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Bi J, Zhou W, Tang Z. Pathogenesis of diabetic complications: Exploring hypoxic niche formation and HIF-1α activation. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116202. [PMID: 38330707 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature of diabetic tissues, which highly correlates to the progression of diabetes. The formation of hypoxic context is induced by disrupted oxygen homeostasis that is predominantly driven by vascular remodeling in diabetes. While different types of vascular impairments have been reported, the specific features and underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully understood. Under hypoxic condition, cells upregulate hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), an oxygen sensor that coordinates oxygen concentration and cell metabolism under hypoxic conditions. However, diabetic context exploits this machinery for pathogenic functions. Although HIF-1α protects cells from diabetic insult in multiple tissues, it also jeopardizes cell function in the retina. To gain a deeper understanding of hypoxia in diabetic complications, we focus on the formation of tissue hypoxia and the outcomes of HIF-1α dysregulation under diabetic context. Hopefully, this review can provide a better understanding on hypoxia biology in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Bi
- Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for cardiometabolic diseases, Ministry of Education,Southwest Medical University, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Yucebio Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Zonghao Tang
- Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for cardiometabolic diseases, Ministry of Education,Southwest Medical University, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX, USA.
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2
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Nguyen M, Sullivan J, Shen W. Retinal vascular remodeling in photoreceptor degenerative disease. Exp Eye Res 2023; 234:109566. [PMID: 37423458 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal vasculature in the retina, specifically tortuous vessels and capillary degeneration, is common in many of the most prevalent retinal degenerative diseases, currently affecting millions of people across the world. However, the formation and development of abnormal vasculature in the context of retinal degenerative diseases are still poorly understood. The FVB/N (rd1) and rd10 mice are well-studied animal models of retinal degenerative diseases, but how photoreceptor degeneration leads to vascular abnormality in the diseases remains to be elucidated. Here, we used advancements in confocal microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and image analysis software to systematically characterize the pathological vasculature in the FVB/N (rd1) and rd10 mice, known as a chronic, rapid and slower retinal degenerative model, respectively. We demonstrated that there was plexus-specific vascular degeneration in the retinal trilaminar vascular network paralleled to photoreceptor degeneration in the diseased retinas. We also quantitatively analyzed the vascular structural architecture in the wild-type and diseased retinas to provide valuable information on vascular remodeling in retinal degenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - James Sullivan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
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3
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Daníelsson SB, García‐Llorca A, Reynisson H, Eysteinsson T. Mouse microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) mutations affect the structure of the retinal vasculature. Acta Ophthalmol 2022; 100:911-918. [PMID: 35348289 PMCID: PMC9790633 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mice carrying pathogenic variants in the microphthalmia transcription factor (Mitf) gene show structural and functional changes in the retina and retinal pigment epithelium. The purpose of this study was to assess the vascular changes in Mitf mice carrying pathogenic variants by determining their retinal vessel diameter. METHODS Mice examined in this study were: B6-Mitfmi-vga9/+ (n = 6), B6-Mitfmi-enu22(398) /Mitfmi-enu22(398) (n = 6) and C57BL/6J wild type mice (n = 6), all 3 months old. Fundus images were taken with a Micron IV camera after intraperitoneal injection of fluorescein salt. Images were adjusted to enhance contrast and a custom written MATLAB program used to extract the mean vascular diameter at a pre-defined distance from the optic disc. The number of vessels, mean diameter and mean total diameter were examined. RESULTS The mean diameter of retinal veins in Mitfmi-enu22(398) /Mitfmi-enu22(398) mice was 18.8% larger than in wild type (p = 0.026). No differences in the mean diameter of the retinal arteries were found between the genotypes. Mitfmi-enu22(398) /Mitfmi-enu22(398) mice have 17.2% more retinal arteries (p = 0.026), and 15.6% more retinal veins (p = 0.041) than wild type. A 24.8% increase was observed in the mean combined arterial diameter in mice with the Mitfmi-enu22(398)/ Mitfmi-enu22(398) compared to wild type mice (p = 0.024). A 38.6% increase was found in the mean combined venular diameter in mice with the Mitfmi-enu22(398) /Mitfmi-enu22(398) pathogenic variation as compared to wild type (p = 0.004). The mean combined retinal venular diameter in the Mitfmi-vga9/+ mice was 17.8% larger than in wild type (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION An increase in vascularization of the retina in Mitfmi-enu22(398) /Mitfmi-enu22(398) mice was found, indicating an increased demand for blood flow to the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefán Broddi Daníelsson
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
| | - Andrea García‐Llorca
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
| | - Hallur Reynisson
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
| | - Thor Eysteinsson
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
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Jia Y, Lin Q, Xiao Y, Zhou X, Zou H, Yang C. Are we overlooking the neurodegeneration in the early stage of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus without Visual Impairment or Diabetic Retinopathy: is it probably occurred before retinal vasculature dysfunction? Curr Eye Res 2022; 48:433-440. [PMID: 36420789 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2152056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Using electrophysiology (ERG) to investigate the early alterations of retinal function in diabetic children and adolescents without diabetic retinopathy (DR) or visual impairment (VI). METHODS We recorded and compared the data of full-field flicker ERGs between 59 normal subjects and 60 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) from the Children's Hospital of Fudan University in Shanghai. RESULTS In both groups, patients with diabetes and healthy controls were matched for age, gender, weight, height, BMI, intraocular pressure (IOP), and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Among the parameters of the outcomes of ERG, the implicit time in eyes in DM patients was significantly prolonged compared to normal eyes (p = .008, 16 Td-s; p = .000, 32 Td-s). In the case group, we found significantly positive correlation between implicit time and BMI (p < .05), as well as implicit time and axial length (AL). CONCLUSIONS The study reveals that the dysfunction of retina in DM children can be detected with ERGs. It also shows that hyperglycemia has an impact on the occurrence of neurodegeneration in the early stage of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiurong Lin
- Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Zou
- Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenhao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Howell SJ, Lee CA, Zapadka TE, Lindstrom SI, Taylor BE, Taylor ZRR, Barber KG, Taylor PR. Inhibition of CD40-TRAF6-dependent inflammatory activity halts the onset of diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin-diabetic mice. Nutr Diabetes 2022; 12:46. [PMID: 36309487 PMCID: PMC9617859 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-022-00225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes initiates inflammation that can impair the retinal vasculature, and lead to diabetic retinopathy; one of the leading causes of blindness. Inflammatory pathways have been examined as potential therapeutic targets for diabetic retinopathy, but there is still a need for early-stage treatments. We hypothesized that the CD40-TNF Receptor Associated Factor 6 (TRAF6) axis plays a pivotal role in the onset of diabetic retinopathy, and that the CD40-TRAF6 axis would be a prime therapeutic target for early-stage non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The CD40-TRAF6 complex can initiate NFκB activation, inflammation, and tissue damage. Further, CD40 and TRAF6 are constitutively expressed on Muller glia, and upregulated in the diabetic retina. Yet the role of the CD40-TRAF6 complex in the onset of diabetic retinopathy is still unclear. In the current study, we examined the CD40-TRAF6 axis in diabetic retinopathy using a small molecule inhibitor (SMI-6877002) on streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. When CD40-TRAF6-dependent inflammation was inhibited, retinal vascular leakage and capillary degeneration was ameliorated in diabetic mice. Collectively, these data suggest that the CD40-TRAF6 axis plays a pivotal role in the onset of diabetic retinopathy, and could be a novel therapeutic target for early diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J. Howell
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, USA ,grid.410349.b0000 0004 5912 6484Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Chieh A. Lee
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, USA
| | - Thomas E. Zapadka
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, USA ,grid.410349.b0000 0004 5912 6484Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Sarah I. Lindstrom
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, USA
| | - Brooklyn E. Taylor
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, USA
| | - Zakary R. R. Taylor
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, USA
| | - Katherine G. Barber
- grid.410349.b0000 0004 5912 6484Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Patricia R. Taylor
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, USA ,grid.410349.b0000 0004 5912 6484Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA ,grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Present Address: Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Institute of Pathology, 2085 Adelbert Rd., Room 101, Cleveland, OH USA
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MicroRNA-150 (miR-150) and Diabetic Retinopathy: Is miR-150 Only a Biomarker or Does It Contribute to Disease Progression? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012099. [PMID: 36292956 PMCID: PMC9603433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a chronic disease associated with diabetes mellitus and is a leading cause of visual impairment among the working population in the US. Clinically, DR has been diagnosed and treated as a vascular complication, but it adversely impacts both neural retina and retinal vasculature. Degeneration of retinal neurons and microvasculature manifests in the diabetic retina and early stages of DR. Retinal photoreceptors undergo apoptosis shortly after the onset of diabetes, which contributes to the retinal dysfunction and microvascular complications leading to vision impairment. Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of diabetes and a contributor to cell apoptosis, and retinal photoreceptors are a major source of intraocular inflammation that contributes to vascular abnormalities in diabetes. As the levels of microRNAs (miRs) are changed in the plasma and vitreous of diabetic patients, miRs have been suggested as biomarkers to determine the progression of diabetic ocular diseases, including DR. However, few miRs have been thoroughly investigated as contributors to the pathogenesis of DR. Among these miRs, miR-150 is downregulated in diabetic patients and is an endogenous suppressor of inflammation, apoptosis, and pathological angiogenesis. In this review, how miR-150 and its downstream targets contribute to diabetes-associated retinal degeneration and pathological angiogenesis in DR are discussed. Currently, there is no effective treatment to stop or reverse diabetes-caused neural and vascular degeneration in the retina. Understanding the molecular mechanism of the pathogenesis of DR may shed light for the future development of more effective treatments for DR and other diabetes-associated ocular diseases.
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Lessieur EM, Liu H, Saadane A, Du Y, Kiser J, Kern TS. ICAM-1 on the luminal surface of endothelial cells is induced to a greater extent in mouse retina than in other tissues in diabetes. Diabetologia 2022; 65:1734-1744. [PMID: 35852587 PMCID: PMC9481679 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Induction of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) has been implicated in the development of macrovascular and microvascular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy. Lesions of diabetic retinopathy are unique to the retina but the reason for this is unclear, as all tissues are exposed to the same hyperglycaemic insult. We tested whether diabetes induces ICAM-1 on the luminal surface of endothelial cells to a greater extent in the retina than in other tissues and the role of vision itself in that induction. METHODS Experimental diabetes was induced in C57Bl/6J, P23H opsin mutant and Gnat1-/- × Gnat2-/- double knockout mice using streptozotocin. The relative abundance of ICAM-1 on the luminal surface of endothelial cells in retina and other tissues was determined by conjugating anti-ICAM-1 antibodies to fluorescent microspheres (2 μm), injecting them intravenously and allowing them to circulate for 30 min. After transcardial perfusion, quantification of microspheres adherent to the endothelium in tissues throughout the body was carried out by fluorescent microscopy or flow cytometry. Mice injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used as positive controls. The difference in leucostasis between retinal and non-retinal vasculature was evaluated. RESULTS Diabetes significantly increased ICAM-1-mediated adherence of microspheres to retinal microvessels by almost threefold, independent of sex. In contrast, diabetes had a much smaller effect on endothelial ICAM-1 in other tissues, and more tissues showed a significant induction of endothelial ICAM-1 with LPS than with diabetes. The diabetes-induced increase in endothelial ICAM-1 in retinal vasculature was inhibited by blocking phototransduction in photoreceptor cells. Diabetes significantly increased leucostasis in the retina by threefold compared with a non-ocular tissue (cremaster). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The diabetes-induced upregulation of ICAM-1 on the luminal surface of the vascular endothelium varies considerably among tissues and is highest in the retina. Induction of ICAM-1 on retinal vascular endothelial cells in diabetes is influenced by vision-related processes in photoreceptor cells. The unique presence of photoreceptors in the retina might contribute to the greater susceptibility of this tissue to vascular disease in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Lessieur
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Glia Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aicha Saadane
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jianying Kiser
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Long Beach, CA, USA
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8
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Nelson TS, Simpson C, Dyka F, Dinculescu A, Smith WC. A Modified Arrestin1 Increases Lactate Production in the Retina and Slows Retinal Degeneration. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:695-707. [PMID: 35081746 PMCID: PMC9347377 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose metabolism in the retina is carefully orchestrated, with glucose being delivered to photoreceptors from the choroidal circulation through the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). In photoreceptors, glucose is processed principally by aerobic glycolysis, from which the lactate byproduct is provided to the RPE and Müller glia for their energetic needs. In this study, we utilize a modified arrestin1 protein to enhance the glycolytic output of lactate from rod photoreceptors through disinhibition of enolase1 activity with the goal being to use this increased lactate production as a gene-agnostic approach to slowing retinal degeneration. Mouse arrestin1 with E362G/D363G amino acid substitutions (referred to as "ArrGG") was packaged into AAV and tested for safety and for efficacy in increasing retinal lactate production. Overexpression of ArrGG in C57BL/6J mice did not result in any detectable changes in either electroretinogram (ERG) function or photoreceptor survival as measured by outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness. However, mouse retinas expressing ArrGG showed a ∼25% increase in the rate of lactate secretion. Therefore, AAV-ArrGG was delivered intravitreally to heterozygous P23H rhodopsin knockin mice (RhoP23H/+) to determine if enhancing glycolysis in photoreceptors can slow retinal degeneration in this animal model of retinitis pigmentosa. We found that the expression of ArrGG in these mice slowed the decline of both scotopic and photopic ERG function. Correspondingly, there was significant preservation of ONL thickness in RhoP23H/+ mice treated with ArrGG compared with controls. In conclusion, our studies show that expressing ArrGG in C57BL/6J mouse retina results in an increase in lactate production, consistent with an upregulation of glycolysis. In the P23H rhodopsin model of retinitis pigmentosa, the expression of ArrGG led to significant preservation of photoreceptor function and slowing of retinal degeneration. These findings suggest that enhancing glycolysis by targeting increased enolase1 activity with a modified arrestin1 in photoreceptors may offer a therapeutic approach to slowing retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany S Nelson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Chiab Simpson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Frank Dyka
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Astra Dinculescu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - W Clay Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Santos FM, Mesquita J, Castro-de-Sousa JP, Ciordia S, Paradela A, Tomaz CT. Vitreous Humor Proteome: Targeting Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Neurodegeneration in Vitreoretinal Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030505. [PMID: 35326156 PMCID: PMC8944522 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is defined as an unbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants, as evidenced by an increase in reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species production over time. It is important in the pathophysiology of retinal disorders such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal detachment, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy, which are the focus of this article. Although the human organism’s defense mechanisms correct autoxidation caused by endogenous or exogenous factors, this may be insufficient, causing an imbalance in favor of excessive ROS production or a weakening of the endogenous antioxidant system, resulting in molecular and cellular damage. Furthermore, modern lifestyles and environmental factors contribute to increased chemical exposure and stress induction, resulting in oxidative stress. In this review, we discuss the current information about oxidative stress and the vitreous proteome with a special focus on vitreoretinal diseases. Additionally, we explore therapies using antioxidants in an attempt to rescue the body from oxidation, restore balance, and maximize healthy body function, as well as new investigational therapies that have shown significant therapeutic potential in preclinical studies and clinical trial outcomes, along with their goals and strategic approaches to combat oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Milhano Santos
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; or (J.P.C.-d.-S.)
- Unidad de Proteomica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (A.P.)
- C4-UBI, Cloud Computing Competence Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-501 Covilhã, Portugal
- Correspondence: (F.M.S.); (C.T.T.); Tel.: +351-275-319-700 (C.T.T.)
| | - Joana Mesquita
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; or (J.P.C.-d.-S.)
| | - João Paulo Castro-de-Sousa
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; or (J.P.C.-d.-S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, 2410-197 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Unidad de Proteomica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Alberto Paradela
- Unidad de Proteomica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Cândida Teixeira Tomaz
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; or (J.P.C.-d.-S.)
- C4-UBI, Cloud Computing Competence Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-501 Covilhã, Portugal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Correspondence: (F.M.S.); (C.T.T.); Tel.: +351-275-319-700 (C.T.T.)
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10
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Kajtna J, Tsang SH, Koch SF. Late-stage rescue of visually guided behavior in the context of a significantly remodeled retinitis pigmentosa mouse model. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:148. [PMID: 35195763 PMCID: PMC8866266 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Patients with progressive neurodegenerative disorder retinitis pigmentosa (RP) are diagnosed in the midst of ongoing retinal degeneration and remodeling. Here, we used a Pde6b-deficient RP gene therapy mouse model to test whether treatment at late disease stages can halt photoreceptor degeneration and degradative remodeling, while sustaining constructive remodeling and restoring function. We demonstrated that when fewer than 13% of rods remain, our genetic rescue halts photoreceptor degeneration, electroretinography (ERG) functional decline and inner retinal remodeling. In addition, in a water maze test, the performance of mice treated at 16 weeks of age or earlier was indistinguishable from wild type. In contrast, no efficacy was apparent in mice treated at 24 weeks of age, suggesting the photoreceptors had reached a point of no return. Further, remodeling in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and retinal vasculature was not halted at 16 or 24 weeks of age, although there appeared to be some slowing of blood vessel degradation. These data suggest a novel working model in which restoration of clinically significant visual function requires only modest threshold numbers of resilient photoreceptors, halting of destructive remodeling and sustained constructive remodeling. These novel findings define the potential and limitations of RP treatment and suggest possible nonphotoreceptor targets for gene therapy optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Kajtna
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Physiological Genomics, BioMedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg/Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Susanne F Koch
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- Physiological Genomics, BioMedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg/Martinsried, Germany.
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11
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Canovai A, Amato R, Melecchi A, Dal Monte M, Rusciano D, Bagnoli P, Cammalleri M. Preventive Efficacy of an Antioxidant Compound on Blood Retinal Barrier Breakdown and Visual Dysfunction in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:811818. [PMID: 35046830 PMCID: PMC8762314 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.811818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In diabetic retinopathy (DR), high blood glucose drives chronic oxidative stress and inflammation that trigger alterations of the neurovascular balance finally resulting in vascular abnormalities and retinal cell death, which converge towards altered electroretinogram (ERG). In the last years, a growing body of preclinical evidence has suggested that nutrients with anti-inflammatory/antioxidant properties can be able to hamper DR progression since its very early stages. In the present study, we used a streptozotocin-induced rat model of DR, which mimics most aspects of the early stages of human DR, to test the preventive efficacy of a novel compound containing cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), verbascoside and zinc as nutrients with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Western blot, immunofluorescence and electroretinographic analyses demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition of oxidative stress- and inflammation-related mechanisms, with a significant counterpart in preventing molecular mechanisms leading to DR-associated vasculopathy and its related retinal damage. Preventive efficacy of the compound on dysfunctional a- and b-waves was also demonstrated by electroretinography. The present demonstration that natural compounds, possibly as a consequence of vascular rescue following ameliorated oxidative stress and inflammation, may prevent the apoptotic cascade leading to ERG dysfunction, adds further relevance to the potential application of antioxidants as a preventive therapy to counteract DR progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosario Amato
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Dal Monte
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Paola Bagnoli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cammalleri
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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12
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Saadane A, Du Y, Thoreson WB, Miyagi M, Lessieur EM, Kiser J, Wen X, Berkowitz BA, Kern TS. Photoreceptor Cell Calcium Dysregulation and Calpain Activation Promote Pathogenic Photoreceptor Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Prodromal Diabetic Retinopathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1805-1821. [PMID: 34214506 PMCID: PMC8579242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that diabetes promotes a greater than normal cytosolic calcium level in rod cells that activates a Ca2+-sensitive protease, calpain, resulting in oxidative stress and inflammation, two pathogenic factors of early diabetic retinopathy. Nondiabetic and 2-month diabetic C57Bl/6J and calpain1 knockout (Capn1-/-) mice were studied; subgroups were treated with a calpain inhibitor (CI). Ca2+ content was measured in photoreceptors using Fura-2. Retinal calpain expression was studied by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Superoxide and expression of inflammatory proteins were measured using published methods. Proteomic analysis was conducted on photoreceptors isolated from untreated diabetic mice or treated daily with CI for 2 months. Cytosolic Ca2+ content was increased twofold in photoreceptors of diabetic mice as compared with nondiabetic mice. Capn1 expression increased fivefold in photoreceptor outer segments of diabetic mice. Pharmacologic inhibition or genetic deletion of Capn1 significantly suppressed diabetes-induced oxidative stress and expression of proinflammatory proteins in retina. Proteomics identified a protein (WW domain-containing oxidoreductase [WWOX]) whose expression was significantly increased in photoreceptors from mice diabetic for 2 months and was inhibited with CI. Knockdown of Wwox using specific siRNA in vitro inhibited increase in superoxide caused by the high glucose. These results suggest that reducing Ca2+ accumulation, suppressing calpain activation, and/or reducing Wwox up-regulation are novel targets for treating early diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Saadane
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California.
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Wallace B Thoreson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Masaru Miyagi
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Emma M Lessieur
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Jianying Kiser
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Xiangyi Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Bruce A Berkowitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Long Beach, California
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13
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Decreased MicroRNA-150 Exacerbates Neuronal Apoptosis in the Diabetic Retina. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091135. [PMID: 34572320 PMCID: PMC8469350 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a chronic complication associated with diabetes and the number one cause of blindness in working adults in the US. More than 90% of diabetic patients have obesity-associated type 2 diabetes (T2D), and 60% of T2D patients will develop DR. Photoreceptors undergo apoptosis shortly after the onset of diabetes, which contributes to the retinal dysfunction and microvascular complications leading to vision impairment. However, how diabetic insults cause photoreceptor apoptosis remains unclear. In this study, obesity-associated T2D mice and cultured photoreceptors were used to investigate how decreased microRNA-150 (miR-150) and its downstream target were involved in photoreceptor apoptosis. In the T2D retina, miR-150 was decreased with its target ETS-domain transcription factor (ELK1) and phosphorylated ELK1 at threonine 417 (pELK1T417) upregulated. In cultured photoreceptors, treatments with palmitic acid (PA), to mimic a high-fat environment, decreased miR-150 but upregulated ELK1, pELK1T417, and the translocation of pELK1T417 from the cytoplasm to the cell nucleus. Deletion of miR-150 (miR-150-/-) exacerbates T2D- or PA-induced photoreceptor apoptosis. Blocking the expression of ELK1 with small interfering RNA (siRNA) for Elk1 did not rescue PA-induced photoreceptor apoptosis. Translocation of pELK1T417 from cytoplasm-to-nucleus appears to be the key step of diabetic insult-elicited photoreceptor apoptosis.
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14
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Howell SJ, Lee CA, Batoki JC, Zapadka TE, Lindstrom SI, Taylor BE, Taylor PR. Retinal Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Vascular Impairment Is Ablated in Diabetic Mice Receiving XMD8-92 Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:732630. [PMID: 34456740 PMCID: PMC8385489 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.732630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The global number of diabetics continues to rise annually. As diabetes progresses, almost all of Type I and more than half of Type II diabetics develop diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is a microvascular disease of the retina, and is the leading cause of blindness in the working-age population worldwide. With such a significant health impact, new drugs are required to halt the blinding threat posed by this visual disorder. The cause of diabetic retinopathy is multifactorial, and an optimal therapeutic would halt inflammation, cease photoreceptor cell dysfunction, and ablate vascular impairment. XMD8-92 is a small molecule inhibitor that blocks inflammatory activity downstream of ERK5 (extracellular signal-related kinase 5) and BRD4 (bromodomain 4). ERK5 elicits inflammation, is increased in Type II diabetics, and plays a pathologic role in diabetic nephropathy, while BRD4 induces retinal inflammation and plays a role in retinal degeneration. Further, we provide evidence that suggests both pERK5 and BRD4 expression are increased in the retinas of our STZ (streptozotocin)-induced diabetic mice. Taken together, we hypothesized that XMD8-92 would be a good therapeutic candidate for diabetic retinopathy, and tested XMD8-92 in a murine model of diabetic retinopathy. In the current study, we developed an in vivo treatment regimen by administering one 100 μL subcutaneous injection of saline containing 20 μM of XMD8-92 weekly, to STZ-induced diabetic mice. XMD8-92 treatments significantly decreased diabetes-mediated retinal inflammation, VEGF production, and oxidative stress. Further, XMD8-92 halted the degradation of ZO-1 (zonula occludens-1), which is a tight junction protein associated with vascular permeability in the retina. Finally, XMD8-92 treatment ablated diabetes-mediated vascular leakage and capillary degeneration, which are the clinical hallmarks of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Taken together, this study provides strong evidence that XMD8-92 could be a potentially novel therapeutic for diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J. Howell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Chieh A. Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Julia C. Batoki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Thomas E. Zapadka
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sarah I. Lindstrom
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Brooklyn E. Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Patricia R. Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, OH, United States
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15
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Tonade D, Kern TS. Photoreceptor cells and RPE contribute to the development of diabetic retinopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 83:100919. [PMID: 33188897 PMCID: PMC8113320 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness. It has long been regarded as vascular disease, but work in the past years has shown abnormalities also in the neural retina. Unfortunately, research on the vascular and neural abnormalities have remained largely separate, instead of being integrated into a comprehensive view of DR that includes both the neural and vascular components. Recent evidence suggests that the most predominant neural cell in the retina (photoreceptors) and the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) play an important role in the development of vascular lesions characteristic of DR. This review summarizes evidence that the outer retina is altered in diabetes, and that photoreceptors and RPE contribute to retinal vascular alterations in the early stages of the retinopathy. The possible molecular mechanisms by which cells of the outer retina might contribute to retinal vascular damage in diabetes also are discussed. Diabetes-induced alterations in the outer retina represent a novel therapeutic target to inhibit DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deoye Tonade
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Cleveland, OH, USA; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Long Beach, CA, USA.
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16
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Reduction of Glut1 in the Neural Retina But Not the RPE Alleviates Polyol Accumulation and Normalizes Early Characteristics of Diabetic Retinopathy. J Neurosci 2021; 41:3275-3299. [PMID: 33622781 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2010-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is a key determinant for development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Inadequate glycemic control exacerbates retinopathy, while normalization of glucose levels delays its progression. In hyperglycemia, hexokinase is saturated and excess glucose is metabolized to sorbitol by aldose reductase via the polyol pathway. Therapies to reduce retinal polyol accumulation for the prevention of DR have been elusive because of low sorbitol dehydrogenase levels in the retina and inadequate inhibition of aldose reductase. Using systemic and conditional genetic inactivation, we targeted the primary facilitative glucose transporter in the retina, Glut1, as a preventative therapeutic in diabetic male and female mice. Unlike WT diabetics, diabetic Glut1 +/- mice did not display elevated Glut1 levels in the retina. Furthermore, diabetic Glut1 +/- mice exhibited ameliorated ERG defects, inflammation, and oxidative stress, which was correlated with a significant reduction in retinal sorbitol accumulation. Retinal pigment epithelium-specific reduction of Glut1 did not prevent an increase in retinal sorbitol content or early hallmarks of DR. However, like diabetic Glut1 +/- mice, reduction of Glut1 specifically in the retina mitigated polyol accumulation and diminished retinal dysfunction and the elevation of markers for oxidative stress and inflammation associated with diabetes. These results suggest that modulation of retinal polyol accumulation via Glut1 in photoreceptors can circumvent the difficulties in regulating systemic glucose metabolism and be exploited to prevent DR.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Diabetic retinopathy affects one-third of diabetic patients and is the primary cause of vision loss in adults 20-74 years of age. While anti-VEGF and photocoagulation treatments for the late-stage vision threatening complications can prevent vision loss, a significant proportion of patients do not respond to anti-VEGF therapies, and mechanisms to stop progression of early-stage symptoms remain elusive. Glut1 is the primary facilitative glucose transporter for the retina. We determined that a moderate reduction in Glut1 levels, specifically in the retina, but not the retinal pigment epithelium, was sufficient to prevent retinal polyol accumulation and the earliest functional defects to be identified in the diabetic retina. Our study defines modulation of Glut1 in retinal neurons as a targetable molecule for prevention of diabetic retinopathy.
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17
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Chen J, Shao Y, Sasore T, Moiseyev G, Zhou K, Ma X, Du Y, Ma JX. Interphotoreceptor Retinol-Binding Protein Ameliorates Diabetes-Induced Retinal Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration Through Rhodopsin. Diabetes 2021; 70:788-799. [PMID: 33334874 PMCID: PMC7897347 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes often experience visual defects before any retinal pathologies are detected. The molecular mechanism for the visual defects in early diabetes has not been elucidated. Our previous study reported that in early diabetic retinopathy (DR), rhodopsin levels were reduced due to impaired 11-cis-retinal regeneration. Interphotoreceptor retinol-binding protein (IRBP) is a visual cycle protein and important for 11-cis-retinal generation. IRBP levels are decreased in the vitreous and retina of DR patients and animal models. To determine the role of IRBP downregulation in the visual defects in early DR, we induced diabetes in transgenic mice overexpressing IRBP in the retina. IRBP overexpression prevented diabetes-induced decline of retinal function. Furthermore, IRBP overexpression also prevented decreases of rhodopsin levels and 11-cis-retinal generation in diabetic mice. Diabetic IRBP transgenic mice also showed ameliorated retinal oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and retinal degeneration compared with diabetic wild-type mice. These findings suggest that diabetes-induced IRBP downregulation impairs the regeneration of 11-cis-retinal and rhodopsin, leading to retinal dysfunction in early DR. Furthermore, increased 11-cis-retinal-free opsin constitutively activates the phototransduction pathway, leading to increased oxidative stress and retinal neurodegeneration. Therefore, restored IRBP expression in the diabetic retina may confer a protective effect against retinal degeneration in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglei Chen
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Yan Shao
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute & School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin, China
| | - Temmy Sasore
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Gennadiy Moiseyev
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Kelu Zhou
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Xiang Ma
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Yanhong Du
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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18
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Gorbatyuk OS, Pitale PM, Saltykova IV, Dorofeeva IB, Zhylkibayev AA, Athar M, Fuchs PA, Samuels BC, Gorbatyuk MS. A Novel Tree Shrew Model of Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:799711. [PMID: 35046899 PMCID: PMC8762304 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.799711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing animal models with rod-dominant retinas have shown that hyperglycemia injures neurons, but it is not yet clearly understood how blue cone photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) deteriorate in patients because of compromised insulin tolerance. In contrast, northern tree shrews (Tupaia Belangeri), one of the closest living relatives of primates, have a cone-dominant retina with short wave sensitivity (SWS) and long wave sensitivity (LWS) cones. Therefore, we injected animals with a single streptozotocin dose (175 mg/kg i.p.) to investigate whether sustained hyperglycemia models the features of human diabetic retinopathy (DR). We used the photopic electroretinogram (ERG) to measure the amplitudes of A and B waves and the photopic negative responses (PhNR) to evaluate cone and RGC function. Retinal flat mounts were prepared for immunohistochemical analysis to count the numbers of neurons with antibodies against cone opsins and RGC specific BRN3a proteins. The levels of the proteins TRIB3, ISR-1, and p-AKT/p-mTOR were measured with western blot. The results demonstrated that tree shrews manifested sustained hyperglycemia leading to a slight but significant loss of SWS cones (12%) and RGCs (20%) 16 weeks after streptozotocin injection. The loss of BRN3a-positive RGCs was also reflected by a 30% decline in BRN3a protein expression. These were accompanied by reduced ERG amplitudes and PhNRs. Importantly, the diabetic retinas demonstrated increased expression of TRIB3 and level of p-AKT/p-mTOR axis but reduced level of IRS-1 protein. Therefore, a new non-primate model of DR with SWS cone and RGC dysfunction lays the foundation to better understand retinal pathophysiology at the molecular level and opens an avenue for improving the research on the treatment of human eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg S Gorbatyuk
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Priyamvada M Pitale
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Irina V Saltykova
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Iuliia B Dorofeeva
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Assylbek A Zhylkibayev
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Preston A Fuchs
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Brian C Samuels
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Marina S Gorbatyuk
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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19
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Charish J, Shabanzadeh AP, Chen D, Mehlen P, Sethuramanujam S, Harada H, Bonilha VL, Awatramani G, Bremner R, Monnier PP. Neogenin neutralization prevents photoreceptor loss in inherited retinal degeneration. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:2054-2068. [PMID: 32175920 DOI: 10.1172/jci125898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) are characterized by the progressive loss of photoreceptors and represent one of the most prevalent causes of blindness among working-age populations. Cyclic nucleotide dysregulation is a common pathological feature linked to numerous forms of IRD, yet the precise mechanisms through which this contributes to photoreceptor death remain elusive. Here we demonstrate that cAMP induced upregulation of the dependence receptor neogenin in the retina. Neogenin levels were also elevated in both human and murine degenerating photoreceptors. We found that overexpressing neogenin in mouse photoreceptors was sufficient to induce cell death, whereas silencing neogenin in degenerating murine photoreceptors promoted survival, thus identifying a pro-death signal in IRDs. A possible treatment strategy is modeled whereby peptide neutralization of neogenin in Rd1, Rd10, and Rho P23H-knockin mice promotes rod and cone survival and rescues visual function as measured by light-evoked retinal ganglion cell recordings, scotopic/photopic electroretinogram recordings, and visual acuity tests. These results expose neogenin as a critical link between cAMP and photoreceptor death, and identify a druggable target for the treatment of retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Charish
- Vision Division, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and
| | - Alireza P Shabanzadeh
- Vision Division, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danian Chen
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Hidekiyo Harada
- Vision Division, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vera L Bonilha
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gautam Awatramani
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rod Bremner
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philippe P Monnier
- Vision Division, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Genc AM, Makia MS, Sinha T, Conley SM, Al-Ubaidi MR, Naash MI. Retbindin: A riboflavin Binding Protein, Is Critical for Photoreceptor Homeostasis and Survival in Models of Retinal Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218083. [PMID: 33138244 PMCID: PMC7662319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The large number of inherited retinal disease genes (IRD), including the photopigment rhodopsin and the photoreceptor outer segment (OS) structural component peripherin 2 (PRPH2), has prompted interest in identifying common cellular mechanisms involved in degeneration. Although metabolic dysregulation has been shown to play an important role in the progression of the disease etiology, identifying a common regulator that can preserve the metabolic ecosystem is needed for future development of neuroprotective treatments. Here, we investigated whether retbindin (RTBDN), a rod-specific protein with riboflavin binding capability, and a regulator of riboflavin-derived cofactors flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), is protective to the retina in different IRD models; one carrying the P23H mutation in rhodopsin (which causes retinitis pigmentosa) and one carrying the Y141C mutation in Prph2 (which causes a blended cone-rod dystrophy). RTBDN levels are significantly upregulated in both the rhodopsin (Rho)P23H/+ and Prph2Y141C/+ retinas. Rod and cone structural and functional degeneration worsened in models lacking RTBDN. In addition, removing Rtbdn worsened other phenotypes, such as fundus flecking. Retinal flavin levels were reduced in RhoP23H/+/Rtbdn−/− and Prph2Y141C/+/Rtbdn−/− retinas. Overall, these findings suggest that RTBDN may play a protective role during retinal degenerations that occur at varying rates and due to varying disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse M. Genc
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (A.M.G.); (M.S.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Mustafa S. Makia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (A.M.G.); (M.S.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Tirthankar Sinha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (A.M.G.); (M.S.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Shannon M. Conley
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
- Oklahoma Center for Neurosciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Muayyad R. Al-Ubaidi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (A.M.G.); (M.S.M.); (T.S.)
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Correspondence: (M.R.A.-U.); (M.I.N.); Tel.: +1-713-743-1651 (M.R.A.-U. & M.I.N.); Fax: +1-713-743-0226 (M.R.A.-U. & M.I.N.)
| | - Muna I. Naash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (A.M.G.); (M.S.M.); (T.S.)
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Correspondence: (M.R.A.-U.); (M.I.N.); Tel.: +1-713-743-1651 (M.R.A.-U. & M.I.N.); Fax: +1-713-743-0226 (M.R.A.-U. & M.I.N.)
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21
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Abstract
Based on clinical findings, diabetic retinopathy (DR) has traditionally been defined as a retinal microvasculopathy. Retinal neuronal dysfunction is now recognized as an early event in the diabetic retina before development of overt DR. While detrimental effects of diabetes on the survival and function of inner retinal cells, such as retinal ganglion cells and amacrine cells, are widely recognized, evidence that photoreceptors in the outer retina undergo early alterations in diabetes has emerged more recently. We review data from preclinical and clinical studies demonstrating a conserved reduction of electrophysiological function in diabetic retinas, as well as evidence for photoreceptor loss. Complementing in vivo studies, we discuss the ex vivo electroretinography technique as a useful method to investigate photoreceptor function in isolated retinas from diabetic animal models. Finally, we consider the possibility that early photoreceptor pathology contributes to the progression of DR, and discuss possible mechanisms of photoreceptor damage in the diabetic retina, such as enhanced production of reactive oxygen species and other inflammatory factors whose detrimental effects may be augmented by phototransduction.
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22
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Wang Y, Tang Z, Gu P. Stem/progenitor cell-based transplantation for retinal degeneration: a review of clinical trials. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:793. [PMID: 32968042 PMCID: PMC7511341 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Retinal degeneration (RD) is one of the dominant causes of irreversible vision impairment and blindness worldwide. However, the current effective therapeutics for RD in the ophthalmologic clinic are unclear and controversial. In recent years, extensively investigated stem/progenitor cells-including retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)-with proliferation and multidirectional differentiation potential have presented opportunities to revolutionise the ultimate clinical management of RD. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview on the progression of clinical trials for RD treatment using four types of stem/progenitor cell-based transplantation to replace degenerative retinal cells and/or to supplement trophic factors from the aspects of safety, effectiveness and their respective advantages and disadvantages. In addition, we also discuss the emerging role of stem cells in the secretion of multifunctional nanoscale exosomes by which stem cells could be further exploited as a potential RD therapy. This review will facilitate the understanding of scientists and clinicians of the enormous promise of stem/progenitor cell-based transplantation for RD treatment, and provide incentive for superior employment of such strategies that may be suitable for treatment of other diseases, such as stroke and ischaemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
| | - Ping Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China.
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Saadane A, Lessieur EM, Du Y, Liu H, Kern TS. Successful induction of diabetes in mice demonstrates no gender difference in development of early diabetic retinopathy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238727. [PMID: 32941450 PMCID: PMC7498040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Female mice have been found to be resistant to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes, and pre-clinical research related to diabetic complications commonly omits females. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to induce diabetes in female mice, and to determine if retinas of diabetic female mice develop molecular changes and histopathological abnormalities comparable to those which develop in male diabetic mice. Methods To induce diabetes, animals of both sexes received daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of STZ for 5 consecutive days at 55 mg/kg BW (a dose that is known to induce diabetes in male mice) or for females, 75 mg/kg BW of STZ. Retinal abnormalities that have been implicated in the development of the retinopathy (superoxide generation and expression of inflammatory proteins, iNOS and ICAM-1) were evaluated at 2 months of diabetes, and retinal capillary degeneration was evaluated at 8 months of diabetes. Results Daily i.p. injection of STZ for 5 consecutive days at a concentration of 55 mg/kg BW was sufficient to induce diabetes in 100% of male mice, but only 33% of female mice. However, females did become hyperglycemic when the dose of STZ administered was increased to 75 mg/kg BW. The resulting STZ-induced hyperglycemia in female and male mice was sustained for at least 8 months. After induction of the diabetes, both sexes responded similarly with respect to the oxidative stress, expression of iNOS, and degeneration of retinal capillaries, but differed in the limited population evaluated with respect to expression of ICAM-1. Conclusions The resistance of female mice to STZ-induced diabetes can be overcome by increasing the dose of STZ used. Female mice can, and should, be included in pre-clinical studies of diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Saadane
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Emma M. Lessieur
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy S. Kern
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Long Beach, California, United States of America
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Abstract
Vision loss, among the most feared complications of diabetes, is primarily caused by diabetic retinopathy, a disease that manifests in well-recognized, characteristic microvascular lesions. The reasons for retinal susceptibility to damage in diabetes are unclear, especially considering that microvascular networks are found in all tissues. However, the unique metabolic demands of retinal neurons could account for their vulnerability in diabetes. Photoreceptors are the first neurons in the visual circuit and are also the most energy-demanding cells of the retina. Here, we review experimental and clinical evidence linking photoreceptors to the development of diabetic retinopathy. We then describe the influence of retinal illumination on photoreceptor metabolism, effects of light modulation on the severity of diabetic retinopathy, and recent clinical trials testing the treatment of diabetic retinopathy with interventions that impact photoreceptor metabolism. Finally, we introduce several possible mechanisms that could link photoreceptor responses to light and the development of retinal vascular disease in diabetes. Collectively, these concepts form the basis for a growing body of investigative efforts aimed at developing novel pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic tools that target photoreceptor physiology to treat a very common cause of blindness across the world.
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25
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Becker S, Carroll LS, Vinberg F. Rod phototransduction and light signal transmission during type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e001571. [PMID: 32784250 PMCID: PMC7418690 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic retinopathy is a major complication of diabetes recently associated with compromised photoreceptor function. Multiple stressors in diabetes, such as hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and inflammatory factors, have been identified, but systemic effects of diabetes on outer retina function are incompletely understood. We assessed photoreceptor physiology in vivo and in isolated retinas to better understand how alterations in the cellular environment compared with intrinsic cellular/molecular properties of the photoreceptors, affect light signal transduction and transmission in the retina in chronic type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Photoreceptor function was assessed in BKS.Cs-Dock7m+/+Lepr db/J mice, using homozygotes for Leprdb as a model of type 2 diabetes and heterozygotes as non-diabetic controls. In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) was recorded in dark-adapted mice at both 3 and 6 months of age. For ex vivo ERG, isolated retinas were superfused with oxygenated Ames' media supplemented with 30 mM glucose or mannitol as iso-osmotic control and electrical responses to light stimuli were recorded. RESULTS We found that both transduction and transmission of light signals by rod photoreceptors were compromised in 6-month-old (n=9-10 eyes from 5 animals, ***p<0.001) but not in 3-month-old diabetic mice in vivo (n=4-8 eyes from 2 to 4 animals). In contrast, rod signaling was similar in isolated retinas from 6-month-old control and diabetic mice under normoglycemic conditions (n=11). Acutely elevated glucose ex vivo increased light-evoked rod photoreceptor responses in control mice (n=11, ***p<0.001), but did not affect light responses in diabetic mice (n=11). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that long-term diabetes does not irreversibly change the ability of rod photoreceptors to transduce and mediate light signals. However, type 2 diabetes appears to induce adaptational changes in the rods that render them less sensitive to increased availability of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Becker
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Lara S Carroll
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Frans Vinberg
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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26
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Wang T, Tsirukis DI, Sun Y. Targeting Neuroinflammation in Neovascular Retinal Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:234. [PMID: 32210818 PMCID: PMC7076162 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal blood vessels provide the necessary energy, nutrients and oxygen in order to support visual function and remove harmful particles from blood, thus acting to protect neuronal cells. The homeostasis of the retinal vessels is important for the maintenance of retinal visual function. Neovascularization is the most common cause of blindness in patients with retinopathy. Previous studies have shown that inflammatory mediators are known key regulators in retinopathy, but their causal link has been elusive. Although inflammation is often thought to arise from inflammatory cells like macrophages, neutrophils, and resident microglia, retinal neurons have also been reported to contribute to inflammation, through inflammatory signals, which mediate blood vessel growth. Therefore, it is important to explore the detailed mechanisms of neuroinflammation’s effects on retinal neovascularization. This review looks to summarize current research on the relationship between retinal angiogenesis and neuroinflammation in retinopathy, as well as the potential effects of neuroinflammation on retinal neovascularization in different animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Demetrios I Tsirukis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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27
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Fu Z, Sun Y, Cakir B, Tomita Y, Huang S, Wang Z, Liu CH, S. Cho S, Britton W, S. Kern T, Antonetti DA, Hellström A, E.H. Smith L. Targeting Neurovascular Interaction in Retinal Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1503. [PMID: 32098361 PMCID: PMC7073081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tightly structured neural retina has a unique vascular network comprised of three interconnected plexuses in the inner retina (and choroid for outer retina), which provide oxygen and nutrients to neurons to maintain normal function. Clinical and experimental evidence suggests that neuronal metabolic needs control both normal retinal vascular development and pathological aberrant vascular growth. Particularly, photoreceptors, with the highest density of mitochondria in the body, regulate retinal vascular development by modulating angiogenic and inflammatory factors. Photoreceptor metabolic dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation may cause adaptive but ultimately pathological retinal vascular responses, leading to blindness. Here we focus on the factors involved in neurovascular interactions, which are potential therapeutic targets to decrease energy demand and/or to increase energy production for neovascular retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - Bertan Cakir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - Yohei Tomita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - Zhongxiao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - Chi-Hsiu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - Steve S. Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - William Britton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - Timothy S. Kern
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - David A. Antonetti
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;
| | - Ann Hellström
- Section for Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden;
| | - Lois E.H. Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
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28
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Thebeau C, Zhang S, Kolesnikov AV, Kefalov VJ, Semenkovich CF, Rajagopal R. Light deprivation reduces the severity of experimental diabetic retinopathy. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 137:104754. [PMID: 31978605 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Illumination of the retina is a major determinant of energy expenditure by its neurons. However, it remains unclear whether light exposure significantly contributes to the pathophysiology of common retinal disease. Driven by the premise that light exposure reduces the metabolic demand of the retina, recent clinical trials failed to demonstrate a benefit for constant illumination in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Here, we instead ask whether light deprivation or blockade of visual transduction could modulate the severity of this common cause of blindness. We randomized adult mice with two different models of diabetic retinopathy to 1-3 months of complete dark housing. Unexpectedly, we find that diabetic mice exposed to short or prolonged light deprivation have reduced diabetes-induced retinal pathology, using measures of visual function, compared to control animals in standard lighting conditions. To corroborate these results, we performed assays of retinal vascular health in diabetic Gnat1-/- and Rpe65-/- mice, which lack phototransduction. Both mutants displayed less diabetes-associated retinal vascular disease compared to respective wild-type controls. Collectively, these results suggest that light-induced visual transduction promotes the development of diabetic retinopathy and implicate photoreceptors as an early source of visual pathology in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Thebeau
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexander V Kolesnikov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Vladimir J Kefalov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Clay F Semenkovich
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rithwick Rajagopal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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29
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Liu H, Lessieur EM, Saadane A, Lindstrom SI, Taylor PR, Kern TS. Neutrophil elastase contributes to the pathological vascular permeability characteristic of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 2019; 62:2365-2374. [PMID: 31612267 PMCID: PMC6866660 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-04998-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Levels of neutrophil elastase, a serine protease secreted by neutrophils, are elevated in diabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether neutrophil elastase (NE) contributes to the diabetes-induced increase in retinal vascular permeability in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, and, if so, to investigate the potential role of IL-17 in this process. METHODS In vivo, diabetes was induced in neutrophil elastase-deficient (Elane-/-), Il-17a-/- and wild-type mice. After 8 months of diabetes, Elane-/- mice and wild-type age-matched control mice were injected with FITC-BSA. Fluorescence microscopy was used to assess leakage of FITC-BSA from the retinal vasculature into the neural retina. The level of NE in Il-17a-/- diabetic retina and sera were determined by ELISA. In vitro, the effect of NE on the permeability and viability of human retinal endothelial cells and the expression of junction proteins and adhesion molecules were studied. RESULTS Eight months of diabetes resulted in increased retinal vascular permeability and levels of NE in retina and plasma of wild-type animals. All of these abnormalities were significantly inhibited in mice lacking the elastase. The diabetes-induced increase in NE was inhibited in mice lacking IL-17. In vitro, NE increased retinal endothelial cell permeability, which was partially inhibited by a myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) inhibitor, NF-κB inhibitor, and protease-activated receptor (PAR)2 inhibitor. NE degraded vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cadherin) in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION IL-17 regulates NE expression in diabetes. NE contributes to vascular leakage in diabetic retinopathy, partially through activation of MyD88, NF-κB and PAR2 and degradation of VE-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Liu
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People's Republic of China
| | - Emma M Lessieur
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, 829 Health Sciences Rd. Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, Room 2107, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Aicha Saadane
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, 829 Health Sciences Rd. Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, Room 2107, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Sarah I Lindstrom
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Patricia R Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service 151, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, 829 Health Sciences Rd. Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, Room 2107, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service 151, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Long Beach, CA, USA.
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30
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Lang M, Harris A, Ciulla TA, Siesky B, Patel P, Belamkar A, Mathew S, Verticchio Vercellin AC. Vascular dysfunction in retinitis pigmentosa. Acta Ophthalmol 2019; 97:660-664. [PMID: 31099494 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between ocular haemodynamics and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) has not been fully understood. Reductions in blood flow have been established in RP patients by a variety of studies; however, questions have yet to be answered regarding the role of vascular dysfunction in photoreceptors (PR) degeneration, the causes of vascular dysfunction in RP, as well as the diagnostic, prognostic and perhaps therapeutic potential of measuring ocular haemodynamics in RP patients. While significant evidence supports the theory that vascular dysfunction is associated with but not the cause of PR death in retinitis pigmentosa, evidence suggests that vascular abnormalities in the foveal and parafoveal regions may exacerbate cone cell loss. Additional evidence demonstrates that vascular dysfunction likely results from changes in metabolic demand due to death of PR cells in the retina. Detection and monitoring of ocular blood flow, retinal oxygen saturation, endothelin-1 levels and vascular structural abnormalities could provide diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential for patients with RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Lang
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Alon Harris
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana
| | | | - Brent Siesky
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Pooja Patel
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Aditya Belamkar
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Sunu Mathew
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana
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31
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Wang S, Liu Y, Tan JW, Hu T, Zhang HF, Sorenson CM, Smith JA, Sheibani N. Tunicamycin-induced photoreceptor atrophy precedes degeneration of retinal capillaries with minimal effects on retinal ganglion and pigment epithelium cells. Exp Eye Res 2019; 187:107756. [PMID: 31421136 PMCID: PMC7412575 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is recognized as a contributing factor to various ocular neurovascular pathologies including retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy (DR). ER stress in particular is implicated in the development of DR, which is significantly influenced by inflammation driven retinal vascular degeneration and dysfunction. Ultimately, loss of vision occurs if left untreated. However, the identity of the target cells and their temporal involvement in diabetes-mediated dysfunction need further investigation. Early diabetes-induced stress in photoreceptor cells is proposed as the driver of inflammatory mediated neurovascular changes during diabetes. Although tunicamycin induced ER stress results in photoreceptor loss, its consequences for retinal vascular degeneration and retinal ganglion (RGC) and pigment epithelium (RPE) cell loss remains unclear. Here we show intravitreal delivery of tunicamycin primarily induced ER stress in photoreceptor cells resulting in their loss by apoptosis. This was concomitant with induced expression of the unfolded protein response marker CHOP in these cells. We also demonstrated significant degeneration of retinal capillaries following the loss of photoreceptor cells with minimal impact on loss of RGC and RPE cells. However, activation of retinal microglial and Muller cells were noticeable. Thus, our data support the notion that ER stress mediated dysfunction and/or loss of photoreceptor cells in response to inflammation and oxidative stress could precede retinal vascular and neuronal dysfunction and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujian Wang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yiping Liu
- Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jin Wen Tan
- Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tiancheng Hu
- Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hao F Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Christine M Sorenson
- Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Judith A Smith
- Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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32
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Fu Z, Chen CT, Cagnone G, Heckel E, Sun Y, Cakir B, Tomita Y, Huang S, Li Q, Britton W, Cho SS, Kern TS, Hellström A, Joyal JS, Smith LE. Dyslipidemia in retinal metabolic disorders. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:e10473. [PMID: 31486227 PMCID: PMC6783651 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The light‐sensitive photoreceptors in the retina are extremely metabolically demanding and have the highest density of mitochondria of any cell in the body. Both physiological and pathological retinal vascular growth and regression are controlled by photoreceptor energy demands. It is critical to understand the energy demands of photoreceptors and fuel sources supplying them to understand neurovascular diseases. Retinas are very rich in lipids, which are continuously recycled as lipid‐rich photoreceptor outer segments are shed and reformed and dietary intake of lipids modulates retinal lipid composition. Lipids (as well as glucose) are fuel substrates for photoreceptor mitochondria. Dyslipidemia contributes to the development and progression of retinal dysfunction in many eye diseases. Here, we review photoreceptor energy demands with a focus on lipid metabolism in retinal neurovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Manton Center for Orphan Disease, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chuck T Chen
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gael Cagnone
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Emilie Heckel
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bertan Cakir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yohei Tomita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - William Britton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steve S Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ann Hellström
- Section for Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jean-Sébastien Joyal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lois Eh Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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33
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Kern TS, Antonetti DA, Smith LEH. Pathophysiology of Diabetic Retinopathy: Contribution and Limitations of Laboratory Research. Ophthalmic Res 2019; 62:196-202. [PMID: 31362288 PMCID: PMC6872907 DOI: 10.1159/000500026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical models of diabetic retinopathy are indispensable in the drug discovery and development of new therapies. They are, however, imperfect facsimiles of diabetic retinopathy in humans. This chapter discusses the advantages, limitations, and physiological and pathological relevance of preclinical models of diabetic retinopathy. The judicious interpretation and extrapolation of data derived from these models to humans and a correspondingly greater emphasis placed on translational medical research in early-stage clinical trials are essential to more successfully inhibit the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Kern
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA,
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service 151, Cleveland, Ohio, USA,
| | - David A Antonetti
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lois E H Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Liu H, Tang J, Du Y, Saadane A, Samuels I, Veenstra A, Kiser JZ, Palczewski K, Kern TS. Transducin1, Phototransduction and the Development of Early Diabetic Retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:1538-1546. [PMID: 30994864 PMCID: PMC6736377 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Recent evidence suggests that retinal photoreceptor cells have an important role in the pathogenesis of retinal microvascular lesions in diabetes. We investigated the role of rod cell phototransduction on the pathogenesis of early diabetic retinopathy (DR) using Gnat1-/- mice (which causes permanent inhibition of phototransduction in rod cells without degeneration). Methods Retinal thickness, oxidative stress, expression of inflammatory proteins, electroretinograms (ERG) and optokinetic responses, and capillary permeability and degeneration were evaluated at up to 8 months of diabetes. Results The diabetes-induced degeneration of retinal capillaries was significantly inhibited in the Gnat1-/- diabetics. The effect of the Gnat1 deletion on the diabetes-induced increase in permeability showed a nonuniform accumulation of albumin in the neural retina; the defect was inhibited in diabetic Gnat1-/- mice in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), but neither in the outer plexiform (OPL) nor inner nuclear (INL) layers. In Gnat1-deficient animals, the diabetes-induced increase in expression of inflammatory associated proteins (iNOS and ICAM-1, and phosphorylation of IĸB) in the retina, and the leukocyte mediated killing of retinal endothelial cells were inhibited, however the diabetes-mediated induction of oxidative stress was not inhibited. Conclusions In conclusion, deletion of transducin1 (and the resulting inhibition of phototransduction in rod cells) inhibits the development of retinal vascular pathology in early DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Liu
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Aicha Saadane
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Ivy Samuels
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service 151, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Alex Veenstra
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Jianying Z. Kiser
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Timothy S. Kern
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service 151, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
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Liu Y, Wang C, Su G. Cellular Signaling in Müller Glia: Progenitor Cells for Regenerative and Neuroprotective Responses in Pharmacological Models of Retinal Degeneration. J Ophthalmol 2019; 2019:5743109. [PMID: 31016037 PMCID: PMC6444254 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5743109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases are a leading cause of visual impairment or blindness. There are many therapies for delaying the progression of vision loss but no curative strategies currently. Stimulating intrinsic neuronal regeneration is a potential approach to therapy in retinal degenerative diseases. In contrast to stem cells, as embryonic/pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal progenitor cell or mesenchymal stem cells, Müller glia provided an endogenous cellular source for regenerative therapy in the retina. Müller glia are a major component of the retina and considerable evidence suggested these cells can be induced to produce the lost neurons in several species. Understanding the specific characteristic of Müller glia to generate lost neurons will inspire an attractive and alternative therapeutic strategy for treating visual impairment with regenerative research. This review briefly provides the different signal transduction mechanisms which are underlying Müller cell-mediated neuroprotection and neuron regeneration and discusses recent advances about regeneration from Müller glia-derived progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Guanfang Su
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
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36
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Ivanova E, Alam NM, Prusky GT, Sagdullaev BT. Blood-retina barrier failure and vision loss in neuron-specific degeneration. JCI Insight 2019; 5:126747. [PMID: 30888334 PMCID: PMC6538333 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in neuronal activity alter blood flow to match energy demand with the supply of oxygen and nutrients. This functional hyperemia is maintained by interactions between neurons, vascular cells, and glia. However, how changing neuronal activity prevalent at the onset of neurodegenerative disease affects neurovascular elements is unclear. Here, in mice with photoreceptor degeneration, a model of neuron-specific dysfunction, we combined assessment of visual function, neurovascular unit structure, and the blood-retina barrier permeability. We found that the rod loss paralleled remodeling of the neurovascular unit, comprised of photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and Muller glia. When significant visual function was still present, blood flow became disrupted and blood-retina barrier began to fail, facilitating cone loss and vision decline. Thus, in contrast to the established view, vascular deficit in neuronal degeneration is not a late consequence of neuronal dysfunction, but is present early in the course of disease. These findings further establish the importance of vascular deficit and blood retina barrier function in neuron-specific loss, and highlight it as a target for early therapeutic intervention.
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Syu JP, Buddhakosai W, Chen SJ, Ke CC, Chiou SH, Kuo WC. Supercontinuum source-based multi-contrast optical coherence tomography for rat retina imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:6132-6144. [PMID: 31065418 PMCID: PMC6490977 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.006132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study proposed an ultrahigh-resolution multi-contrast optical coherence tomography system integrated with fundus photography for in vivo retinal imaging of rodents. A supercontinuum light source was used in the system, providing an axial resolution of less than 3 µm within 1.8 mm (in the tissue). Three types of tissue contrast based on backscattered intensity, phase retardation, and microvasculature at a capillary level can be simultaneously obtained using the proposed system. Pigmented Long-Evans, non-pigmented (albino) Sprague Dawley, and Royal College of Surgeons rats were imaged and compared. In vivo imaging results were validated with histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Pu Syu
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Waradee Buddhakosai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chih Ke
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Center For Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDSB), National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Kuo
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Center For Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDSB), National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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38
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Simó R, Stitt AW, Gardner TW. Neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy: does it really matter? Diabetologia 2018; 61:1902-1912. [PMID: 30030554 PMCID: PMC6096638 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The concept of diabetic retinopathy as a microvascular disease has evolved, in that it is now considered a more complex diabetic complication in which neurodegeneration plays a significant role. In this article we provide a critical overview of the role of microvascular abnormalities and neurodegeneration in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. A special emphasis is placed on the pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit (NVU), including the contributions of microvascular and neural elements. The potential mechanisms linking retinal neurodegeneration and early microvascular impairment, and the effects of neuroprotective drugs are summarised. Additionally, we discuss how the assessment of retinal neurodegeneration could be an important index of cognitive status, thus helping to identify individuals at risk of dementia, which will impact on current procedures for diabetes management. We conclude that glial, neural and microvascular dysfunction are interdependent and essential for the development of diabetic retinopathy. Despite this intricate relationship, retinal neurodegeneration is a critical endpoint and neuroprotection, itself, can be considered a therapeutic target, independently of its potential impact on microvascular disease. In addition, interventional studies targeting pathogenic pathways that impact the NVU are needed. Findings from these studies will be crucial, not only for increasing our understanding of diabetic retinopathy, but also to help to implement a timely and efficient personalised medicine approach for treating this diabetic complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Simó
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alan W Stitt
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | - Thomas W Gardner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Kim MK, Aung MH, Mees L, Olson DE, Pozdeyev N, Iuvone PM, Thule PM, Pardue MT. Dopamine Deficiency Mediates Early Rod-Driven Inner Retinal Dysfunction in Diabetic Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:572-581. [PMID: 29372256 PMCID: PMC5788047 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Electroretinograms (ERGs) are abnormal in diabetic retinas before the appearance of vascular lesions, providing a possible biomarker for diabetic vision loss. Previously, we reported that decreased retinal dopamine (DA) levels in diabetic rodents contributed to early visual and retinal dysfunction. In the current study, we examined whether oscillatory potentials (OPs) could serve as a potential marker for detecting early inner retinal dysfunction due to retinal DA deficiency. Methods Retinal function was tested with dark-adapted ERGs, taken at 3, 4, and 5 weeks after diabetes induction with streptozotocin. Electrical responses were analyzed and correlations were made with previously reported retinal DA levels. The effect of restoring systemic DA levels or removing DA from the retina in diabetic mice on OPs was assessed using L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) treatments and retina-specific tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) knockout mice (rTHKO), respectively. Results Diabetic animals had significantly delayed OPs compared to control animals in response to dim, but not bright, flash stimuli. L-DOPA treatment preserved OP implicit time in diabetic mice. Diabetic rTHKO mice had further delayed OPs compared to diabetic mice with normal retinal Th, with L-DOPA treatment also providing benefit. Decreasing retinal DA levels significantly correlated with increasing OP delays mediated by rod pathways. Conclusions Our data suggest that inner retinal dysfunction in early-stage diabetes is mediated by rod-pathway deficits and DA deficiencies. OP delays may be used to determine the earliest functional deficits in diabetic retinopathy and to establish an early treatment window for DA therapies that may prevent progressive vision loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon K Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Moe H Aung
- Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Lukas Mees
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States
| | - Darin E Olson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Medical Service, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States
| | - Nikita Pozdeyev
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - P Michael Iuvone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Peter M Thule
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Medical Service, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States
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40
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Fernández-Sánchez L, Esquiva G, Pinilla I, Lax P, Cuenca N. Retinal Vascular Degeneration in the Transgenic P23H Rat Model of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:55. [PMID: 30008665 PMCID: PMC6034000 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of inherited retinal degenerative diseases involving a progressive degeneration of photoreceptor cells. Following the loss of photoreceptors, retinal vascularization tends to decrease, which seems to play a role in the degenerative process of retinal cells. This study reports changes in retinal vascular network architecture in the P23H rat model of RP at different stages of retinal degeneration. Homozygous P23H line-3 rats of ages ranging from 18 days to 16 months were used in this study. Age-matched Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used as control animals. Vertical sections and wholemount retinas were immunolabeled for type IV collagen or stained using NADPH diaphorase histochemistry, and retinal vascular networks were drawn using a camera lucida. The superficial and deep capillary plexus (DCP) were fully developed at P18 in P23H rat retinas and showed no differences from the control animals. In 4-month-old P23H rat retinas, the superficial and intermediate capillary plexus were similar to those observed in age-matched SD rats, but a reduction in the DCP could be observed in these animals, with a significant decrease in both capillary density and capillary loops. At 16 months, the DCP was completely lost, and only vessels exhibiting an abnormal, tortuous dead-end could be observed. The middle capillary plexus had virtually disappeared at this age. Only perpendicular vessels connecting the superficial and DCP were found. The superficial plexus showed no changes in the vascular surface with age. In RP, photoreceptor loss is accompanied by degenerative changes in the retinal vascular network. The disruption of the capillary plexus, with loss of capillary density and capillary loops, can hamper the normal supply of oxygen and nutrients to retinal cells, thus accelerating retinal degeneration. Therefore, changes in retinal vascularization must be taken into account in the design of therapies targeting retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gema Esquiva
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Isabel Pinilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.,Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pedro Lax
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.,Institute Ramón Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Sivaprasad S, Vasconcelos JC, Prevost AT, Holmes H, Hykin P, George S, Murphy C, Kelly J, Arden GB. Clinical efficacy and safety of a light mask for prevention of dark adaptation in treating and preventing progression of early diabetic macular oedema at 24 months (CLEOPATRA): a multicentre, phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 6. [PMID: 29519744 PMCID: PMC5908782 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to assess 24-month outcomes of wearing an organic light-emitting sleep mask as an intervention to treat and prevent progression of non-central diabetic macular oedema. METHODS CLEOPATRA was a phase 3, single-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial undertaken at 15 ophthalmic centres in the UK. Adults with non-centre-involving diabetic macular oedema were randomly assigned (1:1) to wearing either a light mask during sleep (Noctura 400 Sleep Mask, PolyPhotonix Medical, Sedgefield, UK) or a sham (non-light) mask, for 24 months. Randomisation was by minimisation generated by a central web-based computer system. Outcome assessors were masked technicians and optometrists. The primary outcome was the change in maximum retinal thickness on optical coherence tomography (OCT) at 24 months, analysed using a linear mixed-effects model incorporating 4-monthly measurements and baseline adjustment. Analysis was done using the intention-to-treat principle in all randomised patients with OCT data. Safety was assessed in all patients. This trial is registered with Controlled-Trials.com, number ISRCTN85596558. FINDINGS Between April 10, 2014, and June 15, 2015, 308 patients were randomly assigned to wearing the light mask (n=155) or a sham mask (n=153). 277 patients (144 assigned the light mask and 133 the sham mask) contributed to the mixed-effects model over time, including 246 patients with OCT data at 24 months. The change in maximum retinal thickness at 24 months did not differ between treatment groups (mean change -9·2 μm [SE 2·5] for the light mask vs -12·9 μm [SE 2·9] for the sham mask; adjusted mean difference -0·65 μm, 95% CI -6·90 to 5·59; p=0·84). Median compliance with wearing the light mask at 24 months was 19·5% (IQR 1·9-51·6). No serious adverse events were related to either mask. The most frequent adverse events related to the assigned treatment were discomfort on the eyes (14 with the light mask vs seven with the sham mask), painful, sticky, or watery eyes (14 vs six), and sleep disturbance (seven vs one). INTERPRETATION The light mask as used in this study did not confer long-term therapeutic benefit on non-centre-involving diabetic macular oedema and the study does not support its use for this indication. FUNDING The Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme, a Medical Research Council and National Institute for Health Research partnership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobha Sivaprasad
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
| | - Joana C Vasconcelos
- Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Toby Prevost
- Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Helen Holmes
- King's Clinical Trials Unit at King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Philip Hykin
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Sheena George
- Hillingdon Hospital, Hillingdon Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Caroline Murphy
- King's Clinical Trials Unit at King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joanna Kelly
- King's Clinical Trials Unit at King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Geoffrey B Arden
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
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Fu Z, Wang Z, Liu CH, Gong Y, Cakir B, Liegl R, Sun Y, Meng SS, Burnim SB, Arellano I, Moran E, Duran R, Poblete A, Cho SS, Talukdar S, Akula JD, Hellström A, Smith LEH. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Protects Photoreceptor Function in Type 1 Diabetic Mice. Diabetes 2018; 67:974-985. [PMID: 29487115 PMCID: PMC5909994 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Retinal neuronal abnormalities occur before vascular changes in diabetic retinopathy. Accumulating experimental evidence suggests that neurons control vascular pathology in diabetic and other neovascular retinal diseases. Therefore, normalizing neuronal activity in diabetes may prevent vascular pathology. We investigated whether fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) prevented retinal neuronal dysfunction in insulin-deficient diabetic mice. We found that in diabetic neural retina, photoreceptor rather than inner retinal function was most affected and administration of the long-acting FGF21 analog PF-05231023 restored the retinal neuronal functional deficits detected by electroretinography. PF-05231023 administration protected against diabetes-induced disorganization of photoreceptor segments seen in retinal cross section with immunohistochemistry and attenuated the reduction in the thickness of photoreceptor segments measured by optical coherence tomography. PF-05231023, independent of its downstream metabolic modulator adiponectin, reduced inflammatory marker interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA levels. PF-05231023 activated the AKT-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway and reduced IL-1β expression in stressed photoreceptors. PF-05231023 administration did not change retinal expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A, suggesting a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention of early diabetic retinopathy by protecting photoreceptor function in diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/etiology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/metabolism
- Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Electroretinography
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/pharmacology
- Interleukin-1beta/drug effects
- Interleukin-1beta/genetics
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/drug effects
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/genetics
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism
- Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate/drug effects
- Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate/metabolism
- Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Retinal Neurons/drug effects
- Retinal Neurons/metabolism
- Retinal Neurons/pathology
- Tomography, Optical Coherence
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/drug effects
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Zhongxiao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Chi-Hsiu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bertan Cakir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Raffael Liegl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Steven S Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Samuel B Burnim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ivana Arellano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elizabeth Moran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rubi Duran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alexander Poblete
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Steve S Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - James D Akula
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ann Hellström
- Section for Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lois E H Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Loss of CD40 attenuates experimental diabetes-induced retinal inflammation but does not protect mice from electroretinogram defects. Vis Neurosci 2018; 34:E009. [PMID: 28965505 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523817000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low grade inflammation is considered to contribute to the development of experimental diabetic retinopathy (DR). We recently demonstrated that lack of CD40 in mice ameliorates the upregulation of inflammatory molecules in the diabetic retina and prevented capillary degeneration, a hallmark of experimental diabetic retinopathy. Herein, we investigated the contribution of CD40 to diabetes-induced reductions in retinal function via the electroretinogram (ERG) to determine if inflammation plays a role in the development of ERG defects associated with diabetes. We demonstrate that diabetic CD40-/- mice are not protected from reduction to the ERG b-wave despite failing to upregulate inflammatory molecules in the retina. Our data therefore supports the hypothesis that retinal dysfunction found in diabetics occurs independent of the induction of inflammatory processes.
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Cheng Y, Du Y, Liu H, Tang J, Veenstra A, Kern TS. Photobiomodulation Inhibits Long-term Structural and Functional Lesions of Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes 2018; 67:291-298. [PMID: 29167189 PMCID: PMC5780063 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that brief (3 to 4 min) daily application of light at 670 nm to diabetic rodents inhibited molecular and pathophysiologic processes implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and reversed diabetic macular edema in small numbers of patients studied. Whether or not this therapy would inhibit the neural and vascular lesions that characterize the early stages of the retinopathy was unknown. We administered photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy daily for 8 months to streptozotocin-diabetic mice and assessed effects of PBM on visual function, retinal capillary permeability, and capillary degeneration using published methods. Vitamin D receptor and Cyp24a1 transcripts were quantified by quantitative real-time PCR, and the abundance of c-Kit+ stem cells in blood and retina were assessed. Long-term daily administration of PBM significantly inhibited the diabetes-induced leakage and degeneration of retinal capillaries and also significantly inhibited the diabetes-induced reduction in visual function. PBM also inhibited diabetes-induced reductions in retinal Cyp24a1 mRNA levels and numbers of circulating stem cells (CD45-/c-Kit+), but these effects may not account for the beneficial effects of PBM on the retinopathy. PBM significantly inhibits the functional and histopathologic features of early DR, and these effects likely are mediated via multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Alex Veenstra
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center Research Service 151, Cleveland, OH
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Abstract
PDGFs and their receptors are critical regulators of numerous tissues and organs, including the eye. Extensive studies have shown that PDGFs and their receptors play critical roles in many ocular neovascular diseases, such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. In addition, PDGFs and PDGFRs are also important players in ocular diseases involving the degeneration of retinal neuronal and vascular cells, such as glaucoma and retinitis pigmentosa. Due to their critical roles in the pathogenesis of many blinding ocular diseases, the PDGFs and PDGFRs have been considered as important target molecules for the treatment of eye diseases. PDGF-C and PDGF-D are relatively new members of the PDGF family and are potent angiogenic and survival factors. Recent studies have demonstrated their important roles in different types of eye diseases. Thus, modulating PDGF-C and PDGF-D activities may have therapeutic values for the treatment of ocular neovascular and degenerative diseases. This review mainly summarizes the recent advances on PDGF-C and PDGF-D biology in relationship to some major ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, PR China.
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Tonade D, Liu H, Palczewski K, Kern TS. Photoreceptor cells produce inflammatory products that contribute to retinal vascular permeability in a mouse model of diabetes. Diabetologia 2017; 60:2111-2120. [PMID: 28755268 PMCID: PMC5660634 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Recent studies suggest that photoreceptor cells produce mediators or products that contribute to retinal capillary damage in diabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine if photoreceptor cells release soluble factors that contribute to retinal vascular permeability in diabetes. METHODS To assess retinal vascular leakage, a streptozotocin-induced mouse model of diabetes, with hyperglycaemia for 8 months, and age-matched control mice, were injected with FITC-BSA. Fluorescence microscopy was used to detect leakage of FITC-BSA from the retinal vasculature into the neural retina. Ex vivo and in vitro experiments were performed to determine if photoreceptor cells released products that directly increased retinal endothelial cell permeability or cell death. Effects of products released by photoreceptors on tight junction and cell adhesion proteins were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Inflammatory products released by photoreceptors into media were measured using protein arrays. RESULTS Eight months duration of diabetes increased retinal vascular permeability in wild-type mice, but this defect was inhibited in opsin-deficient diabetic mice in which photoreceptor cells had degenerated earlier. Photoreceptor cells from diabetic wild-type mice released inflammatory products (e.g. IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 1 [CXCL1], monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 [MCP-1], CXCL12a, I-309, chemokine ligand 25 [CCL25] and TNF-α), which directly contributed to increased retinal endothelial cell permeability, at least in part via changes in claudin (tight junction) mRNA. Products released from photoreceptor cells from diabetic mice or under diabetes-like conditions did not directly kill retinal endothelial cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Photoreceptor cells can produce inflammatory products that contribute to retinal vascular permeability in mouse models of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deoye Tonade
- Department of Pharmacology, W309 Wood Building, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology, W309 Wood Building, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Department of Pharmacology, W309 Wood Building, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Tonade D, Kern TS. Diabetes of 5 years duration does not lead to photoreceptor degeneration in the canine non-tapetal inferior-nasal retina. Exp Eye Res 2017; 162:126-128. [PMID: 28734672 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deoye Tonade
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106, United States
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106, United States; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106, United States; Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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48
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Do photoreceptor cells cause the development of retinal vascular disease? Vision Res 2017; 139:65-71. [PMID: 28438678 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The retinal vasculature is affected in a number of clinically important retinopathies, including diabetic retinopathy. There has been a considerable amount of research into the pathogenesis of retinal microvascular diseases, but the potential contribution of the most abundant cell population in the retina, photoreceptor cells, has been largely overlooked. This review summarizes ongoing research suggesting that photoreceptor cells play a critical role in the development of retinal vascular disease in diabetic retinopathy and other retinopathies.
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