all the cells were quite similar. Slight changes of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, MCP-1, and/or TGFα, and of H3K9 histone acetylation supported a higher inflammatory response of asthma- and especially COPD-DHBE cells, after exposure to FP and especially UFP. At baseline, 35 differentially expressed genes (DEG) in asthma-DHBE, and 23 DEG in COPD-DHBE, compared to NHBE cells, were reported. They were involved in biological processes implicated in the development of asthma and COPD diseases, such as cellular process (e.g., PLA2G4C, NLRP1, S100A5, MUC1), biological regulation (e.g., CCNE1), developmental process (e.g., WNT10B), and cell component organization and synthesis (e.g., KRT34, COL6A1, COL6A2). In all the FP or UFP-exposed cell models, DEG were also functionally annotated to the chemical metabolic process (e.g., CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP1A2) and inflammatory response (e.g., EREG). Another DEG, FGF-1, was only down-regulated in asthma and specially COPD-DHBE cells repeatedly exposed. While RAB37 could help to counteract the down-regulation of FGF-1 in asthma-DHBE cells, the deregulation of FGR, WNT7B, VIPR1, and PPARGC1A could dramatically contribute to make it worse in COPD-DHBE cells. Taken together, these data contributed to support the highest effects of UFP versus FP and highest sensitivity of asthma- and notably COPD-DHBE versus NHBE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sotty
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPacts de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - G Garçon
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPacts de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France.
| | - F-O Denayer
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPacts de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - L-Y Alleman
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Y Saleh
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPacts de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - E Perdrix
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - V Riffault
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - P Dubot
- MCMC - ICMPE UMR 7182, Rue H. Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - J-M Lo-Guidice
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPacts de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - L Canivet
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPacts de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France
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11
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Ladjemi MZ, Gras D, Dupasquier S, Detry B, Lecocq M, Garulli C, Fregimilicka C, Bouzin C, Gohy S, Chanez P, Pilette C. Bronchial Epithelial IgA Secretion Is Impaired in Asthma. Role of IL-4/IL-13. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 197:1396-1409. [PMID: 29652177 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201703-0561oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Asthma is associated with increased lung IgE production, but whether the secretory IgA system is affected in this disease remains unknown. OBJECTIVES We explored mucosal IgA transport in human asthma and its potential regulation by T-helper cell type 2 inflammation. METHODS Bronchial biopsies from asthma and control subjects were assayed for bronchial epithelial polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) expression and correlated to T-helper cell type 2 biomarkers. Bronchial epithelium reconstituted in vitro from these subjects, on culture in air-liquid interface, was assayed for pIgR expression and regulation by IL-4/IL-13. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Downregulation of pIgR protein was observed in the bronchial epithelium from patients with asthma (P = 0.0002 vs. control subjects). This epithelial defect was not observed ex vivo in the cultured epithelium from patients with asthma. Exogenous IL-13 and IL-4 could inhibit pIgR expression and IgA transcytosis. Mechanistic experiments showed that autocrine transforming growth factor-β mediates the IL-4/IL-13 effect on the pIgR, with a partial contribution of upregulated transforming growth factor-α/epidermal growth factor receptor. CONCLUSIONS This study shows impaired bronchial epithelial pIgR expression in asthma, presumably affecting secretory IgA-mediated frontline defense as a result of type 2 immune activation of the transforming growth factor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Zohra Ladjemi
- 1 Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL, et Dermatologie and.,2 Institute for Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Delphine Gras
- 3 INSERM U 1067, CNRS UMR 7333, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Bruno Detry
- 1 Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL, et Dermatologie and.,2 Institute for Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marylène Lecocq
- 1 Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL, et Dermatologie and.,4 Service de Pneumologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Céline Garulli
- 3 INSERM U 1067, CNRS UMR 7333, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Chantal Fregimilicka
- 5 Imaging Platform, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Bouzin
- 5 Imaging Platform, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Gohy
- 1 Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL, et Dermatologie and.,4 Service de Pneumologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Pascal Chanez
- 3 INSERM U 1067, CNRS UMR 7333, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.,6 Clinique des bronches, de l'allergie et du sommeil, Hôpital Nord, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Marseille, France
| | - Charles Pilette
- 1 Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL, et Dermatologie and.,2 Institute for Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium.,4 Service de Pneumologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; and
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12
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Johnson M, Trebak M. ORAI channels in cellular remodeling of cardiorespiratory disease. Cell Calcium 2019; 79:1-10. [PMID: 30772685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory disease, which includes systemic arterial hypertension, restenosis, atherosclerosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are highly prevalent and devastating diseases with limited therapeutic modalities. A common pathophysiological theme to these diseases is cellular remodeling, which is contributed by changes in expression and activation of ion channels critical for either excitability or growth. Calcium (Ca2+) signaling and specifically ORAI Ca2+ channels have emerged as significant regulators of smooth muscle, endothelial, epithelial, platelet, and immune cell remodeling. This review details the dysregulation of ORAI in cardiorespiratory diseases, and how this dysregulation of ORAI contributes to cellular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Mohamed Trebak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States.
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13
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Yang SJ, Allahverdian S, Saunders ADR, Liu E, Dorscheid DR. IL-13 signaling through IL-13 receptor α2 mediates airway epithelial wound repair. FASEB J 2018; 33:3746-3757. [PMID: 30481486 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801285r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is an airway inflammatory disease characterized by epithelial barrier dysfunction and airway remodeling. Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is a pleiotropic cytokine shown to contribute to features of airway remodeling. We have previously demonstrated that IL-13 is an important mediator of normal airway epithelial repair and health. The role of IL-13 signaling via its receptor subunits (IL-13Rα1/IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα2) in airway epithelial repair and restoration of intact barrier function is not well understood and was investigated in this study using in vitro models. The blocking of IL-13 signaling via IL-13Rα2 significantly reduced airway epithelial repair by 24 h post-mechanical wounding in 1HAEo- cells. Expression and release of repair-mediating growth factor, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor (HB-EGF), and subsequent activation of EGF receptor (EGFR) were also significantly reduced in response to wounding when IL-13Rα2 was blocked. Our data support that IL-13 signals via IL-13Rα2 to mediate normal airway epithelial repair via HB-EGF-dependent activation of EGFR. In human donor lung tissues, we observed that airway epithelium of asthmatics expressed significantly decreased levels of IL-13Rα2 and increased levels of IL-13Rα1 compared with nonasthmatics. Dysregulated expression of IL-13 receptor subunits in the airways of asthmatics may thus contribute to the epithelial barrier dysfunction observed in asthma.-Yang, S. J., Allahverdian, S., Saunders, A. D. R., Liu, E., Dorscheid, D. R. IL-13 signaling through IL-13 receptor α2 mediates airway epithelial wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jasemine Yang
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Health Care, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sima Allahverdian
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Health Care, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Angela D R Saunders
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Health Care, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emily Liu
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Health Care, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Delbert R Dorscheid
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Health Care, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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14
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Pérez-Losada M, Authelet KJ, Hoptay CE, Kwak C, Crandall KA, Freishtat RJ. Pediatric asthma comprises different phenotypic clusters with unique nasal microbiotas. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:179. [PMID: 30286807 PMCID: PMC6172741 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0564-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease in the USA, currently affecting ~ 7 million children. This heterogeneous syndrome is thought to encompass various disease phenotypes of clinically observable characteristics, which can be statistically identified by applying clustering approaches to patient clinical information. Extensive evidence has shown that the airway microbiome impacts both clinical heterogeneity and pathogenesis in pediatric asthma. Yet, so far, airway microbiotas have been consistently neglected in the study of asthma phenotypes. Here, we couple extensive clinical information with 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing to characterize the microbiota of the nasal cavity in 163 children and adolescents clustered into different asthma phenotypes. RESULTS Our clustering analyses identified three statistically distinct phenotypes of pediatric asthma. Four core OTUs of the pathogenic genera Moraxella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Haemophilus were present in at least 95% of the studied nasal microbiotas. Phyla (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes) and genera (Moraxella, Corynebacterium, Dolosigranulum, and Prevotella) abundances, community composition, and structure varied significantly (0.05 < P ≤ 0.0001) across asthma phenotypes and one of the clinical variables (preterm birth). Similarly, microbial networks of co-occurrence of bacterial genera revealed different bacterial associations across asthma phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that children and adolescents with different clinical characteristics of asthma also show different nasal bacterial profiles, which is indicative of different phenotypes of the disease. Our work also shows how clinical and microbial information could be integrated to validate and refine asthma classification systems and develop biomarkers of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Pérez-Losada
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health,, George Washington University, Innovation Hall, Suite 305, 45085 University Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147 USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052 USA
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Kayla J Authelet
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010 USA
| | - Claire E Hoptay
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010 USA
| | - Christine Kwak
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010 USA
| | - Keith A Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health,, George Washington University, Innovation Hall, Suite 305, 45085 University Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147 USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052 USA
| | - Robert J Freishtat
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010 USA
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15
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Jackson GR, Maione AG, Klausner M, Hayden PJ. Prevalidation of an Acute Inhalation Toxicity Test Using the EpiAirway In Vitro Human Airway Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4:149-158. [PMID: 29904643 PMCID: PMC5994905 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2018.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Knowledge of acute inhalation toxicity potential is important for establishing safe use of chemicals and consumer products. Inhalation toxicity testing and classification procedures currently accepted within worldwide government regulatory systems rely primarily on tests conducted in animals. The goal of the current work was to develop and prevalidate a nonanimal (in vitro) test for determining acute inhalation toxicity using the EpiAirway™ in vitro human airway model as a potential alternative for currently accepted animal tests. Materials and Methods: The in vitro test method exposes EpiAirway tissues to test chemicals for 3 hours, followed by measurement of tissue viability as the test endpoint. Fifty-nine chemicals covering a broad range of toxicity classes, chemical structures, and physical properties were evaluated. The in vitro toxicity data were utilized to establish a prediction model to classify the chemicals into categories corresponding to the currently accepted Globally Harmonized System (GHS) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) system. Results: The EpiAirway prediction model identified in vivo rat-based GHS Acute Inhalation Toxicity Category 1–2 and EPA Acute Inhalation Toxicity Category I–II chemicals with 100% sensitivity and specificity of 43.1% and 50.0%, for GHS and EPA acute inhalation toxicity systems, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the EpiAirway prediction model for identifying GHS specific target organ toxicity-single exposure (STOT-SE) Category 1 human toxicants were 75.0% and 56.5%, respectively. Corrosivity and electrophilic and oxidative reactivity appear to be the predominant mechanisms of toxicity for the most highly toxic chemicals. Conclusions: These results indicate that the EpiAirway test is a promising alternative to the currently accepted animal tests for acute inhalation toxicity.
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16
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Martinez-Nunez RT, Rupani H, Platé M, Niranjan M, Chambers RC, Howarth PH, Sanchez-Elsner T. Genome-Wide Posttranscriptional Dysregulation by MicroRNAs in Human Asthma as Revealed by Frac-seq. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:251-263. [PMID: 29769273 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that inhibit gene expression posttranscriptionally, implicated in virtually all biological processes. Although the effect of individual microRNAs is generally studied, the genome-wide role of multiple microRNAs is less investigated. We assessed paired genome-wide expression of microRNAs with total (cytoplasmic) and translational (polyribosome-bound) mRNA levels employing subcellular fractionation and RNA sequencing (Frac-seq) in human primary bronchoepithelium from healthy controls and severe asthmatics. Severe asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by poor response to therapy. We found genes (i.e., isoforms of a gene) and mRNA isoforms differentially expressed in asthma, with novel inflammatory and structural pathophysiological mechanisms related to bronchoepithelium disclosed solely by polyribosome-bound mRNAs (e.g., IL1A and LTB genes or ITGA6 and ITGA2 alternatively spliced isoforms). Gene expression (i.e., isoforms of a gene) and mRNA expression analysis revealed different molecular candidates and biological pathways, with differentially expressed polyribosome-bound and total mRNAs also showing little overlap. We reveal a hub of six dysregulated microRNAs accounting for ∼90% of all microRNA targeting, displaying preference for polyribosome-bound mRNAs. Transfection of this hub in bronchial epithelial cells from healthy donors mimicked asthma characteristics. Our work demonstrates extensive posttranscriptional gene dysregulation in human asthma, in which microRNAs play a central role, illustrating the feasibility and importance of assessing posttranscriptional gene expression when investigating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio T Martinez-Nunez
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London SE19RT, United Kingdom; .,Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Hitasha Rupani
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.,Southampton National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Platé
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Rayne Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mahesan Niranjan
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel C Chambers
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Rayne Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom; and
| | - Peter H Howarth
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.,Southampton National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Tilman Sanchez-Elsner
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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17
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Pierre K, Rao RT, Hartmanshenn C, Androulakis IP. Modeling the Influence of Seasonal Differences in the HPA Axis on Synchronization of the Circadian Clock and Cell Cycle. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1808-1826. [PMID: 29444258 PMCID: PMC6044315 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synchronization of biological functions to environmental signals enables organisms to anticipate and appropriately respond to daily external fluctuations and is critical to the maintenance of homeostasis. Misalignment of circadian rhythms with environmental cues is associated with adverse health outcomes. Cortisol, the downstream effector of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity, facilitates synchronization of peripheral biological processes to the environment. Cortisol levels exhibit substantial seasonal rhythmicity, with peak levels occurring during the short-photoperiod winter months and reduced levels occurring in the long-photoperiod summer season. Seasonal changes in cortisol secretion could therefore alter its entraining capabilities, resulting in a season-dependent modification in the alignment of biological activities with the environment. We develop a mathematical model to investigate the influence of photoperiod-induced seasonal differences in the circadian rhythmicity of the HPA axis on the synchronization of the peripheral circadian clock and cell cycle in a heterogeneous cell population. Model simulations predict that the high-amplitude cortisol rhythms in winter result in the greatest entrainment of peripheral oscillators. Furthermore, simulations predict a circadian gating of the cell cycle with respect to the expression of peripheral clock genes. Seasonal differences in cortisol rhythmicity are also predicted to influence mitotic synchrony, with a high-amplitude winter rhythm resulting in the greatest synchrony and a shift in timing of the cell cycle phases, relative to summer. Our results highlight the primary interactions among the HPA axis, the peripheral circadian clock, and the cell cycle and thereby provide an improved understanding of the implications of circadian misalignment on the synchronization of peripheral regulatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamau Pierre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Rohit T Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Clara Hartmanshenn
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Ioannis P Androulakis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Correspondence: Ioannis P. Androulakis, PhD, Biomedical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854. E-mail:
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18
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Xie B, Laxman B, Hashemifar S, Stern R, Gilliam TC, Maltsev N, White SR. Chemokine expression in the early response to injury in human airway epithelial cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193334. [PMID: 29534074 PMCID: PMC5849294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal airway epithelial cells (AEC) constitute stem/progenitor cells within the central airways and respond to mucosal injury in an ordered sequence of spreading, migration, proliferation, and differentiation to needed cell types. However, dynamic gene transcription in the early events after mucosal injury has not been studied in AEC. We examined gene expression using microarrays following mechanical injury (MI) in primary human AEC grown in submersion culture to generate basal cells and in the air-liquid interface to generate differentiated AEC (dAEC) that include goblet and ciliated cells. A select group of ~150 genes was in differential expression (DE) within 2-24 hr after MI, and enrichment analysis of these genes showed over-representation of functional categories related to inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Network-based gene prioritization and network reconstruction using the PINTA heat kernel diffusion algorithm demonstrated highly connected networks that were richer in differentiated AEC compared to basal cells. Similar experiments done in basal AEC collected from asthmatic donor lungs demonstrated substantial changes in DE genes and functional categories related to inflammation compared to basal AEC from normal donors. In dAEC, similar but more modest differences were observed. We demonstrate that the AEC transcription signature after MI identifies genes and pathways that are important to the initiation and perpetuation of airway mucosal inflammation. Gene expression occurs quickly after injury and is more profound in differentiated AEC, and is altered in AEC from asthmatic airways. Our data suggest that the early response to injury is substantially different in asthmatic airways, particularly in basal airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Xie
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Bharathi Laxman
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Somaye Hashemifar
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Randi Stern
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - T. Conrad Gilliam
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Natalia Maltsev
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Steven R. White
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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19
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Lee IS, Cho DH, Kim KS, Kim KH, Park J, Kim Y, Jung JH, Kim K, Jung HJ, Jang HJ. Anti-inflammatory effects of embelin in A549 cells and human asthmatic airway epithelial tissues. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 40:83-90. [PMID: 29299941 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2017.1414836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Allergic asthma is the most common type in asthma, which is defined as a chronic inflammatory disease of the lung. In this study, we investigated whether embelin (Emb), the major component of Ardisia japonica BL. (AJB), exhibits anti-inflammatory effects on allergic asthma via inhibition of NF-κB activity using A549 cells and asthmatic airway epithelial tissues. METHODS Inflammation was induced in A549 cells, a human airway epithelial cell line, by IL-1β (10 ng/ml) treatment for 4 h. The effects of Emb on NF-κB activity and COX-2 protein expression in inflamed airway epithelial cells and human asthmatic airway epithelial tissues were analyzed via western blot. The secretion levels of NF-κB-mediated cytokines/chemokines, including IL-4, 6, 9, 13, TNF-α and eotaxin, were measured by a multiplex assay. RESULTS Emb significantly blocked NF-κB activity in IL-1β-treated A549 cells and human asthmatic airway epithelial tissues. COX-2 expression was also reduced in both IL-1β-treated A549 cells and asthmatic tissues Emb application. Emb significantly reduced the secretion of IL-4, IL-6 and eotaxin in human asthmatic airway epithelial tissues by inhibiting activity of NF-κB. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that Emb may be used as an anti-inflammatory agent via inhibition of NF-κB and related cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Seung Lee
- a College of Korean Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,b Department of Science in Korean Medicine , Graduate School, Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyuk Cho
- b Department of Science in Korean Medicine , Graduate School, Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,c Department of Biological Sciences in Korean Medicine , Graduate School, Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Suk Kim
- a College of Korean Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Hoon Kim
- a College of Korean Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,b Department of Science in Korean Medicine , Graduate School, Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Park
- a College of Korean Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,b Department of Science in Korean Medicine , Graduate School, Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Yumi Kim
- a College of Korean Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,b Department of Science in Korean Medicine , Graduate School, Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jung
- a College of Korean Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanil Kim
- b Department of Science in Korean Medicine , Graduate School, Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,c Department of Biological Sciences in Korean Medicine , Graduate School, Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jae Jung
- b Department of Science in Korean Medicine , Graduate School, Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,c Department of Biological Sciences in Korean Medicine , Graduate School, Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeung-Jin Jang
- a College of Korean Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,b Department of Science in Korean Medicine , Graduate School, Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,c Department of Biological Sciences in Korean Medicine , Graduate School, Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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20
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Hackett TL, Ferrante SC, Hoptay CE, Engelhardt JF, Ingram JL, Zhang Y, Alcala SE, Shaheen F, Matz E, Pillai DK, Freishtat RJ. A Heterotopic Xenograft Model of Human Airways for Investigating Fibrosis in Asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 56:291-299. [PMID: 27788019 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0065ma] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited in vivo models exist to investigate the lung airway epithelial role in repair, regeneration, and pathology of chronic lung diseases. Herein, we introduce a novel animal model in asthma-a xenograft system integrating a differentiating human asthmatic airway epithelium with an actively remodeling rodent mesenchyme in an immunocompromised murine host. Human asthmatic and nonasthmatic airway epithelial cells were seeded into decellularized rat tracheas. Tracheas were ligated to a sterile cassette and implanted subcutaneously in the flanks of nude mice. Grafts were harvested at 2, 4, or 6 weeks for tissue histology, fibrillar collagen, and transforming growth factor-β activation analysis. We compared immunostaining in these xenografts to human lungs. Grafted epithelial cells generated a differentiated epithelium containing basal, ciliated, and mucus-expressing cells. By 4 weeks postengraftment, asthmatic epithelia showed decreased numbers of ciliated cells and decreased E-cadherin expression compared with nonasthmatic grafts, similar to human lungs. Grafts seeded with asthmatic epithelial cells had three times more fibrillar collagen and induction of transforming growth factor-β isoforms at 6 weeks postengraftment compared with nonasthmatic grafts. Asthmatic epithelium alone is sufficient to drive aberrant mesenchymal remodeling with fibrillar collagen deposition in asthmatic xenografts. Moreover, this xenograft system represents an advance over current asthma models in that it permits direct assessment of the epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tillie-Louise Hackett
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Claire E Hoptay
- 3 Children's Research Institute: Center for Genetic Medicine Research
| | - John F Engelhardt
- 4 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Jennifer L Ingram
- 5 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yulong Zhang
- 4 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Sarah E Alcala
- 3 Children's Research Institute: Center for Genetic Medicine Research
| | - Furquan Shaheen
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ethan Matz
- 2 Department of Integrative Systems Biology and
| | - Dinesh K Pillai
- 2 Department of Integrative Systems Biology and.,7 Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C.,6 Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, and
| | - Robert J Freishtat
- 2 Department of Integrative Systems Biology and.,7 Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C.,8 Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, D.C
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21
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Stefanowicz D, Ullah J, Lee K, Shaheen F, Olumese E, Fishbane N, Koo HK, Hallstrand TS, Knight DA, Hackett TL. Epigenetic modifying enzyme expression in asthmatic airway epithelial cells and fibroblasts. BMC Pulm Med 2017; 17:24. [PMID: 28137284 PMCID: PMC5282738 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-017-0371-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recognition of the airway epithelium as a central mediator in the pathogenesis of asthma has necessitated greater understanding of the aberrant cellular mechanisms of the epithelium in asthma. The architecture of chromatin is integral to the regulation of gene expression and is determined by modifications to the surrounding histones and DNA. The acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of histone tail residues has the potential to greatly alter the accessibility of DNA to the cells transcriptional machinery. DNA methylation can also interrupt binding of transcription factors and recruit chromatin remodelers resulting in general gene silencing. Although previous studies have found numerous irregularities in the expression of genes involved in asthma, the contribution of epigenetic regulation of these genes is less well known. We propose that the gene expression of epigenetic modifying enzymes is cell-specific and influenced by asthma status in tissues derived from the airways. METHODS Airway epithelial cells (AECs) isolated by pronase digestion or endobronchial brushings and airway fibroblasts obtained by outgrowth technique from healthy and asthmatic donors were maintained in monolayer culture. RNA was analyzed for the expression of 82 epigenetic enzymes across 5 families of epigenetic modifying enzymes. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were also used to examine expression of 3 genes. RESULTS Between AECs and airway fibroblasts, we identified cell-specific gene expression in each of the families of epigenetic modifying enzymes; specifically 24 of the 82 genes analyzed showed differential expression. We found that 6 histone modifiers in AECs and one in fibroblasts were differentially expressed in cells from asthmatic compared to healthy donors however, not all passed correction. In addition, we identified a corresponding increase in Aurora Kinase A (AURKA) protein expression in epithelial cells from asthmatics compared to those from non-asthmatics. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we have identified cell-specific variation in gene expression in each of the families of epigenetic modifying enzymes in airway epithelial cells and airway fibroblasts. These data provide insight into the cell-specific variation in epigenetic regulation which may be relevant to cell fate and function, and disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Stefanowicz
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jari Ullah
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Kevin Lee
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Furquan Shaheen
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ekiomoado Olumese
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nick Fishbane
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Hyun-Kyoung Koo
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Teal S Hallstrand
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Darryl A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tillie-Louise Hackett
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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22
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Allergic environment enhances airway epithelial pro-inflammatory responses to rhinovirus infection. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:499-509. [PMID: 28115681 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells (AEC) exhibit a pro-inflammatory phenotype in patients with allergic asthma. We examined the effect of an allergic cytokine environment on the response of AEC to rhinovirus (RV), the most common trigger of acute exacerbations of asthma. Calu-3 cells, a well-differentiated human AEC line, were cultured with or without the T-helper type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, then stimulated with a toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 agonist (poly I:C, dsRNA) or a TLR7 agonist (imiquimod), or infected with RV 16. Expression of pro-inflammatory and antiviral mediators, and of viral pattern-recognition molecules, was assessed using nCounter assays, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and protein immunoassays. Both dsRNA and imiquimod stimulated expression of mRNA for IL6 and IL8 whereas expression of several chemokines and antiviral response genes was induced only by dsRNA. Conversely, expression of other cytokines and growth factors was induced only by imiquimod. RV infection not only stimulated expression of the inflammation-related genes induced by dsRNA, but also of complement factor B and the novel pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-32. In the T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine environment, several mediators exhibited significantly enhanced expression, whereas expression of interferons was either unchanged or enhanced. The allergic environment also increased expression of pattern-recognition receptors and of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, the cell surface receptor for RV. We conclude that Th2 cytokines promote increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators by AEC following infection with RV. Increased viral entry or enhanced signalling via pattern-recognition receptors could also contribute to the exaggerated inflammatory response to RV observed in allergic asthmatics.
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23
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Leclercq B, Happillon M, Antherieu S, Hardy EM, Alleman LY, Grova N, Perdrix E, Appenzeller BM, Lo Guidice JM, Coddeville P, Garçon G. Differential responses of healthy and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseased human bronchial epithelial cells repeatedly exposed to air pollution-derived PM 4. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:1074-1088. [PMID: 27593349 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
While the knowledge of the underlying mechanisms by which air pollution-derived particulate matter (PM) exerts its harmful health effects is still incomplete, detailed in vitro studies are highly needed. With the aim of getting closer to the human in vivo conditions and better integrating a number of factors related to pre-existing chronic pulmonary inflammatory, we sought to develop primary cultures of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-diseased human bronchial epithelial (DHBE) cells, grown at the air-liquid interface. Pan-cytokeratin and MUC5AC immunostaining confirmed the specific cell-types of both these healthy and diseased cell models and showed they are closed to human bronchial epithelia. Thereafter, healthy and diseased cells were repeatedly exposed to air pollution-derived PM4 at the non-cytotoxic concentration of 5 μg/cm2. The differences between the oxidative and inflammatory states in non-exposed NHBE and COPD-DHBE cells indicated that diseased cells conserved their specific physiopathological characteristics. Increases in both oxidative damage and cytokine secretion were reported in repeatedly exposed NHBE cells and particularly in COPD-DHBE cells. Diseased cells repeatedly exposed had lower capacities to metabolize the organic chemicals-coated onto the air-pollution-derived PM4, such as benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), but showed higher sensibility to the formation of OH-B[a]P DNA adducts, because their diseased state possibly affected their defenses. Differential profiles of epigenetic hallmarks (i.e., global DNA hypomethylation, P16 promoter hypermethylation, telomere length shortening, telomerase activation, and histone H3 modifications) occurred in repeatedly exposed NHBE and particularly in COPD-DHBE cells. Taken together, these results closely supported the highest responsiveness of COPD-DHBE cells to a repeated exposure to air pollution-derived PM4. The use of these innovative in vitro exposure systems such as NHBE and COPD-DHBE cells could therefore be consider as a very useful and powerful promising tool in the field of the respiratory toxicology, taking into account sensitive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Leclercq
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France; Mines de Douai, SAGE, CS10838, F-59508 Douai, France
| | - M Happillon
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France
| | - S Antherieu
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France
| | - E M Hardy
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - L Y Alleman
- Mines de Douai, SAGE, CS10838, F-59508 Douai, France
| | - N Grova
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - E Perdrix
- Mines de Douai, SAGE, CS10838, F-59508 Douai, France
| | - B M Appenzeller
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - J-M Lo Guidice
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France
| | - P Coddeville
- Mines de Douai, SAGE, CS10838, F-59508 Douai, France
| | - G Garçon
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France.
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24
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Moheimani F, Hsu ACY, Reid AT, Williams T, Kicic A, Stick SM, Hansbro PM, Wark PAB, Knight DA. The genetic and epigenetic landscapes of the epithelium in asthma. Respir Res 2016; 17:119. [PMID: 27658857 PMCID: PMC5034566 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a global health problem with increasing prevalence. The airway epithelium is the initial barrier against inhaled noxious agents or aeroallergens. In asthma, the airway epithelium suffers from structural and functional abnormalities and as such, is more susceptible to normally innocuous environmental stimuli. The epithelial structural and functional impairments are now recognised as a significant contributing factor to asthma pathogenesis. Both genetic and environmental risk factors play important roles in the development of asthma with an increasing number of genes associated with asthma susceptibility being expressed in airway epithelium. Epigenetic factors that regulate airway epithelial structure and function are also an attractive area for assessment of susceptibility to asthma. In this review we provide a comprehensive discussion on genetic factors; from using linkage designs and candidate gene association studies to genome-wide association studies and whole genome sequencing, and epigenetic factors; DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs (especially microRNAs), in airway epithelial cells that are functionally associated with asthma pathogenesis. Our aims were to introduce potential predictors or therapeutic targets for asthma in airway epithelium. Overall, we found very small overlap in asthma susceptibility genes identified with different technologies. Some potential biomarkers are IRAKM, PCDH1, ORMDL3/GSDMB, IL-33, CDHR3 and CST1 in airway epithelial cells. Recent studies on epigenetic regulatory factors have further provided novel insights to the field, particularly their effect on regulation of some of the asthma susceptibility genes (e.g. methylation of ADAM33). Among the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, microRNA networks have been shown to regulate a major portion of post-transcriptional gene regulation. Particularly, miR-19a may have some therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moheimani
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, HMRI building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia. .,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Alan C-Y Hsu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, HMRI building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew T Reid
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, HMRI building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Teresa Williams
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, HMRI building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, 6001, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephen M Stick
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, 6001, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, HMRI building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter A B Wark
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, HMRI building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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25
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Epithelial Anion Transport as Modulator of Chemokine Signaling. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:7596531. [PMID: 27382190 PMCID: PMC4921137 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7596531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pivotal role of epithelial cells is to secrete and absorb ions and water in order to allow the formation of a luminal fluid compartment that is fundamental for the epithelial function as a barrier against environmental factors. Importantly, epithelial cells also take part in the innate immune system. As a first line of defense they detect pathogens and react by secreting and responding to chemokines and cytokines, thus aggravating immune responses or resolving inflammatory states. Loss of epithelial anion transport is well documented in a variety of diseases including cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, pancreatitis, and cholestatic liver disease. Here we review the effect of aberrant anion secretion with focus on the release of inflammatory mediators by epithelial cells and discuss putative mechanisms linking these transport defects to the augmented epithelial release of chemokines and cytokines. These mechanisms may contribute to the excessive and persistent inflammation in many respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases.
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26
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May RD, Fung M. Strategies targeting the IL-4/IL-13 axes in disease. Cytokine 2016; 75:89-116. [PMID: 26255210 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
IL-4 and IL-13 are pleiotropic Th2 cytokines produced by a wide variety of different cell types and responsible for a broad range of biology and functions. Physiologically, Th2 cytokines are known to mediate host defense against parasites but they can also trigger disease if their activities are dysregulated. In this review we discuss the rationale for targeting the IL-4/IL-13 axes in asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, COPD, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune disease and fibrotic disease as well as evaluating the associated clinical data derived from blocking IL-4, IL-13 or IL-4 and IL-13 together.
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27
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Del Giacco SR, Firinu D, Bjermer L, Carlsen KH. Exercise and asthma: an overview. Eur Clin Respir J 2015. [PMID: 26672959 DOI: 10.3402/ecrj.v2.27984.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The terms 'exercise-induced asthma' (EIA) and 'exercise-induced bronchoconstriction' (EIB) are often used interchangeably to describe symptoms of asthma such as cough, wheeze, or dyspnoea provoked by vigorous physical activity. In this review, we refer to EIB as the bronchoconstrictive response and to EIA when bronchoconstriction is associated with asthma symptoms. EIB is a common occurrence for most of the asthmatic patients, but it also affects more than 10% of otherwise healthy individuals as shown by epidemiological studies. EIA and EIB have a high prevalence also in elite athletes, especially within endurance type of sports, and an athlete's asthma phenotype has been described. However, the occurrence in elite athletes shows that EIA/EIB, if correctly managed, may not impair physical activity and top sports performance. The pathogenic mechanisms of EIA/EIB classically involve both osmolar and vascular changes in the airways in addition to cooling of the airways with parasympathetic stimulation. Airways inflammation plays a fundamental role in EIA/EIB. Diagnosis and pharmacological management must be carefully performed, with particular consideration of current anti-doping regulations, when caring for athletes. Based on the demonstration that the inhaled asthma drugs do not improve performance in healthy athletes, the doping regulations are presently much less strict than previously. Some sports are at a higher asthma risk than others, probably due to a high environmental exposure while performing the sport, with swimming and chlorine exposure during swimming as one example. It is considered very important for the asthmatic child and adolescent to master EIA/EIB to be able to participate in physical activity on an equal level with their peers, and a precise early diagnosis with optimal treatment follow-up is vital in this aspect. In addition, surprising recent preliminary evidences offer new perspectives for moderate exercise as a potential therapeutic tool for asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano R Del Giacco
- Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Davide Firinu
- Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Leif Bjermer
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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28
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Del Giacco SR, Firinu D, Bjermer L, Carlsen KH. Exercise and asthma: an overview. Eur Clin Respir J 2015; 2:27984. [PMID: 26672959 PMCID: PMC4653278 DOI: 10.3402/ecrj.v2.27984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The terms 'exercise-induced asthma' (EIA) and 'exercise-induced bronchoconstriction' (EIB) are often used interchangeably to describe symptoms of asthma such as cough, wheeze, or dyspnoea provoked by vigorous physical activity. In this review, we refer to EIB as the bronchoconstrictive response and to EIA when bronchoconstriction is associated with asthma symptoms. EIB is a common occurrence for most of the asthmatic patients, but it also affects more than 10% of otherwise healthy individuals as shown by epidemiological studies. EIA and EIB have a high prevalence also in elite athletes, especially within endurance type of sports, and an athlete's asthma phenotype has been described. However, the occurrence in elite athletes shows that EIA/EIB, if correctly managed, may not impair physical activity and top sports performance. The pathogenic mechanisms of EIA/EIB classically involve both osmolar and vascular changes in the airways in addition to cooling of the airways with parasympathetic stimulation. Airways inflammation plays a fundamental role in EIA/EIB. Diagnosis and pharmacological management must be carefully performed, with particular consideration of current anti-doping regulations, when caring for athletes. Based on the demonstration that the inhaled asthma drugs do not improve performance in healthy athletes, the doping regulations are presently much less strict than previously. Some sports are at a higher asthma risk than others, probably due to a high environmental exposure while performing the sport, with swimming and chlorine exposure during swimming as one example. It is considered very important for the asthmatic child and adolescent to master EIA/EIB to be able to participate in physical activity on an equal level with their peers, and a precise early diagnosis with optimal treatment follow-up is vital in this aspect. In addition, surprising recent preliminary evidences offer new perspectives for moderate exercise as a potential therapeutic tool for asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano R Del Giacco
- Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Davide Firinu
- Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Leif Bjermer
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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29
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Freishtat RJ, Nino G, Tsegaye Y, Alcala SE, Benton AS, Watson AM, Reeves EKM, Haider SK, Damsker JM. Pharmacologically-induced mitotic synchrony in airway epithelial cells as a mechanism of action of anti-inflammatory drugs. Respir Res 2015; 16:132. [PMID: 26511361 PMCID: PMC4625853 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitotic synchrony is the synchronous progression of a population of cells through the cell cycle and is characteristic of non-diseased airway epithelial cells. However, we previously showed that asthmatic airway epithelial cells are characterized by mitotic asynchrony and are pro-inflammatory as a result. Glucocorticoids can induce mitotic synchrony that in turn suppresses the pro-inflammatory state of diseased cells, suggesting a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of action. Herein, we benchmarked traditional glucocorticoids against the ability of a new clinical-stage dissociative steroidal drug, VBP15, for mitotic resynchronization and associated anti-inflammatory activity in asthmatic airway epithelial cells. METHODS Primary airway epithelial cells differentiated at air-liquid interface were exposed to VBP15, dexamethasone or vehicle following in vitro mechanical injury. Basolateral cytokine secretions (TGF-β1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-1β) were analyzed at different time points using cytometric bead assays and mitosis was examined by flow cytometry. RESULTS VBP15 improved mitotic synchrony of proliferating asthmatic cells in air-liquid interface cultures compared to vehicle-exposed cultures. VBP15 also significantly reduced the basolateral secretion of pro-inflammatory (i.e. IL-1β) and pro-fibrogenic cytokines (i.e. TGF-β1) in air-liquid interface-differentiated asthmatic epithelial cultures following mechanical injury. CONCLUSION VBP15 improves mitotic asynchrony and injury-induced pro-inflammatory and fibrogenic responses in asthmatic airway epithelial cultures with efficacy comparable to traditional glucocorticoids. As it is predicted to show superior side effect profiles compared to traditional glucocorticoids, VBP15 holds potential for treatment of asthma and other respiratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Freishtat
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA. .,Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - G Nino
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA. .,Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA. .,Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Y Tsegaye
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - S E Alcala
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - A S Benton
- Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - A M Watson
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - E K M Reeves
- ReveraGen Biopharma, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - S K Haider
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - J M Damsker
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA. .,ReveraGen Biopharma, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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Herbert C, Sebesfi M, Zeng QX, Oliver BG, Foster PS, Kumar RK. Using multiple online databases to help identify microRNAs regulating the airway epithelial cell response to a virus-like stimulus. Respirology 2015; 20:1206-12. [PMID: 26289417 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Exacerbations of allergic asthma are often triggered by respiratory viral infections. We have previously shown that in a T-helper type 2 (Th2)-biased cytokine environment, mouse and human airway epithelial cells (AEC) exhibit increased expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-viral genes in response to synthetic double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA), a virus-like stimulus. This implies coordinated regulation of gene expression, suggesting possible involvement of microRNA. To investigate this, we developed a novel approach to identifying candidate microRNA using online databases, then confirmed their expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). METHODS Using a list of genes of interest, defined on the basis of the previous study as being up-regulated in a Th2 environment, we searched mouse and human microRNA databases for possible regulatory microRNA, and selected 10 candidates that were conserved across species or predicted by more than one human database. Expression of these microRNA was tested by qRT-PCR, in primary human AEC pre-treated with Th2 cytokines and exposed to dsRNA. RESULTS Expression of hsa-miR-139-5p, miR-423-5p and miR-542-3p was significantly decreased in Th2 pre-treated AEC, and miR-135a-5p exhibited a trend towards decreased expression. Further database searches confirmed that these microRNA regulated additional pro-inflammatory and anti-viral response genes for which expression had previously been shown to be up-regulated, confirming the validity of this approach. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the value of using multiple online databases to identify candidate regulatory microRNA and provides the first evidence that in an allergic environment, microRNA may be important in altering the pro-inflammatory and anti-viral responses of human AEC during exacerbations of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristan Herbert
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle Sebesfi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Qing-Xiang Zeng
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul S Foster
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rakesh K Kumar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Loxham M, Davies DE, Blume C. Epithelial function and dysfunction in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 44:1299-313. [PMID: 24661647 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Asthma was previously defined as an allergic Th2-mediated inflammatory immune disorder. Recently, this paradigm has been challenged because not all pathological changes observed in the asthmatic airways are adequately explained simply as a result of Th2-mediated processes. Contemporary thought holds that asthma is a complex immune disorder involving innate as well as adaptive immune responses, with the clinical heterogeneity of asthma perhaps a result of the different relative contribution of these two systems to the disease. Epidemiological studies show that exposure to certain environmental substances is strongly associated with the risk of developing asthma. The airway epithelium is first barrier to interact with, and respond to, environmental agents (pollution, viral infection, allergens), suggesting that it is a key player in the pathology of asthma. Epithelial cells play a key role in the regulation of tissue homeostasis by the modulation of numerous molecules, from antioxidants and lipid mediators to growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. Additionally, the epithelium is also able to suppress mechanisms involved in, for example, inflammation in order to maintain homeostasis. An intrinsic alteration or defect in these regulation mechanisms compromises the epithelial barrier, and therefore, the barrier may be more prone to environmental substances and thus more likely to exhibit an asthmatic phenotype. In support of this, polymorphisms in a number of genes that are expressed in the bronchial epithelium have been linked to asthma susceptibility, while environmental factors may affect epigenetic mechanisms that can alter epithelial function and response to environmental insults. A detailed understanding of the regulatory role of the airway epithelium is required to develop new therapeutic strategies for asthma that not only address the symptoms but also the underlining pathogenic mechanism(s) and prevent airway remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Loxham
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
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Bucchieri F, Marino Gammazza A, Pitruzzella A, Fucarino A, Farina F, Howarth P, Holgate ST, Zummo G, Davies DE. Cigarette smoke causes caspase-independent apoptosis of bronchial epithelial cells from asthmatic donors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120510. [PMID: 25793769 PMCID: PMC4368206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated important links between air pollution and asthma. Amongst these pollutants, environmental cigarette smoke is a risk factor both for asthma pathogenesis and exacerbation. As the barrier to the inhaled environment, the bronchial epithelium is a key structure that is exposed to cigarette smoke. OBJECTIVES Since primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) from asthmatic donors are more susceptible to oxidant-induced apoptosis, we hypothesized that they would be susceptible to cigarette smoke-induced cell death. METHODS PBECs from normal and asthmatic donors were exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE); cell survival and apoptosis were assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and protective effects of antioxidants evaluated. The mechanism of cell death was evaluated using caspase inhibitors and immunofluorescent staining for apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). RESULTS Exposure of PBEC cultures to CSE resulted in a dose-dependent increase in cell death. At 20% CSE, PBECs from asthmatic donors exhibited significantly more apoptosis than cells from non-asthmatic controls. Reduced glutathione (GSH), but not ascorbic acid (AA), protected against CSE-induced apoptosis. To investigate mechanisms of CSE-induced apoptosis, caspase-3 or -9 inhibitors were tested, but these failed to prevent apoptosis; in contrast, CSE promoted nuclear translocation of AIF from the mitochondria. GSH reduced the number of nuclear-AIF positive cells whereas AA was ineffective. CONCLUSION Our results show that PBECs from asthmatic donors are more susceptible to CSE-induced apoptosis. This response involves AIF, which has been implicated in DNA damage and ROS-mediated cell-death. Epithelial susceptibility to CSE may contribute to the impact of environmental tobacco smoke in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Bucchieri
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pitruzzella
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto Fucarino
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Felicia Farina
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Peter Howarth
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Southampton National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen T. Holgate
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Southampton National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Zummo
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Donna E. Davies
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Southampton National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Adipocyte-derived exosomal miRNAs: a novel mechanism for obesity-related disease. Pediatr Res 2015; 77:447-54. [PMID: 25518011 PMCID: PMC4346410 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is frequently complicated by comorbid conditions, yet how excess adipose contributes is poorly understood. Although adipocytes in obese individuals induce systemic inflammation via secreted cytokines, another potential mediator has recently been identified (i.e., adipocyte-derived exosomes). We hypothesized that adipocyte-derived exosomes contain mediators capable of activating end-organ inflammatory and fibrotic signaling pathways. METHODS We developed techniques to quantify and characterize exosomes shed by adipocytes from seven obese (age: 12-17.5 y, BMI: 33-50 kg/m(2)) and five lean (age: 11-19 y, BMI: 22-25 kg/m(2)) subjects. RESULTS Abundant exosomal miRNAs, but no mRNAs, were detected. Comparison of obese vs. lean visceral adipose donors detected 55 differentially expressed miRNAs (P < 0.05; fold change ≥|1.2|). qRT-PCR confirmed downregulation of miR-148b (ratio = 0.2 (95% confidence interval = 0.1, 0.6)) and miR-4269 (0.3 (0.1, 0.8)), and upregulation of miR-23b (6.2 (2.2, 17.8)) and miR-4429 (3.8 (1.1-13.4)). Pathways analysis identified TGF-β signaling and Wnt/β-catenin signaling among the top canonical pathways expected to be altered with visceral adiposity based on projected mRNA targets for the 55 differentially expressed miRNAs. A select mRNA target was validated in vitro. CONCLUSION These data show that visceral adipocytes shed exosomal-mediators predicted to regulate key end-organ inflammatory and fibrotic signaling pathways.
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Dadgar S, Wang Z, Johnston H, Kesari A, Nagaraju K, Chen YW, Hill DA, Partridge TA, Giri M, Freishtat RJ, Nazarian J, Xuan J, Wang Y, Hoffman EP. Asynchronous remodeling is a driver of failed regeneration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 207:139-58. [PMID: 25313409 PMCID: PMC4195829 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201402079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, asynchronous regeneration in microenvironments within muscle tissue results in development of fibrosis in lieu of global muscle recovery. We sought to determine the mechanisms underlying failure of muscle regeneration that is observed in dystrophic muscle through hypothesis generation using muscle profiling data (human dystrophy and murine regeneration). We found that transforming growth factor β–centered networks strongly associated with pathological fibrosis and failed regeneration were also induced during normal regeneration but at distinct time points. We hypothesized that asynchronously regenerating microenvironments are an underlying driver of fibrosis and failed regeneration. We validated this hypothesis using an experimental model of focal asynchronous bouts of muscle regeneration in wild-type (WT) mice. A chronic inflammatory state and reduced mitochondrial oxidative capacity are observed in bouts separated by 4 d, whereas a chronic profibrotic state was seen in bouts separated by 10 d. Treatment of asynchronously remodeling WT muscle with either prednisone or VBP15 mitigated the molecular phenotype. Our asynchronous regeneration model for pathological fibrosis and muscle wasting in the muscular dystrophies is likely generalizable to tissue failure in chronic inflammatory states in other regenerative tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Dadgar
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Zuyi Wang
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Helen Johnston
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Akanchha Kesari
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Kanneboyina Nagaraju
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
| | - D Ashley Hill
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Terence A Partridge
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Mamta Giri
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Robert J Freishtat
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Javad Nazarian
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Jianhua Xuan
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, VA 24061
| | - Yue Wang
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, VA 24061
| | - Eric P Hoffman
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
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Nino G, Huseni S, Perez GF, Pancham K, Mubeen H, Abbasi A, Wang J, Eng S, Colberg-Poley AM, Pillai DK, Rose MC. Directional secretory response of double stranded RNA-induced thymic stromal lymphopoetin (TSLP) and CCL11/eotaxin-1 in human asthmatic airways. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115398. [PMID: 25546419 PMCID: PMC4278901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic stromal lymphoproetin (TSLP) is a cytokine secreted by the airway epithelium in response to respiratory viruses and it is known to promote allergic Th2 responses in asthma. This study investigated whether virally-induced secretion of TSLP is directional in nature (apical vs. basolateral) and/or if there are TSLP-mediated effects occurring at both sides of the bronchial epithelial barrier in the asthmatic state. METHODS Primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) from control (n = 3) and asthmatic (n = 3) donors were differentiated into polarized respiratory tract epithelium under air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions and treated apically with dsRNA (viral surrogate) or TSLP. Sub-epithelial effects of TSLP were examined in human airway smooth muscle cells (HASMC) from normal (n = 3) and asthmatic (n = 3) donors. Clinical experiments examined nasal airway secretions obtained from asthmatic children during naturally occurring rhinovirus-induced exacerbations (n = 20) vs. non-asthmatic uninfected controls (n = 20). Protein levels of TSLP, CCL11/eotaxin-1, CCL17/TARC, CCL22/MDC, TNF-α and CXCL8 were determined with a multiplex magnetic bead assay. RESULTS Our data demonstrate that: 1) Asthmatic HBEC exhibit an exaggerated apical, but not basal, secretion of TSLP after dsRNA exposure; 2) TSLP exposure induces unidirectional (apical) secretion of CCL11/eotaxin-1 in asthmatic HBEC and enhanced CCL11/eotaxin-1 secretion in asthmatic HASMC; 3) Rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations in children are associated with in vivo airway secretion of TSLP and CCL11/eotaxin-1. CONCLUSIONS There are virally-induced TSLP-driven secretory immune responses at both sides of the bronchial epithelial barrier characterized by enhanced CCL11/eotaxin-1 secretion in asthmatic airways. These results suggest a new model of TSLP-mediated eosinophilic responses in the asthmatic airway during viral-induced exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Nino
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shehlanoor Huseni
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Geovanny F. Perez
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Krishna Pancham
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Humaira Mubeen
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Aleeza Abbasi
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Justin Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Stephen Eng
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Anamaris M. Colberg-Poley
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Dinesh K. Pillai
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Mary C. Rose
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
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Polosukhin VV, Polosukhin IV, Hoskins A, Han W, Abdolrasulnia R, Blackwell TS, Dworski R. Glutathione S-transferase M1 modulates allergen-induced NF-κB activation in asthmatic airway epithelium. Allergy 2014; 69:1666-72. [PMID: 25118837 DOI: 10.1111/all.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) is a phase II enzyme and regulator of inflammatory signaling in airway epithelial cells. We have found upregulation of neutrophilic airway inflammation in atopic asthmatics expressing GSTM1 gene (GSTM1+) compared to GSTM1null asthmatics. We hypothesized that GSTM1 modulates NF-κB activation in bronchial epithelium in atopic asthmatics. We determined regulation of allergen-induced NF-κB activation in bronchial epithelium by GSTM1 in human atopic asthmatics in vivo. METHODS Endobronchial biopsies and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples were collected from 13 GSTM1+ and 12 GSTM1null human atopic asthmatics at baseline and 24 h after segmental allergen challenge. A quantitative analysis of NF-κB activation in airway epithelium was accomplished using a polyclonal antibody against the phosphorylated p65 component of NF-κB. Elastase-positive neutrophils in the bronchial wall were quantified. RESULTS Postallergen neutrophilia in airway subepithelium and epithelial lining fluid was greater in GSTM1+ compared to GSTM1null asthmatics. Airway eosinophilia was similar in GSTM1+ and GSTM1null asthmatics. Allergen-provoked NF-κB induction in bronchial epithelium was significantly greater in GSTM1+ compared to GSTM1null asthmatics. Activation of NF-κB activation in airway epithelial cells correlated with interleukin-8 concentrations and absolute neutrophil numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in GSTM1+ but not GSTM1null asthmatics. CONCLUSIONS Allergen-induced neutrophilic airway inflammation in GSTM1+ asthmatics is associated with NF-κB activation in airway epithelial cells in vivo. These novel data provide a potential mechanism of the genomic link between GSTM1 polymorphism and airway neutrophilia in atopic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. V. Polosukhin
- Division of Allergy; Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville TN USA
| | - I. V. Polosukhin
- The Vanderbilt Center for Science Outreach; Research Experience for High School Students; Nashville TN USA
| | - A. Hoskins
- Division of Allergy; Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville TN USA
| | - W. Han
- Division of Allergy; Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville TN USA
| | - R. Abdolrasulnia
- Division of Allergy; Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville TN USA
| | - T. S. Blackwell
- Division of Allergy; Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville TN USA
| | - R. Dworski
- Division of Allergy; Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville TN USA
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Martinez-Nunez RT, Bondanese VP, Louafi F, Francisco-Garcia AS, Rupani H, Bedke N, Holgate S, Howarth PH, Davies DE, Sanchez-Elsner T. A microRNA network dysregulated in asthma controls IL-6 production in bronchial epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111659. [PMID: 25360780 PMCID: PMC4216117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are short non-coding single stranded RNAs that regulate gene expression. While much is known about the effects of individual microRNAs, there is now growing evidence that they can work in co-operative networks. MicroRNAs are known to be dysregulated in many diseases and affect pathways involved in the pathology. We investigated dysregulation of microRNA networks using asthma as the disease model. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airway remodelling. The airway epithelium is a major contributor to asthma pathology and has been shown to produce an excess of inflammatory and pro-remodelling cytokines such as TGF-β, IL-6 and IL-8 as well as deficient amounts of anti-viral interferons. After performing microRNA arrays, we found that microRNAs -18a, -27a, -128 and -155 are down-regulated in asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells, compared to cells from healthy donors. Interestingly, these microRNAs are predicted in silico to target several components of the TGF-β, IL-6, IL-8 and interferons pathways. Manipulation of the levels of individual microRNAs in bronchial epithelial cells did not have an effect on any of these pathways. Importantly, knock-down of the network of microRNAs miR-18a, -27a, -128 and -155 led to a significant increase of IL-8 and IL-6 expression. Interestingly, despite strong in silico predictions, down-regulation of the pool of microRNAs did not have an effect on the TGF-β and Interferon pathways. In conclusion, using both bioinformatics and experimental tools we found a highly relevant potential role for microRNA dysregulation in the control of IL-6 and IL-8 expression in asthma. Our results suggest that microRNAs may have different roles depending on the presence of other microRNAs. Thus, interpretation of in silico analysis of microRNA function should be confirmed experimentally in the relevant cellular context taking into account interactions with other microRNAs when studying disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio T. Martinez-Nunez
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Victor P. Bondanese
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Fethi Louafi
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ana S. Francisco-Garcia
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Hitasha Rupani
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Bedke
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Holgate
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Peter H. Howarth
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research MP218, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Donna E. Davies
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tilman Sanchez-Elsner
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Alcala SE, Benton AS, Watson AM, Kureshi S, Reeves EMK, Damsker J, Wang Z, Nagaraju K, Anderson J, Williams AM, Lee AJY, Hayes K, Rose MC, Hoffman EP, Freishtat RJ. Mitotic asynchrony induces transforming growth factor-β1 secretion from airway epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:363-9. [PMID: 24669775 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0396oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently proposed that mitotic asynchrony in repairing tissue may underlie chronic inflammation and fibrosis, where immune cell infiltration is secondary to proinflammatory cross-talk among asynchronously repairing adjacent tissues. Building on our previous finding that mitotic asynchrony is associated with proinflammatory/fibrotic cytokine secretion (e.g., transforming growth factor [TGF]-β1), here we provide evidence supporting cause-and-effect. Under normal conditions, primary airway epithelial basal cell populations undergo mitosis synchronously and do not secrete proinflammatory or profibrotic cytokines. However, when pairs of nonasthmatic cultures were mitotically synchronized at 12 hours off-set and then combined, the mixed cell populations secreted elevated levels of TGF-β1. This shows that mitotic asynchrony is not only associated with but is also causative of TGF-β1 secretion. The secreted cytokines and other mediators from asthmatic cells were not the cause of asynchronous regeneration; synchronously mitotic nonasthmatic epithelia exposed to conditioned media from asthmatic cells did not show changes in mitotic synchrony. We also tested if resynchronization of regenerating asthmatic airway epithelia reduces TGF-β1 secretion and found that pulse-dosed dexamethasone, simvastatin, and aphidicolin were all effective. We therefore propose a new model for chronic inflammatory and fibrotic conditions where an underlying factor is mitotic asynchrony.
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Herbert C, Zeng QX, Shanmugasundaram R, Garthwaite L, Oliver BG, Kumar RK. Response of airway epithelial cells to double-stranded RNA in an allergic environment. TRANSLATIONAL RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2014; 2:11. [PMID: 25264520 PMCID: PMC4173067 DOI: 10.1186/s40247-014-0011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Respiratory viral infections are the most common trigger of acute exacerbations in patients with allergic asthma. The anti-viral response of airway epithelial cells (AEC) may be impaired in asthmatics, while cytokines produced by AEC may drive the inflammatory response. We investigated whether AEC cultured in the presence of Th2 cytokines associated with an allergic environment exhibited altered responses to double-stranded RNA, a virus-like stimulus. Methods We undertook preliminary studies using the MLE-12 cell line derived from mouse distal respiratory epithelial cells, then confirmed and extended our findings using low-passage human AEC. Cells were cultured in the absence or presence of the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 for 48 hours, then stimulated with poly I:C for 4 hours. Expression of relevant anti-viral response and cytokine genes was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. Secretion of cytokine proteins was assessed by immunoassay. Results Following stimulation with poly I:C, MLE-12 cells pre-treated with Th2 cytokines exhibited significantly higher levels of expression of mRNA for the cytokine genes Cxcl10 and Cxcl11, as well as a trend towards increased expression of Cxcl9 and Il6. Expression of anti-viral response genes was mostly unchanged, although Stat1, Ifit1 and Ifitm3 were significantly increased in Th2 cytokine pre-treated cells. Human AEC pre-treated with IL-4 and IL-13, then stimulated with poly I:C, similarly exhibited significantly higher expression of IL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11 and CCL5 genes. In parallel, there was significantly increased secretion of CXCL8 and CCL5, as well as a trend towards increased secretion of CXCL10 and IL-6. Again, expression of anti-viral response genes was not decreased. Rather, there was significantly enhanced expression of mRNA for type III interferons, RNA helicases and other interferon-stimulated genes. Conclusion The Th2 cytokine environment appears to promote increased production of pro-inflammatory chemokines by AEC in response to double-stranded RNA, which could help explain the exaggerated inflammatory response to respiratory viral infection in allergic asthmatics. However, any impairment of anti-viral host defences in asthmatics appears unlikely to be a consequence of Th2 cytokine-induced downregulation of the expression of viral response genes by AEC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40247-014-0011-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristan Herbert
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Qing-Xiang Zeng
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2037 Australia ; Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | | | - Linda Garthwaite
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2037 Australia ; School of Medical & Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007 Australia
| | - Rakesh K Kumar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, 2052 Australia
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Pillai DK, Sankoorikal BJV, Johnson E, Seneviratne AN, Zurko J, Brown KJ, Hathout Y, Rose MC. Directional secretomes reflect polarity-specific functions in an in vitro model of human bronchial epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:292-300. [PMID: 24010916 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0188oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The polarity of the conducting airway epithelium is responsible for its directional secretion. This is an essential characteristic of lung integrity and function that dictates interactions between the external environment (apical) and subepithelial structures (basolateral). Defining the directional secretomes in the in vitro human bronchial epithelial (HBE) differentiated model could bring valuable insights into lung biology and pulmonary diseases. Normal primary HBE cells (n = 3) were differentiated into respiratory tract epithelium. Apical and basolateral secretions (24 h) were processed for proteome profiling and pathway analysis. A total of 243 proteins were identified in secretions from all HBE cultures combined. Of these, 51% were classified as secreted proteins, including true secreted proteins (36%) and exosomal proteins (15%). Close examination revealed consistent secretion of 69 apical proteins and 13 basolateral proteins and differential secretion of 25 proteins across all donors. Expression of Annexin A4 in apical secretions and Desmoglein-2 in basolateral secretions was validated using Western blot or ELISA in triplicate independent experiments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study defining apical and basolateral secretomes in the in vitro differentiated HBE model. The data demonstrate that epithelial polarity directs protein secretion with different patterns of biological processes to the apical and basolateral surfaces that are consistent with normal bronchial epithelium homeostatic functions. Applying this in vitro directional secretome model to lung diseases may elucidate their molecular pathophysiology and help define potential therapeutic targets.
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Hallstrand TS, Hackett TL, Altemeier WA, Matute-Bello G, Hansbro PM, Knight DA. Airway epithelial regulation of pulmonary immune homeostasis and inflammation. Clin Immunol 2014; 151:1-15. [PMID: 24503171 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent genetic, structural and functional studies have identified the airway and lung epithelium as a key orchestrator of the immune response. Further, there is now strong evidence that epithelium dysfunction is involved in the development of inflammatory disorders of the lung. Here we review the characteristic immune responses that are orchestrated by the epithelium in response to diverse triggers such as pollutants, cigarette smoke, bacterial peptides, and viruses. We focus in part on the role of epithelium-derived interleukin (IL)-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), as well as CC family chemokines as critical regulators of the immune response. We cite examples of the function of the epithelium in host defense and the role of epithelium dysfunction in the development of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teal S Hallstrand
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Tillie L Hackett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William A Altemeier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gustavo Matute-Bello
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Warner SMB, Hackett TL, Shaheen F, Hallstrand TS, Kicic A, Stick SM, Knight DA. Transcription factor p63 regulates key genes and wound repair in human airway epithelial basal cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 49:978-88. [PMID: 23837456 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0447oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium in asthma displays altered repair and incomplete barrier formation. Basal cells are the progenitor cells of the airway epithelium, and can repopulate other cell types after injury. We previously reported increased numbers of basal cells expressing the transcription factor p63 in the airway epithelium of patients with asthma. Here we sought to determine the molecular consequences of p63 expression in basal human airway epithelial cells during wound repair. Because at least six isoforms of p63 exist (N-terminally truncated [ΔN] versus transcriptional activation promoter variants and α, β, or γ 3' splice variants), the expression of all isoforms was investigated in primary human airway epithelial cells (pHAECs). We modulated p63 expression, using small interfering RNA (siRNA) and adenoviral constructs to determine the effects of p63 on 21 candidate target genes by RT-PCR, and on repair using a scratch wound assay. We found that basal pHAECs from asthmatic and nonasthmatic donors predominantly expressed the N-terminally truncated p63α variant (ΔNp63α) isoform, with no disease-specific differences in expression. The knockdown of ΔNp63, using specific siRNA, decreased the expression of 11 out of 21 genes associated with epithelial repair and differentiation, including β-catenin, epidermal growth factor receptor, and Jagged1. The loss of ΔNp63 significantly inhibited wound closure (which was associated with the decreased expression of β-catenin and Jagged1), reduced epithelial proliferation as measured by Ki-67 staining, and increased E-cadherin expression, potentially preventing cytokinesis. In conclusion, ΔNp63α is the major isoform expressed in basal pHAECs, and is essential for epithelial wound repair. The role of ΔNp63α in epithelial barrier integrity requires further study to understand its role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M B Warner
- 1 University of British Columbia James Hogg Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Gregory LG, Jones CP, Mathie SA, Pegorier S, Lloyd CM. Endothelin-1 directs airway remodeling and hyper-reactivity in a murine asthma model. Allergy 2013; 68:1579-88. [PMID: 24117726 PMCID: PMC3992903 DOI: 10.1111/all.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The current paradigm describing asthma pathogenesis recognizes the central role of abnormal epithelial function in the generation and maintenance of the disease. However, the mechanisms responsible for the initiation of airway remodeling, which contributes to decreased lung function, remain elusive. Therefore, we aimed to determine the role of altered pulmonary gene expression in disease inception and identify proremodeling mediators. Methods Using an adenoviral vector, we generated mice overexpressing smad2, a TGF-β and activin A signaling molecule, in the lung. Animals were exposed to intranasal ovalbumin (OVA) without systemic sensitization. Results Control mice exposed to inhaled OVA showed no evidence of pulmonary inflammation, indices of remodeling, or airway hyper-reactivity. In contrast, local smad2 overexpression provoked airway hyper-reactivity in OVA-treated mice, concomitant with increased airway smooth muscle mass and peribronchial collagen deposition. Pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation was not evident, and there was no change in serum IgE or IgG1 levels. The profound remodeling changes were not mediated by classical pro-inflammatory Th2 cytokines. However, uric acid and interleukin-1β levels in the lung were increased. Epithelial-derived endothelin-1 and fibroblast growth factor were also augmented in smad2-expressing mice. Blocking endothelin-1 prevented these phenotypic changes. Conclusions Innate epithelial-derived mediators are sufficient to drive airway hyper-reactivity and remodeling in response to environmental insults in the absence of overt Th2-type inflammation in a model of noneosinophilic, noninflammed types of asthma. Targeting potential asthma therapies to epithelial cell function and modulation of locally released mediators may represent an effective avenue for therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. G. Gregory
- Leukocyte Biology Section National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London UK
| | - C. P. Jones
- Leukocyte Biology Section National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London UK
| | - S. A. Mathie
- Leukocyte Biology Section National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London UK
| | - S. Pegorier
- Leukocyte Biology Section National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London UK
| | - C. M. Lloyd
- Leukocyte Biology Section National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London UK
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Woodman LB, Wan WYH, Milone R, Grace K, Sousa A, Williamson R, Brightling CE. Synthetic response of stimulated respiratory epithelium: modulation by prednisolone and iKK2 inhibition. Chest 2013; 143:1656-1666. [PMID: 23238614 PMCID: PMC3673662 DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The airway epithelium plays a central role in wound repair and host defense
and is implicated in the immunopathogenesis of asthma. Whether there are
intrinsic differences between the synthetic capacity of epithelial cells
derived from subjects with asthma and healthy control subjects and how this
mediator release is modulated by antiinflammatory therapy remains uncertain.
We sought to examine the synthetic function of epithelial cells from
different locations in the airway tree from subjects with and without asthma
and to determine the effects of antiinflammatory therapies upon this
synthetic capacity. Methods: Primary epithelial cells were derived from 17 subjects with asthma and 16
control subjects. The release of 13 cytokines and chemokines from nasal,
bronchial basal, and air-liquid interface differentiated epithelial cells
before and after stimulation with IL-1β, IL-1β and
interferon-γ, or Poly-IC (Toll-like receptor 3 agonist) was measured
using MesoScale discovery or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the
effects of prednisolone and an inhibitor of nuclear factor κ-B2
(IKK2i) were determined. Results: The pattern of release of cytokines and chemokines was significantly
different between nasal, bronchial basal, and differentiated epithelial
cells but not between health and disease. Stimulation of the epithelial
cells caused marked upregulation of most mediators, which were broadly
corticosteroid unresponsive but attenuated by IKK2i. Conclusion: Synthetic capacity of primary airway epithelial cells varied between location
and degree of differentiation but was not disease specific. Activation of
epithelial cells by proinflammatory cytokines and toll-like receptor 3
agonism is attenuated by IKK2i, but not corticosteroids, suggesting that
IKK2i may represent an important novel therapy for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Bianca Woodman
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, England
| | - Wing Yan Heidi Wan
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, England
| | - Roberta Milone
- GlaxoSmithKline, Refractory Respiratory Inflammation DPU, Respiratory CEDD Biomarker Discovery Group, Stevenage, England
| | - Ken Grace
- GlaxoSmithKline, Refractory Respiratory Inflammation DPU, Respiratory CEDD Biomarker Discovery Group, Stevenage, England
| | - Ana Sousa
- GlaxoSmithKline, Refractory Respiratory Inflammation DPU, Respiratory CEDD Biomarker Discovery Group, Stevenage, England
| | - Rick Williamson
- GlaxoSmithKline, Refractory Respiratory Inflammation DPU, Respiratory CEDD Biomarker Discovery Group, Stevenage, England
| | - Christopher Edward Brightling
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, England.
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45
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Payne AS, Freishtat RJ. Conserved steroid hormone homology converges on nuclear factor κB to modulate inflammation in asthma. J Investig Med 2013; 60:13-7. [PMID: 22183120 DOI: 10.2310/jim.0b013e31823d7989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex, multifactorial disease comprising multiple different subtypes, rather than a single disease entity, yet it has a consistent clinical phenotype: recurring episodes of chest tightness, wheezing, and difficulty breathing (Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl. 1997;15:9-12). Despite the complex pathogenesis of asthma, steroid hormones (eg, glucocorticoids) are ubiquitous in the short-term and long-term management of all types of asthma. Overall, steroid hormones are a class of widely relevant, biologically active compounds originating from cholesterol and altered in a stepwise fashion, but maintain a basic 17-carbon, 4-ring structure. Steroids are lipophilic molecules that diffuse readily through cell membranes to directly and/or indirectly affect gene transcription. In addition, they use rapid, nongenomic actions to affect cellular products. Steroid hormones comprise several groups (including glucocorticoids, sex steroid hormones, and secosteroids) with critical divergent biological and physiological functions relevant to health and disease. However, the conserved homology of steroid hormone molecules, receptors, and signaling pathways suggests that each of these is part of a dynamic system of hormone interaction, likely involving an overlap of downstream signaling mechanisms. Therefore, we will review the similarities and differences of these 3 groups of steroid hormones (ie, glucocorticoids, sex steroid hormones, and secosteroids), identifying nuclear factor κB as a common inflammatory mediator. Despite our understanding of the impact of individual steroids (eg, glucocorticoids, sex steroids and secosteroids) on asthma, research has yet to explain the interplay of the dynamic system in which these hormones function. To do so, there needs to be a better understanding of the interplay of classic, nonclassic, and nongenomic steroid hormone functions. However, clues from the conserved homology steroid hormone structure and function and signaling pathways offer insight into a possible model of steroid hormone regulation of inflammation in asthma through common nuclear factor κB-mediated downstream events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha S Payne
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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46
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Damsker JM, Dillingham BC, Rose MC, Balsley MA, Heier CR, Watson AM, Stemmy EJ, Jurjus RA, Huynh T, Tatem K, Uaesoontrachoon K, Berry DM, Benton AS, Freishtat RJ, Hoffman EP, McCall JM, Gordish-Dressman H, Constant SL, Reeves EKM, Nagaraju K. VBP15, a glucocorticoid analogue, is effective at reducing allergic lung inflammation in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63871. [PMID: 23667681 PMCID: PMC3646769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition of the lower respiratory tract associated with airway hyperreactivity and mucus obstruction in which a majority of cases are due to an allergic response to environmental allergens. Glucocorticoids such as prednisone have been standard treatment for many inflammatory diseases for the past 60 years. However, despite their effectiveness, long-term treatment is often limited by adverse side effects believed to be caused by glucocorticoid receptor-mediated gene transcription. This has led to the pursuit of compounds that retain the anti-inflammatory properties yet lack the adverse side effects associated with traditional glucocorticoids. We have developed a novel series of steroidal analogues (VBP compounds) that have been previously shown to maintain anti-inflammatory properties such as NFκB-inhibition without inducing glucocorticoid receptor-mediated gene transcription. This study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of the lead compound, VBP15, in a mouse model of allergic lung inflammation. We show that VBP15 is as effective as the traditional glucocorticoid, prednisolone, at reducing three major hallmarks of lung inflammation—NFκB activity, leukocyte degranulation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine release from human bronchial epithelial cells obtained from patients with asthma. Moreover, we found that VBP15 is capable of reducing inflammation of the lung in vivo to an extent similar to that of prednisone. We found that prednisolone–but not VBP15 shortens the tibia in mice upon a 5 week treatment regimen suggesting effective dissociation of side effects from efficacy. These findings suggest that VBP15 may represent a potent and safer alternative to traditional glucocorticoids in the treatment of asthma and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse M Damsker
- ReveraGen BioPharma, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.
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Ravensberg AJ, Slats AM, van Wetering S, Janssen K, van Wijngaarden S, de Jeu R, Rabe KF, Sterk PJ, Hiemstra PS. CD8(+) T cells characterize early smoking-related airway pathology in patients with asthma. Respir Med 2013; 107:959-66. [PMID: 23639272 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking in asthma occurs frequently and is associated with increased symptom severity, an impaired response to corticosteroids, and accelerated lung function decline. Airway pathology in smoking asthmatics is characterized by neutrophilia and epithelial changes such as goblet cell hyperplasia and increased proliferation. Bronchial CD8(+) T cells are implicated in lung function decline in asthma and COPD. We hypothesized that smoking modifies airway inflammation in asthma by increasing the number of CD8(+) T cells at an early stage. OBJECTIVES & METHODS To study effects of smoking on airway pathology in bronchial biopsies from atopic patients with controlled intermittent or mild persistent asthma (12 smokers, 9.7 py and 11 never-smokers, 0.0 py; 20-50 yrs; FEV1 > 70% predicted; PC20MCh < 8 mg/mL, no ICS) using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Smoking asthmatics showed higher numbers of bronchial CD8(+) T cells (55.8 vs 23.9 cells/0.1 mm(2); p = 0.001) and CD68(+) macrophages (7.5 vs 4.6 cells/0.1 mm(2), p = 0.012), and a lower CD4(+)/CD8(+) cell ratio (0.16 vs 0.40; p = 0.007) compared with non-smoking asthmatics, but no difference in neutrophils. Furthermore, the % intact epithelium was higher in smoking asthmatics (49.3 vs 23.3, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION Smoking asthmatics with a limited smoking history show a distinct pattern of airway pathology characterized by a bronchial infiltrate of CD8(+) T cells and CD68(+) macrophages, and epithelial remodelling resembling COPD-like features. This raises the hypothesis that early presence of CD8(+) T cells contributes to disease progression in smoking asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Janneke Ravensberg
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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48
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Brown KJ, Seol H, Pillai DK, Sankoorikal BJ, Formolo CA, Mac J, Edwards NJ, Rose MC, Hathout Y. The human secretome atlas initiative: implications in health and disease conditions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2454-61. [PMID: 23603790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic analysis of human body fluids is highly challenging, therefore many researchers are redirecting efforts toward secretome profiling. The goal is to define potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the secretome that can be traced back in accessible human body fluids. However, currently there is a lack of secretome profiles of normal human primary cells making it difficult to assess the biological meaning of current findings. In this study we sought to establish secretome profiles of human primary cells obtained from healthy donors with the goal of building a human secretome atlas. Such an atlas can be used as a reference for discovery of potential disease associated biomarkers and eventually novel therapeutic targets. As a preliminary study, secretome profiles were established for six different types of human primary cell cultures and checked for overlaps with the three major human body fluids including plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and urine. About 67% of the 1054 identified proteins in the secretome of these primary cells occurred in at least one body fluid. Furthermore, comparison of the secretome profiles of two human glioblastoma cell lines to this new human secretome atlas enabled unambiguous identification of potential brain tumor biomarkers. These biomarkers can be easily monitored in different body fluids using stable isotope labeled standard proteins. The long term goal of this study is to establish a comprehensive online human secretome atlas for future use as a reference for any disease related secretome study. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: An Updated Secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy J Brown
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC 20010, USA
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49
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Yahaya B, McLachlan G, McCorquodale C, Collie D. Gene expression changes associated with the airway wall response to injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58930. [PMID: 23593124 PMCID: PMC3621906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the way in which the airway heals in response to injury is fundamental to dissecting the mechanisms underlying airway disease pathology. As only limited data is available in relation to the in vivo characterisation of the molecular features of repair in the airway we sought to characterise the dynamic changes in gene expression that are associated with the early response to physical injury in the airway wall. Methodology/Principal Findings We profiled gene expression changes in the airway wall using a large animal model of physical injury comprising bronchial brush biopsy in anaesthetised sheep. The experimental design featured sequential studies in the same animals over the course of a week and yielded data relating to the response at 6 hours, and 1, 3 and 7 days after injury. Notable features of the transcriptional response included the early and sustained preponderance of down-regulated genes associated with angiogenesis and immune cell activation, selection and differentiation. Later features of the response included the up-regulation of cell cycle genes at d1 and d3, and the latter pronounced up-regulation of extracellular matrix-related genes at d3 and d7. Conclusions/Significance It is possible to follow the airway wall response to physical injury in the same animal over the course of time. Transcriptional changes featured coordinate expression of functionally related genes in a reproducible manner both within and between animals. This characterisation will provide a foundation against which to assess the perturbations that accompany airway disease pathologies of comparative relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badrul Yahaya
- Cluster for Regenerative Medicine, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bandar Putra Bertam, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
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50
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Liu J, Zhang M, Niu C, Luo Z, Dai J, Wang L, Liu E, Fu Z. Dexamethasone inhibits repair of human airway epithelial cells mediated by glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ). PLoS One 2013; 8:e60705. [PMID: 23573276 PMCID: PMC3615997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a first-line treatment for asthma for their anti-inflammatory effects, but they also hinder the repair of airway epithelial injury. The anti-inflammatory protein GC-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is reported to inhibit the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway, which promotes the repair of airway epithelial cells around the damaged areas. We investigated whether the inhibition of airway epithelial repair imposed by the GC dexamethasone (DEX) is mediated by GILZ. Methods We tested the effect of DEX on the expressions of GILZ mRNA and GILZ protein and the MAPK-ERK signaling pathway in human airway epithelial cells, via RT-PCR and Western blot. We further evaluated the role of GILZ in mediating the effect of DEX on the MAPK-ERK signaling pathway and in airway epithelium repair by utilizing small-interfering RNAs, MTT, CFSE labeling, wound-healing and cell migration assays. Results DEX increased GILZ mRNA and GILZ protein levels in a human airway epithelial cell line. Furthermore, DEX inhibited the phosphorylation of Raf-1, Mek1/2, Erk1/2 (components of the MAPK-ERK signaling pathway), proliferation and migration. However, the inhibitory effect of DEX was mitigated in cells when the GILZ gene was silenced. Conclusions The inhibition of epithelial injury repair by DEX is mediated in part by activation of GILZ, which suppressed activation of the MAPK-ERK signaling pathway, proliferation and migration. Our study implicates the involvement of DEX in this process, and furthers our understanding of the dual role of GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Respiratory Research Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingxiang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Niu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Respiratory Research Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengxiu Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Respiratory Research Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jihong Dai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Respiratory Research Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijia Wang
- Respiratory Research Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Enmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Respiratory Research Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Fu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Respiratory Research Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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