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Mańkowska A, Witkowska D. The Most Common Environmental Risk Factors for Equine Asthma-A Narrative Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2062. [PMID: 39061524 PMCID: PMC11273653 DOI: 10.3390/ani14142062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Equine asthma is a popular subject of research. Many factors influencing the methods used to improve the welfare of asthmatic horses remain unclear. This study reviews scientific articles published after 2000 to collect the most important information on the terminology, symptoms, and potential environmental factors influencing the development and course of equine asthma. Our work highlights the impact of environmental factors on the severity of equine asthma and why these factors should be controlled to improve treatment outcomes. The present article provides horse owners and veterinarians with valuable information on how to improve the well-being of horses that are at risk of developing asthma symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mańkowska
- Department of Animal Welfare and Research, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
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2
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Bishop RC, Migliorisi A, Holmes JR, Kemper AM, Band M, Austin S, Aldridge B, Wilkins PA. Microbial populations vary between the upper and lower respiratory tract, but not within biogeographic regions of the lung of healthy horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 140:105141. [PMID: 38944129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Understanding normal microbial populations within areas of the respiratory tract is essential, as variable regional conditions create different niches for microbial flora, and proliferation of commensal microbes likely contributes to clinical respiratory disease. The objective was to describe microbial population variability between respiratory tract locations in healthy horses. Samples were collected from four healthy adult horses by nasopharyngeal lavage (NPL), transtracheal aspirate (TTA), and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of six distinct regions within the lung. Full-length 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing and microbial profiling analysis was performed. There was a large amount of diversity, with over 1797 ASVs identified, reduced to 94 taxa after tip agglomeration and prevalence filtering. Number of taxa and diversity were highly variable across horses, sample types, and BAL locations. Firmicutes, proteobacteria, and actinobacteria were the predominant phyla. There was a significant difference in richness (Chao1, p = 0.02) and phylogenetic diversity (FaithPD, p = 0.01) between NPL, TTA, and BAL. Sample type (p = 0.03) and horse (p = 0.005) contributed significantly to Bray-Curtis compositional diversity, while Weighted Unifrac metric was only affected by simplified sample type (NPL and TTA vs BAL, p = 0.04). There was no significant effect of BAL locations within the lung with alpha or beta diversity statistical tests. Overall findings support diverse microbial populations that were variable between upper and lower respiratory tract locations, but with no apparent difference in microbial populations of the six biogeographic regions of the lung, suggesting that BAL fluid obtained blindly by standard clinical techniques may be sufficient for future studies in healthy horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Bishop
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | | | - Jessica R Holmes
- High Performance Computing in Biology, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ann M Kemper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mark Band
- Functional Genomics Unit, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Scott Austin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Brian Aldridge
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Pamela A Wilkins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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3
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McCumber AW, Kim YJ, Granek J, Tighe RM, Gunsch CK. Soil exposure modulates the immune response to an influenza challenge in a mouse model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:170865. [PMID: 38340827 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that early life microbial exposure aids in immune system maturation, more recently known as the "old friends" hypothesis. To test this hypothesis, 4-week-old mice were exposed to soils of increasing microbial diversity for four weeks followed by an intranasal challenge with either live or heat inactivated influenza A virus and monitored for 7 additional days. Perturbations of the gut and lung microbiomes were explored through 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. RNA-sequencing was used to examine the host response in the lung tissue through differential gene expression. We determined that compared to the gut microbiome, the lung microbiome is more susceptible to changes in beta diversity following soil exposure with Lachnospiraceae ASVs accounting for most of the differences between groups. While several immune system genes were found to be significantly differentially expressed in lung tissue due to soil exposures, there were no differences in viral load or weight loss. This study shows that exposure to diverse microbial communities through soil exposure alters the gut and lung microbiomes resulting in differential expression of specific immune system related genes within the lung following an influenza challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W McCumber
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yeon Ji Kim
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua Granek
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert M Tighe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Claudia K Gunsch
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Cheng C, Wang Z, Ding C, Liu P, Xu X, Li Y, Yan Y, Yin X, Chen B, Gu B. Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Microbiota is Associated with the Diagnosis and Prognosis Evaluation of Lung Cancer. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 4:125-137. [PMID: 38884058 PMCID: PMC11169441 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-023-00135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiota and cancer have been demonstrated to be closely related. However, few studies have explored the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) microbiota in patients with lung cancer (LC), specifically the microbiota related to progression-free survival (PFS) in LC. A total of 216 BALF samples were collected including 166 LC and 50 benign pulmonary disease (N-LC) samples, and further sequenced using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Enrolled LC patients were followed up, the therapeutic efficacy was assessed, and PFS was calculated. The associated clinical and microbiota sequencing data were deeply analysed. Distinct differences in the microbial profiles were evident in the lower airways of patients with LC and N-LC, which was also found between non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). A combined random forest model was built to distinguish NSCLC from SCLC and reached area under curves (AUCs) of 0.919 (95% CI 86.69-97.1%) and 0.893 (95% CI 79.39-99.29%) in the training and test groups, respectively. The lower alpha diversity of the BALF microbiota in NSCLC patients was significantly associated with reduced PFS, although this link was not observed in SCLC. Specifically, NSCLC with a higher abundance of f_Lachnospiraceae, s_Prevotella nigrescens and f_[Mogibacteriaceae] achieved longer PFS. The enrichment of o_Streptophyta and g_Prevotella was observed in SCLC with worse PFS. This study provided a detailed description of the characteristics of BALF microbiota in patients with NSCLC and SCLC simultaneously and provided insights into the role of the diagnosis and prognosis evaluation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43657-023-00135-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhifeng Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, 01Life Institute, Shenzhen, 518000 Guangdong China
| | - Chao Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008 Jiangsu China
| | - Pingli Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221006 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaoqiang Xu
- Department of Bioinformatics, 01Life Institute, Shenzhen, 518000 Guangdong China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221006 Jiangsu China
| | - Yi Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221006 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaocong Yin
- Medical Technology School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Bi Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221006 Jiangsu China
| | - Bing Gu
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan 2Nd Rd, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510000 Guangdong China
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Diez de Castro E, Fernandez-Molina JM. Environmental Management of Equine Asthma. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:446. [PMID: 38338089 PMCID: PMC10854533 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental practices related to the inhalation of airborne dust have been identified as the main cause of equine asthma (EA) and reasonably, they are truly relevant in its treatment and control, especially for horses with its severe form. Vast research regarding environmental recommendations has been conducted in recent years. However, no recent exhaustive reviews exist that gather all this new evidence. The aim of this review is to report and compare the most pertinent information concerning the environmental management of EA. The main findings highlight the importance of the type of forage used for feeding but also its method of production and possible contamination during manufacture and/or storage. Procedures to reduce this, such as soaking and steaming hay, improve its hygienic quality, although they also decrease forage's nutritional value, making dietetic supplementation necessary. Regarding stabling, despite some conflicting results, avoiding straw as bedding and improving barn ventilation continue to be the common recommendations if turning to pasture is not feasible. Finally, owners' compliance has been identified as the most critical point in correct environmental control. Educating owners about the genuine benefits of these measures should be a cornerstone of EA management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Diez de Castro
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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Leduc L, Costa M, Leclère M. The Microbiota and Equine Asthma: An Integrative View of the Gut-Lung Axis. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:253. [PMID: 38254421 PMCID: PMC10812655 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Both microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions can have effects beyond the local environment and influence immunological responses in remote organs such as the lungs. The crosstalk between the gut and the lungs, which is supported by complex connections and intricate pathways, is defined as the gut-lung axis. This review aimed to report on the potential role of the gut-lung gut-lung axis in the development and persistence of equine asthma. We summarized significant determinants in the development of asthma in horses and humans. The article discusses the gut-lung axis and proposes an integrative view of the relationship between gut microbiota and asthma. It also explores therapies for modulating the gut microbiota in horses with asthma. Improving our understanding of the horse gut-lung axis could lead to the development of techniques such as fecal microbiota transplants, probiotics, or prebiotics to manipulate the gut microbiota specifically for improving the management of asthma in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Leduc
- Clinical Sciences Department, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
| | - Marcio Costa
- Veterinary Department of Biomedical Sciences, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
| | - Mathilde Leclère
- Clinical Sciences Department, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
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Popovic D, Kulas J, Tucovic D, Popov Aleksandrov A, Glamoclija J, Sokovic Bajic S, Tolinacki M, Golic N, Mirkov I. Lung microbiota changes during pulmonary Aspergillus fumigatus infection in rats. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105186. [PMID: 37479024 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Since the realization that the lungs are not sterile but are normally inhabited by various bacterial species, studies have been conducted to define healthy lung microbiota and to investigate whether it changes during lung diseases, infections, and inflammation. Using next-generation sequencing, we investigated bacterial microbiota from whole lungs in two rat strains (previously shown to differ in gut microbiota composition) in a healthy state and during pulmonary infection caused by the opportunistic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. No differences in alpha diversity indices and microbial composition between DA and AO rats before infection were noted. Fungal infection caused dysbiosis in both rat strains, characterized by increased alpha diversity indices and unchanged beta diversity. The relative abundance of genera and species was increased in DA but decreased in AO rats during infection. Changes in lung microbiota coincided with inflammation (in both rat strains) and oxidative stress (in DA rats). Disparate response of lung microbiota in DA and AO rats to pulmonary fungal infection might render these two rat strains differentially susceptible to a subsequent inflammatory insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusanka Popovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Kulas
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dina Tucovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Popov Aleksandrov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Glamoclija
- Mycology Laboratory, Department Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Sokovic Bajic
- Group for Probiotics and Microbiota-host Interaction, Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 444a Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Tolinacki
- Group for Probiotics and Microbiota-host Interaction, Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 444a Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natasa Golic
- Group for Probiotics and Microbiota-host Interaction, Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 444a Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Mirkov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Bond S, McMullen C, Timsit E, Léguillette R. Topography of the respiratory, oral, and guttural pouch bacterial and fungal microbiotas in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:349-360. [PMID: 36607177 PMCID: PMC9889660 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lower respiratory tract microbiota of the horse is different in states of health and disease, but the bacterial and fungal composition of the healthy respiratory tract of the horse has not been studied in detail. HYPOTHESIS The respiratory tract environment contains distinct niche microbiotas, which decrease in species richness at more distal sampling locations. OBJECTIVE Characterize the bacterial and fungal microbiotas along the upper and lower respiratory tract of the horse. ANIMALS Healthy Argentinian Thoroughbred horses (n = 11) from the same client-owned herd. METHODS Prospective cross-sectional study. Eleven upper and lower respiratory tract anatomical locations (bilateral nasal, bilateral deep nasal, nasopharynx, floor of mouth, oropharynx, arytenoids, proximal and distal trachea, guttural pouch) were sampled using a combination of swabs, protected specimen brushes, and saline washes. Total DNA was extracted from each sample and negative control, and the 16S rRNA gene (V4) and ITS2 region were sequenced. Community composition, alpha-diversity, and beta-diversity were compared among sampling locations. RESULTS Fungal species richness and diversity were highest in the nostrils. More spatial heterogeneity was found in bacterial composition than in fungal communities. The pharyngeal microbiota was most similar to the distal tracheal bacterial and fungal microbiota in healthy horses and therefore may serve as the primary source of bacteria and fungi to the lower respiratory tract. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The pharynx is an important location that should be targeted in respiratory microbiota research in horses. Future studies that investigate whether biomarkers of respiratory disease can be reliably detected in nasopharyngeal swab samples are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bond
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada,School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of QueenslandGattonAustralia
| | - Christopher McMullen
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada,Feedlot Health Management Services, IncOkotoksAlbertaCanada
| | - Edouard Timsit
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada,I&D Pharma DepartementCeva Santé AnimaleLibourneFrance
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Fecal Microbiota Comparison between Healthy Teaching Horses and Client-Owned Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 118:104105. [PMID: 36058504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the fecal microbiota of 2 healthy teaching horse herds with that of client-owned horses from the same geographic areas. The fecal microbiota of client-owned horses from Ontario Canada (n = 15) and Florida, USA (n = 11) was compared with that teaching horses from the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada (n = 10) and the University of Florida, Florida, USA (n = 15). The fecal microbiota was characterized by sequencing of bacterial DNA using the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. The diversity (inverse Simpson index) of the fecal microbiota was significantly higher in teaching than client owned horses from the same geographical area (P < 0.05). The community membership (Jaccard Index) and structure (Yue and Clayton index) of teaching horses was also significantly different from that of client owned horses from the same geographical area (AMOVA P < 0.001). The bacterial membership and structure of the fecal microbiota of Ontario and Florida teaching horses were significantly different, while the bacterial membership, but not the structure of Ontario and Florida client owned horses was significantly different (AMOVA P < 0.001). In all 4 groups of healthy horses, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Bacteroidales, Clostridiales, and Treponema were detected in high relative abundance. The fecal microbiota of healthy horses from teaching herds kept in the same environment with identical management practices differs significantly from that of horses housed in different facilities with dissimilar management practices. Our results suggest an effect of the environment and management practices on the gastrointestinal microbiota. Researchers should attempt to include healthy horses from the same farm with similar management as control groups when comparing with diseased horses.
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Klier J, Fuchs S, Winter G, Gehlen H. Inhalative Nanoparticulate CpG Immunotherapy in Severe Equine Asthma: An Innovative Therapeutic Concept and Potential Animal Model for Human Asthma Treatment. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162087. [PMID: 36009677 PMCID: PMC9405334 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Severe equine asthma is the most common globally widespread non-infectious equine respiratory disease (together with its mild and moderate form), which is associated with exposure to hay dust and mold spores, has certain similarities to human asthma, and continues to represent a therapeutic problem. Immunomodulatory DNA sequences (CpG) bound to nanoparticles were successfully administered by inhalation to severe asthmatic horses in several studies. It was possible to demonstrate a significant, sustained, one-to-eight-week improvement in important clinical parameters: partial oxygen pressure in the blood, quantity and viscosity of tracheal mucus secretion in the airways, and the amount of inflammatory cells in the respiratory tracts of severe asthmatic horses. The immunotherapy with CpG is performed independent of specific allergens. At an immunological level, the treatment leads to decreases in allergic and inflammatory parameters. This innovative therapeutic concept thus opens new perspectives in severe equine asthma treatment and possibly also in human asthma treatment. Abstract Severe equine asthma is the most common globally widespread non-infectious equine respiratory disease (together with its mild and moderate form), which is associated with exposure to hay dust and mold spores, has certain similarities to human asthma, and continues to represent a therapeutic problem. Immunomodulatory CpG-ODN, bound to gelatin nanoparticles as a drug delivery system, were successfully administered by inhalation to severe equine asthmatic patients in several studies. It was possible to demonstrate a significant, sustained, and allergen-independent one-to-eight-week improvement in key clinical parameters: the arterial partial pressure of oxygen, the quantity and viscosity of tracheal mucus, and neutrophilic inflammatory cells in the respiratory tracts of the severe equine asthmatic subjects. At the immunological level, an upregulation of the regulatory antiallergic and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 as well as a downregulation of the proallergic IL-4 and proinflammatory IFN-γ in the respiratory tracts of the severe equine asthmatic patients were identified in the treatment groups. CD4+ T lymphocytes in the respiratory tracts of the asthmatic horses were demonstrated to downregulate the mRNA expression of Tbet and IL-8. Concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-2 were significantly decreased directly after the treatment as well as six weeks post-treatment. This innovative therapeutic concept thus opens new perspectives in the treatment of severe equine asthma and possibly also that of human asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Klier
- Equine Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Sebastian Fuchs
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Heidrun Gehlen
- Equine Clinic, Surgery and Radiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-838-62299; Fax: +49-30-838-4-62529
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Functional, transcriptional, and microbial shifts associated with healthy pulmonary aging in rhesus macaques. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110725. [PMID: 35443183 PMCID: PMC9096119 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Older individuals are at increased risk of developing severe respiratory infections. However, our understanding of the impact of aging on the respiratory tract remains limited as samples from healthy humans are challenging to obtain and results can be confounded by variables such as smoking and diet. Here, we carry out a comprehensive cross-sectional study (n = 34 adult, n = 49 aged) to define the consequences of aging on the lung using the rhesus macaque model. Pulmonary function testing establishes similar age and sex differences as humans. Additionally, we report increased abundance of alveolar and infiltrating macrophages and a concomitant decrease in T cells were in aged animals. scRNAseq reveals shifts from GRZMB to IFN expressing CD8+ T cells in the lungs. These data provide insight into age-related changes in the lungs’ functional, microbial, and immunological landscape that explain increased prevalence and severity of respiratory diseases in the elderly. Rhoades et al. describe age-associated functional, microbial, and immunological changes in the lung using the rhesus macaque model. These data will support further studies aimed at designing and testing interventions to mitigate the impact of age-associated shifts in the lung environment to reduce age-related pulmonary disease in the elderly.
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12
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The Immune Mechanisms of Severe Equine Asthma-Current Understanding and What Is Missing. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060744. [PMID: 35327141 PMCID: PMC8944511 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe equine asthma is a chronic respiratory disease of adult horses, occurring when genetically susceptible individuals are exposed to environmental aeroallergens. This results in airway inflammation, mucus accumulation and bronchial constriction. Although several studies aimed at evaluating the genetic and immune pathways associated with the disease, the results reported are inconsistent. Furthermore, the complexity and heterogeneity of this disease bears great similarity to what is described for human asthma. Currently available studies identified two chromosome regions (ECA13 and ECA15) and several genes associated with the disease. The inflammatory response appears to be mediated by T helper cells (Th1, Th2, Th17) and neutrophilic inflammation significantly contributes to the persistence of airway inflammatory status. This review evaluates the reported findings pertaining to the genetical and immunological background of severe equine asthma and reflects on their implications in the pathophysiology of the disease whilst discussing further areas of research interest aiming at advancing treatment and prognosis of affected individuals.
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Zhou Y, Qi H, Yin N. Adaptations and alterations of maternal microbiota: From physiology to pathology. MEDICINE IN MICROECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmic.2021.100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Jiang G, Zhang X, Gao W, Ji C, Wang Y, Feng P, Feng Y, Zhang Z, Li L, Zhao F. Transport stress affects the fecal microbiota in healthy donkeys. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2449-2457. [PMID: 34331476 PMCID: PMC8478045 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the development of large‐scale donkey farming in China, long‐distance transportation has become common practice, and the incidence of intestinal diseases after transportation has increased. The intestinal microbiota is important in health and disease, and whether or not transportation disturbs the intestinal microbiota in donkeys has not been investigated. Objectives To determine the effects of transportation on the fecal microbiota of healthy donkeys using 16S rRNA sequencing. Animals Fecal and blood samples were collected from 12 Dezhou donkeys before and after transportation. Methods Prospective controlled study. Cortisol, ACTH, and heat‐shock protein 90 (HSP90) concentrations were measured. Sequencing of 16S rRNA was used to assess the microbial composition. Alpha diversity and beta diversity were assessed. Results Results showed significant (P < .05) increases in cortisol (58.1 ± 14.6 to 71.1 ± 9.60 ng/mL), ACTH (163.8 ± 31.9 to 315.8 ± 27.9 pg/mL), and HSP90 (10.8 ± 1.67 to 14.6 ± 1.75 ng/mL) on the day of arrival. A significantly lower (P = .04) level of bacterial richness was found in fecal samples after transportation, compared with that before transportation without distinct changes in diversity. Most notably, donkeys had significant decreases in Atopostipes, Eubacterium, Streptococcus, and Coriobacteriaceae. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Transportation can induce stress in healthy donkeys and have some effect on the composition of the in fecal microbiota. Additional studies are required to understand the potential effect of these microbiota changes, especially significantly decreased bacteria, on the development intestinal diseases in donkeys during recovery from transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Shangdong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Weiping Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chuanliang Ji
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yantao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
| | - Peixiang Feng
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yulong Feng
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- The College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fuwei Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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15
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Baker JM, Dickson RP. Is the lung microbiome alive? Lessons from Antarctic soil. Eur Respir J 2021; 58:58/1/2100321. [PMID: 34326174 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00321-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Baker
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert P Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA .,Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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16
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Mainguy-Seers S, Lavoie JP. Glucocorticoid treatment in horses with asthma: A narrative review. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2045-2057. [PMID: 34085342 PMCID: PMC8295667 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial research efforts to improve the treatment and outcome of horses with asthma, glucocorticoids (GC) remain the cornerstone of drug treatment of this prevalent disease. The high efficacy of GC to relieve airway obstruction explains their extensive use despite potential deleterious effects. However, much is yet to be uncovered concerning GC use in horses with asthma, including the comparative efficacy of the different drugs, the determination of minimal effective doses and the mechanisms underlying their variable modulation of airway inflammation. The objectives of this structured review were to report and compare the plethora of effects of the various GC used in asthmatic horses with a focus on impact on lung function, airway inflammation, and bronchial remodeling. Adverse effects are also briefly described, with an emphasis on those that have been specifically reported in horses with asthma. Ultimately, we aimed to highlight gaps in the literature and to identify future research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mainguy-Seers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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17
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Mach N, Baranowski E, Nouvel LX, Citti C. The Airway Pathobiome in Complex Respiratory Diseases: A Perspective in Domestic Animals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:583600. [PMID: 34055660 PMCID: PMC8160460 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.583600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections in domestic animals are a major issue for veterinary and livestock industry. Pathogens in the respiratory tract share their habitat with a myriad of commensal microorganisms. Increasing evidence points towards a respiratory pathobiome concept, integrating the dysbiotic bacterial communities, the host and the environment in a new understanding of respiratory disease etiology. During the infection, the airway microbiota likely regulates and is regulated by pathogens through diverse mechanisms, thereby acting either as a gatekeeper that provides resistance to pathogen colonization or enhancing their prevalence and bacterial co-infectivity, which often results in disease exacerbation. Insight into the complex interplay taking place in the respiratory tract between the pathogens, microbiota, the host and its environment during infection in domestic animals is a research field in its infancy in which most studies are focused on infections from enteric pathogens and gut microbiota. However, its understanding may improve pathogen control and reduce the severity of microbial-related diseases, including those with zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Mach
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche Pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eric Baranowski
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Xavier Nouvel
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Citti
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
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18
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Payette F, Charlebois A, Fairbrother J, Beauchamp G, Leclere M. Nicoletella semolina in the airways of healthy horses and horses with severe asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1612-1619. [PMID: 33942932 PMCID: PMC8163135 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nicoletella semolina was identified in the airways of horses and its low prevalence could be because of its difficult differentiation from other Pasteurellaceae. Objectives To develop a molecular method for the identification of N. semolina and to evaluate its prevalence in the mouth and the airways of healthy and severe asthmatic horses. Animals Six healthy and 6 severely asthmatic horses in phase I, 10 severely asthmatic horses in phase II, and 10 healthy horses in phase III. Methods Cohort (phases I and II) and cross‐sectional (phase III) studies. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction primers targeting the sodA gene were optimized. N. semolina was quantified in oral and nasal washes and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF; phase I, sampled twice), in nasal washes and BALF (phase II, sampled twice), and in nasal washes (phase III). Results N. semolina was found in the nose of 5, 10, and 9 horses in phases I, II, and III, respectively (first sampling for phases I and II). Six BALF from 5 different horses were positive for N. semolina in phase II. In phase I, there was no significant difference in the nasal loads of healthy horses (median (range): 2.04 × 104 copies/mL (0‐2.44 × 105)) and asthmatic horses in exacerbation (3.75 × 102 (0‐4.84 × 106); Wilcoxon's rank sum test, P = .57). Conclusions and Clinical Importance N. semolina is commonly found in the airways of horses. The potential pathogenicity of N. semolina remains to be elucidated, but the molecular technique we developed will facilitate future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavie Payette
- Clinical Sciences Department, Faculté de Médecine VétérinaireUniversité de MontréalMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Audrey Charlebois
- Clinical Sciences Department, Faculté de Médecine VétérinaireUniversité de MontréalMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Julie‐Hélène Fairbrother
- Bacteriology Diagnostic Laboratory, Complexe de Diagnostic et d'Épidémiosurveillance Vétérinaires du Québec, Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec and Faculté de Médecine VétérinaireUniversité de MontréalMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Guy Beauchamp
- Veterinary Biomedicine Department, Faculté de Médecine VétérinaireUniversité de MontréalMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Mathilde Leclere
- Clinical Sciences Department, Faculté de Médecine VétérinaireUniversité de MontréalMontrealQuebecCanada
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19
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McCumber AW, Kim YJ, Isikhuemhen OS, Tighe RM, Gunsch CK. The environment shapes swine lung bacterial communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143623. [PMID: 33243510 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies of the lung microbiome have focused on characterizing the community and attempts to understand the role of community membership concerning disease or exposures such as cigarette smoke. However, we still lack an understanding of two critical aspects of the lung microbiome: the origin of the community members and their fate. As we continue to better understand how the lung microbiome influences human health, it is essential to determine how the environment shapes the lung microbiome membership. Using a pig model, we explored the relationship that the surrounding environment has on the resident lung bacteria by collecting environmental samples (soil, air, water, feed) to compare with lung samples (swab, lavage, and tissue). Results suggest that airborne bacteria make up the highest portion of the lung microbiome. Furthermore, bacteria from samples taken from the bronchioles can be correctly identified by which farm they originated, whereas those from alveolar samples are indistinguishable. The findings suggest that while the environment may shape the microbiome of the bronchioles, a distinct community exists within the alveoli. Our findings expand upon the current understanding of the lung microbiome and provide a model of how microbial communities within the lung relate to their surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W McCumber
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yeon Ji Kim
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Omoanghe Samuel Isikhuemhen
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Robert M Tighe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Claudia K Gunsch
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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20
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Wu BG, Kapoor B, Cummings KJ, Stanton ML, Nett RJ, Kreiss K, Abraham JL, Colby TV, Franko AD, Green FHY, Sanyal S, Clemente JC, Gao Z, Coffre M, Meyn P, Heguy A, Li Y, Sulaiman I, Borbet TC, Koralov SB, Tallaksen RJ, Wendland D, Bachelder VD, Boylstein RJ, Park JH, Cox-Ganser JM, Virji MA, Crawford JA, Edwards NT, Veillette M, Duchaine C, Warren K, Lundeen S, Blaser MJ, Segal LN. Evidence for Environmental-Human Microbiota Transfer at a Manufacturing Facility with Novel Work-related Respiratory Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 202:1678-1688. [PMID: 32673495 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202001-0197oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Workers' exposure to metalworking fluid (MWF) has been associated with respiratory disease.Objectives: As part of a public health investigation of a manufacturing facility, we performed a cross-sectional study using paired environmental and human sampling to evaluate the cross-pollination of microbes between the environment and the host and possible effects on lung pathology present among workers.Methods: Workplace environmental microbiota were evaluated in air and MWF samples. Human microbiota were evaluated in lung tissue samples from workers with respiratory symptoms found to have lymphocytic bronchiolitis and alveolar ductitis with B-cell follicles and emphysema, in lung tissue samples from control subjects, and in skin, nasal, and oral samples from 302 workers from different areas of the facility. In vitro effects of MWF exposure on murine B cells were assessed.Measurements and Main Results: An increased similarity of microbial composition was found between MWF samples and lung tissue samples of case workers compared with control subjects. Among workers in different locations within the facility, those that worked in the machine shop area had skin, nasal, and oral microbiota more closely related to the microbiota present in the MWF samples. Lung samples from four index cases and skin and nasal samples from workers in the machine shop area were enriched with Pseudomonas, the dominant taxa in MWF. Exposure to used MWF stimulated murine B-cell proliferation in vitro, a hallmark cell subtype found in the pathology of index cases.Conclusions: Evaluation of a manufacturing facility with a cluster of workers with respiratory disease supports cross-pollination of microbes from MWF to humans and suggests the potential for exposure to these microbes to be a health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristin J Cummings
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Marcia L Stanton
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Randall J Nett
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Kathleen Kreiss
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jerrold L Abraham
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Thomas V Colby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Angela D Franko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Francis H Y Green
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Soma Sanyal
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Jose C Clemente
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Zhan Gao
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Maryaline Coffre
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Peter Meyn
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | - Sergei B Koralov
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Robert J Tallaksen
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | | | | | - Randy J Boylstein
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Ju-Hyeong Park
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jean M Cox-Ganser
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - M Abbas Virji
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Judith A Crawford
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Nicole T Edwards
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Marc Veillette
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Duchaine
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Krista Warren
- St. Luke's Department of Pathology, St. Luke's Hospital, Duluth, Minnesota; and
| | - Sarah Lundeen
- St. Luke's Department of Pathology, St. Luke's Hospital, Duluth, Minnesota; and
| | - Martin J Blaser
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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21
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Combs MP, Dickson RP. Turning the Lungs Inside Out: The Intersecting Microbiomes of the Lungs and the Built Environment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 202:1618-1620. [PMID: 32822203 PMCID: PMC7737593 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202007-2973ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Combs
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert P Dickson
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan and
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care Ann Arbor, Michigan
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22
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Zhao F, Jiang G, Ji C, Zhang Z, Gao W, Feng P, Li H, Li M, Liu H, Liu G, Magalhaes HB, Li J. Effects of long-distance transportation on blood constituents and composition of the nasal microbiota in healthy donkeys. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:338. [PMID: 32933535 PMCID: PMC7493398 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02563-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to determine the effects of transportation on the nasal microbiota of healthy donkeys using 16S rRNA sequencing. RESULTS Deep nasal swabs and blood were sampled from 14 donkeys before and after 21 hours' long-distance transportation. The values of the plasma hormone (cortisol (Cor), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)), biochemical indicators (total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), creatinine (CREA), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), blood urea (UREA), plasma glucose (GLU)) and blood routine indices (white blood cell (WBC), lymphocyte (LYM), neutrophil (NEU), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB)) were measured. 16S rRNA sequencing was used to assess the nasal microbiota, including alpha diversity, beta diversity, and phylogenetic structures. Results showed that levels of Cor, ACTH, and heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) were significantly increased (p < 0.05) after long-distance transportation. Several biochemical indicators (AST, CK) and blood routine indices (Neu, RBC, and HGB) increased markedly (p < 0.05), but the LYM decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Nine families and eight genera had a mean relative abundance over 1%. The predominant phyla in nasal microbiota after and before transportation were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Transportation stress induced significant changes in terms of nasal microbiota structure compared with those before transportation based on principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) coupled with analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) (p < 0.05). Among these changes, a notably gain in Proteobacteria and loss in Firmicutes at the phylum level was observed. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest transportation can cause stress to donkeys and change the richness and diversity of nasal microbiota. Further studies are required to understand the potential effect of these microbiota changes on the development of donkey respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuwei Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, P.R. China. .,National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd, 78 E-Jiao Street Donge County, Liaocheng, 252201, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Guimiao Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd, 78 E-Jiao Street Donge County, Liaocheng, 252201, Shandong Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuanliang Ji
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd, 78 E-Jiao Street Donge County, Liaocheng, 252201, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- The College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450002, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weiping Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd, 78 E-Jiao Street Donge County, Liaocheng, 252201, Shandong Province, China
| | - Peixiang Feng
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd, 78 E-Jiao Street Donge County, Liaocheng, 252201, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haijing Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd, 78 E-Jiao Street Donge County, Liaocheng, 252201, Shandong Province, China
| | - Min Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd, 78 E-Jiao Street Donge County, Liaocheng, 252201, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haibing Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd, 78 E-Jiao Street Donge County, Liaocheng, 252201, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiqin Liu
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center for Efficient Breeding and Ecological Feeding of Black Donkey, Liaocheng University, Shandong Donkey Industry Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, Liaocheng, China
| | - Humberto B Magalhaes
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sp, 18618-681, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Jianji Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, P.R. China.
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23
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Saglani S, Wisnivesky JP, Charokopos A, Pascoe CD, Halayko AJ, Custovic A. Update in Asthma 2019. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 202:184-192. [PMID: 32338992 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202003-0596up] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Saglani
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juan P Wisnivesky
- Division of General Internal Medicine and.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Antonios Charokopos
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Christopher D Pascoe
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; and.,Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrew J Halayko
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; and.,Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Adnan Custovic
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Couetil L, Cardwell JM, Leguillette R, Mazan M, Richard E, Bienzle D, Bullone M, Gerber V, Ivester K, Lavoie JP, Martin J, Moran G, Niedźwiedź A, Pusterla N, Swiderski C. Equine Asthma: Current Understanding and Future Directions. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:450. [PMID: 32903600 PMCID: PMC7438831 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2019 Havemeyer Workshop brought together researchers and clinicians to discuss the latest information on Equine Asthma and provide future research directions. Current clinical and molecular asthma phenotypes and endotypes in humans were discussed and compared to asthma phenotypes in horses. The role of infectious and non-infectious causes of equine asthma, genetic factors and proposed disease pathophysiology were reviewed. Diagnostic limitations were evident by the limited number of tests and biomarkers available to field practitioners. The participants emphasized the need for more accessible, standardized diagnostics that would help identify specific phenotypes and endotypes in order to create more targeted treatments or management strategies. One important outcome of the workshop was the creation of the Equine Asthma Group that will facilitate communication between veterinary practice and research communities through published and easily accessible guidelines and foster research collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Couetil
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Cardwell
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Renaud Leguillette
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Melissa Mazan
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Eric Richard
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), Normandie Université, UniCaen, Caen, France
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Michela Bullone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institut Suisse de Médecine Équine (ISME), University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kathleen Ivester
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - James Martin
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriel Moran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Artur Niedźwiedź
- Department of Internal Diseases With Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Cyprianna Swiderski
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
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25
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Fastrès A, Roels E, Vangrinsven E, Taminiau B, Jabri H, Bolen G, Merveille AC, Tutunaru AC, Moyse E, Daube G, Clercx C. Assessment of the lung microbiota in dogs: influence of the type of breed, living conditions and canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:84. [PMID: 32276591 PMCID: PMC7147050 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01784-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Literature about the lung microbiota (LM) in dogs is sparse. Influence of breed and living conditions on the LM in healthy dogs is currently unknown, as well as the influence of chronic respiratory diseases such as canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CIPF) in West highland white terriers (WHWTs). Aims of this study were (1) to assess the characteristics of the healthy LM according to breed and living conditions, and (2) to study LM changes associated with CIPF in WHWTs. Forty-five healthy dogs divided into 5 groups: domestic terriers (n = 10), domestic shepherds (n = 11), domestic brachycephalic dogs (n = 9), domestic WHWTs (n = 6) (H-WHWTs) and experimental beagles (n = 9) and 11 diseased WHWTs affected with CIPF (D-WHWTs) were included in the study to achieve those objectives. Results In healthy domestic dogs, except in H-WHWTs, the presence of few discriminant genera in each type of breed was the only LM modification. LM of experimental dogs displayed a change in b-diversity and an increased richness compared with domestic dogs. Moreover, Prevotella_7 and Dubosiella genera were more abundant and 19 genera were discriminant in experimental dogs. LM of both H-WHWTs and D-WHWTs revealed increased abundance of 6 genera (Brochothrix, Curvibacter, Pseudarcicella, Flavobacteriaceae genus, Rhodoluna and Limnohabitans) compared with other healthy domestic dogs. Brochothrix and Pseudarcicella were also discriminant in D-WHWTs compared with H-WHWTs and other healthy domestic dogs. Conclusions In domestic conditions, except for H-WHWT, the breed appears to have minor influence on the LM. LM modifications were found in experimental compared with domestic living conditions. LM modifications in H-WHWTs and D-WHWTs compared with other healthy domestic dogs were similar and seemed to be linked to the breed. Whether this breed difference might be related with the high susceptibility of WHWTs for CIPF requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Fastrès
- Department of Clinical Sciences, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Elodie Roels
- Department of Clinical Sciences, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Emilie Vangrinsven
- Department of Clinical Sciences, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Taminiau
- Department of Food Sciences - Microbiology, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Hiba Jabri
- Department of Food Sciences - Microbiology, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Géraldine Bolen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne-Christine Merveille
- Department of Clinical Sciences, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alexandru-Cosmin Tutunaru
- Department of Clinical Sciences, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Moyse
- Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources/Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Applied to Veterinary Sciences, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Georges Daube
- Department of Food Sciences - Microbiology, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Cécile Clercx
- Department of Clinical Sciences, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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26
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Leclere M, Costa MC. Fecal microbiota in horses with asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:996-1006. [PMID: 32128892 PMCID: PMC7096608 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal microbiota can be influenced by several factors, including diet and systemic inflammation, and in turn could act as a modulator of the allergic response. Fecal microbiota of horses with asthma has not been described. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Analyze the bacterial fecal microbiota of horses with and without asthma under different environment and diet conditions, during both remission and exacerbation. METHODS Prospective observational study. Feces from 6 asthmatic and 6 healthy horses were collected under 3 different conditions: on pasture, housed indoors receiving good quality hay ("good hay"), and housed indoors receiving poor quality hay ("dusty hay"). Sequencing was performed using an Illumina MiSeq platform and data were processed using the software mothur v.1.41.3 and LEfSe. RESULTS In horses with asthma, low-abundance bacteria were more affected by changes in environment and diet (ie, when horses were experiencing an exacerbation), as shown by changes in membership and results from the LEfSe analysis. There was a significant increase in the relative abundance of Fibrobacter in healthy horses eating hay, a change that was not observed in horses with asthma. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The intestinal microbiota of horses with asthma does not adapt in the same way to changes in diet and environment compared to the microbiota of healthy horses. Mechanisms explaining how airway obstruction and inflammation could influence the intestinal microbiota and how in turn this microbiota could modulate systemic inflammation in asthmatic horses deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Leclere
- Clinical Sciences Department, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marcio C Costa
- Veterinary Department of Biomedical Sciences, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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27
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Carney SM, Clemente JC, Cox MJ, Dickson RP, Huang YJ, Kitsios GD, Kloepfer KM, Leung JM, LeVan TD, Molyneaux PL, Moore BB, O'Dwyer DN, Segal LN, Garantziotis S. Methods in Lung Microbiome Research. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:283-299. [PMID: 31661299 PMCID: PMC7055701 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0273tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung microbiome is associated with host immune response and health outcomes in experimental models and patient cohorts. Lung microbiome research is increasing in volume and scope; however, there are no established guidelines for study design, conduct, and reporting of lung microbiome studies. Standardized approaches to yield reliable and reproducible data that can be synthesized across studies will ultimately improve the scientific rigor and impact of published work and greatly benefit microbiome research. In this review, we identify and address several key elements of microbiome research: conceptual modeling and hypothesis framing; study design; experimental methodology and pitfalls; data analysis; and reporting considerations. Finally, we explore possible future directions and research opportunities. Our goal is to aid investigators who are interested in this burgeoning research area and hopefully provide the foundation for formulating consensus approaches in lung microbiome research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yvonne J Huang
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Georgios D Kitsios
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kirsten M Kloepfer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Janice M Leung
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Philip L Molyneaux
- Fibrosis Research Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Foundation National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Leopoldo N Segal
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; and
| | - Stavros Garantziotis
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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28
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Manguin E, Pépin E, Boivin R, Leclere M. Tracheal microbial populations in horses with moderate asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:986-995. [PMID: 31985115 PMCID: PMC7096658 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are limited data on potential dysbiosis of the airway microbiota in horses with asthma. Hypothesis/Objectives We hypothesized that the respiratory microbiota of horses with moderate asthma is altered. Our objectives were (a) to quantify tracheal bacterial populations using culture and qPCR, (2) to compare aerobic culture and qPCR, and (c) to correlate bacterial populations with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology. Animals Eighteen horses with moderate asthma from a hospital population and 10 controls. Methods Prospective case‐control study. Aerobic culture was performed on tracheal aspirates, and streptococci, Pasteurella multocida, Chlamydophila spp., Mycoplasma spp., as well as 16S (bacterial) and 18S (fungal) rRNA subunits were quantified by qPCR. Results Potential pathogens such as Streptococcus spp., Actinobacillus spp., and Pasteurellaceae were isolated from 8, 5, and 6 horses with asthma and 3, 0, and 2 controls, respectively. There was a positive correlation between Streptococcus spp. DNA and 16S rRNA gene (r ≥ 0.7, P ≤ 0.02 in both groups), but the overall bacterial load (16S) was lower in asthma (1.5 ± 1.3 versus 2.5 ± 0.8 × 104 copy/μL, P < 0.05). There was no association between microbial populations and clinical signs, tracheal mucus or BALF inflammation. Conclusions and Clinical Importance This study does not support that bacterial overgrowth is a common feature of chronic moderate asthma in horses. Lower bacterial load could suggest dysbiosis of the lower airways, either as a consequence of chronic inflammation or previous treatments, or as a perpetuating factor of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Manguin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Pépin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roxane Boivin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathilde Leclere
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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29
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Bond SL, Workentine M, Hundt J, Gilkerson JR, Léguillette R. Effects of nebulized dexamethasone on the respiratory microbiota and mycobiota and relative equine herpesvirus-1, 2, 4, 5 in an equine model of asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 34:307-321. [PMID: 31793692 PMCID: PMC6979091 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prolonged exposure to environmental antigens or allergens elicits an immune response in both healthy horses and those with mild asthma. Corticosteroids often are used to treat lower airway inflammation. Objective To investigate the changes in equine herpesvirus (EHV)‐1,2,4,5 glycoprotein B gene expression and changes in respiratory bacterial and fungal communities after nebulized dexamethasone treatment of horses with asthma. Animals Horses with naturally occurring mild asthma (n = 16) and healthy control horses (n = 4). Methods Prospective, randomized, controlled, blinded clinical trial. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of EHV‐1,2,4,5 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and 16S (microbiome) and ITS2 (mycobiome) genes with subsequent sequencing was performed on DNA extracted from nasal swabs and transendoscopic tracheal aspirates before and after 13 days treatment with nebulized dexamethasone (15 mg q24h) and saline (control). Results Nebulized dexamethasone treatment decreased microbial diversity; relative abundance of 8 genera in the upper respiratory tract were altered. For both the microbiota and the mycobiota, environment had a dominant effect over treatment. Alternaria, an opportunistic pathogen and allergen in humans recognized as a risk factor for asthma, asthma severity, and exacerbations, was increased with treatment. Treatment affected relative quantification of the equine gamma herpesviruses (EHV‐2 and ‐5); EHV‐2 DNA levels increased and those of EHV‐5 decreased. Conclusions Nebulized dexamethasone treatment affected the upper respiratory tract microbiota, but not the mycobiota, which was overwhelmed by the effect of a sustained dusty environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Bond
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew Workentine
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jana Hundt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - James R Gilkerson
- Centre for Equine Infectious Disease, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renaud Léguillette
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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