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Chen D, Wu J, Zhang F, Lyu R, You Q, Qian Y, Cai Y, Tian X, Tao H, He Y, Nawaz W, Wu Z. Trained immunity of intestinal tuft cells during infancy enhances host defense against enteroviral infections in mice. EMBO Mol Med 2024; 16:2516-2538. [PMID: 39261649 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-024-00128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Innate immune cells have been acknowledged as trainable in recent years. While intestinal tuft cells are recognized for their crucial roles in the host defense against intestinal pathogens, there remains uncertainty regarding their trainability. Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a prevalent enterovirus that primarily infects children but rarely infects adults. At present, there is a significant expansion of intestinal tuft cells in the EV71-infected mouse model, which is associated with EV71-induced interleukin-25 (IL-25) production. Further, we found that IL-25 pre-treatment at 2 weeks old mouse enabled tuft cells to acquire immune memory. This was evidenced by the rapid expansion and stronger response of IL-25-trained tuft cells in response to EV71 infection at 6 weeks old, surpassing the reactivity of naïve tuft cells in mice without IL-25-trained progress. Interestingly, IL-25-trained intestinal tuft cells exhibit anti-enteroviral effect via producing a higher level of IL-25. Mechanically, IL-25 treatment upregulates spermidine/spermine acetyl-transferase enzyme (SAT1) expression, mediates intracellular polyamine deficiency, further inhibits enterovirus replication. In summary, tuft cells can be trained by IL-25, which supports faster and higher level IL-25 production in response to EV71 infection and further exhibits anti-enteroviral effect via SAT1-mediated intracellular polyamine deficiency. Given that IL-25 can be induced by multiple gut microbes during human growth and development, including shifts in gut flora abundance, which may partially explain the different susceptibility to enteroviral infections between adults and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyan Chen
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Ruining Lyu
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiao You
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yajie Qian
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yurong Cai
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tian
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongji Tao
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yating He
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Waqas Nawaz
- Hȏpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, School of medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China.
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Chiappara G, Di Vincenzo S, Cascio C, Pace E. Stem cells, Notch-1 signaling, and oxidative stress: a hellish trio in cancer development and progression within the airways. Is there a role for natural compounds? Carcinogenesis 2024; 45:621-629. [PMID: 39046986 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgae049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Notch-1 signaling plays a crucial role in stem cell maintenance and in repair mechanisms in various mucosal surfaces, including airway mucosa. Persistent injury can induce an aberrant activation of Notch-1 signaling in stem cells leading to an increased risk of cancer initiation and progression. Chronic inflammatory respiratory disorders, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with both overactivation of Notch-1 signaling and increased lung cancer risk. Increased oxidative stress, also due to cigarette smoke, can further contribute to promote cancer initiation and progression by amplifying inflammatory responses, by activating the Notch-1 signaling, and by blocking regulatory mechanisms that inhibit the growth capacity of stem cells. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the effects of aberrant Notch-1 signaling activation in stem cells and of increased oxidative stress in lung cancer. The putative role of natural compounds with antioxidant properties is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Chiappara
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146, Italy
| | - Serena Di Vincenzo
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146, Italy
| | - Caterina Cascio
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pace
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146, Italy
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Melgaard ME, Jensen SK, Eliasen A, Pedersen CET, Thorsen J, Mikkelsen M, Vahman N, Schoos AMM, Gern J, Brix S, Stokholm J, Chawes BL, Bønnelykke K. Asthma development is associated with low mucosal IL-10 during viral infections in early life. Allergy 2024. [PMID: 39221476 DOI: 10.1111/all.16276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral infection is a common trigger of severe respiratory illnesses in early life and a risk factor for later asthma development. The mechanism leading to asthma could involve an aberrant airway immune response to viral infections, but this has rarely been studied in a human setting. OBJECTIVES To investigate in situ virus-specific differences in upper airway immune mediator levels during viral episodes of respiratory illnesses and the association with later asthma. METHODS We included 493 episodes of acute respiratory illnesses in 277 children aged 0-3 years from the COPSAC2010 mother-child cohort. Levels of 18 different immune mediators were assessed in nasal epithelial lining fluid using high-sensitivity MesoScale Discovery kits and compared between children with and without viral PCR-identification in nasopharyngeal samples. Finally, we investigated whether the virus-specific immune response was associated with asthma by age 6 years. RESULTS Viral detection were associated with upregulation of several Type 1 and regulatory immune mediators, including IFN-ɣ, TNF-α, CCL4, CXCL10 and IL-10 and downregulation of Type 2 and Type 17 immune mediators, including CCL13, and CXCL8 (FDR <0.05). Children developing asthma had decreased levels of IL-10 (FDR <0.05) during viral episodes compared to children not developing asthma. CONCLUSION We described the airway immune mediator profile during viral respiratory illnesses in early life and showed that children developing asthma by age 6 years have a reduced regulatory (IL-10) immune mediator level. This provides insight into the interplay between early-life viral infections, airway immunity and asthma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Elsner Melgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Kjeldgaard Jensen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Eliasen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Health Technology, Section for Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Casper-Emil Tingskov Pedersen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Thorsen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Mikkelsen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nilofar Vahman
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann-Marie Malby Schoos
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Slagelse Sygehus, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - James Gern
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Susanne Brix
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob Stokholm
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Slagelse Sygehus, Slagelse, Denmark
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bo Lund Chawes
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Piersma SJ. Tissue-specific features of innate lymphoid cells in antiviral defense. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:1036-1050. [PMID: 38684766 PMCID: PMC11364677 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphocytes (ILCs) rapidly respond to and protect against invading pathogens and cancer. ILCs include natural killer (NK) cells, ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells and include type I, type II, and type III immune cells. While NK cells have been well recognized for their role in antiviral immunity, other ILC subtypes are emerging as players in antiviral defense. Each ILC subset has specialized functions that uniquely impact the antiviral immunity and health of the host depending on the tissue microenvironment. This review focuses on the specialized functions of each ILC subtype and their roles in antiviral immune responses across tissues. Several viruses within infection-prone tissues will be highlighted to provide an overview of the extent of the ILC immunity within tissues and emphasize common versus virus-specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sytse J Piersma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Malinczak CA, Fonseca W, Hrycaj SM, Morris SB, Rasky AJ, Yagi K, Wellik DM, Ziegler SF, Zemans RL, Lukacs NW. Early-life pulmonary viral infection leads to long-term functional and lower airway structural changes in the lungs. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L280-L291. [PMID: 38290164 PMCID: PMC11281791 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00300.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Early-life respiratory virus infections have been correlated with enhanced development of childhood asthma. In particular, significant numbers of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-hospitalized infants go on to develop lung disease. It has been suggested that early-life viral infections may lead to altered lung development or repair that negatively impacts lung function later in life. Our data demonstrate that early-life RSV infection modifies lung structure, leading to decreased lung function. At 5 wk postneonatal RSV infection, significant defects are observed in baseline pulmonary function test (PFT) parameters consistent with decreased lung function as well as enlarged alveolar spaces. Lung function changes in the early-life RSV-infected group continue at 3 mo of age. The altered PFT and structural changes induced by early-life RSV were mitigated in TSLPR-/- mice that have previously been shown to have reduced immune cell accumulation associated with a persistent Th2 environment. Importantly, long-term effects were demonstrated using a secondary RSV infection 3 mo following the initial early-life RSV infection and led to significant additional defects in lung function, with severe mucus deposition within the airways, and consolidation of the alveolar spaces. These studies suggest that early-life respiratory viral infection leads to alterations in lung structure/repair that predispose to diminished lung function later in life.NEW & NOTEWORTHY These studies outline a novel finding that early-life respiratory virus infection can alter lung structure and function long-term. Importantly, the data also indicate that there are critical links between inflammatory responses and subsequent events that produce a more severe pathogenic response later in life. The findings provide additional data to support that early-life infections during lung development can alter the trajectory of airway function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy Fonseca
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Steven M Hrycaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Susan B Morris
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Andrew J Rasky
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Kazuma Yagi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Deneen M Wellik
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Steven F Ziegler
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Rachel L Zemans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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Wang C, Du Z, Li R, Luo Y, Zhu C, Ding N, Lei A. Interferons as negative regulators of ILC2s in allergic lung inflammation and respiratory viral infections. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:947-959. [PMID: 37414870 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), characterized by a lack of antigen receptors, have been regarded as an important component of type 2 pulmonary immunity. Analogous to Th2 cells, ILC2s are capable of releasing type 2 cytokines and amphiregulin, thus playing an essential role in a variety of diseases, such as allergic diseases and virus-induced respiratory diseases. Interferons (IFNs), an important family of cytokines with potent antiviral effects, can be triggered by microbial products, microbial exposure, and pathogen infections. Interestingly, the past few years have witnessed encouraging progress in revealing the important role of IFNs and IFN-producing cells in modulating ILC2 responses in allergic lung inflammation and respiratory viral infections. This review underscores recent progress in understanding the role of IFNs and IFN-producing cells in shaping ILC2 responses and discusses disease phenotypes, mechanisms, and therapeutic targets in the context of allergic lung inflammation and infections with viruses, including influenza virus, rhinovirus (RV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Du
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Ranhui Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Cuiming Zhu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Nan Ding
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Aihua Lei
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
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Dow J, Cytlak UM, Casulli J, McEntee CP, Smedley C, Hodge SH, D’Elia RV, Hepworth MR, Travis MA. Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Are Detrimental to the Control of Infection with Francisella tularensis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:618-627. [PMID: 36602520 PMCID: PMC9946898 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are capable of rapid response to a wide variety of immune challenges, including various respiratory pathogens. Despite this, their role in the immune response against the lethal intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis is not yet known. In this study, we demonstrate that infection of the airways with F. tularensis results in a significant reduction in lung type 2 ILCs (ILC2s) in mice. Conversely, the expansion of ILC2s via treatment with the cytokine IL-33, or by adoptive transfer of ILC2s, resulted in significantly enhanced bacterial burdens in the lung, liver, and spleen, suggesting that ILC2s may favor severe infection. Indeed, specific reduction of ILC2s in a transgenic mouse model results in a reduction in lung bacterial burden. Using an in vitro culture system, we show that IFN-γ from the live vaccine strain-infected lung reduces ILC2 numbers, suggesting that this cytokine in the lung environment is mechanistically important in reducing ILC2 numbers during infection. Finally, we show Ab-mediated blockade of IL-5, of which ILC2s are a major innate source, reduces bacterial burden postinfection, suggesting that IL-5 production by ILC2s may play a role in limiting protective immunity. Thus, overall, we highlight a negative role for ILC2s in the control of infection with F. tularensis. Our work therefore highlights the role of ILC2s in determining the severity of potentially fatal airway infections and raises the possibility of interventions targeting innate immunity during infection with F. tularensis to benefit the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Dow
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Urszula M. Cytlak
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Targeted Therapy Group, Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Casulli
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Craig P. McEntee
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Smedley
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne H. Hodge
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo V. D’Elia
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom; and
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew R. Hepworth
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Travis
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Yashiro T, Moro K. Crossing the valley of death: Toward translational research regarding ILC2. Allergol Int 2023; 72:187-193. [PMID: 36646561 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are tissue-resident innate lymphoid cells that express the transcription factor GATA3 as a master regulator, which leads to the production of large amounts of type 2 cytokines, such as IL-5 and IL-13. ILC2s are activated by epithelial cell-derived cytokines, including IL-33 and IL-25, and play a key role in parasite expulsion, allergic responses, tissue repair, and metabolism. In the first five years after the discovery of ILC2s, research mainly focused on their function through cytokine receptors. However, in recent years, their regulatory mechanisms through not only cytokine receptors but also lipids, neuropeptides, and hormones have become a hot topic. For ILC2s that do not recognize foreign antigens, receptor expression of such endogenous factors is important, and the diverse expression patterns create the individuality of ILC2s in each organ. By considering the mechanisms of differentiation and regulation of ILC2s and their role in disease while taking into account spatio-temporal information, it is expected that new therapeutic strategies targeting ILC2s will be developed. Herein, we summarize the current understanding of ILC2s in lung homeostasis and pathology and provide valuable insights that will help to guide the future development of therapeutic methods for ILC2-mediated lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yashiro
- Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Life-omics Research Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiative, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Kazuyo Moro
- Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan; Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Life-omics Research Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiative, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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9
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Interferon-γ Stimulates Interleukin-27 Derived from Dendritic Cells to Regulate Th9 Differentiation through STAT1/3 Pathway. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:1542112. [PMID: 36304255 PMCID: PMC9596272 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1542112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The initiation and progression of allergic asthma (AA) are associated with complex interactions between inflammation and immune response. Herein, we report the specific mechanisms underlying the molecular action of interferon (IFN)-γ in AA regulation. We speculated that IFN-γ inhibits Th9 differentiation by regulating the secretion of interleukin (IL)-27 from dendritic cells (DCs), thereby suppressing airway inflammation in asthma. We constructed a mouse model of ovalbumin-induced AA and overexpressed IFN-γ to evaluate the effect on the IL-27/Th9 axis via the in vitro effect of IFN-γ on IL-27 secretion by DCs and their influence on Th9 differentiation and asthmatic inflammation. IFN-γ overexpression reduced the proportion of Th9 cells and DCs and altered lung morphology and cytokine production in AA-induced mice, thus suppressing the AA phenotype. In addition, exogenous IFN-γ stimulation promoted the secretion of IL-27 and suppressed Th9 differentiation of CD4+ T cells via signal transducer and activator of transcription 1/3 (STAT1/3) signaling in a time-dependent manner. This study aimed to clarify the regulatory effect and mechanism of the IFN-γ/DCs/IL-27/Th9 axis on AA and provide novel insights for effective targeted treatment of asthma.
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Han M, Breckenridge HA, Kuo S, Singh S, Goldsmith AG, Li Y, Kreger JE, Bentley JK, Hershenson MB. M2 Macrophages promote IL-33 expression, ILC2 expansion and mucous metaplasia in response to early life rhinovirus infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:952509. [PMID: 36032072 PMCID: PMC9412168 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.952509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheezing-associated rhinovirus (RV) infections are associated with asthma development. We have shown that infection of immature mice with RV induces type 2 cytokine production and mucous metaplasia which is dependent on IL-33 and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and intensified by a second heterologous RV infection. We hypothesize that M2a macrophages are required for the exaggerated inflammation and mucous metaplasia in response to heterologous RV infection. Wild-type C57Bl/6J mice and LysMCre IL4Rα KO mice lacking M2a macrophages were treated as follows: (1) sham infection on day 6 of life plus sham on day 13 of life, (2) RV-A1B on day 6 plus sham on day 13, (3) sham on day 6 and RV-A2 on day 13, or (4) RV-A1B on day 6 and RV-A2 on day 13. Lungs were harvested one or seven days after the second infection. Wild-type mice infected with RV-A1B at day 6 showed an increased number of Arg1- and Retnla-expressing lung macrophages, indicative of M2a polarization. Compared to wild-type mice infected with RV on day 6 and 13 of life, the lungs of LysMCre IL4Rα KO mice undergoing heterologous RV infection showed decreased protein abundance of the epithelial-derived innate cytokines IL-33, IL-25 and TSLP, decreased ILC2s, decreased mRNA expression of IL-13 and IL-5, and decreased PAS staining. Finally, mRNA analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy of double-infected LysMCre IL4Rα KO mice showed reduced airway epithelial cell IL-33 expression, and treatment with IL-33 restored the exaggerated muco-inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Han
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Haley A. Breckenridge
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Shiuhyang Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Shilpi Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Adam G. Goldsmith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yiran Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jordan E. Kreger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - J. Kelley Bentley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Marc B. Hershenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Marc B. Hershenson,
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11
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Crosstalk between macrophages and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108937. [PMID: 35779490 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and macrophages are tissue-resident cells that play important roles in tissue-immune homeostasis and immune regulation. ILCs are mainly distributed on the barrier surfaces of mammals to ensure immunity or tissue homeostasis following host, microbial, or environmental stimulation. Their complex relationships with different organs enable them to respond quickly to disturbances in environmental conditions and organ homeostasis, such as during infections and tissue damage. Gradually emerging evidence suggests that ILCs also play complex and diverse roles in macrophage development, homeostasis, polarization, inflammation, and viral infection. In turn, macrophages also determine the fate of ILCs to some extent, which indicates that network crossover between these interactions is a key determinant of the immune response. More work is needed to better define the crosstalk of ILCs with macrophages in different tissues and demonstrate how it is affected during inflammation and other diseases. Here, we summarize current research on the functional interactions between ILCs and macrophages and consider the potential therapeutic utility of these interactions for the benefit of human health.
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12
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Nakagome K, Nagata M. Innate Immune Responses by Respiratory Viruses, Including Rhinovirus, During Asthma Exacerbation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:865973. [PMID: 35795686 PMCID: PMC9250977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infection, especially with rhinovirus (RV), is a major cause of asthma exacerbation. The production of anti-viral cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-β and IFN-α from epithelial cells or dendritic cells is lower in patients with asthma or those with high IgE, which can contribute to viral-induced exacerbated disease in these patients. As for virus-related factors, RV species C (RV-C) induces more exacerbated disease than other RVs, including RV-B. Neutrophils activated by viral infection can induce eosinophilic airway inflammation through different mechanisms. Furthermore, virus-induced or virus-related proteins can directly activate eosinophils. For example, CXCL10, which is upregulated during viral infection, activates eosinophils in vitro. The role of innate immune responses, especially type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) and epithelial cell-related cytokines including IL-33, IL-25, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), in the development of viral-induced airway inflammation has recently been established. For example, RV infection induces the expression of IL-33 or IL-25, or increases the ratio of ILC2 in the asthmatic airway, which is correlated with the severity of exacerbation. A mouse model has further demonstrated that virus-induced mucous metaplasia and ILC2 expansion are suppressed by antagonizing or deleting IL-33, IL-25, or TSLP. For treatment, IFNs including IFN-β suppress not only viral replication but also ILC2 activation in vitro. Agonists of toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 or 7 can induce IFNs, which can then suppress viral replication and ILC2 activation. Therefore, if delivered in the airway, IFNs or TLR agonists could become innovative treatments for virus-induced asthma exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Nakagome
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
- Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kazuyuki Nakagome,
| | - Makoto Nagata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
- Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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13
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Eddens T, Parks OB, Williams JV. Neonatal Immune Responses to Respiratory Viruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:863149. [PMID: 35493465 PMCID: PMC9047724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.863149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns, infants, and young children. These early life infections present a formidable immunologic challenge with a number of possibly conflicting goals: simultaneously eliminate the acute pathogen, preserve the primary gas-exchange function of the lung parenchyma in a developing lung, and limit long-term sequelae of both the infection and the inflammatory response. The latter has been most well studied in the context of childhood asthma, where multiple epidemiologic studies have linked early life viral infection with subsequent bronchospasm. This review will focus on the clinical relevance of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and rhinovirus (RV) and examine the protective and pathogenic host responses within the neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Eddens
- Pediatric Scientist Development Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Olivia B. Parks
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John V. Williams
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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14
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Li M, Zhang W, Zhang J, Li X, Zhang F, Zhu W, Meng L, Holmdahl R, Lu S. Ncf1 Governs Immune Niches in the Lung to Mediate Pulmonary Inflammation in Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 12:783944. [PMID: 34970267 PMCID: PMC8712564 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.783944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (Ncf1) is a major genetic factor associated with autoimmune diseases and has been identified as a key player in autoimmune mediated inflammation. We addressed the role of Ncf1 in an antigen-induced pulmonary inflammation model, and found that the Ncf1m1j mutation, causing a deficient reactive oxygen species response, alleviated disease. The Ncf1m1j mutation was associated with a reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in airways, but had limited effect on mucus secretion, antibody production and lung fibrosis. The disease remission in the Ncf1 mutated mice was reversed when functional Ncf1 was transgenically expressed in alveolar macrophages, suggesting that the cellular inflammation was depended on functional Ncf1 in alveolar macrophages. By determining cytokine and chemokine profiles in lung and serum, we found that Ncf1 deficiency allowed an increased expression of Th1 cytokines, including TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-12. Since also epithelial cytokines were found to be regulated by Ncf1, we tested the effect of Ncf1 in IL-33 and IL-25 induced lung inflammation models. Mice with the Ncf1m1j mutation showed less sensitivity to IL-33, but not IL-25, induced lung inflammation, in a macrophage independent manner. The mice with deficient Ncf1 showed a reduced eosinophil infiltration and group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) activation. The production of IFN-γ in CD4+ T cells was increased, whereas IL-5 and IL-13 in ILC2 were decreased. Importantly, anti-IFN-γ antibody treatment of Ncf1 deficient mice increased eosinophil infiltration and rescued ILC2 activation in the lung. We conclude that Ncf1 deficiency enhances Th1 response, deactivates ILC2, and protects against pulmonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fujun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenhua Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Liesu Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shemin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
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15
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Tissue-resident immunity in the lung: a first-line defense at the environmental interface. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:827-854. [PMID: 36305904 PMCID: PMC9614767 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00964-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The lung is a vital organ that incessantly faces external environmental challenges. Its homeostasis and unimpeded vital function are ensured by the respiratory epithelium working hand in hand with an intricate fine-tuned tissue-resident immune cell network. Lung tissue-resident immune cells span across the innate and adaptive immunity and protect from infectious agents but can also prove to be pathogenic if dysregulated. Here, we review the innate and adaptive immune cell subtypes comprising lung-resident immunity and discuss their ontogeny and role in distinct respiratory diseases. An improved understanding of the role of lung-resident immunity and how its function is dysregulated under pathological conditions can shed light on the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases.
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16
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Yang Z, Mitländer H, Vuorinen T, Finotto S. Mechanism of Rhinovirus Immunity and Asthma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:731846. [PMID: 34691038 PMCID: PMC8526928 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.731846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of asthma exacerbations in children are caused by Rhinovirus (RV), a positive sense single stranded RNA virus of the Picornavirus family. The host has developed virus defense mechanisms that are mediated by the upregulation of interferon-activated signaling. However, the virus evades the immune system by inducing immunosuppressive cytokines and surface molecules like programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) on immunocompetent cells. Initially, RV infects epithelial cells, which constitute a physiologic mucosal barrier. Upon virus entrance, the host cell immediately recognizes viral components like dsRNA, ssRNA, viral glycoproteins or CpG-DNA by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Activation of toll like receptors (TLR) 3, 7 and 8 within the endosome and through MDA-5 and RIG-I in the cytosol leads to the production of interferon (IFN) type I and other antiviral agents. Every cell type expresses IFNAR1/IFNAR2 receptors thus allowing a generalized antiviral activity of IFN type I resulting in the inhibition of viral replication in infected cells and preventing viral spread to non-infected cells. Among immune evasion mechanisms of the virus, there is downregulation of IFN type I and its receptor as well as induction of the immunosuppressive cytokine TGF-β. TGF-β promotes viral replication and is associated with induction of the immunosuppression signature markers LAP3, IDO and PD-L1. This article reviews the recent advances on the regulation of interferon type I expression in association with RV infection in asthmatics and the immunosuppression induced by the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuqin Yang
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hannah Mitländer
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tytti Vuorinen
- Medical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Institut of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Susetta Finotto
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Hsu AT, Gottschalk TA, Tsantikos E, Hibbs ML. The Role of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Chronic Respiratory Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:733324. [PMID: 34630416 PMCID: PMC8492945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.733324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The lung is a vital mucosal organ that is constantly exposed to the external environment, and as such, its defenses are continuously under threat. The pulmonary immune system has evolved to sense and respond to these danger signals while remaining silent to innocuous aeroantigens. The origin of the defense system is the respiratory epithelium, which responds rapidly to insults by the production of an array of mediators that initiate protection by directly killing microbes, activating tissue-resident immune cells and recruiting leukocytes from the blood. At the steady-state, the lung comprises a large collection of leukocytes, amongst which are specialized cells of lymphoid origin known as innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). ILCs are divided into three major helper-like subsets, ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3, which are considered the innate counterparts of type 1, 2 and 17 T helper cells, respectively, in addition to natural killer cells and lymphoid tissue inducer cells. Although ILCs represent a small fraction of the pulmonary immune system, they play an important role in early responses to pathogens and facilitate the acquisition of adaptive immunity. However, it is now also emerging that these cells are active participants in the development of chronic lung diseases. In this mini-review, we provide an update on our current understanding of the role of ILCs and their regulation in the lung. We summarise how these cells and their mediators initiate, sustain and potentially control pulmonary inflammation, and their contribution to the respiratory diseases chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy T Hsu
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy A Gottschalk
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Evelyn Tsantikos
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret L Hibbs
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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18
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Dhariwal J, Cameron A, Wong E, Paulsen M, Trujillo-Torralbo B, Del Rosario A, Bakhsoliani E, Kebadze T, Almond M, Farne H, Gogsadze L, Aniscenko J, Rana B, Hansel TT, Jackson DJ, Kon OM, Edwards MR, Solari R, Cousins D, Walton RP, Johnston SL. Pulmonary Innate Lymphoid Cell Responses during Rhinovirus-induced Asthma Exacerbations In Vivo: A Clinical Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 204:1259-1273. [PMID: 34469272 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202010-3754oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are significant sources of type 2 cytokines, which are implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma and asthma exacerbations. The role of ILC2s in virus-induced asthma exacerbations is not well-characterized. Objectives To characterize pulmonary ILC responses following experimental rhinovirus challenge in patients with moderate asthma and healthy subjects. Methods Patients with moderate asthma and healthy subjects were inoculated with rhinovirus-16, and underwent bronchoscopy at baseline, day 3 and day 8 post-inoculation. Pulmonary ILC1s and ILC2s were quantified in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) using flow cytometry. The ratio of BAL ILC2:ILC1 was assessed to determine their relative contributions to the clinical and immune response to rhinovirus challenge. Measurements and Main Results At baseline, ILC2s were significantly higher in patients with asthma than healthy subjects. At day 8, ILC2s significantly increased from baseline in both groups, which was significantly higher in asthma than in healthy subjects (all comparisons P<0.05). In healthy subjects, ILC1s increased from baseline at day 3 (P=0.001), while in patients with asthma, ILC1s increased from baseline at day 8 (P=0.042). Patients with asthma had significantly higher ILC2:ILC1 ratios at baseline (P=0.024) and day 8 (P=0.005). Increased ILC2:ILC1 ratio in asthma correlated with clinical exacerbation severity and type 2 cytokines in nasal mucosal lining fluid. Conclusions An ILC2-predominant inflammatory profile in asthma was associated with increased severity and duration of rhinovirus infection compared with healthy subjects, supporting the potential role of ILC2s in the pathogenesis of virus-induced asthma exacerbations. Clinical trial registration available at www.clinicaltrials.gov, ID: NCT01773590.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Dhariwal
- Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Trust, 8945, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Aoife Cameron
- Imperial College London, NHLI, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ernie Wong
- Imperial College London, NHLI, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Malte Paulsen
- St Mary's Flow Cytometry Core Facility, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Belen Trujillo-Torralbo
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Respiratory Science, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ajerico Del Rosario
- Imperial College London, 4615, NHLI, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Eteri Bakhsoliani
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Respiratory Science, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Tatiana Kebadze
- Imperial College London, 4615, NHLI, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Mark Almond
- Imperial College London, 4615, NHLI, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Hugo Farne
- Imperial College, London, Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Leila Gogsadze
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Respiratory Science, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Julia Aniscenko
- Imperial College London, 4615, Airway Disease Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Batika Rana
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Trevor T Hansel
- Imperial College London, 4615, ICRRU(Research Unit), London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - David J Jackson
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, 8945, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Onn Min Kon
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, 8946, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Michael R Edwards
- Imperial College London, Airway Disease Infection, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Roberto Solari
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Respiratory Science, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - David Cousins
- University of Leicester, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Leicester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ross P Walton
- Imperial College, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- National Heart & Lung and Wright Felming Institute of Infection & Immunity, Respiratory Medicine, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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19
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Poonpanichakul T, Chan-In W, Opasawatchai A, Loison F, Matangkasombut O, Charoensawan V, Matangkasombut P. Innate Lymphoid Cells Activation and Transcriptomic Changes in Response to Human Dengue Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:599805. [PMID: 34079535 PMCID: PMC8165392 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.599805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue virus (DENV) infection has a global impact on public health. The clinical outcomes (of DENV) can vary from a flu-like illness called dengue fever (DF), to a more severe form, known as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). The underlying innate immune mechanisms leading to protective or detrimental outcomes have not been fully elucidated. Helper innate lymphoid cells (hILCs), an innate lymphocyte recently discovered, functionally resemble T-helper cells and are important in inflammation and homeostasis. However, the role of hILCs in DENV infection had been unexplored. Methods We performed flow cytometry to investigate the frequency and phenotype of hILCs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from DENV-infected patients of different disease severities (DF and DHF), and at different phases (febrile and convalescence) of infection. Intracellular cytokine staining of hILCs from DF and DHF were also evaluated by flow cytometry after ex vivo stimulation. Further, the hILCs were sorted and subjected to transcriptome analysis using RNA sequencing. Differential gene expression analysis was performed to compare the febrile and convalescent phase samples in DF and DHF. Selected differentially expressed genes were then validated by quantitative PCR. Results Phenotypic analysis showed marked activation of all three hILC subsets during the febrile phase as shown by higher CD69 expression when compared to paired convalescent samples, although the frequency of hILCs remained unchanged. Upon ex vivo stimulation, hILCs from febrile phase DHF produced significantly higher IFN-γ and IL-4 when compared to those of DF. Transcriptomic analysis showed unique hILCs gene expression in DF and DHF, suggesting that divergent functions of hILCs may be associated with different disease severities. Differential gene expression analysis indicated that hILCs function both in cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity during the febrile phase of DENV infection. Conclusions Helper ILCs are activated in the febrile phase of DENV infection and display unique transcriptomic changes as well as cytokine production that correlate with severity. Targeting hILCs during early innate response to DENV might help shape subsequent immune responses and potentially lessen the disease severity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiraput Poonpanichakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Wilawan Chan-In
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anunya Opasawatchai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Fabien Loison
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Oranart Matangkasombut
- Department of Microbiology and Research Unit on Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Varodom Charoensawan
- Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Integrative Computational BioScience Center (ICBS), Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Ponpan Matangkasombut
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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20
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Li Z, Roy S, Ranasinghe C. IL-13Rα2 Regulates the IL-13/IFN-γ Balance during Innate Lymphoid Cell and Dendritic Cell Responses to Pox Viral Vector-Based Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:440. [PMID: 34062727 PMCID: PMC8147251 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that manipulation of IL-13 and STAT6 signaling at the vaccination site can lead to different innate lymphoid cell (ILC)/dendritic cell (DC) recruitment, resulting in high avidity/poly-functional T cells and effective antibody differentiation. Here we show that permanent versus transient blockage of IL-13 and STAT6 at the vaccination site can lead to unique ILC-derived IL-13 and IFN-γ profiles, and differential IL-13Rα2, type I and II IL-4 receptor regulation on ILC. Specifically, STAT6-/- BALB/c mice given fowl pox virus (FPV) expressing HIV antigens induced elevated ST2/IL-33R+ ILC2-derived IL-13 and reduced NKp46+/- ILC1/ILC3-derived IFN-γ expression, whilst the opposite (reduced IL-13 and elevated IFN-γ expression) was observed during transient inhibition of STAT6 signaling in wild type BALB/c mice given FPV-HIV-IL-4R antagonist vaccination. Interestingly, disruption/inhibition of STAT6 signaling considerably impacted IL-13Rα2 expression by ST2/IL-33R+ ILC2 and NKp46- ILC1/ILC3, unlike direct IL-13 inhibition. Consistently with our previous findings, this further indicated that inhibition of STAT6 most likely promoted IL-13 regulation via IL-13Rα2. Moreover, the elevated ST2/IL-33R+ IL-13Rα2+ lung ILC2, 24 h post FPV-HIV-IL-4R antagonist vaccination was also suggestive of an autocrine regulation of ILC2-derived IL-13 and IL-13Rα2, under certain conditions. Knowing that IL-13 can modulate IFN-γ expression, the elevated expression of IFN-γR on lung ST2/IL-33R+ ILC2 provoked the notion that there could also be inter-regulation of lung ILC2-derived IL-13 and NKp46- ILC1/ILC3-derived IFN-γ via their respective receptors (IFN-γR and IL-13Rα2) at the lung mucosae early stages of vaccination. Intriguingly, under different IL-13 conditions differential regulation of IL-13/IL-13Rα2 on lung DC was also observed. Collectively these findings further substantiated that IL-13 is the master regulator of, not only DC, but also different ILC subsets at early stages of viral vector vaccination, and responsible for shaping the downstream adaptive immune outcomes. Thus, thoughtful selection of vaccine strategies/adjuvants that can manipulate IL-13Rα2, and STAT6 signaling at the ILC/DC level may prove useful in designing more efficacious vaccines against different/chronic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyi Li
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology and infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (Z.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Sreeja Roy
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology and infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (Z.L.); (S.R.)
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208-3479, USA
| | - Charani Ranasinghe
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology and infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (Z.L.); (S.R.)
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21
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Fonseca W, Lukacs NW, Elesela S, Malinczak CA. Role of ILC2 in Viral-Induced Lung Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:675169. [PMID: 33953732 PMCID: PMC8092393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.675169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid type-2 cells (ILC2) are a population of innate cells of lymphoid origin that are known to drive strong Type 2 immunity. ILC2 play a key role in lung homeostasis, repair/remodeling of lung structures following injury, and initiation of inflammation as well as more complex roles during the immune response, including the transition from innate to adaptive immunity. Remarkably, dysregulation of this single population has been linked with chronic lung pathologies, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrotic diseases (IPF). Furthermore, ILC2 have been shown to increase following early-life respiratory viral infections, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (RV), that may lead to long-term alterations of the lung environment. The detrimental roles of increased ILC2 following these infections may include pathogenic chronic inflammation and/or alterations of the structural, repair, and even developmental processes of the lung. Respiratory viral infections in older adults and patients with established chronic pulmonary diseases often lead to exacerbated responses, likely due to previous exposures that leave the lung in a dysregulated functional and structural state. This review will focus on the role of ILC2 during respiratory viral exposures and their effects on the induction and regulation of lung pathogenesis. We aim to provide insight into ILC2-driven mechanisms that may enhance lung-associated diseases throughout life. Understanding these mechanisms will help identify better treatment options to limit not only viral infection severity but also protect against the development and/or exacerbation of other lung pathologies linked to severe respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Fonseca
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Srikanth Elesela
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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22
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Enweasor C, Flayer CH, Haczku A. Ozone-Induced Oxidative Stress, Neutrophilic Airway Inflammation, and Glucocorticoid Resistance in Asthma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631092. [PMID: 33717165 PMCID: PMC7952990 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in using biologicals that target Th2 pathways, glucocorticoids form the mainstay of asthma treatment. Asthma morbidity and mortality remain high due to the wide variability of treatment responsiveness and complex clinical phenotypes driven by distinct underlying mechanisms. Emerging evidence suggests that inhalation of the toxic air pollutant, ozone, worsens asthma by impairing glucocorticoid responsiveness. This review discusses the role of oxidative stress in glucocorticoid resistance in asthma. The underlying mechanisms point to a central role of oxidative stress pathways. The primary data source for this review consisted of peer-reviewed publications on the impact of ozone on airway inflammation and glucocorticoid responsiveness indexed in PubMed. Our main search strategy focused on cross-referencing "asthma and glucocorticoid resistance" against "ozone, oxidative stress, alarmins, innate lymphoid, NK and γδ T cells, dendritic cells and alveolar type II epithelial cells, glucocorticoid receptor and transcription factors". Recent work was placed in the context from articles in the last 10 years and older seminal research papers and comprehensive reviews. We excluded papers that did not focus on respiratory injury in the setting of oxidative stress. The pathways discussed here have however wide clinical implications to pathologies associated with inflammation and oxidative stress and in which glucocorticoid treatment is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chioma Enweasor
- UC Davis Lung Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Cameron H. Flayer
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Angela Haczku
- UC Davis Lung Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
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23
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Malinczak CA, Parolia A, Fonseca W, Morris S, Rasky AJ, Bawa P, Zhang Y, Mire MM, Ziegler SF, Ptaschinski C, Chinnaiyan AM, Lukacs NW. TSLP-Driven Chromatin Remodeling and Trained Systemic Immunity after Neonatal Respiratory Viral Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1315-1328. [PMID: 33514510 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Our studies have previously shown a role for persistent TSLP production in the lungs of mice after early-life respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection that leads to an altered immune phenotype, including accumulation of "inflammatory" dendritic cells (DC). This study investigates the role of TSLP driving systemic trained immunity in DC in early-life RSV-infected mice. Bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDC) from early-life RSV-infected mice at 4 wk postinfection showed enhanced expression of costimulatory molecules and cytokines, including Tslp, that regulate immune cell function. The adoptive transfer of BMDC grown from early-life RSV-infected mice was sufficient to exacerbate allergic disease development. The addition of recombinant TSLP during differentiation of BMDC from naive mice induced a similar altered phenotype as BMDC grown from early-life RSV-infected mice, suggesting a role for TSLP in the phenotypic changes. To assess the role of TSLP in these changes, global transcriptomic characterization of TSLPR-/- BMDC infected with RSV was performed and showed a higher upregulation of type 1 IFN genes and concomitant downregulation of inflammatory genes. Assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing analysis demonstrated that TSLPR-/- BMDC had a parallel gain in physical chromatin accessibility near type 1 genes and loss in accessibility near genes related to RSV pathology, with IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) and STAT3 predicted as top transcription factors binding within differentially accessible regions in wild-type. Importantly, these studies show that in the absence of TSLP signaling, BMDC are able to mount an appropriate type 1 IFN-associated antiviral response to RSV. In summary, RSV-induced TSLP alters chromatin structure in DC to drive trained innate immunity and activates pathogenic gene programs in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhijit Parolia
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Wendy Fonseca
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Susan Morris
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Andrew J Rasky
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Pushpinder Bawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mohamed M Mire
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Steven F Ziegler
- Department of Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Catherine Ptaschinski
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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24
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Cheng J, Eroglu A. The Promising Effects of Astaxanthin on Lung Diseases. Adv Nutr 2020; 12:850-864. [PMID: 33179051 PMCID: PMC8166543 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (ASX) is a naturally occurring xanthophyll carotenoid. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that it is a potent antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, whereas other lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, and asthma are of high prevalence. In the past decade, mounting evidence has suggested a protective role for ASX against lung diseases. This article reviews the potential role of ASX in protecting against lung diseases, including lung cancer. It also summarizes the underlying molecular mechanisms by which ASX protects against pulmonary diseases, including regulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor/heme oxygenase-1 pathway, NF-κB signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 signaling, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway, and modulating immune response. Several future directions are proposed in this review. However, most in vitro and in vivo studies have used ASX at concentrations that are not achievable by humans. Also, no clinical trials have been conducted and/or reported. Thus, preclinical studies with ASX treatment within physiological concentrations as well as human studies are required to examine the health benefits of ASX with respect to lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrui Cheng
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
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25
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Han M, Ishikawa T, Bermick JR, Rajput C, Lei J, Goldsmith AM, Jarman CR, Lee J, Bentley JK, Hershenson MB. IL-1β prevents ILC2 expansion, type 2 cytokine secretion, and mucus metaplasia in response to early-life rhinovirus infection in mice. Allergy 2020; 75:2005-2019. [PMID: 32086822 DOI: 10.1111/all.14241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life wheezing-associated respiratory infection with human rhinovirus (RV) is associated with asthma development. RV infection of 6-day-old immature mice causes mucous metaplasia and airway hyperresponsiveness which is associated with the expansion of IL-13-producing type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and dependent on IL-25 and IL-33. We examined regulation of this asthma-like phenotype by IL-1β. METHODS Six-day-old wild-type or NRLP3-/- mice were inoculated with sham or RV-A1B. Selected mice were treated with IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), anti-IL-1β, or recombinant IL-1β. RESULTS Rhinovirus infection induced Il25, Il33, Il4, Il5, Il13, muc5ac, and gob5 mRNA expression, ILC2 expansion, mucus metaplasia, and airway hyperresponsiveness. RV also induced lung mRNA and protein expression of pro-IL-1β and NLRP3 as well as cleavage of caspase-1 and pro-IL-1β, indicating inflammasome priming and activation. Lung macrophages were a major source of IL-1β. Inhibition of IL-1β signaling with IL-1RA, anti-IL-1β, or NLRP3 KO increased RV-induced type 2 cytokine immune responses, ILC2 number, and mucus metaplasia, while decreasing IL-17 mRNA expression. Treatment with IL-1β had the opposite effect, decreasing IL-25, IL-33, and mucous metaplasia while increasing IL-17 expression. IL-1β and IL-17 each suppressed Il25, Il33, and muc5ac mRNA expression in cultured airway epithelial cells. Finally, RV-infected 6-day-old mice showed reduced IL-1β mRNA and protein expression compared to mature mice. CONCLUSION Macrophage IL-1β limits type 2 inflammation and mucous metaplasia following RV infection by suppressing epithelial cell innate cytokine expression. Reduced IL-1β production in immature animals provides a mechanism permitting asthma development after early-life viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Han
- Departments of Pediatrics University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Tomoko Ishikawa
- Departments of Pediatrics University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Jennifer R. Bermick
- Departments of Pediatrics University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Charu Rajput
- Departments of Pediatrics University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Jing Lei
- Departments of Pediatrics University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Adam M. Goldsmith
- Departments of Pediatrics University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Caitlin R. Jarman
- Departments of Pediatrics University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Julie Lee
- Departments of Pediatrics University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - J. Kelley Bentley
- Departments of Pediatrics University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Marc B. Hershenson
- Departments of Pediatrics University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor Michigan
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor Michigan
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26
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Xu Z, Meng L, Xie Y, Guo W. lncRNA PCGEM1 strengthens anti-inflammatory and lung protective effects of montelukast sodium in children with cough-variant asthma. Braz J Med Biol Res 2020; 53:e9271. [PMID: 32520202 PMCID: PMC7296716 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20209271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Montelukast sodium is an effective and well-tolerated anti-asthmatic drug. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the treatment of asthma. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of montelukast sodium on children with cough-variant asthma (CVA) and the role of lncRNA prostate cancer gene expression marker 1 (PCGEM1) in drug efficacy. The efficacy of montelukast sodium was evaluated by assessing the release of inflammatory factors and pulmonary function in CVA children after a 3-month treatment. An ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mouse model was developed to simulate asthmatic conditions. PCGEM1 expression in clinical peripheral blood samples and lung tissues of asthmatic mice was determined. Asthmatic mice experienced nasal inhalation of PCGEM1 overexpression with simultaneous montelukast sodium to investigate the roles of PCGEM1 in asthma treatment. The NF-κB axis after PCGEM1 overexpression was detected to explore the underling mechanisms. Consequently, montelukast sodium contributed to reduced levels of pro-inflammatory factors and improved pulmonary function in CVA children. PCGEM1 was poorly expressed in OVA-sensitized asthmatic mice and highly expressed in CVA children with response to the treatment. PCGEM1 overexpression enhanced the anti-inflammatory effects and promoted effects on pulmonary function of montelukast sodium in CVA children and OVA-sensitized asthmatic mice. Furthermore, PCGEM1 inhibited the activation of the NF-κB axis. This study demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and lung-protective effects of montelukast sodium on CVA, which was strengthened by overexpression of PCGEM1. Findings in this study highlighted a potential anti-asthmatic target of montelukast sodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou
University, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Meng
- Pulmonary Function Test Room of Children, The Affiliated
Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou,
China
| | - Yuejuan Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou
University, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou
University, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, China
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27
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Early-life heterologous rhinovirus infections induce an exaggerated asthma-like phenotype. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146:571-582.e3. [PMID: 32344055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life wheezing-associated respiratory tract infection by rhinovirus (RV) is a risk factor for asthma development. Infants are infected with many different RV strains per year. OBJECTIVE We previously showed that RV infection of 6-day-old BALB/c mice induces a mucous metaplasia phenotype that is dependent on type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). We hypothesized that early-life RV infection alters the response to subsequent heterologous infection, inducing an exaggerated asthma-like phenotype. METHODS Wild-type BALB/c mice and Rorafl/flIl7rcre mice lacking ILC2s were treated as follows: (1) sham on day 6 of life plus sham on day 13 of life, (2) RV-A1B on day 6 plus sham on day 13, (3) sham on day 6 plus RV-A2 on day 13, and (4) RV-A1B on day 6 plus RV-A2 on day 13. RESULTS Mice infected with RV-A1B at day 6 and sham at day 13 showed an increased number of bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophils and increased expression of IL-13 mRNA but not expression of IFN-γ mRNA (which is indicative of a type 2 immune response), whereas mice infected with sham on day 6 and RV-A2 on day 13 of life demonstrated increased IFN-γ expression (which is a mature antiviral response). In contrast, mice infected with RV-A1B on day 6 before RV-A2 infection on day 13 showed increased expression of IL-13, IL-5, Gob5, Muc5b, and Muc5ac mRNA; increased numbers of eosinophils and IL-13-producing ILC2s; and exaggerated mucus metaplasia and airway hyperresponsiveness. Compared with Rorafl/fl mice, Rorafl/flIl7rcre mice showed complete suppression of bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophils and mucous metaplasia. CONCLUSION Early-life RV infection alters the response to subsequent heterologous infection, inducing an intensified asthma-like phenotype that is dependent on ILC2s.
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28
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Stehle C, Hernández DC, Romagnani C. Innate lymphoid cells in lung infection and immunity. Immunol Rev 2019; 286:102-119. [PMID: 30294964 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have emerged as key mediators of protection and repair of mucosal surfaces during infection. The lung, a dynamic mucosal tissue that is exposed to a plethora of microbes, is a playground for respiratory infection-causing pathogens which are not only a major cause of fatalities worldwide, but are also associated with comorbidities and decreased quality of life. The lung provides a rich microenvironment to study ILCs in the context of innate protection mechanisms within the airways, unraveling their distinct functions not only in health but also in disease. In this review, we discuss how pulmonary ILCs play a role in protection against viral, parasitic, bacterial, and fungal challenge, along with the mechanisms underlying this ILC-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Stehle
- Innate Immunity, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Chiara Romagnani
- Innate Immunity, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Department I, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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29
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Panda SK, Colonna M. Innate Lymphoid Cells in Mucosal Immunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:861. [PMID: 31134050 PMCID: PMC6515929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are innate counterparts of T cells that contribute to immune responses by secreting effector cytokines and regulating the functions of other innate and adaptive immune cells. ILCs carry out some unique functions but share some tasks with T cells. ILCs are present in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs and are particularly abundant at the mucosal barriers, where they are exposed to allergens, commensal microbes, and pathogens. The impact of ILCs in mucosal immune responses has been extensively investigated in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, as well as in the oral cavity. Here we review the state-of-the-art knowledge of ILC functions in infections, allergy and autoimmune disorders of the mucosal barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Panda
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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30
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Pulmonary group 2 innate lymphoid cells: surprises and challenges. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:299-311. [PMID: 30664706 PMCID: PMC6436699 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are a recently described subset of innate lymphocytes with important immune and homeostatic functions at multiple tissue sites, especially the lung. These cells expand locally after birth and during postnatal lung maturation and are present in the lung and other peripheral organs. They are modified by a variety of processes and mediate inflammatory responses to respiratory pathogens, inhaled allergens and noxious particles. Here, we review the emerging roles of ILC2s in pulmonary homeostasis and discuss recent and surprising advances in our understanding of how hormones, age, neurotransmitters, environmental challenges, and infection influence ILC2s. We also review how these responses may underpin the development, progression and severity of pulmonary inflammation and chronic lung diseases and highlight some of the remaining challenges for ILC2 biology.
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31
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Zhang Y, Mao D, Keeler SP, Wang X, Wu K, Gerovac BJ, Shornick LL, Agapov EV, Holtzman MJ. Respiratory Enterovirus (like Parainfluenza Virus) Can Cause Chronic Lung Disease if Protection by Airway Epithelial STAT1 Is Lost. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2332-2347. [PMID: 30804041 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial barrier cells are proposed to be critical for host defense, and airway epithelial cell capacity for IFN signal transduction is presumed to protect against respiratory viral infection. However, it has been difficult to fully test these concepts given the absence of tools to analyze IFN signaling specific to airway epithelial cells in vivo. To address these issues, we generated a new line of transgenic mice with Cre-driver genes (Foxj1 and Scgb1a1) for a floxed-Stat1 allele (designated Foxj1-Scgb1a1-Cre-Stat1f/f mice) to target the master IFN signal regulator STAT1 in airway epithelial cells and tested these mice for control of infection because of mouse parainfluenza (Sendai) virus and human enterovirus D68 (EV-D68). Indeed, both types of infections showed increases in viral titers and severity of acute illness in Foxj1-Scgb1a1-Cre-Stat1f/f mice and conventional Stat1-/- mice compared with wild-type mice. In concert, the chronic lung disease that develops after Sendai virus infection was also increased in Foxj1-Scgb1a1-Cre-Stat1f/f and Stat1-/ - mice, marked by airway and adjacent parenchymal immune cell infiltration and mucus production for at least 7 wk postinfection. Unexpectedly, relatively mild EV-D68 infection also progressed to chronic lung disease in Foxj1-Scgb1a1-Cre-Stat1f/f and Stat1 -/- mice but was limited (like viral replication) to airways. The results thereby provide proof-of-concept for a critical role of barrier epithelial cells in protection from acute illness and chronic disease after viral infection and suggest a specific role for airway epithelial cells given the limitation of EV-D68 replication and acute and chronic manifestations of disease primarily to airway tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Dailing Mao
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Shamus P Keeler
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kangyun Wu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Benjamin J Gerovac
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Laurie L Shornick
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Eugene V Agapov
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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32
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Han M, Rajput C, Ishikawa T, Jarman CR, Lee J, Hershenson MB. Small Animal Models of Respiratory Viral Infection Related to Asthma. Viruses 2018; 10:E682. [PMID: 30513770 PMCID: PMC6316391 DOI: 10.3390/v10120682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are strongly associated with asthma exacerbations. Rhinovirus is most frequently-detected pathogen; followed by respiratory syncytial virus; metapneumovirus; parainfluenza virus; enterovirus and coronavirus. In addition; viral infection; in combination with genetics; allergen exposure; microbiome and other pathogens; may play a role in asthma development. In particular; asthma development has been linked to wheezing-associated respiratory viral infections in early life. To understand underlying mechanisms of viral-induced airways disease; investigators have studied respiratory viral infections in small animals. This report reviews animal models of human respiratory viral infection employing mice; rats; guinea pigs; hamsters and ferrets. Investigators have modeled asthma exacerbations by infecting mice with allergic airways disease. Asthma development has been modeled by administration of virus to immature animals. Small animal models of respiratory viral infection will identify cell and molecular targets for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Han
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Charu Rajput
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Tomoko Ishikawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Caitlin R Jarman
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Julie Lee
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Marc B Hershenson
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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33
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Keeler SP, Agapov EV, Hinojosa ME, Letvin AN, Wu K, Holtzman MJ. Influenza A Virus Infection Causes Chronic Lung Disease Linked to Sites of Active Viral RNA Remnants. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2354-2368. [PMID: 30209189 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and experimental observations suggest that chronic lung disease is linked to respiratory viral infection. However, the long-term aspect of this relationship is not yet defined using a virus that replicates at properly high levels in humans and a corresponding animal model. In this study, we show that influenza A virus infection achieves 1 × 106-fold increases in viral load in the lung and dose-dependent severity of acute illness in mice. Moreover, these events are followed by persistence of negative- and positive-strand viral RNA remnants for 15 wk and chronic lung disease for at least 26 wk postinfection. The disease is manifested by focal areas of bronchiolization and mucus production that contain increased levels of viral RNA remnants along with mucin Muc5ac and Il13 mRNA compared with uninvolved areas of the lung. Excess mucus production and associated airway hyperreactivity (but not fibrosis or emphysema) are partially attenuated with loss of IL-13 production or signaling (using mice with IL-13 or STAT6 deficiency). These deficiencies cause reciprocal increases in l17a mRNA and neutrophils in the lung; however, none of these disease endpoints are changed with IL-13/IL-17a compared with IL-13 deficiency or STAT6/IL-17a compared with STAT6 deficiency. The results establish the capacity of a potent human respiratory virus to produce chronic lung disease focally at sites of active viral RNA remnants, likely reflecting locations of viral replication that reprogram the region. Viral dose dependency of disease also implicates high-level viral replication and severity of acute infection as determinants of chronic lung diseases such as asthma and COPD with IL-13-dependent and IL-13/IL-17-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamus P Keeler
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Eugene V Agapov
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael E Hinojosa
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Adam N Letvin
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kangyun Wu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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34
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Li BWS, de Bruijn MJW, Lukkes M, van Nimwegen M, Bergen IM, KleinJan A, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Andeweg A, Rimmelzwaan GF, Hendriks RW. T cells and ILC2s are major effector cells in influenza-induced exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation in mice. Eur J Immunol 2018; 49:144-156. [PMID: 29762870 PMCID: PMC6585726 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is an important cause of severe asthma exacerbations, but it remains unclear how a Th1‐mediated antiviral response triggers a prototypical Th2 disease. We investigated CD4+ T cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in influenza virus‐infected mice. We found that ILC2s accumulated in the lung rapidly after influenza virus infection, but the induction of IL‐5 and IL‐13 secretion was delayed and concomitant with T cell activation. In an influenza‐induced exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation model we noticed an initial reduction of ILC2 numbers and cytokine production in broncho‐alveolar lavage compared to chronic house dust mite (HDM)‐mediated airway inflammation alone. ILC2s phenotype was characterized by low T1/ST2, ICOS, KLRG1, and CD25 expression, resembling naïve ILC2s. The contribution of ILC2s to type 2 cytokine production in the early stage of the influenza‐induced exacerbation was limited. In contrast, T cells showed increased IL‐4 and IL‐5 production when exposed to both HDM and influenza virus. Upon virus clearance, ILC2s regained an activated T1/ST2highICOShighKLRG1highCD25high phenotype paired with cytokine production and were major contributors to the type 2 cytokine milieu. Collectively, our data indicate that both T cells and ILC2s contribute to influenza‐induced exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation, but with different kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby W S Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Melanie Lukkes
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Menno van Nimwegen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Bergen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alex KleinJan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Arno Andeweg
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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35
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Dahlgren MW, Molofsky AB. All along the watchtower: group 2 innate lymphoid cells in allergic responses. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 54:13-19. [PMID: 29860003 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are a subset of innate lymphocytes that responds to local, tissue-derived signals and initiates allergic immune responses. ILC2 activation promotes the recruitment of eosinophils, polarization of alternatively activated macrophages, and tissue-remodeling, processes associated with the 'weep and sweep' response to helminthic worm colonization and infection. ILC2s also coordinate both physiologic and pathologic type 2 allergic immune responses, including promoting normal tissue development and remodeling and driving allergic pathology such as atopic dermatitis and allergic asthma. In this review we summarize recent advances in ILC2 biology, particularly focusing on how local cells and signals coordinately regulate ILC2s, how this may influence physiologic processes, and how ILC2 cooperate with adaptive T helper type 2 cells to drive pathologic allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelene W Dahlgren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, United States
| | - Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, United States.
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36
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Role of mucins in lung homeostasis: regulated expression and biosynthesis in health and disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:707-719. [PMID: 29802217 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In humans and mice, the first line of innate defense against inhaled pathogens and particles in the respiratory tract is airway mucus. The primary solid components of the mucus layer are the mucins MUC5AC and MUC5B, polymeric glycoproteins whose changes in abundance and structure can dramatically affect airway defense. Accordingly, MUC5AC/Muc5ac and MUC5B/Muc5b are tightly regulated at a transcriptional level by tissue-specific transcription factors in homeostasis and in response to injurious and inflammatory triggers. In addition to modulated levels of mucin gene transcription, translational and post-translational biosynthetic processes also exert significant influence upon mucin function. Mucins are massive macromolecules with numerous functional domains that contribute to their structural composition and biophysical properties. Single MUC5AC and MUC5B apoproteins have molecular masses of >400 kDa, and von Willebrand factor D-like as well as other cysteine-rich domain segments contribute to mucin polymerization and flexibility, thus increasing apoprotein length and complexity. Additional domains serve as sites for O-glycosylation, which increase further mucin mass several-fold. Glycosylation is a defining process for mucins that is specific with respect to additions of glycans to mucin apoprotein backbones, and glycan additions influence the physical properties of the mucins via structural modifications as well as charge interactions. Ultimately, through their tight regulation and complex assembly, airway mucins follow the biological rule of 'form fits function' in that their structural organization influences their role in lung homeostatic mechanisms.
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37
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Mindt BC, Fritz JH, Duerr CU. Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Pulmonary Immunity and Tissue Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:840. [PMID: 29760695 PMCID: PMC5937028 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) represent an evolutionary rather old but only recently identified member of the family of innate lymphoid cells and have received much attention since their detailed description in 2010. They can orchestrate innate as well as adaptive immune responses as they interact with and influence several immune and non-immune cell populations. Moreover, ILC2 are able to rapidly secrete large amounts of type 2 cytokines that can contribute to protective but also detrimental host immune responses depending on timing, location, and physiological context. Interestingly, ILC2, despite their scarcity, are the dominant innate lymphoid cell population in the lung, indicating a key role as first responders and amplifiers upon immune challenge at this site. In addition, the recently described tissue residency of ILC2 further underlines the importance of their respective microenvironment. In this review, we provide an overview of lung physiology including a description of the most prominent pulmonary resident cells together with a review of known and potential ILC2 interactions within this unique environment. We will further outline recent observations regarding pulmonary ILC2 during immune challenge including respiratory infections and discuss different models and approaches to study ILC2 biology in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C Mindt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits (MRCCT), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,FOCiS Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jörg H Fritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits (MRCCT), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,FOCiS Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Claudia U Duerr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits (MRCCT), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,FOCiS Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection Immunology, Charité - University Medical Centre Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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38
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Schuijs MJ, Halim TYF. Group 2 innate lymphocytes at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1417:87-103. [PMID: 29492980 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are innate immune cells that respond rapidly to their environment through soluble inflammatory mediators and cell-to-cell interactions. As tissue-resident sentinels, ILC2 help orchestrate localized type 2 immune responses. These ILC2-driven type 2 responses are now recognized in diverse immune processes, different anatomical locations, and homeostatic or pathological settings. ILC2-derived cytokines and cell surface signaling molecules function as key regulators of innate and adaptive immunity. Conversely, ILC2 are governed by their environment. As such, ILC2 form an important nexus of the immune system and may present an attractive target for immune modulation in disease.
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39
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Park HJ, Lee SW, Hong S. Regulation of Allergic Immune Responses by Microbial Metabolites. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e15. [PMID: 29503745 PMCID: PMC5833122 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence demonstrates that the microbiota plays an essential role in shaping the development and function of host immune responses. A variety of environmental stimuli, including foods and commensals, are recognized by the host through the epithelium, acting as a physical barrier. Two allergic diseases, atopic dermatitis and food allergy, are closely linked to the microbiota, because inflammatory responses occur on the epidermal border. The microbiota generates metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids and poly-γ-glutamic acid (γPGA), which can modulate host immune responses. Here, we review how microbial metabolites can regulate allergic immune responses. Furthermore, we focus on the effect of γPGA on allergic T helper (Th) 2 responses and its therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Sung Won Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Seokmann Hong
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
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40
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Huang N, Liu K, Liu J, Gao X, Zeng Z, Zhang Y, Chen J. Interleukin-37 alleviates airway inflammation and remodeling in asthma via inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and STAT3 signalings. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 55:198-204. [PMID: 29268192 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a common respiratory inflammatory disorder disease of childhood, and airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) play an important role in this disease. Recently, studies have found that interleukin (IL)-37 inhibits allergic airway inflammation of asthmatic mouse models. The aim of this study was to investigate the exact mechanism of IL-37 in asthma. In this study, we found recombinant human IL-37 protein significantly reduced ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammatory cell infiltration, the epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) process, and levels of IL-4, IL-6 and IL-13, but increased interferon (IFN)-γ expression. Moreover, IL-37 treatment remarkably inhibited transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced cell proliferation, migration, EMT, and inflammatory response in ASMCs. IL-37 notably upregulated IκB expression and downregulated levels of NF-κB p65, phospho-NF-κB p65, STAT3 and phospho-STAT3 both in OVA-induced mice and in TGF-β1-stimulated ASMCs. The effects of IL-37 on TGF-β1-induced ASMCs were abrogated by STAT3 upregulation. Additionally, PDTC, a NF-κB inhibitor, showed the similar effects as IL-37 in ASMCs. In conclusion, IL-37 may alleviate airway inflammation and remodeling in asthma through suppressing the activation of NF-κB and STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Huang
- Department of Emergency, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kebei Liu
- Department of Emergency, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an 710003, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiaopeng Gao
- Department of Central Laboratory, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhu Zeng
- Department of Emergency, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yudan Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Emergency, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an 710003, Shaanxi, China
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41
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Stier MT, Goleniewska K, Cephus JY, Newcomb DC, Sherrill TP, Boyd KL, Bloodworth MH, Moore ML, Chen K, Kolls JK, Peebles RS. STAT1 Represses Cytokine-Producing Group 2 and Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells during Viral Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:510-519. [PMID: 28576981 PMCID: PMC5505788 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The appropriate orchestration of different arms of the immune response is critical during viral infection to promote efficient viral clearance while limiting immunopathology. However, the signals and mechanisms that guide this coordination are not fully understood. IFNs are produced at high levels during viral infection and have convergent signaling through STAT1. We hypothesized that STAT1 signaling during viral infection regulates the balance of innate lymphoid cells (ILC), a diverse class of lymphocytes that are poised to respond to environmental insults including viral infections with the potential for both antiviral or immunopathologic functions. During infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), STAT1-deficient mice had reduced numbers of antiviral IFN-γ+ ILC1 and increased numbers of immunopathologic IL-5+ and IL-13+ ILC2 and IL-17A+ ILC3 compared with RSV-infected wild-type mice. Using bone marrow chimeric mice, we found that both ILC-intrinsic and ILC-extrinsic factors were responsible for this ILC dysregulation during viral infection in STAT1-deficient mice. Regarding ILC-extrinsic mechanisms, we found that STAT1-deficient mice had significantly increased expression of IL-33 and IL-23, cytokines that promote ILC2 and ILC3, respectively, compared with wild-type mice during RSV infection. Moreover, disruption of IL-33 or IL-23 signaling attenuated cytokine-producing ILC2 and ILC3 responses in STAT1-deficient mice during RSV infection. Collectively, these data demonstrate that STAT1 is a key orchestrator of cytokine-producing ILC responses during viral infection via ILC-extrinsic regulation of IL-33 and IL-23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Stier
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Kasia Goleniewska
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jacqueline Y Cephus
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Dawn C Newcomb
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Taylor P Sherrill
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Kelli L Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Melissa H Bloodworth
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Martin L Moore
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Kong Chen
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - R Stokes Peebles
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232;
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
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42
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Han M, Rajput C, Hong JY, Lei J, Hinde JL, Wu Q, Bentley JK, Hershenson MB. The Innate Cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP Cooperate in the Induction of Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell Expansion and Mucous Metaplasia in Rhinovirus-Infected Immature Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1308-1318. [PMID: 28701507 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Early-life respiratory viral infection is a risk factor for asthma development. Rhinovirus (RV) infection of 6-d-old mice, but not mature mice, causes mucous metaplasia and airway hyperresponsiveness that are associated with the expansion of lung type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and are dependent on IL-13 and the innate cytokine IL-25. However, contributions of the other innate cytokines, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), to the observed asthma-like phenotype have not been examined. We reasoned that IL-33 and TSLP expression are also induced by RV infection in immature mice and are required for maximum ILC2 expansion and mucous metaplasia. We inoculated 6-d-old BALB/c (wild-type) and TSLP receptor-knockout mice with sham HeLa cell lysate or RV. Selected mice were treated with neutralizing Abs to IL-33 or recombinant IL-33, IL-25, or TSLP. ILC2s were isolated from RV-infected immature mice and treated with innate cytokines ex vivo. RV infection of 6-d-old mice increased IL-33 and TSLP protein abundance. TSLP expression was localized to the airway epithelium, whereas IL-33 was expressed in epithelial and subepithelial cells. RV-induced mucous metaplasia, ILC2 expansion, airway hyperresponsiveness, and epithelial cell IL-25 expression were attenuated by anti-IL-33 treatment and in TSLP receptor-knockout mice. Administration of intranasal IL-33 and TSLP was sufficient for mucous metaplasia. Finally, TSLP was required for maximal ILC2 gene expression in response to IL-25 and IL-33. The generation of mucous metaplasia in immature RV-infected mice involves a complex interplay among the innate cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Han
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Charu Rajput
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Jun Y Hong
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jing Lei
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Joanna L Hinde
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - J Kelley Bentley
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Marc B Hershenson
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and .,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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43
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Li W, Liang R, Huang H, Wu B, Zhong Y. Effects of IFN-γ on cell growth and the expression of ADAM33 gene in human embryonic lung Mrc-5 fibroblasts in vitro. J Asthma 2017; 55:15-25. [PMID: 28346792 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2017.1310226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) on the proliferation and viability of human embryonic lung Mrc-5 fibroblasts in vitro and the expression of the A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 33 (ADAM33) gene and to explore the mechanism of airway remodeling. METHODS Mrc-5 fibroblasts were sensitized with Dermatophagoides farinae 1 (Derf1) in vitro to mimic in vivo conditions observed in bronchial asthma. An inverted fluorescence microscope was used to observe changes in cell morphology before and after treatment. The viability of Mrc-5 cells was tested using the Cell Counting kit-8 (CCK8). Expression of the ADAM33 gene and protein in Mrc-5 cells was assessed using qPCR and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS Different concentrations of Derf1 increased cell growth and the expression of the ADAM33 gene in Mrc-5 cells, and these changes were most obvious in the 10 µg/ml group. In contrast, IFN-γ decreased cell growth and the expression of the ADAM33 gene in both Mrc-5 cells and Derf1-induced Mrc-5 cells, and these changes were most obvious in the 10 ng/ml group. The negative effects of 10 ng/ml IFN-γ were the most significant at 32 hours. CONCLUSIONS Derf1-induced Mrc-5 cells successfully imitated the in vivo conditions observed in patients with asthma. IFN-γ inhibited the proliferation and viability of Mrc-5 cells, and Derf1-induced Mrc-5 cells were more sensitive to IFN-γ treatment. IFN-γ treatment significantly downregulated the expression of the ADAM33 gene in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. IFN-γ may participate in airway remodeling in asthma by regulating the expression of the ADAM33 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- a Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China.,b Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangzhou Higher Education Institutes of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Rongrong Liang
- a Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China.,b Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangzhou Higher Education Institutes of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Huarong Huang
- a Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China.,b Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangzhou Higher Education Institutes of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Baojing Wu
- a Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China.,b Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangzhou Higher Education Institutes of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Yingqiang Zhong
- b Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangzhou Higher Education Institutes of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China.,c Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
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