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Atamas SP, Lockatell V, Todd NW, Luzina IG. The IL-33/ST2 Axis Is Not Required for the Profibrotic Effect of IL-33 in the Lungs. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2024; 71:499-501. [PMID: 39352209 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0434le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei P Atamas
- University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Virginia Lockatell
- University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nevins W Todd
- University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Irina G Luzina
- University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland
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Gu S, Wang R, Zhang W, Wen C, Chen C, Liu S, Lei Q, Zhang P, Zeng S. The production, function, and clinical applications of IL-33 in type 2 inflammation-related respiratory diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1436437. [PMID: 39301028 PMCID: PMC11410612 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1436437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-derived IL-33 (Interleukin-33), as a member of alarm signals, is a chemical substance produced under harmful stimuli that can promote innate immunity and activate adaptive immune responses. Type 2 inflammation refers to inflammation primarily mediated by Type 2 helper T cells (Th2), Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), and related cytokines. Type 2 inflammation manifests in various forms in the lungs, with diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) closely associated with Type 2 inflammation. Recent research suggests that IL-33 has a promoting effect on Type 2 inflammation in the lungs and can be regarded as an alarm signal for Type 2 inflammation. This article provides an overview of the mechanisms and related targets of IL-33 in the development of lung diseases caused by Type 2 inflammation, and summarizes the associated treatment methods. Analyzing lung diseases from a new perspective through the alarm of Type 2 inflammation helps to gain a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of these related lung diseases. This, in turn, facilitates a better understanding of the latest treatment methods and potential therapeutic targets for diseases, with the expectation that targeting lL-33 can propose new strategies for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruixuan Wang
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wantian Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Cen Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunhua Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Su Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qian Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Si Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Poole JA, England BR, Sayles H, Johnson TM, Duryee MJ, Hunter CD, Baker JF, Kerr GS, Kunkel G, Cannon GW, Sauer BC, Wysham KD, Joseph AM, Wallace BI, Thiele GM, Mikuls TR. Serum alarmins and the risk of incident interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2024; 63:1998-2005. [PMID: 37812235 PMCID: PMC11215989 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify associations of serum alarmins with risk of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD). METHODS Using serum collected at enrolment, three alarmins (IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin [TSLP] and IL-25) were measured in a multicentre prospective RA cohort. ILD was classified using systematic medical record review. Cross-sectional associations of log-transformed (IL-33, TSLP) or quartile (IL-25) values with RA-ILD at enrolment (prevalent RA-ILD) were examined using logistic regression, while associations with incident RA-ILD developing after enrolment were examined using Cox proportional hazards. Covariates in multivariate models included age, sex, race, smoking status, RA disease activity score and anti-cyclic citrullinated antibody positivity. RESULTS Of 2835 study participants, 115 participants (4.1%) had prevalent RA-ILD at baseline and an additional 146 (5.1%) developed incident ILD. There were no associations between serum alarmin concentrations and prevalent ILD in unadjusted or adjusted logistic regression models. In contrast, there was a significant inverse association between IL-33 concentration and the risk of developing incident RA-ILD in unadjusted (hazard ratio [HR] 0.73 per log-fold increase; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.95; P = 0.018) and adjusted (HR 0.77; 95% CI: 0.59, 1.00; P = 0.047) models. No significant associations of TSLP or IL-25 with incident ILD were observed. CONCLUSION In this study, we observed a significant inverse association between serum IL-33 concentration and the risk of developing incident RA-ILD, but no associations with prevalent ILD. Additional investigation is required to better understand the mechanisms driving this relationship and how serum alarmin IL-33 assessment might contribute to clinical risk stratification in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Poole
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bryant R England
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Harlan Sayles
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tate M Johnson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michael J Duryee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Carlos D Hunter
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Joshua F Baker
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, School of Medicine and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gail S Kerr
- Washington, D.C. VA, Georgetown and Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gary Kunkel
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Grant W Cannon
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Brian C Sauer
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Katherine D Wysham
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amy M Joseph
- VA St. Louis Health Care System, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Beth I Wallace
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Thiele
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ted R Mikuls
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
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Gu J, Zhou Z, Xu S, Pan W, Wang J, Liu O, Wang S, Xu J. Topical Application of Nitrate Ameliorates Skin Fibrosis by Regulating ST2 +CD4 + T Cells in Systemic Sclerosis Mouse Model. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)01870-0. [PMID: 38945439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.06.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by intractable multiorgan fibrosis caused by vascular and immune dysfunction. Currently, effective therapeutic options for patients with SSc are limited. Nitrate, an abundant nutrient in the diet, has been demonstrated to be preventative and therapeutic for several diseases. To determine whether nitrate can slow or reverse SSc progression, topical application of nitrate delivered by dissolving microneedles was used to treat a bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis mouse model. In this study, nitrate considerably attenuated dermal thickness, stiffness, and collagen deposition. Bulk RNA sequencing of skin revealed that Cd4 was a key hub gene in SSc nitrate therapy. In addition, bleomycin-induced cytokines and chemokines were inhibited by nitrate, and CD4+ T cells infiltration markedly declined. Il4, Il6, Il13, and Tgfb expressions in CD4+ T cells isolated from skin biopsies also significantly decreased. Mechanistically, Il1rl1, a type 2 immune response inducer, was markedly repressed in isolated CD4+ T cells and dermal tissues after nitrate treatment. Remarkably, compared with wild-type mice, mice lacking Il1rl1 showed impaired transcriptional profiles after intradermal bleomycin injection. Adoptive transfer of ST2+CD4+ T cells promoted bleomycin-induced Rag2-/- mice dermal fibrosis. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that nitrate targeting ST2+CD4+ T cells is an effective therapeutic option for SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Gu
- Salivary Gland Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zekun Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research, Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care, Academician Workstation for Oral-maxilofacial and Regenerative Medicine, Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shihan Xu
- Salivary Gland Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Pan
- Salivary Gland Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinsong Wang
- Salivary Gland Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ousheng Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research, Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care, Academician Workstation for Oral-maxilofacial and Regenerative Medicine, Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Salivary Gland Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Immunology Research Centre for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Laboratory of Homeostatic Medicine, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Research Units of Tooth Development and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Junji Xu
- Salivary Gland Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Immunology Research Centre for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Periodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
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5
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Wang Z, Tang N. Unpacking the complexity of nuclear IL-33 (nIL-33): a crucial regulator of transcription and signal transduction. J Cell Commun Signal 2023:10.1007/s12079-023-00788-1. [PMID: 37878185 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00788-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) (NF-HEV), a chromatin-associated nuclear cytokine, is a member of the IL-1 family. IL-33 possesses a nuclear localization signal and a homeodomain (a structure resembling a helix-turn-helix) that can bind to nuclear chromatin. Research has revealed that IL-33 can function as a nuclear factor to regulate various biological processes. This review discusses the cellular localization, functional effects, and immune regulation of full length IL-33 (FLIL-33), cytokine IL-33 (sIL-33) and nuclear IL-33 (nIL-33). In addition, the post-translational modifications of nIL-33 and the hypothesis of using nIL-33 as a treatment method were also summarized. A multidisciplinary approach is required which integrates methods and techniques from genomics, proteomics, cell biology and immunology to provide comprehensive insights into the function and therapeutic potential of nIL-33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengbin Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nanhong Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
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Nedeva D, Kowal K, Mihaicuta S, Guidos Fogelbach G, Steiropoulos P, Jose Chong-Neto H, Tiotiu A. Epithelial alarmins: a new target to treat chronic respiratory diseases. Expert Rev Respir Med 2023; 17:773-786. [PMID: 37746733 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2023.2262920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In response to injury, epithelial cells release alarmins including thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), high mobility group-box-1 (HMGB1), interleukin (IL)-33 and -25 that can initiate innate immune responses. These alarmins are recognized as activators of T2-immune responses characteristic for asthma, but recent evidence highlighted their role in non-T2 inflammation, airway remodeling, and pulmonary fibrosis making them an attractive therapeutic target for chronic respiratory diseases (CRD). AREAS COVERED In this review, firstly we discuss the role of TSLP, IL-33, IL-25, and HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of asthma, COPD, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and cystic fibrosis according to the published data. In the second part, we summarize the current evidence concerning the efficacy of the antialarmin therapies in CRD. Recent clinical trials showed that anti-TSLP and IL-33/R antibodies can improve severe asthma outcomes. Blocking the IL-33-mediated pathway decreased the exacerbation rate in COPD patients with more important benefit for former-smokers. EXPERT OPINION Despite progress in the understanding of the alarmins' role in the pathogenesis of CRD, all their mechanisms of action are not yet identified. Blocking IL-33 and TSLP pathways offers an interesting option to treat severe asthma and COPD, but future investigations are needed to establish their place in the treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denislava Nedeva
- Clinic of Asthma and Allergology, UMBAL Alexandrovska, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Krzysztof Kowal
- Department of Experimental Allergology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and Allergology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Stefan Mihaicuta
- Center for Research and Innovation in Precision Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Pulmonology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | | | - Paschalis Steiropoulos
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Herberto Jose Chong-Neto
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Complexo Hospital de Clinicas Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Angelica Tiotiu
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital of Nancy, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage. Cardiorespiratory regulations and motor control (EA 3450 DevAH), University of Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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7
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Stephenson KE, Porte J, Kelly A, Wallace WA, Huntington CE, Overed-Sayer CL, Cohen ES, Jenkins RG, John AE. The IL-33:ST2 axis is unlikely to play a central fibrogenic role in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2023; 24:89. [PMID: 36949463 PMCID: PMC10035257 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating interstitial lung disease (ILD) with limited treatment options. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is proposed to play a role in the development of IPF however the exclusive use of prophylactic dosing regimens means that the therapeutic benefit of targeting this cytokine in IPF is unclear. METHODS IL-33 expression was assessed in ILD lung sections and human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) by immunohistochemistry and gene/protein expression and responses of HLFs to IL-33 stimulation measured by qPCR. In vivo, the fibrotic potential of IL-33:ST2 signalling was assessed using a murine model of bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis and therapeutic dosing with an ST2-Fc fusion protein. Lung and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected for measurement of inflammatory and fibrotic endpoints. Human precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) were stimulated with transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) or IL-33 and fibrotic readouts assessed. RESULTS IL-33 was expressed by fibrotic fibroblasts in situ and was increased by TGFβ treatment in vitro. IL-33 treatment of HLFs did not induce IL6, CXCL8, ACTA2 and COL1A1 mRNA expression with these cells found to lack the IL-33 receptor ST2. Similarly, IL-33 stimulation had no effect on ACTA2, COL1A1, FN1 and fibronectin expression by PCLS. Despite having effects on inflammation suggestive of target engagement, therapeutic dosing with the ST2-Fc fusion protein failed to reduce BLM-induced fibrosis measured by hydroxyproline content or Ashcroft score. CONCLUSIONS Together these findings suggest the IL-33:ST2 axis does not play a central fibrogenic role in the lungs with therapeutic blockade of this pathway unlikely to surpass the current standard of care for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Stephenson
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
- Bioscience Asthma and Skin Immunity, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Joanne Porte
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Aoife Kelly
- Bioscience Asthma and Skin Immunity, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Catherine L Overed-Sayer
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Suzanne Cohen
- Bioscience Asthma and Skin Immunity, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Gisli Jenkins
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Margaret Turner Warwick Centre for Fibrosing Lung Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Interstitial lung disease unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alison E John
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Margaret Turner Warwick Centre for Fibrosing Lung Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Chen H, Tao X, Cao H, Li B, Sun Q, Wang W, Zou Y, Mu M, Tao H, Zhao Y, Ge D. Nicotine exposure exacerbates silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis via STAT3-BDNF-TrkB-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in alveolar type II cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 175:113694. [PMID: 36868510 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The addictive substance nicotine, found in cigarettes and some e-cigarettes, plays a vital role in pro-inflammatory and fibrotic processes. However, the part played by nicotine in the progression of silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis is poorly understood. We used mice exposed to both silica and nicotine to investigate whether nicotine synergizes with silica particles to worsen lung fibrosis. The results revealed that nicotine accelerated the development of pulmonary fibrosis in silica-injured mice by activating STAT3-BDNF-TrkB signalling. Mice with a history of exposure to nicotine showed an increase in Fgf7 expression and alveolar type II cell proliferation if they were also exposed to silica. However, newborn AT2 cells could not regenerate the alveolar structure and release pro-fibrotic factor IL-33. Moreover, activated TrkB induced the expression of p-AKT, which promotes the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transcription factor Twist, but no Snail. In vitro assessment confirmed activation of the STAT3-BDNF-TrkB pathway in AT2 cells, exposed to nicotine plus silica. In addition, TrkB inhibitor K252a downregulated p-TrkB and the downstream p-AKT and restricted the epithelial-mesenchymal transition caused by nicotine plus silica. In conclusion, nicotine activates the STAT3-BDNF-TrkB pathway, which promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and exacerbates pulmonary fibrosis in mice with combined exposure to silica particles and nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Huainan, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Xinrong Tao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Huainan, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China.
| | - Hangbing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Huainan, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Huainan, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Qixian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Huainan, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Wenyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Huainan, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Yuanjie Zou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Huainan, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Min Mu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Huainan, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Huihui Tao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Huainan, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Yehong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Huainan, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Deyong Ge
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Huainan, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
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Luzina IG, Lockatell V, Courneya JP, Mei Z, Fishelevich R, Kopach P, Pickering EM, Kang PH, Krupnick AS, Todd NW, Vogel SN, Atamas SP. Full-length IL-33 augments pulmonary fibrosis in an ST2- and Th2-independent, non-transcriptomic fashion. Cell Immunol 2023; 383:104657. [PMID: 36603504 PMCID: PMC9909894 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mature IL-33 (MIL33) acting through its receptor, ST2, is known to regulate fibrosis. The precursor, full-length IL-33 (FLIL33), may function differently from MIL33 and independently of ST2. Here we report that genetic deletion of either IL-33 or ST2 attenuates pulmonary fibrosis in the bleomycin model, as does Cre-induced IL-33 deficiency in response to either acute or chronic bleomycin challenge. However, adenovirus-mediated gene delivery of FLIL33, but not MIL33, to the lungs of either wild-type or ST2-deficient mice potentiates the profibrotic effect of bleomycin without inducing a Th2 phenotype. In cultured mouse lung cells, FLIL33 overexpression induces moderate and distinct transcriptomic changes compared with a robust response induced by MIL33, whereas ST2 deletion abrogates the effects of both IL-33 forms. Thus, FLIL33 may contribute to fibrosis in an ST2-independent, Th2-independent, non-transcriptomic fashion, suggesting that pharmacological targeting of both FLIL33 and MIL33 may prove efficacious in patients with pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Luzina
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Virginia Lockatell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jean-Paul Courneya
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zhongcheng Mei
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rita Fishelevich
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Pavel Kopach
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Edward M Pickering
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Phillip H Kang
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alexander S Krupnick
- Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nevins W Todd
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stefanie N Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sergei P Atamas
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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10
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Seyran M, Melanie S, Philip S, Amiq G, Fabian B. Allies or enemies? The effect of regulatory T cells and related T lymphocytes on the profibrotic environment in bleomycin-injured lung mouse models. Clin Exp Med 2022:10.1007/s10238-022-00945-7. [PMID: 36403186 PMCID: PMC10390389 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00945-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by permanent scarring of lung tissue and declining lung function, and is an incurable disease with increase in prevalence over the past decade. The current consensus is that aberrant wound healing following repeated injuries to the pulmonary epithelium is the most probable cause of IPF, with various immune inflammatory pathways having been reported to impact disease pathogenesis. While the role of immune cells, specifically T lymphocytes and regulatory T cells (Treg), in IPF pathogenesis has been reported and discussed recently, the pathogenic or beneficial roles of these cells in inducing or preventing lung fibrosis is still debated. This lack of understanding could be due in part to the difficulty in obtaining diseased human lung tissue for research purposes. For this reason, many animal models have been developed over the years to attempt to mimic the main clinical hallmarks of IPF: among these, inducing lung injury in rodents with the anti-cancer agent bleomycin has now become the most commonly studied animal model of IPF. Pulmonary fibrosis is the major side effect when bleomycin is administered for cancer treatment in human patients, and a similar effect can be observed after intra-tracheal administration of bleomycin to rodents. Despite many pathophysiological pathways of lung fibrosis having been investigated in bleomycin-injured animal models, one central facet still remains controversial, namely the involvement of specific T lymphocyte subsets, and in particular Treg, in disease pathogenesis. This review aims to summarize the major findings and conclusions regarding the involvement of immune cells and their receptors in the pathogenesis of IPF, and to elaborate on important parallels between animal models and the human disease. A more detailed understanding of the role of Treg and other immune cell subsets in lung injury and fibrosis derived from animal models is a critical basis for translating this knowledge to the development of new immune-based therapies for the treatment of human IPF.
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11
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Xu X, Dai H, Zhang J. The potential role of interleukin (IL)-25/IL-33/thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) on the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. THE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2022; 16:696-707. [PMID: 36082495 PMCID: PMC9629992 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Interleukin (IL)-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) are the important drivers for excessive type-2 immunity. It has been well elucidated that IL-25/IL-33/TSLP plays an important role in allergic airway inflammation and remodeling, whereas their roles in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) still remained largely unclear. Herein, the aim of the review is to discuss the potential role and mechanism of IL-25/IL-33/TSLP on IPF by literature analysis and summary. DATA SOURCE We have done a literature search using the following terms: ("idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis" OR "IPF" OR "lung fibrosis") and (TSLP or "thymic stromal lymphopoietin" or IL-25 OR IL-17E OR IL-33) from the database of PubMed published in English up to July 2018. STUDY SELECTION We have totally found 58 articles by using the retrieval terms mentioned above. By careful title and abstract reading, 10 original research articles of high quality were enrolled for the full text reading and analysis. Two additional relevant studies were also included during the course of literature readings. RESULTS IL-25/IL-33/TSLP and their corresponding receptors, that is, IL-17BR/ST2L/TSLPR, are shown to be up-regulated both in IPF patients and bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis mice model. IL-25 may promote lung fibrosis by activating IL-17BR+fibroblast and IL-17BR+ILC2 (type 2 innate lymphoid cell). Full length (fl)-IL-33, as a transcription factor mainly in the cell nucleus, mediated non-atopic lung inflammation and fibrosis by modulating expressions of several pro-fibrotic mediators, including transforming growth factor (TGF)-b1. By contrast, mature (m)-IL-33 potentiates lung fibrosis by recruiting ST2L+M2 macrophages and ST2L+ILC2 to enlarge type 2 immunity. TSLP was shown to directly promote CCL2 expression in primary human lung fibroblasts (pHLFs). CONCLUSION IL-25/IL-33/TSLP contributes to non-allergic lung fibrosis by mediating persistent abnormal epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk. IL-25/IL-33/TSLP may serve the promising novel target for the treatment of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Xu
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Beijing An Zhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Huaping Dai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China‐Japan Friendship HospitalNational Clinical Research Center for Respiratory DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Jinglan Zhang
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Beijing An Zhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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12
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Di Carmine S, Scott MM, McLean MH, McSorley HJ. The role of interleukin-33 in organ fibrosis. DISCOVERY IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 1:kyac006. [PMID: 38566909 PMCID: PMC10917208 DOI: 10.1093/discim/kyac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-33 is highly expressed in the nucleus of cells present at barrier sites and signals via the ST2 receptor. IL-33 signalling via ST2 is essential for return to tissue homeostasis after acute inflammation, promoting fibrinogenesis and wound healing at injury sites. However, this wound-healing response becomes aberrant during chronic or sustained inflammation, leading to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) release, excessive extracellular matrix deposition, and fibrosis. This review addresses the role of the IL-33 pathway in fibrotic diseases of the lung, liver, gastrointestinal tract, skin, kidney and heart. In the lung and liver, IL-33 release leads to the activation of pro-fibrotic TGF-β, and in these sites, IL-33 has clear pro-fibrotic roles. In the gastrointestinal tract, skin, and kidney, the role of IL-33 is more complex, being both pro-fibrotic and tissue protective. Finally, in the heart, IL-33 serves cardioprotective functions by favouring tissue healing and preventing cardiomyocyte death. Altogether, this review indicates the presence of an unclear and delicate balance between resolving and pro-fibrotic capabilities of IL-33, which has a central role in the modulation of type 2 inflammation and fibrosis in response to tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Di Carmine
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Molly M Scott
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - Mairi H McLean
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - Henry J McSorley
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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13
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Wu X, Ming B, Wu T, Gao R, Hu P, Tang J, Zhong J, Zheng F, Dong L. IL-33/ST2 axis contributes to the dermal fibrosis of systemic sclerosis via promoting fibroblasts activation. J Dermatol Sci 2022; 107:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Guo Y, Mei Z, Li D, Banerjee A, Khalil MA, Burke A, Ritter J, Lau C, Kreisel D, Gelman AE, Jacobsen E, Luzina IG, Atamas SP, Krupnick AS. Ischemia reperfusion injury facilitates lung allograft acceptance through IL-33-mediated activation of donor-derived IL-5 producing group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:1963-1975. [PMID: 35510760 PMCID: PMC9357103 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.17084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pathways regulating lung alloimmune responses differ from most other solid organs and remain poorly explored. Based on our recent work identifying the unique role of eosinophils in downregulating lung alloimmunity, we sought to define pathways contributing to eosinophil migration and homeostasis. Using a murine lung transplant model, we have uncovered that immunosuppression increases eosinophil infiltration into the allograft in an IL-5-dependent manner. IL-5 production depends on immunosuppression-mediated preservation of donor-derived group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2). We further describe that ischemia reperfusion injury upregulates the expression of IL-33, which functions as the dominant and nonredundant mediator of IL-5 production by graft-resident ILC2. Our work thus identifies unique cellular mechanisms that contribute to lung allograft acceptance. Notably, ischemia reperfusion injury, widely considered to be solely deleterious to allograft survival, can also downregulate alloimmune responses by initiating unique pathways that promote IL-33/IL-5/eosinophil-mediated tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhan Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore Maryland
| | - Zhongcheng Mei
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore Maryland
| | - Dongge Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore Maryland
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore Maryland
| | - May A. Khalil
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore Maryland
| | - Allen Burke
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore Maryland
| | - Jon Ritter
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis Missouri
| | - Christine Lau
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore Maryland
| | - Daniel Kreisel
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis Missouri
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis Missouri
| | - Andrew E. Gelman
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis Missouri
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis Missouri
| | - Elizabeth Jacobsen
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Irina G. Luzina
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore Maryland
| | - Sergei P. Atamas
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore Maryland
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15
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Crosstalk between macrophages and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108937. [PMID: 35779490 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and macrophages are tissue-resident cells that play important roles in tissue-immune homeostasis and immune regulation. ILCs are mainly distributed on the barrier surfaces of mammals to ensure immunity or tissue homeostasis following host, microbial, or environmental stimulation. Their complex relationships with different organs enable them to respond quickly to disturbances in environmental conditions and organ homeostasis, such as during infections and tissue damage. Gradually emerging evidence suggests that ILCs also play complex and diverse roles in macrophage development, homeostasis, polarization, inflammation, and viral infection. In turn, macrophages also determine the fate of ILCs to some extent, which indicates that network crossover between these interactions is a key determinant of the immune response. More work is needed to better define the crosstalk of ILCs with macrophages in different tissues and demonstrate how it is affected during inflammation and other diseases. Here, we summarize current research on the functional interactions between ILCs and macrophages and consider the potential therapeutic utility of these interactions for the benefit of human health.
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16
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Lin YC, Lin YC, Tsai ML, Tsai YG, Kuo CH, Hung CH. IL-33 regulates M1/M2 chemokine expression via mitochondrial redox-related mitophagy in human monocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 359:109915. [PMID: 35339432 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-33 is an epithelial-derived cytokine that enhances T helper (Th) 2 responses. Allergens and other agents induce IL-33 in asthma. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to airway inflammation. Mitophagy is the selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy and often occurs in defective mitochondria, followed by ROS production. In the present study, we examined the effects of IL-33 on ROS production and mitophagy in human monocytes, and the detailed mechanisms were investigated. Human monocyte cell line THP-1 was pretreated with different concentrations of IL-33. ROS production was measured by flow cytometry. Mitochondrial involvement and the mitophagy and intercellular pathway activation were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, and confocal microscopy, and cytokine/chemokine concentrations were detected by ELISA. The data showed that IL-33 alone could induce ROS expression in THP-1 cells. The expression of complex II and V mRNA was increased in the presence of IL-33. The mitophagy-related proteins PINK1, Parkin, and LC3 were regulated by IL-33 through the AMPK pathway. IL-33 significantly decreased M1-related cytokines CXCL-10 and TNF-α production and significantly increased M2-related cytokine CCL-22 production. In conclusion, IL-33 induces ROS production and subsequently influences mitophagy through AMPK activation, altering the macrophage-polarization phenotype of monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Doctoral Degree Program of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Lin
- Department of Medical Humanities and Education, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Allergology, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lan Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Giien Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Changhua Christian Children Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Hung Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hsing Hung
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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17
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Reciprocal regulation of IL-33 receptor-mediated inflammatory response and pulmonary fibrosis by TRAF6 and USP38. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2116279119. [PMID: 35238669 PMCID: PMC8917384 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116279119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance IL-33R mediates local inflammatory responses and plays crucial roles in the pathogenesis of immune diseases. In this study, we identified USP38, which negatively regulates IL-33-triggered signaling by mediating K27-linked deubiquitination of IL-33R at K511 and its autophagic degradation. USP38 deficiency aggravates IL-33-induced lung inflammatory response and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. We further show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF6 catalyzes K27-linked polyubiquitination of IL-33R at K511, and that deficiency of TRAF6 inhibits IL-33-mediated signaling. Our findings reveal an important mechanism regarding how IL-33R is precisely regulated to ensure its inactivation in rest cells and proper activation following IL-33 stimulation.
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18
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Moss BJ, Ryter SW, Rosas IO. Pathogenic Mechanisms Underlying Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 17:515-546. [PMID: 34813355 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-042320-030240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) involves a complex interplay of cell types and signaling pathways. Recurrent alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) injury may occur in the context of predisposing factors (e.g., genetic, environmental, epigenetic, immunologic, and gerontologic), leading to metabolic dysfunction, senescence, aberrant epithelial cell activation, and dysregulated epithelial repair. The dysregulated epithelial cell interacts with mesenchymal, immune, and endothelial cells via multiple signaling mechanisms to trigger fibroblast and myofibroblast activation. Recent single-cell RNA sequencing studies of IPF lungs support the epithelial injury model. These studies have uncovered a novel type of AEC with characteristics of an aberrant basal cell, which may disrupt normal epithelial repair and propagate a profibrotic phenotype. Here, we review the pathogenesis of IPF in the context of novel bioinformatics tools as strategies to discover pathways of disease, cell-specific mechanisms, and cell-cell interactions that propagate the profibrotic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Moss
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; ,
| | - Stefan W Ryter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA;
| | - Ivan O Rosas
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; ,
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19
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Identification of Impacted Pathways and Transcriptomic Markers as Potential Mediators of Pulmonary Fibrosis in Transgenic Mice Expressing Human IGFBP5. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212609. [PMID: 34830489 PMCID: PMC8619832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a serious disease characterized by extracellular matrix (ECM) component overproduction and remodeling. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) is a conserved member of the IGFBP family of proteins that is overexpressed in fibrotic tissues and promotes fibrosis. We used RNA sequencing (RNAseq) to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between primary lung fibroblasts (pFBs) of homozygous (HOMO) transgenic mice expressing human IGFBP5 (hIGFBP5) and wild type mice (WT). The results of the differential expression analysis showed 2819 DEGs in hIGFBP5 pFBs. Functional enrichment analysis confirmed the pro-fibrotic character of IGFBP5 and revealed its impact on fundamental signaling pathways, including cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, focal adhesion, AGE-RAGE signaling, calcium signaling, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions, to name a few. Noticeably, 7% of the DEGs in hIGFBP5-expressing pFBs are receptors and integrins. Furthermore, hub gene analysis revealed 12 hub genes including Fpr1, Bdkrb2, Mchr1, Nmur1, Cnr2, P2ry14, and Ptger3. Validation assays were performed to complement the RNAseq data. They confirmed significant differences in the levels of the corresponding proteins in cultured pFBs. Our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanism(s) of IGFBP5-associated pulmonary fibrosis through possible receptor interactions that drive fibrosis and tissue remodeling.
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20
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Burgoyne RA, Fisher AJ, Borthwick LA. The Role of Epithelial Damage in the Pulmonary Immune Response. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102763. [PMID: 34685744 PMCID: PMC8534416 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary epithelial cells are widely considered to be the first line of defence in the lung and are responsible for coordinating the innate immune response to injury and subsequent repair. Consequently, epithelial cells communicate with multiple cell types including immune cells and fibroblasts to promote acute inflammation and normal wound healing in response to damage. However, aberrant epithelial cell death and damage are hallmarks of pulmonary disease, with necrotic cell death and cellular senescence contributing to disease pathogenesis in numerous respiratory diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and coronavirus disease (COVID)-19. In this review, we summarise the literature that demonstrates that epithelial damage plays a pivotal role in the dysregulation of the immune response leading to tissue destruction and abnormal remodelling in several chronic diseases. Specifically, we highlight the role of epithelial-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and senescence in shaping the immune response and assess their contribution to inflammatory and fibrotic signalling pathways in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ann Burgoyne
- Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK;
| | - Andrew John Fisher
- Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Transplantation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK;
- Institute of Transplantation, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Lee Anthony Borthwick
- Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK;
- Fibrofind, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-191-208-3112
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21
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Günther F, Straub RH, Hartung W, Luchner A, Fleck M, Ehrenstein B. Increased Serum Levels of soluble ST2 as a Predictor of Disease Progression in Systemic Sclerosis. Scand J Rheumatol 2021; 51:315-322. [PMID: 34474647 DOI: 10.1080/03009742.2021.1929457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-33 (IL-33) has been investigated as a mediator in the pathogenesis of fibrosis in lung, liver, and heart. There is accumulating evidence for the involvement of the IL-33/IL-33 receptor ST2L signalling pathway in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Little is known about the role of serum sST2 in SSc, which is the subject of the present investigation. METHOD Serum levels of sST2 were measured in 49 patients with SSc, recruited prospectively between November 2017 and March 2019. Patients were divided into those with progressive and those with stable disease. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was applied to study sST2 as a marker for identifying patients with progressive disease. We used multivariate logistic regression analysis to evaluate the predictive value of sST2 for progressive disease after adjustment for potential confounding factors. RESULTS Serum sST2 levels in patients with progressive disease were significantly elevated compared with patients with stable disease (mean ± sem: 50.4 ± 4.7 ng/mL vs 29.2 ± 2.97 ng/mL, p < 0.001). ROC curve analysis identified an sST2 cut-off value of 37.8 ng/mL as optimal for discriminating patients with progressive disease from those with stable disease (sensitivity 80.0%, specificity 79.3%, area under the curve 0.80). After controlling for potential confounding factors (age, gender, C-reactive protein, pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and sum of internal medicine comorbidities), sST2 remained predictive of progressive disease (odds ratio 1.070, 95% confidence interval 1.017-1.126, p < 0.009). CONCLUSION In the present study, sST2 serum levels were predictive of disease progression in patients with SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Günther
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Asklepios Clinic, Bad Abbach, Germany
| | - R H Straub
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - W Hartung
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Asklepios Clinic, Bad Abbach, Germany
| | - A Luchner
- Department of Cardiology, Barmherzige Brüder Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Fleck
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Asklepios Clinic, Bad Abbach, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - B Ehrenstein
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Asklepios Clinic, Bad Abbach, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
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22
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Extracellular Heat Shock Proteins as Therapeutic Targets and Biomarkers in Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179316. [PMID: 34502225 PMCID: PMC8430559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) include a large number of diseases and causes with variable outcomes often associated with progressive fibrosis. Although each of the individual fibrosing ILDs are rare, collectively, they affect a considerable number of patients, representing a significant burden of disease. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the typical chronic fibrosing ILD associated with progressive decline in lung. Other fibrosing ILDs are often associated with connective tissues diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis-ILD (RA-ILD) and systemic sclerosis-associated ILD (SSc-ILD), or environmental/drug exposure. Given the vast number of progressive fibrosing ILDs and the disparities in clinical patterns and disease features, the course of these diseases is heterogeneous and cannot accurately be predicted for an individual patient. As a consequence, the discovery of novel biomarkers for these types of diseases is a major clinical challenge. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperons that have been extensively described to be involved in fibrogenesis. Their extracellular forms (eHSPs) have been recently and successfully used as therapeutic targets or circulating biomarkers in cancer. The current review will describe the role of eHSPs in fibrosing ILDs, highlighting the importance of these particular stress proteins to develop new therapeutic strategies and discover potential biomarkers in these diseases.
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23
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Planté-Bordeneuve T, Pilette C, Froidure A. The Epithelial-Immune Crosstalk in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631235. [PMID: 34093523 PMCID: PMC8170303 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the lung epithelium and the immune system involve a tight regulation to prevent inappropriate reactions and have been connected to several pulmonary diseases. Although the distal lung epithelium and local immunity have been implicated in the pathogenesis and disease course of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), consequences of their abnormal interplay remain less well known. Recent data suggests a two-way process, as illustrated by the influence of epithelial-derived periplakin on the immune landscape or the effect of macrophage-derived IL-17B on epithelial cells. Additionally, damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), released by damaged or dying (epithelial) cells, are augmented in IPF. Next to “sterile inflammation”, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are increased in IPF and have been linked with lung fibrosis, while outer membrane vesicles from bacteria are able to influence epithelial-macrophage crosstalk. Finally, the advent of high-throughput technologies such as microbiome-sequencing has allowed for the identification of a disease-specific microbial environment. In this review, we propose to discuss how the interplays between the altered distal airway and alveolar epithelium, the lung microbiome and immune cells may shape a pro-fibrotic environment. More specifically, it will highlight DAMPs-PAMPs pathways and the specificities of the IPF lung microbiome while discussing recent elements suggesting abnormal mucosal immunity in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Planté-Bordeneuve
- Pôle de pneumologie, O.R.L. et dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Charles Pilette
- Pôle de pneumologie, O.R.L. et dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Service de pneumologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Antoine Froidure
- Pôle de pneumologie, O.R.L. et dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Service de pneumologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium
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24
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Fonseca W, Lukacs NW, Elesela S, Malinczak CA. Role of ILC2 in Viral-Induced Lung Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:675169. [PMID: 33953732 PMCID: PMC8092393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.675169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid type-2 cells (ILC2) are a population of innate cells of lymphoid origin that are known to drive strong Type 2 immunity. ILC2 play a key role in lung homeostasis, repair/remodeling of lung structures following injury, and initiation of inflammation as well as more complex roles during the immune response, including the transition from innate to adaptive immunity. Remarkably, dysregulation of this single population has been linked with chronic lung pathologies, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrotic diseases (IPF). Furthermore, ILC2 have been shown to increase following early-life respiratory viral infections, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (RV), that may lead to long-term alterations of the lung environment. The detrimental roles of increased ILC2 following these infections may include pathogenic chronic inflammation and/or alterations of the structural, repair, and even developmental processes of the lung. Respiratory viral infections in older adults and patients with established chronic pulmonary diseases often lead to exacerbated responses, likely due to previous exposures that leave the lung in a dysregulated functional and structural state. This review will focus on the role of ILC2 during respiratory viral exposures and their effects on the induction and regulation of lung pathogenesis. We aim to provide insight into ILC2-driven mechanisms that may enhance lung-associated diseases throughout life. Understanding these mechanisms will help identify better treatment options to limit not only viral infection severity but also protect against the development and/or exacerbation of other lung pathologies linked to severe respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Fonseca
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Srikanth Elesela
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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25
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An SY, Petrescu AD, DeMorrow S. Targeting Certain Interleukins as Novel Treatment Options for Liver Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:645703. [PMID: 33841164 PMCID: PMC8024568 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.645703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a major metabolic organ and an immunologically complex organ. It produces and uses many substances such as acute phase proteins, cytokines, chemokines, and complementary components to maintain the balance between immunity and tolerance. Interleukins are important immune control cytokines, that are produced by many body cells. In liver injury, interleukins are produced in large amount by various cell types, and act as pro-inflammatory (e.g. interleukin (IL)-6, IL-13, IL-17, and IL-33) as well as anti-inflammatory (e.g. IL-10) functions in hepatic cells. Recently, interleukins are regarded as interesting therapeutic targets for the treatment of liver fibrosis patients. Hepatic cells such as hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, and hepatic macrophages are involved to the initiation, perpetuation, and resolution of fibrosis. The understanding of the role of interleukins in such cells provides opportunity for the development of therapeutic target drugs. This paper aims to understand the functional roles of interleukins in hepatic and immune cells when the liver is damaged, and suggests the possibility of interleukins as a new treatment target in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeon An
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Anca D Petrescu
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.,Research Division, Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, TX, United States
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26
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Croasdell Lucchini A, Gachanja NN, Rossi AG, Dorward DA, Lucas CD. Epithelial Cells and Inflammation in Pulmonary Wound Repair. Cells 2021; 10:339. [PMID: 33562816 PMCID: PMC7914803 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases are frequently characterised by epithelial injury, airway inflammation, defective tissue repair, and airway remodelling. This may occur in a subacute or chronic context, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or occur acutely as in pathogen challenge and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Despite the frequent challenge of lung homeostasis, not all pulmonary insults lead to disease. Traditionally thought of as a quiescent organ, emerging evidence highlights that the lung has significant capacity to respond to injury by repairing and replacing damaged cells. This occurs with the appropriate and timely resolution of inflammation and concurrent initiation of tissue repair programmes. Airway epithelial cells are key effectors in lung homeostasis and host defence; continual exposure to pathogens, toxins, and particulate matter challenge homeostasis, requiring robust defence and repair mechanisms. As such, the epithelium is critically involved in the return to homeostasis, orchestrating the resolution of inflammation and initiating tissue repair. This review examines the pivotal role of pulmonary airway epithelial cells in initiating and moderating tissue repair and restitution. We discuss emerging evidence of the interactions between airway epithelial cells and candidate stem or progenitor cells to initiate tissue repair as well as with cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems in driving successful tissue regeneration. Understanding the mechanisms of intercellular communication is rapidly increasing, and a major focus of this review includes the various mediators involved, including growth factors, extracellular vesicles, soluble lipid mediators, cytokines, and chemokines. Understanding these areas will ultimately identify potential cells, mediators, and interactions for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Christopher D. Lucas
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; (A.C.L.); (N.N.G.); (A.G.R.); (D.A.D.)
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27
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Maggi L, Rocha IC, Camelo GMA, Fernandes VR, Negrão-Corrêa D. The IL-33/ST2 pathway is not essential to Th2 stimulation but is key for modulation and survival during chronic infection with Schistosoma mansoni in mice. Cytokine 2020; 138:155390. [PMID: 33341001 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Morbidity during chronic schistosomiasis has been associated with the induction and modulation of type-2 granulomatous inflammatory response induced by antigens secreted by the eggs, which become trapped in capillary venules of the host tissues, especially in the liver and intestines. IL-33, an alarmin released after cell damage, binds to its ST2 (suppressor of tumorigenicity 2) receptor, expressed in an variety of immune cells, including ILC2 and macrophages, and stimulates the early production of IL-5 and IL-13, which leads to eosinophil infiltration and activation of a Th2 response. However, the role of IL-33/ST2 activation on Schistosoma-induced granuloma formation and modulation is mostly unknown. In the current work, we comparatively evaluated the immune response and granuloma formation in wild-type BALB/c (WT) and BALB/c mice genetically deficient in the IL-33 receptor (ST2-/-) experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Mice were infected with 25 or 50 S. mansoni cercariae and followed for up to 14 weeks to assess mortality. Mice from each experimental group were comparatively evaluated for parasite burden, liver immune response, and granuloma appearance during acute and chronic schistosomiasis. Our data showed that the number of circulating worms and eggs retained in the liver and eliminated in the feces was similar in WT and ST2-/- infected mice, but infected ST2-/- mice presented an enhanced rate of mortality. Interestingly, the production of type-2 cytokines by soluble egg antigens (SEA)-stimulated spleen cells, the serum concentrations of IL-5 and Immunoglobulin (Ig)-E, and the level of parasite-reactive IgG1 were similar in infected mice of both experimental groups. The concentrations of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-γ in liver homogenate of infected mice also did not differ between the strains at acute schistosomiasis, but there was a significant increase in IL-17 levels in ST2-/- infected mice at this phase. On the other hand, IL-4, IL-13, IL-10, IL-17, and IFN-γ concentrations were reduced and the ratios of IL-4/IFN-γ and IL-17/IFN-γ were higher in liver homogenate of chronically infected ST2-/- mice, suggesting unbalanced Th2 and Th17 responses. Moreover, liver granulomas of ST2-/- mice were larger and disorganized, showing an intense cellular infiltrate, rich in eosinophils and neutrophils. Our results suggest that the absence of the IL-33/ST2 pathway is not essential for the Schistosoma-induced Th2 response, but is necessary to prevent host mortality by modulating granuloma-mediated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maggi
- Laboratório de Esquistossomose e Imunohelmintologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Izabella Chrystina Rocha
- Laboratório de Esquistossomose e Imunohelmintologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Curso de Enfermagem, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garça, Brazil
| | - Genil Mororó Araújo Camelo
- Laboratório de Esquistossomose e Imunohelmintologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Rodrigues Fernandes
- Laboratório de Esquistossomose e Imunohelmintologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Deborah Negrão-Corrêa
- Laboratório de Esquistossomose e Imunohelmintologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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28
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Pulmonary toxicants and fibrosis: innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 409:115272. [PMID: 33031836 PMCID: PMC9960630 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by destruction and remodeling of the lung due to an accumulation of collagen and other extracellular matrix components in the tissue. This results in progressive irreversible decreases in lung capacity, impaired gas exchange and eventually, hypoxemia. A number of inhaled and systemic toxicants including bleomycin, silica, asbestos, nanoparticles, mustard vesicants, nitrofurantoin, amiodarone, and ionizing radiation have been identified. In this article, we review the role of innate and adaptive immune cells and mediators they release in the pathogenesis of fibrotic pathologies induced by pulmonary toxicants. A better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying fibrogenesis may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches for patients with these debilitating and largely irreversible chronic diseases.
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29
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Luzina IG, Lillehoj EP, Lockatell V, Hyun SW, Lugkey KN, Imamura A, Ishida H, Cairo CW, Atamas SP, Goldblum SE. Therapeutic Effect of Neuraminidase-1-Selective Inhibition in Mouse Models of Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation and Fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 376:136-146. [PMID: 33139318 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis remains a serious biomedical problem with no cure and an urgent need for better therapies. Neuraminidases (NEUs), including NEU1, have been recently implicated in the mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis by us and others. We now have tested the ability of a broad-spectrum neuraminidase inhibitor, 2,3-dehydro-2-deoxy-N-acetylneuraminic acid (DANA), to modulate the in vivo response to acute intratracheal bleomycin challenge as an experimental model of pulmonary fibrosis. A marked alleviation of bleomycin-induced body weight loss and notable declines in accumulation of pulmonary lymphocytes and collagen deposition were observed. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses of human and mouse lung tissues and primary human lung fibroblast cultures were also performed. A predominant expression and pronounced elevation in the levels of NEU1 mRNA were observed in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and bleomycin-challenged mice compared with their corresponding controls, whereas NEU2, NEU3, and NEU4 were expressed at far lower levels. The levels of mRNA for the NEU1 chaperone, protective protein/cathepsin A (PPCA), were also elevated by bleomycin. Western blotting analyses demonstrated bleomycin-induced elevations in protein expression of both NEU1 and PPCA in mouse lungs. Two known selective NEU1 inhibitors, C9-pentyl-amide-DANA (C9-BA-DANA) and C5-hexanamido-C9-acetamido-DANA, dramatically reduced bleomycin-induced loss of body weight, accumulation of pulmonary lymphocytes, and deposition of collagen. Importantly, C9-BA-DANA was therapeutic in the chronic bleomycin exposure model with no toxic effects observed within the experimental timeframe. Moreover, in the acute bleomycin model, C9-BA-DANA attenuated NEU1-mediated desialylation and shedding of the mucin-1 ectodomain. These data indicate that NEU1-selective inhibition offers a potential therapeutic intervention for pulmonary fibrotic diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Neuraminidase-1-selective therapeutic targeting in the acute and chronic bleomycin models of pulmonary fibrosis reverses pulmonary collagen deposition, accumulation of lymphocytes in the lungs, and the disease-associated loss of body weight-all without observable toxic effects. Such therapy is as efficacious as nonspecific inhibition of all neuraminidases in these models, thus indicating the central role of neuraminidase-1 as well as offering a potential innovative, specifically targeted, and safe approach to treating human patients with a severe malady: pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Luzina
- Departments of Medicine (I.G.L., V.L., S.W.H., K.N.L., S.P.A., S.E.G.) and Pediatrics (E.P.L.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., S.W.H., S.P.A., S.E.G.); Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (A.I., H.I.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (C.W.C.)
| | - Erik P Lillehoj
- Departments of Medicine (I.G.L., V.L., S.W.H., K.N.L., S.P.A., S.E.G.) and Pediatrics (E.P.L.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., S.W.H., S.P.A., S.E.G.); Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (A.I., H.I.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (C.W.C.)
| | - Virginia Lockatell
- Departments of Medicine (I.G.L., V.L., S.W.H., K.N.L., S.P.A., S.E.G.) and Pediatrics (E.P.L.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., S.W.H., S.P.A., S.E.G.); Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (A.I., H.I.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (C.W.C.)
| | - Sang W Hyun
- Departments of Medicine (I.G.L., V.L., S.W.H., K.N.L., S.P.A., S.E.G.) and Pediatrics (E.P.L.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., S.W.H., S.P.A., S.E.G.); Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (A.I., H.I.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (C.W.C.)
| | - Katerina N Lugkey
- Departments of Medicine (I.G.L., V.L., S.W.H., K.N.L., S.P.A., S.E.G.) and Pediatrics (E.P.L.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., S.W.H., S.P.A., S.E.G.); Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (A.I., H.I.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (C.W.C.)
| | - Akihiro Imamura
- Departments of Medicine (I.G.L., V.L., S.W.H., K.N.L., S.P.A., S.E.G.) and Pediatrics (E.P.L.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., S.W.H., S.P.A., S.E.G.); Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (A.I., H.I.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (C.W.C.)
| | - Hideharu Ishida
- Departments of Medicine (I.G.L., V.L., S.W.H., K.N.L., S.P.A., S.E.G.) and Pediatrics (E.P.L.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., S.W.H., S.P.A., S.E.G.); Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (A.I., H.I.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (C.W.C.)
| | - Christopher W Cairo
- Departments of Medicine (I.G.L., V.L., S.W.H., K.N.L., S.P.A., S.E.G.) and Pediatrics (E.P.L.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., S.W.H., S.P.A., S.E.G.); Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (A.I., H.I.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (C.W.C.)
| | - Sergei P Atamas
- Departments of Medicine (I.G.L., V.L., S.W.H., K.N.L., S.P.A., S.E.G.) and Pediatrics (E.P.L.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., S.W.H., S.P.A., S.E.G.); Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (A.I., H.I.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (C.W.C.)
| | - Simeon E Goldblum
- Departments of Medicine (I.G.L., V.L., S.W.H., K.N.L., S.P.A., S.E.G.) and Pediatrics (E.P.L.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., S.W.H., S.P.A., S.E.G.); Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (A.I., H.I.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (C.W.C.)
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30
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Full-length IL-33 regulates Smad3 phosphorylation and gene transcription in a distinctive AP2-dependent manner. Cell Immunol 2020; 357:104203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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31
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Nemeth J, Schundner A, Quast K, Winkelmann VE, Frick M. A Novel Fibroblast Reporter Cell Line for in vitro Studies of Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:567675. [PMID: 33162897 PMCID: PMC7582034 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.567675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal disease of the lower respiratory tract with restricted therapeutic options. Repetitive injury of the bronchoalveolar epithelium leads to activation of pulmonary fibroblasts, differentiation into myofibroblasts and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition resulting in aberrant wound repair. However, detailed molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying initiation and progression of fibrotic changes are still elusive. Here, we report the generation of a representative fibroblast reporter cell line (10-4A BFP ) to study pathophysiological mechanisms of IPF in high throughput or high resolution in vitro live cell assays. To this end, we immortalized primary fibroblasts isolated from the distal lung of Sprague-Dawley rats. Molecular and transcriptomic characterization identified clone 10-4A as a matrix fibroblast subpopulation. Mechanical or chemical stimulation induced a reversible fibrotic state comparable to effects observed in primary isolated fibroblasts. Finally, we generated a reporter cell line (10-4A BFP ) to express nuclear blue fluorescent protein (BFP) under the promotor of the myofibroblast marker alpha smooth muscle actin (Acta2) using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. We evaluated the suitability of 10-4A BFP as reporter tool in plate reader assays. In summary, the 10-4A BFP cell line provides a novel tool to study fibrotic processes in vitro to gain new insights into the cellular and molecular processes involved in fibrosis formation and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nemeth
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Karsten Quast
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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32
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Drake LY, Prakash YS. Contributions of IL-33 in Non-hematopoietic Lung Cells to Obstructive Lung Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1798. [PMID: 32903501 PMCID: PMC7438562 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-33 plays important roles in pulmonary immune responses and lung diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There is substantial interest in identifying and characterizing cellular sources vs. targets of IL-33, and downstream signaling pathways involved in disease pathophysiology. While epithelial and immune cells have largely been the focus, in this review, we summarize current knowledge of expression, induction, and function of IL-33 and its receptor ST2 in non-hematopoietic lung cells in the context of health and disease. Under basal conditions, epithelial cells and endothelial cells are thought to be the primary resident cell types that express high levels of IL-33 and serve as ligand sources compared to mesenchymal cells (smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts). Under inflammatory conditions, IL-33 expression is increased in most non-hematopoietic lung cells, including epithelial, endothelial, and mesenchymal cells. In comparison to its ligand, the receptor ST2 shows low expression levels at baseline but similar to IL-33, ST2 expression is upregulated by inflammation in these non-hematopoietic lung cells which may then participate in chronic inflammation both as sources and autocrine/paracrine targets of IL-33. Downstream effects of IL-33 may occur via direct receptor activation or indirect interactions with the immune system, overall contributing to lung inflammation, airway hyper-responsiveness and remodeling (proliferation and fibrosis). Accordingly from a therapeutic perspective, targeting IL-33 and/or its receptor in non-hematopoietic lung cells becomes relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Y Drake
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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33
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Xu X, Zhang J, Dai H. IL-25/IL-33/TSLP contributes to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Do alveolar epithelial cells and (myo)fibroblasts matter? Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:897-901. [PMID: 32249602 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220915428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT We suggest a novel modality in terms of IL-25/IL-33/TSLP's pro-fibrotic role in IPF. First, IL-25/IL-33/TSLP fully activates (myo)fibroblasts in fibroblastic foci (FF) in a paracrine-dependent manner. (IL-25/IL-33/TSLP)+alveolar epithelial cells-(IL-25R/IL-33R/TSLPR)+ (myo)fibroblasts axis may contribute greatly to the abnormal epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk and lung fibrosis. Second, IL-25/IL-33/TSLP causes significant injury and phenotypic changes of alveolar epithelial cells in an autocrine-dependent manner. By acting directly on the two most important cells in the fibrotic process, i.e. alveolar epithelial cells and (myo)fibroblasts, we support the notion that biological therapies targeting IL-25/IL-33/TSLP will shed new light on the cure of IPF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Xu
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jinglan Zhang
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huaping Dai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Cao S, Zhu L, Zhu C, Feng J, Yin J, Lu J, Xu Y, Yang H, Huang Y, Zhang Q. Helicobacter hepaticus infection-induced IL-33 promotes hepatic inflammation and fibrosis through ST2 signaling pathways in BALB/c mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:654-661. [PMID: 32122655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been documented that Helicobacter hepaticus (H. hepaticus) infection is linked to hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a cytokine involved in inflammatory and fibrotic diseases, but its relevance to H. hepaticus infection-induced liver inflammation and fibrosis is unknown. In this study, we found that the expression of IL-33 in mice liver was significantly induced by H. hepaticus infection at 24 weeks post infection (WPI). Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that IL-33 was transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm due to infection. The quantitation of inflammatory cytokine and histopathology evaluation showed that IL-33 knockdown attenuated the H. hepaticus-induced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. More importantly, H. hepaticus promoted the expression of the IL-33 receptor ST2 on cell surfaces, and the expression of ST2 then activated the expression nuclear factor-κB (p65), α-SMA, and Erk1/2. These observations provide novel insights into the pathogenic mechanism of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis during H. hepaticus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Cao
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liqi Zhu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China; Shanghai Lab Animal Research Center, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Lu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214064, China; Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yongliang Xu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214064, China; Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214064, China; Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yuzheng Huang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214064, China; Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by acute inflammation and tissue injury results in dysfunction of the alveolar epithelial membrane. If the epithelial injury is severe, a fibroproliferative phase of ALI can develop. During this phase, the activated fibroblast and myofibroblasts synthesize excessive collagenous extracellular matrix that leads to a condition called pulmonary fibrosis. Lung injury can be caused by several ways; however, the present review focus on bleomycin (BLM)-mediated changes in the pathology of lungs. BLM is a chemotherapeutic agent and has toxic effects on lungs, which leads to oxidative damage and elaboration of inflammatory cytokines. In response to the injury, the inflammatory cytokines will be activated to defend the system from injury. These cytokines along with growth factors stimulate the proliferation of myofibroblasts and secretion of pathologic extracellular matrix. During BLM injury, the pro-inflammatory cytokine such as IL-17A will be up-regulated and mediates the inflammation in the alveolar epithelial cell and also brings about recruitment of certain inflammatory cells in the alveolar surface. These cytokines probably help in up-regulating the expression of p53 and fibrinolytic system molecules during the alveolar epithelial cells apoptosis. Here, our key concern is to provide the adequate knowledge about IL-17A-mediated p53 fibrinolytic system and their pathogenic progression to pulmonary fibrosis. The present review focuses mainly on IL-17A-mediated p53-fibrinolytic aspects and how curcumin is involved in the regulation of pathogenic progression of ALI and pulmonary fibrosis.
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Richards CD, Botelho F. Oncostatin M in the Regulation of Connective Tissue Cells and Macrophages in Pulmonary Disease. Biomedicines 2019; 7:E95. [PMID: 31817403 PMCID: PMC6966661 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7040095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OSM), as one of the gp130/IL-6 family of cytokines, interacts with receptor complexes that include the gp130 signaling molecule and OSM receptor β OSMRβ chain subunits. OSMRβ chains are expressed relatively highly across a broad array of connective tissue (CT) cells of the lung, such as fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and epithelial cells, thus enabling robust responses to OSM, compared to other gp130 cytokines, in the regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and inflammation. OSMRβ chain expression in lung monocyte/macrophage populations is low, whereas other receptor subunits, such as that for IL-6, are present, enabling responses to IL-6. OSM is produced by macrophages and neutrophils, but not CT cells, indicating a dichotomy of OSM roles in macrophage verses CT cells in lung inflammatory disease. ECM remodeling and inflammation are components of a number of chronic lung diseases that show elevated levels of OSM. OSM-induced products of CT cells, such as MCP-1, IL-6, and PGE2 can modulate macrophage function, including the expression of OSM itself, indicating feedback loops that characterize Macrophage and CT cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl D. Richards
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 3Z5, Canada;
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37
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Nakashima T, Liu T, Hu B, Wu Z, Ullenbruch M, Omori K, Ding L, Hattori N, Phan SH. Role of B7H3/IL-33 Signaling in Pulmonary Fibrosis-induced Profibrogenic Alterations in Bone Marrow. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 200:1032-1044. [PMID: 31106564 PMCID: PMC6794107 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201808-1560oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The impact of lung insult on the bone marrow (BM) and subsequent disease is unknown.Objectives: To study alterations in the BM in response to lung injury/fibrosis and examine their impact on subsequent lung insult.Methods: BM cells from control or bleomycin-treated donor mice were transplanted into naive mice, which were subsequently evaluated for bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. In addition, the effect of prior bleomycin treatment on subsequent fibrosis was examined in wild-type and B7H3-knockout mice. Samples from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis were analyzed for potential clinical relevance of the findings.Measurements and Main Results: Recipient mice transplanted with BM from bleomycin-pretreated donors showed significant exacerbation of subsequent fibrosis with increased B7H3+ cell numbers and a T-helper cell type 2-skewed phenotype. Pretreatment with a minimally fibrogenic/nonfibrogenic dose of bleomycin also caused exacerbation, but not in B7H3-deficient mice. Exacerbation was not observed if the mice received naive BM cell transplant after the initial bleomycin pretreatment. Soluble B7H3 stimulated BM Ly6Chi monocytic cell expansion in vitro and caused similar expansion in the lung in vivo. Notably, soluble B7H3 was elevated in plasma of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and in BAL fluid in those with acute exacerbation. Finally, ST2 deficiency diminished the bleomycin-induced B7H3 and IL-13 upregulation, suggesting a role for type 2 innate lymphoid cells.Conclusions: Pulmonary fibrosis caused significant alterations in BM with expansion and activation of monocytic cells, which enhanced fibrosis when transplanted to naive recipients with potential mediation by a novel role for B7H3 in the pathophysiology of pulmonary fibrosis in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Nakashima
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; and
| | - Tianju Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Biao Hu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Zhe Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Matthew Ullenbruch
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Keitaro Omori
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; and
| | - Lin Ding
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Noboru Hattori
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; and
| | - Sem H. Phan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Epithelial Alarmins in Serum and Exhaled Breath in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Prospective One-Year Follow-Up Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101590. [PMID: 31581688 PMCID: PMC6832270 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recently, epithelial alarmins have been shown to play important roles in non-allergen driven respiratory diseases like idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Little is known about the expression of the epithelial alarmins in IPF. Methods: This study aimed to prospectively examine interleukin (IL)-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) levels in the serum and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) in patients with IPF before and after one-year of antifibrotic treatment. A total of 82 volunteers, including 52 patients diagnosed with IPF that qualified for antifibrotic therapy as well as 30 controls, were examined. All study participants underwent baseline peripheral blood and EBC sampling. In 35 out of 52 IPF subjects, a follow-up sampling was performed after 12 months of antifibrotic treatment. Concentrations of alarmins in the serum and EBC were evaluated by means of ELISA. Results: Baseline TSLP concentrations were significantly elevated in patients with IPF compared to controls both in the serum (p < 0.05) and EBC (p < 0.0001). Baseline IL-25 and IL-33 serum and EBC levels did not differ significantly between IPF subjects and controls. Prospective analysis of changes in the epithelial alarmin levels showed significantly decreased IL-25 and TSLP EBC concentrations after 12 months of antifibrotic treatment (p < 0.05), which was observed in the subgroup of IPF patients treated with pirfenidone, but not in those treated with nintedanib. In stable patients with IPF over a study period (absolute forced vital capacity (FVC) % of predicted decline/year ≤ 5%, n = 25), a significant decrease in the EBC levels of both IL-25 and TSLP after 12 months of antifibrotic treatment was noted (p < 0.05), whereas, in progressor IPF patients (absolute FVC % of predicted decline/year > 5%, n = 10), a significant decrease was noted in the IL-25 EBC levels only (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Elevated TSLP levels in patients with IPF and their significant decrease in the lung compartment during antifibrotic therapy in stable patients with IPF, but not in progressors, support its significant contribution to pro-fibrotic type 2 immune responses in IPF. Noted changes in the epithelial alarmins concentration in the lung compartment during pirfenidone therapy may suggest its possible interaction with epithelial alarmins pathways in IPF.
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39
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Allinne J, Scott G, Lim WK, Birchard D, Erjefält JS, Sandén C, Ben LH, Agrawal A, Kaur N, Kim JH, Kamat V, Fury W, Huang T, Stahl N, Yancopoulos GD, Murphy AJ, Sleeman MA, Orengo JM. IL-33 blockade affects mediators of persistence and exacerbation in a model of chronic airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:1624-1637.e10. [PMID: 31562870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe inflammatory airway diseases are associated with inflammation that does not resolve, leading to structural changes and an overall environment primed for exacerbations. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify and inhibit pathways that perpetuate this heightened inflammatory state because this could lead to therapies that allow for a more quiescent lung that is less predisposed to symptoms and exacerbations. METHODS Using prolonged exposure to house dust mite in mice, we developed a mouse model of persistent and exacerbating airway disease characterized by a mixed inflammatory phenotype. RESULTS We show that lung IL-33 drives inflammation and remodeling beyond the type 2 response classically associated with IL-33 signaling. IL-33 blockade with an IL-33 neutralizing antibody normalized established inflammation and improved remodeling of both the lung epithelium and lung parenchyma. Specifically, IL-33 blockade normalized persisting and exacerbating inflammatory end points, including eosinophilic, neutrophilic, and ST2+CD4+ T-cell infiltration. Importantly, we identified a key role for IL-33 in driving lung remodeling because anti-IL-33 also re-established the presence of ciliated cells over mucus-producing cells and decreased myofibroblast numbers, even in the context of continuous allergen exposure, resulting in improved lung function. CONCLUSION Overall, this study shows that increased IL-33 levels drive a self-perpetuating amplification loop that maintains the lung in a state of lasting inflammation and remodeled tissue primed for exacerbations. Thus IL-33 blockade might ameliorate symptoms and prevent exacerbations by quelling persistent inflammation and airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jonas S Erjefält
- Unit of Airway Inflammation, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Medetect AB, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wen Fury
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY
| | | | - Neil Stahl
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY
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40
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Yombo DJK, Mentink-Kane MM, Wilson MS, Wynn TA, Madala SK. Heat shock protein 70 is a positive regulator of airway inflammation and goblet cell hyperplasia in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15082-15094. [PMID: 31431507 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are highly conserved molecular chaperones that are ubiquitously expressed in all species to aid the solubilization of misfolded proteins, protein degradation, and transport. Elevated levels of Hsp70 have been found in the sputum, serum, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of asthma patients and are known to correlate with disease severity. However, the function of Hsp70 in allergic airway inflammation has remained largely unknown. This study aimed to determine the role of Hsp70 in airway inflammation and remodeling using a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation. WT and Hsp70 double-knockout (Hsp70.1/.3-/-) mice were sensitized and challenged intratracheally with Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens (SEAs) to induce robust Th2 responses and airway inflammation in the lungs. The lack of Hsp70 resulted in a significant reduction in airway inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and Th2 cytokine production, including IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. An analysis of the BAL fluid suggested that Hsp70 is critically required for eosinophilic infiltration, collagen accumulation, and Th2 cytokine production in allergic airways. Furthermore, our bone marrow (BM) transfer studies show that SEA-induced airway inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and Th2 cytokine production were attenuated in WT mice that were reconstituted with Hsp70-deficient BM, but these effects were not attenuated in Hsp70-deficient mice that were reconstituted with WT BM. Together, these studies identify a pathogenic role for Hsp70 in hematopoietic cells during allergic airway inflammation; this illustrates the potential utility of targeting Hsp70 to alleviate allergen-induced Th2 cytokines, goblet cell hyperplasia, and airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan J K Yombo
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | | | - Mark S Wilson
- Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Satish K Madala
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
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Majewski S, Tworek D, Szewczyk K, Kurmanowska Z, Antczak A, Górski P, Piotrowski WJ. Epithelial alarmin levels in exhaled breath condensate in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A pilot study. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2019; 13:652-656. [PMID: 31392802 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interleukin (IL)-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) are epithelial alarmins involved in innate immune responses and have been shown to play an important role in chronic lung diseases. No data are available regarding their levels in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). OBJECTIVES To examine IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP levels in the EBC obtained from patients with IPF and compare them to those in healthy controls, patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS Twenty-three patients with asthma, 25 patients with COPD, 15 patients with IPF and 16 healthy controls were studied. Concentrations of alarmins in the EBC were evaluated by means of ELISA. RESULTS IL-25 EBC levels were numerically lowest in IPF (25.33 ± 8.84 pg/ml). However, they did not differ significantly from healthy subjects (43.18 ± 5.53 pg/ml), but were significantly lower compared to asthma (72.07 ± 6.03 pg/ml; P < .001). IL-33 EBC levels were significantly increased in IPF (3.41 ± 0.55 pg/ml) compared to healthy controls (1.20 ± 0.60 pg/ml; P < .01) but did not differ from asthma (3.68 pg/ml) and COPD levels (2.47 ± 0.34 pg/ml). There were significant correlations between IL-33 EBC levels and lung diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLco ) absolute (r = .63; P < .05) and % of predicted values (r = .67; P < .01) as well as with time since diagnosis (r = -.59; P < .05) in IPF subjects. TSLP was undetectable in examined samples. CONCLUSION IL-25 and IL-33 are detectable in the EBC obtained from IPF subjects. Increased levels of IL-33 compared to healthy controls indicate its possible role in the pathobiology of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Majewski
- Department of Pneumology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Damian Tworek
- Department of General and Oncological Pulmonology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Szewczyk
- Department of Pneumology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Zofia Kurmanowska
- Department of Pneumology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Adam Antczak
- Department of General and Oncological Pulmonology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Górski
- Department of Pneumology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Nie Y, Hu Y, Yu K, Zhang D, Shi Y, Li Y, Sun L, Qian F. Akt1 regulates pulmonary fibrosis via modulating IL-13 expression in macrophages. Innate Immun 2019; 25:451-461. [PMID: 31299858 PMCID: PMC6900639 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919861774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive interstitial pneumonia characterised by fibroblast accumulation, collagen deposition and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling. It was reported that Akt1 mediated idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis progression through regulating the apoptosis of alveolar macrophage, while its effect on macrophage-produced cytokines remains largely unknown. In the present study, we first examined the phosphorylation of Akt1 in lung sections from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients by immunohistochemistry before applying a bleomycin-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis model using Akt1−/− mice and Akt1+/+ littermates. The results showed that Akt1 was remarkably up-regulated in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients, while in vivo studies revealed that Akt1-deficient mice had well-preserved alveolar structure and fewer collagens, secreted fewer matrix components, including alpha smooth-muscle actin and fibronectin and survived significantly longer than Akt1+/+ littermates. Additionally, the pro-fibrogenic cytokine IL-13 was down-regulated at least twofold in Akt1−/−mice compared to the Akt1+/+group on d 3 and 7 after bleomycin treatment. Furthermore, it was found that Akt1–/– macrophages displayed down-regulation of IL-13 compared to Akt1+/+ macrophages in which Akt1 was phosphorylated in response to IL-33 stimulation. These findings indicate that Akt1 modulates pulmonary fibrosis through inducing IL-13 production by macrophages, suggesting that targeting Akt1 may simultaneously block the fibrogenic processes of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjuan Nie
- 1 Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, PR China
| | - Yudong Hu
- 2 Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Ab, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PR China
| | - Kaikai Yu
- 2 Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Ab, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PR China
| | - Dan Zhang
- 3 Research Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, PR China
| | - Yinze Shi
- 1 Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, PR China
| | - Yaolin Li
- 1 Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, PR China
| | - Lei Sun
- 2 Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Ab, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PR China
| | - Feng Qian
- 2 Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Ab, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PR China.,3 Research Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, PR China
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Laskin DL, Malaviya R, Laskin JD. Role of Macrophages in Acute Lung Injury and Chronic Fibrosis Induced by Pulmonary Toxicants. Toxicol Sci 2019; 168:287-301. [PMID: 30590802 PMCID: PMC6432864 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A diverse group of toxicants has been identified that cause injury to the lung including gases (eg, ozone, chlorine), particulates/aerosols (eg, diesel exhaust, fly ash, other combustion products, mustards, nanomaterials, silica, asbestos), chemotherapeutics (eg, bleomycin), and radiation. The pathologic response to these toxicants depends on the dose and duration of exposure and their physical/chemical properties. A common response to pulmonary toxicant exposure is an accumulation of proinflammatory/cytotoxic M1 macrophages at sites of tissue injury, followed by the appearance of anti-inflammatory/wound repair M2 macrophages. It is thought that the outcome of the pathogenic responses to toxicants depends on the balance in the activity of these macrophage subpopulations. Overactivation of either M1 or M2 macrophages leads to injury and disease pathogenesis. Thus, the very same macrophage-derived mediators, released in controlled amounts to destroy injurious materials and pathogens (eg, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, proteases, tumor necrosis factor α) and initiate wound repair (eg, transforming growth factor β, connective tissue growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor), can exacerbate acute lung injury and/or induce chronic disease such as fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma, when released in excess. This review focuses on the role of macrophage subsets in acute lung injury and chronic fibrosis. Understanding how these pathologies develop following exposure to toxicants, and the contribution of resident and inflammatory macrophages to disease pathogenesis may lead to the development of novel approaches for treating lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy
| | - Rama Malaviya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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Liu Q, Dwyer GK, Zhao Y, Li H, Mathews LR, Chakka AB, Chandran UR, Demetris JA, Alcorn JF, Robinson KM, Ortiz LA, Pitt BR, Thomson AW, Fan MH, Billiar TR, Turnquist HR. IL-33-mediated IL-13 secretion by ST2+ Tregs controls inflammation after lung injury. JCI Insight 2019; 4:123919. [PMID: 30779711 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is an often fatal disease that develops after acute lung injury and trauma. How released tissue damage signals, or alarmins, orchestrate early inflammatory events is poorly understood. Herein we reveal that IL-33, an alarmin sequestered in the lung epithelium, is required to limit inflammation after injury due to an unappreciated capacity to mediate Foxp3+ Treg control of local cytokines and myeloid populations. Specifically, Il33-/- mice are more susceptible to lung damage-associated morbidity and mortality that is typified by augmented levels of the proinflammatory cytokines and Ly6Chi monocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Local delivery of IL-33 at the time of injury is protective but requires the presence of Treg cells. IL-33 stimulates both mouse and human Tregs to secrete IL-13. Using Foxp3Cre × Il4/Il13fl/fl mice, we show that Treg expression of IL-13 is required to prevent mortality after acute lung injury by controlling local levels of G-CSF, IL-6, and MCP-1 and inhibiting accumulation of Ly6Chi monocytes. Our study identifies a regulatory mechanism involving IL-33 and Treg secretion of IL-13 in response to tissue damage that is instrumental in limiting local inflammatory responses and may shape the myeloid compartment after lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Liu
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Southern University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gaelen K Dwyer
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yifei Zhao
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huihua Li
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Jake A Demetris
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John F Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Luis A Ortiz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Heath, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bruce R Pitt
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Heath, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Angus W Thomson
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ming-Hui Fan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hēth R Turnquist
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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45
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Identification of the IL-33 protein segment that controls subcellular localization, extracellular secretion, and functional maturation. Cytokine 2019; 119:1-6. [PMID: 30856600 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic activation of the IL-33 precursor, full-length interleukin-33 (FLIL33), at multiple sites within the sensor domain (aa 95-109) yields several functionally mature (MIL33) forms. Unlike nuclear FLIL33, intracellular MIL33 occurs in the cytoplasm, is secreted from source cells, and exerts biological effects by activating the ST2 receptor on target cells. Previous studies and our findings in this report indicated that IL-33 forms that are substantially longer than those produced by cleavage within the sensor domain are biologically indistinguishable from classical MIL33. We utilized a series of human and mouse N-terminal FLIL33 mutants to narrow down the boundaries of the nuclear localization sequence to aa 46-67, a segment known to include a portion of the chromatin-binding motif as well as another site controlling intracellular stability of FLIL33 in an importin-5-dependent fashion. The N-terminal FLIL33 deletion mutants starting prior to this region were intranuclear, non-secreted in cell culture, and manifested modest functional activity in vivo, similar to FLIL33. By contrast, the mutants starting after this region were cytoplasmic, secreted from cells in culture, and overtly biologically active in vivo, similar to MIL33. The deletion mutants starting within this region manifested an intermediate phenotype between FLIL33 and MIL33. Thus, this segment of IL-33 molecule controls multiple aspects of its biology, including subcellular localization, extracellular secretion, and functional maturation into the longest possible form of mature IL-33 cytokine. Future anti-IL-33 therapies may be based on interfering with this segment, thus restraining extracellular release and maturation of IL-33 into the active cytokine.
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46
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Biomaterials: Foreign Bodies or Tuners for the Immune Response? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030636. [PMID: 30717232 PMCID: PMC6386828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The perspectives of regenerative medicine are still severely hampered by the host response to biomaterial implantation, despite the robustness of technologies that hold the promise to recover the functionality of damaged organs and tissues. In this scenario, the cellular and molecular events that decide on implant success and tissue regeneration are played at the interface between the foreign body and the host inflammation, determined by innate and adaptive immune responses. To avoid adverse events, rather than the use of inert scaffolds, current state of the art points to the use of immunomodulatory biomaterials and their knowledge-based use to reduce neutrophil activation, and optimize M1 to M2 macrophage polarization, Th1 to Th2 lymphocyte switch, and Treg induction. Despite the fact that the field is still evolving and much remains to be accomplished, recent research breakthroughs have provided a broader insight on the correct choice of biomaterial physicochemical modifications to tune the reaction of the host immune system to implanted biomaterial and to favor integration and healing.
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47
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Li L, Zhu H, Zuo X. Interleukin-33 in Systemic Sclerosis: Expression and Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2663. [PMID: 30498500 PMCID: PMC6249369 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a member of the IL-1 superfamily, functions as a traditional cytokine and nuclear factor. It is proposed to have an “alarmin” role. IL-33 mediates biological effects by interacting with the ST2 receptor and IL-1 receptor accessory protein, particularly in innate immune cells and T helper 2 cells. Recent articles have described IL-33 as an emerging pro-fibrotic cytokine in the immune system as well as a novel potential target for systemic sclerosis. Here, we review the available information and focus on the pleiotropic expression and pathogenesis of IL-33 in systemic sclerosis, as well as the feasibility of using IL-33 in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Li
- Department of Rheumatology and immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,The Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Honglin Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,The Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zuo
- Department of Rheumatology and immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,The Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, Central South University, Changsha, China
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48
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Kotsiou OS, Gourgoulianis KI, Zarogiannis SG. IL-33/ST2 Axis in Organ Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2432. [PMID: 30405626 PMCID: PMC6207585 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is highly expressed in barrier sites, acting via the suppression of tumorigenicity 2 receptor (ST2). IL-33/ST2 axis has long been known to play a pivotal role in immunity and cell homeostasis by promoting wound healing and tissue repair. However, it is also involved in the loss of balance between extensive inflammation and tissue regeneration lead to remodeling, the hallmark of fibrosis. The aim of the current review is to critically evaluate the available evidence regarding the role of the IL-33/ST2 axis in organ fibrosis. The role of the axis in tissue remodeling is better understood considering its crucial role reported in organ development and regeneration. Generally, the IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway has mainly anti-inflammatory/anti-proliferative effects; however, chronic tissue injury is responsible for pro-fibrogenetic responses. Regarding pulmonary fibrosis mature IL-33 enhances pro-fibrogenic type 2 cytokine production in an ST2- and macrophage-dependent manner, while full-length IL-33 is also implicated in the pulmonary fibrotic process in an ST2-independent, Th2-independent fashion. In liver fibrosis, evidence indicate that when acute and massive liver damage occurs, the release of IL-33 might act as an activator of tissue-protective mechanisms, while in cases of chronic injury IL-33 plays the role of a hepatic fibrotic factor. IL-33 signaling has also been involved in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic pancreatitis. Moreover, IL-33 could be used as an early marker for ulcer-associated activated fibroblasts and myofibroblast trans-differentiation; thus one cannot rule out its potential role in inflammatory bowel disease-associated fibrosis. Similarly, the upregulation of the IL-33/ST2 axismay contribute to tubular cell injury and fibrosis via epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of various cell types in the kidneys. Of note, IL-33 exerts a cardioprotective role via ST2 signaling, while soluble ST2 has been demonstrated as a marker of myocardial fibrosis. Finally, IL-33 is a crucial cytokine in skin pathology responsible for abnormal fibroblast proliferation, leukocyte infiltration and morphologic differentiation of human endothelial cells. Overall, emerging data support a novel contribution of the IL-33/ST2 pathway in tissue fibrosis and highlight the significant role of the Th2 pattern of immune response in the pathophysiology of organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ourania S. Kotsiou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
| | - Sotirios G. Zarogiannis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
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49
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Ferhat MH, Robin A, Barbier L, Thierry A, Gombert JM, Barbarin A, Herbelin A. The Impact of Invariant NKT Cells in Sterile Inflammation: The Possible Contribution of the Alarmin/Cytokine IL-33. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2308. [PMID: 30374349 PMCID: PMC6197076 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the contribution of iNKT cells to induction of sterile inflammation is now well-established, the nature of the endogenous compounds released early after cellular stress or damage that drive their activation and recruitment remains poorly understood. More precisely, iNKT cells have not been described as being reactive to endogenous non-protein damage-associated molecular-pattern molecules (DAMPs). A second subset of DAMPs, called alarmins, are tissue-derived nuclear proteins, constitutively expressed at high levels in epithelial barrier tissues and endothelial barriers. These potent immunostimulants, immediately released after tissue damage, include the alarmin IL-33. This factor has aroused interest due to its singular action as an alarmin during infectious, allergic responses and acute tissue injury, and as a cytokine, contributing to the latter resolutive/repair phase of sterile inflammation. IL-33 targets iNKT cells, inducing their recruitment in an inflammatory state, and amplifying their regulatory and effector functions. In the present review, we introduce the new concept of a biological axis of iNKT cells and IL-33, involved in alerting and controlling the immune cells in experimental models of sterile inflammation. This review will focus on acute organ injury models, especially ischemia-reperfusion injury, in the kidneys, liver and lungs, where iNKT cells and IL-33 have been presumed to mediate and/or control the injury mechanisms, and their potential relevance in human pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Louise Barbier
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Oncologique, Endocrinienne et Transplantation Hépatique, CHU Trousseau, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Antoine Thierry
- INSERM U1082 - IRATI Group, Poitiers, France.,Service de Néphrologie, Hémodialyse et Transplantation Rénale, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Marc Gombert
- INSERM U1082 - IRATI Group, Poitiers, France.,Service d'Immunologie et d'Inflammation, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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50
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Cytokine Production Is Differentially Modulated in Malignant and Non-malignant Tissues in ST2-Receptor Deficient Mice. Inflammation 2018; 41:2041-2051. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0847-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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