1
|
Singh A, Schurman SH, Bektas A, Kaileh M, Roy R, Wilson DM, Sen R, Ferrucci L. Aging and Inflammation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041197. [PMID: 38052484 PMCID: PMC11146314 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging can be conceptualized as the progressive disequilibrium between stochastic damage accumulation and resilience mechanisms that continuously repair that damage, which eventually cause the development of chronic disease, frailty, and death. The immune system is at the forefront of these resilience mechanisms. Indeed, aging is associated with persistent activation of the immune system, witnessed by a high circulating level of inflammatory markers and activation of immune cells in the circulation and in tissue, a condition called "inflammaging." Like aging, inflammaging is associated with increased risk of many age-related pathologies and disabilities, as well as frailty and death. Herein we discuss recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms leading to inflammaging and the intrinsic dysregulation of the immune function that occurs with aging. We focus on the underlying mechanisms of chronic inflammation, in particular the role of NF-κB and recent studies targeting proinflammatory mediators. We further explore the dysregulation of the immune response with age and immunosenescence as an important mechanistic immune response to acute stressors. We examine the role of the gastrointestinal microbiome, age-related dysbiosis, and the integrated stress response in modulating the inflammatory "response" to damage accumulation and stress. We conclude by focusing on the seminal question of whether reducing inflammation is useful and the results of related clinical trials. In summary, we propose that inflammation may be viewed both as a clinical biomarker of the failure of resilience mechanisms and as a causal factor in the rising burden of disease and disabilities with aging. The fact that inflammation can be reduced through nonpharmacological interventions such as diet and exercise suggests that a life course approach based on education may be a successful strategy to increase the health span with few adverse consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Shepherd H Schurman
- Clinical Research Unit, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Arsun Bektas
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Mary Kaileh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Roshni Roy
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - David M Wilson
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3500, Belgium
| | - Ranjan Sen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mitul MT, Kastenschmidt JM, Sureshchandra S, Wagoner ZW, Sorn AM, Mcllwain DR, Hernandez-Davies JE, Jain A, de Assis R, Trask D, Davies DH, Wagar LE. Tissue-specific sex differences in pediatric and adult immune cell composition and function. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1373537. [PMID: 38812520 PMCID: PMC11133680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1373537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Sex-based differences in immune cell composition and function can contribute to distinct adaptive immune responses. Prior work has quantified these differences in peripheral blood, but little is known about sex differences within human lymphoid tissues. Here, we characterized the composition and phenotypes of adaptive immune cells from male and female ex vivo tonsils and evaluated their responses to influenza antigens using an immune organoid approach. In a pediatric cohort, female tonsils had more memory B cells compared to male tonsils direct ex vivo and after stimulation with live-attenuated but not inactivated vaccine, produced higher influenza-specific antibody responses. Sex biases were also observed in adult tonsils but were different from those measured in children. Analysis of peripheral blood immune cells from in vivo vaccinated adults also showed higher frequencies of tissue homing CD4 T cells in female participants. Together, our data demonstrate that distinct memory B and T cell profiles are present in male vs. female lymphoid tissues and peripheral blood respectively and suggest that these differences may in part explain sex biases in response to vaccines and viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahina Tabassum Mitul
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jenna M. Kastenschmidt
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Suhas Sureshchandra
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Zachary W. Wagoner
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Andrew M. Sorn
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - David R. Mcllwain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Jenny E. Hernandez-Davies
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Aarti Jain
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Rafael de Assis
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Douglas Trask
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - D. Huw Davies
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Lisa E. Wagar
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cooper L, Xu H, Polmear J, Kealy L, Szeto C, Pang ES, Gupta M, Kirn A, Taylor JJ, Jackson KJL, Broomfield BJ, Nguyen A, Gago da Graça C, La Gruta N, Utzschneider DT, Groom JR, Martelotto L, Parish IA, O'Keeffe M, Scharer CD, Gras S, Good-Jacobson KL. Type I interferons induce an epigenetically distinct memory B cell subset in chronic viral infection. Immunity 2024; 57:1037-1055.e6. [PMID: 38593796 PMCID: PMC11096045 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) are key providers of long-lived immunity against infectious disease, yet in chronic viral infection, they do not produce effective protection. How chronic viral infection disrupts MBC development and whether such changes are reversible remain unknown. Through single-cell (sc)ATAC-seq and scRNA-seq during acute versus chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis viral infection, we identified a memory subset enriched for interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) during chronic infection that was distinct from the T-bet+ subset normally associated with chronic infection. Blockade of IFNAR-1 early in infection transformed the chromatin landscape of chronic MBCs, decreasing accessibility at ISG-inducing transcription factor binding motifs and inducing phenotypic changes in the dominating MBC subset, with a decrease in the ISG subset and an increase in CD11c+CD80+ cells. However, timing was critical, with MBCs resistant to intervention at 4 weeks post-infection. Together, our research identifies a key mechanism to instruct MBC identity during viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jack Polmear
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Liam Kealy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher Szeto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ee Shan Pang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mansi Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alana Kirn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Benjamin J Broomfield
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Angela Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Catarina Gago da Graça
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicole La Gruta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel T Utzschneider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Joanna R Groom
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Luciano Martelotto
- Adelaide Centre for Epigenetics and the South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victoria Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian A Parish
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Meredith O'Keeffe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kim L Good-Jacobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kleberg L, Courey-Ghaouzi AD, Lautenbach MJ, Färnert A, Sundling C. Regulation of B-cell function and expression of CD11c, T-bet, and FcRL5 in response to different activation signals. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2350736. [PMID: 38700378 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
CD11c, FcRL5, or T-bet are commonly expressed by B cells expanding during inflammation, where they can make up >30% of mature B cells. However, the association between the proteins and differentiation and function in the host response remains largely unclear. We have assessed the co-expression of CD11c, T-bet, and FcRL5 in an in vitro B-cell culture system to determine how stimulation via the BCR, toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), and different cytokines influence CD11c, T-bet, and FcRL5 expression. We observed different expression dynamics for all markers, but a largely overlapping regulation of CD11c and FcRL5 in response to BCR and TLR9 activation, while T-bet was strongly dependent on IFN-γ signaling. Investigating plasma cell differentiation and APC functions, there was no association between marker expression and antibody secretion or T-cell help. Rather the functions were associated with TLR9-signalling and B-cell-derived IL-6 production, respectively. These results suggest that the expression of CD11c, FcRL5, and T-bet and plasma cell differentiation and improved APC functions occur in parallel and are regulated by similar activation signals, but they are not interdependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linn Kleberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alan-Dine Courey-Ghaouzi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maximilian Julius Lautenbach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Färnert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gao X, Shen Q, Roco JA, Dalton B, Frith K, Munier CML, Ballard FD, Wang K, Kelly HG, Nekrasov M, He JS, Jaeger R, Carreira P, Ellyard JI, Beattie L, Enders A, Cook MC, Zaunders JJ, Cockburn IA. Zeb2 drives the formation of CD11c + atypical B cells to sustain germinal centers that control persistent infection. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadj4748. [PMID: 38330097 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adj4748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
CD11c+ atypical B cells (ABCs) are an alternative memory B cell lineage associated with immunization, infection, and autoimmunity. However, the factors that drive the transcriptional program of ABCs have not been identified, and the function of this population remains incompletely understood. Here, we identified candidate transcription factors associated with the ABC population based on a human tonsillar B cell single-cell dataset. We identified CD11c+ B cells in mice with a similar transcriptomic signature to human ABCs, and using an optimized CRISPR-Cas9 knockdown screen, we observed that loss of zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (Zeb2) impaired ABC formation. Furthermore, ZEB2 haplo-insufficient Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS) patients have decreased circulating ABCs in the blood. In Cd23Cre/+Zeb2fl/fl mice with impaired ABC formation, ABCs were dispensable for efficient humoral responses after Plasmodium sporozoite immunization but were required to control recrudescent blood-stage malaria. Immune phenotyping revealed that ABCs drive optimal T follicular helper (TFH) cell formation and germinal center (GC) responses and they reside at the red/white pulp border, likely permitting better access to pathogen antigens for presentation. Collectively, our study shows that ABC formation is dependent on Zeb2, and these cells can limit recrudescent infection by sustaining GC reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Qian Shen
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Jonathan A Roco
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Becan Dalton
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Katie Frith
- Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Fiona D Ballard
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ke Wang
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Hannah G Kelly
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Maxim Nekrasov
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Biomolecular Resource Facility, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jin-Shu He
- ANU Centre for Therapeutic Discovery, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Rebecca Jaeger
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Patricia Carreira
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Julia I Ellyard
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Lynette Beattie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anselm Enders
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Matthew C Cook
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - John J Zaunders
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian A Cockburn
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhu X, Hong S, Bu J, Liu Y, Liu C, Li R, Zhang T, Zhang Z, Li L, Zhou X, Hua Z, Zhu B, Hou B. Antiviral memory B cells exhibit enhanced innate immune response facilitated by epigenetic memory. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk0858. [PMID: 38552009 PMCID: PMC10980274 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk0858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The long-lasting humoral immunity induced by viral infections or vaccinations depends on memory B cells with greatly increased affinity to viral antigens, which are evolved from germinal center (GC) responses. However, it is unclear whether antiviral memory B cells represent a distinct subset among the highly heterogeneous memory B cell population. Here, we examined memory B cells induced by a virus-mimicking antigen at both transcriptome and epigenetic levels and found unexpectedly that antiviral memory B cells exhibit an enhanced innate immune response, which appeared to be facilitated by the epigenetic memory that is established through the memory B cell development. In addition, T-bet is associated with the altered chromatin architecture and is required for the formation of the antiviral memory B cells. Thus, antiviral memory B cells are distinct from other GC-derived memory B cells in both physiological functions and epigenetic landmarks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiachen Bu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yingping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Can Liu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Runhan Li
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhuqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liping Li
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xuyu Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhaolin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baidong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Olivieri G, Cotugno N, Palma P. Emerging insights into atypical B cells in pediatric chronic infectious diseases and immune system disorders: T(o)-bet on control of B-cell immune activation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:12-27. [PMID: 37890706 PMCID: PMC10842362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive or persistent cellular stimulation in vivo has been associated with the development of a heterogeneous B-cell population that exhibits a distinctive phenotype and, in addition to classical B-cell markers, often expresses the transcription factor T-bet and myeloid marker CD11c. Research suggests that this atypical population consists of B cells with distinct B-cell receptor specificities capable of binding the antigens responsible for their development. The expansion of this population occurs in the presence of chronic inflammatory conditions and autoimmune diseases where different nomenclatures have been used to describe them. However, as a result of the diverse contexts in which they have been investigated, these cells have remained largely enigmatic, with much ambiguity remaining regarding their phenotype and function in humoral immune response as well as their role in autoimmunity. Atypical B cells have garnered considerable interest because of their ability to produce specific antibodies and/or autoantibodies and because of their association with key disease manifestations. Although they have been widely described in the context of adults, little information is present for children. Therefore, the aim of this narrative review is to describe the characteristics of this population, suggest their function in pediatric immune-related diseases and chronic infections, and explore their potential therapeutic avenues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Olivieri
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; PhD Program in Immunology, Molecular Medicine and Applied Biotechnology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Cotugno
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, Molecular Medicine, and Applied Biotechnology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Palma
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, Molecular Medicine, and Applied Biotechnology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zimmermann J, van Haren SD, Diray-Arce J, Adriawan IR, Wørzner K, Krog RT, Guleed S, Hu T, Mortensen R, Dietrich J, Solbak SMØ, Levy O, Christensen D, Pedersen GK. Co-adjuvanting DDA/TDB liposomes with a TLR7 agonist allows for IgG2a/c class-switching in the absence of Th1 cells. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:189. [PMID: 38135685 PMCID: PMC10746746 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00781-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Class-switching to IgG2a/c in mice is a hallmark response to intracellular pathogens. T cells can promote class-switching and the predominant pathway for induction of IgG2a/c antibody responses has been suggested to be via stimulation from Th1 cells. We previously formulated CAF®01 (cationic liposomes containing dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) and Trehalose-6,6-dibehenate (TDB)) with the lipidated TLR7/8 agonist 3M-052 (DDA/TDB/3M-052), which promoted robust Th1 immunity in newborn mice. When testing this adjuvant in adult mice using the recombinant Chlamydia trachomatis (C.t.) vaccine antigen CTH522, it similarly enhanced IgG2a/c responses compared to DDA/TDB, but surprisingly reduced the magnitude of the IFN-γ+Th1 response in a TLR7 agonist dose-dependent manner. Single-cell RNA-sequencing revealed that DDA/TDB/3M-052 liposomes initiated early transcription of class-switch regulating genes directly in pre-germinal center B cells. Mixed bone marrow chimeras further demonstrated that this adjuvant did not require Th1 cells for IgG2a/c switching, but rather facilitated TLR7-dependent T-bet programming directly in B cells. This study underlines that adjuvant-directed IgG2a/c class-switching in vivo can occur in the absence of T-cell help, via direct activation of TLR7 on B cells and positions DDA/TDB/3M-052 as a powerful adjuvant capable of eliciting type I-like immunity in B cells without strong induction of Th1 responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Zimmermann
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon D van Haren
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joann Diray-Arce
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Katharina Wørzner
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ricki T Krog
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Safia Guleed
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tu Hu
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Mortensen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Dietrich
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara M Ø Solbak
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gabriel K Pedersen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Doyon-Laliberté K, Aranguren M, Chagnon-Choquet J, Batraville LA, Dagher O, Richard J, Paniconi M, Routy JP, Tremblay C, Quintal MC, Brassard N, Kaufmann DE, Finzi A, Poudrier J, Roger M. Excess BAFF May Impact HIV-1-Specific Antibodies and May Promote Polyclonal Responses Including Those from First-Line Marginal Zone B-Cell Populations. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 46:25-43. [PMID: 38275663 PMCID: PMC10814910 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that blood levels of B-cell Activating Factor (BAFF) rise relatively to disease progression status in the context of HIV-1 infection. Excess BAFF was concomitant with hyperglobulinemia and the deregulation of blood B-cell populations, notably with increased frequencies of a population sharing characteristics of transitional immature and marginal zone (MZ) B-cells, which we defined as marginal zone precursor-like" (MZp). In HIV-uninfected individuals, MZp present a B-cell regulatory (Breg) profile and function, which are lost in classic-progressors. Moreover, RNASeq analyses of blood MZp from classic-progressors depict a hyperactive state and signs of exhaustion, as well as an interferon signature similar to that observed in autoimmune disorders such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren Syndrome (SS), in which excess BAFF and deregulated MZ populations have also been documented. Based on the above, we hypothesize that excess BAFF may preclude the generation of HIV-1-specific IgG responses and drive polyclonal responses, including those from MZ populations, endowed with polyreactivity/autoreactivity. As such, we show that the quantity of HIV-1-specific IgG varies with disease progression status. In vitro, excess BAFF promotes polyclonal IgM and IgG responses, including those from MZp. RNASeq analyses reveal that blood MZp from classic-progressors are prone to Ig production and preferentially make usage of IGHV genes associated with some HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), but also with autoantibodies, and whose impact in the battle against HIV-1 has yet to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Doyon-Laliberté
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (K.D.-L.); (M.A.); (J.C.-C.); (L.-A.B.); (O.D.); (J.R.); (C.T.); (N.B.); (D.E.K.); (A.F.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Matheus Aranguren
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (K.D.-L.); (M.A.); (J.C.-C.); (L.-A.B.); (O.D.); (J.R.); (C.T.); (N.B.); (D.E.K.); (A.F.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Josiane Chagnon-Choquet
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (K.D.-L.); (M.A.); (J.C.-C.); (L.-A.B.); (O.D.); (J.R.); (C.T.); (N.B.); (D.E.K.); (A.F.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Laurie-Anne Batraville
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (K.D.-L.); (M.A.); (J.C.-C.); (L.-A.B.); (O.D.); (J.R.); (C.T.); (N.B.); (D.E.K.); (A.F.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Olina Dagher
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (K.D.-L.); (M.A.); (J.C.-C.); (L.-A.B.); (O.D.); (J.R.); (C.T.); (N.B.); (D.E.K.); (A.F.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (K.D.-L.); (M.A.); (J.C.-C.); (L.-A.B.); (O.D.); (J.R.); (C.T.); (N.B.); (D.E.K.); (A.F.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Matteo Paniconi
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (K.D.-L.); (M.A.); (J.C.-C.); (L.-A.B.); (O.D.); (J.R.); (C.T.); (N.B.); (D.E.K.); (A.F.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Marie-Claude Quintal
- Centre Hospitalier Ste-Justine de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada;
| | - Nathalie Brassard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (K.D.-L.); (M.A.); (J.C.-C.); (L.-A.B.); (O.D.); (J.R.); (C.T.); (N.B.); (D.E.K.); (A.F.)
| | - Daniel E. Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (K.D.-L.); (M.A.); (J.C.-C.); (L.-A.B.); (O.D.); (J.R.); (C.T.); (N.B.); (D.E.K.); (A.F.)
- Département de Médecine de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (K.D.-L.); (M.A.); (J.C.-C.); (L.-A.B.); (O.D.); (J.R.); (C.T.); (N.B.); (D.E.K.); (A.F.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Johanne Poudrier
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Michel Roger
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (K.D.-L.); (M.A.); (J.C.-C.); (L.-A.B.); (O.D.); (J.R.); (C.T.); (N.B.); (D.E.K.); (A.F.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Budeus B, Kibler A, Küppers R. Human IgM-expressing memory B cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1308378. [PMID: 38143767 PMCID: PMC10748387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1308378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of T cell dependent (TD) humoral immune responses is the generation of long-lived memory B cells. The generation of these cells occurs primarily in the germinal center (GC) reaction, where antigen-activated B cells undergo affinity maturation as a major consequence of the combined processes of proliferation, somatic hypermutation of their immunoglobulin V (IgV) region genes, and selection for improved affinity of their B-cell antigen receptors. As many B cells also undergo class-switching to IgG or IgA in these TD responses, there was traditionally a focus on class-switched memory B cells in both murine and human studies on memory B cells. However, it has become clear that there is also a large subset of IgM-expressing memory B cells, which have important phenotypic and functional similarities but also differences to class-switched memory B cells. There is an ongoing discussion about the origin of distinct subsets of human IgM+ B cells with somatically mutated IgV genes. We argue here that the vast majority of human IgM-expressing B cells with somatically mutated IgV genes in adults is indeed derived from GC reactions, even though a generation of some mostly lowly mutated IgM+ B cells from other differentiation pathways, mainly in early life, may exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nellore A, Zumaquero E, Seifert M. T-bet+ B Cells in Humans: Protective and Pathologic Functions. Transplantation 2023:00007890-990000000-00613. [PMID: 38051131 PMCID: PMC11150333 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The humoral immune system comprises B cells and plasma cells, which play important roles in organ transplantation, ranging from the production of both protective and injurious antibodies as well as cytokines that can promote operational tolerance. Recent data from conditions outside of transplantation have identified a novel human B-cell subset that expresses the transcription factor T-bet and exerts pleiotropic functions by disease state. Here, we review the generation, activation, and functions of the T-bet+ B-cell subset outside of allotransplantation, and consider the relevance of this subset as mediators of allograft injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anoma Nellore
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Esther Zumaquero
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Michael Seifert
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Toapanta FR, Hu J, Meron-Sudai S, Mulard LA, Phalipon A, Cohen D, Sztein MB. Further characterization of Shigella-specific (memory) B cells induced in healthy volunteer recipients of SF2a-TT15, a Shigella flexneri 2a synthetic glycan-based vaccine candidate. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1291664. [PMID: 38022674 PMCID: PMC10653583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1291664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis is common worldwide, and it causes significant morbidity and mortality mainly in young children in low- and middle- income countries. To date, there are not broadly available licensed Shigella vaccines. A novel type of conjugate vaccine candidate, SF2a-TT15, was developed against S. flexneri serotype 2a (SF2a). SF2a-TT15 is composed of a synthetic 15mer oligosaccharide, designed to act as a functional mimic of the SF2a O-antigen and covalently linked to tetanus toxoid (TT). SF2a-TT15 was recently shown to be safe and immunogenic in a Phase 1 clinical trial, inducing specific memory B cells and sustained antibody response up to three years after the last injection. In this manuscript, we advance the study of B cell responses to parenteral administration of SF2a-TT15 to identify SF2a LPS-specific B cells (SF2a+ B cells) using fluorescently labeled bacteria. SF2a+ B cells were identified mainly within class-switched B cells (SwB cells) in volunteers vaccinated with SF2a-TT15 adjuvanted or not with aluminium hydroxide (alum), but not in placebo recipients. These cells expressed high levels of CXCR3 and low levels of CD21 suggesting an activated phenotype likely to represent the recently described effector memory B cells. IgG SF2a+ SwB cells were more abundant than IgA SF2a + SwB cells. SF2a+ B cells were also identified in polyclonally stimulated B cells (antibody secreting cells (ASC)-transformed). SF2a+ ASC-SwB cells largely maintained the activated phenotype (CXCR3 high, CD21 low). They expressed high levels of CD71 and integrin α4β7, suggesting a high proliferation rate and ability to migrate to gut associated lymphoid tissues. Finally, ELISpot analysis showed that ASC produced anti-SF2a LPS IgG and IgA antibodies. In summary, this methodology confirms the ability of SF2a-TT15 to induce long-lived memory B cells, initially identified by ELISpots, which remain identifiable in blood up to 140 days following vaccination. Our findings expand and complement the memory B cell data previously reported in the Phase 1 trial and provide detailed information on the immunophenotypic characteristics of these cells. Moreover, this methodology opens the door to future studies at the single-cell level to better characterize the development of B cell immunity to Shigella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franklin R. Toapanta
- Department of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jingping Hu
- Department of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shiri Meron-Sudai
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Laurence A. Mulard
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3523, Unité Chimie des Biomolécules, Paris, France
| | - Armelle Phalipon
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Innovation: Vaccins, Paris, France
| | - Dani Cohen
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marcelo B. Sztein
- Department of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
McCaw TR, Lofftus SY, Crompton JG. Clonal redemption of B cells in cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1277597. [PMID: 37965337 PMCID: PMC10640973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1277597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Potentially self-reactive B cells constitute a large portion of the peripheral B cell repertoire in both mice and humans. Maintenance of autoreactive B cell populations could conceivably be detrimental to the host but their conservation throughout evolution suggests performance of a critical and beneficial immune function. We discuss herein how the process of clonal redemption may provide insight to preservation of an autoreactive B cell pool in the context of infection and autoimmunity. Clonal redemption refers to additional recombination or hypermutation events decreasing affinity for self-antigen, while increasing affinity for foreign antigens. We then review findings in murine models and human patients to consider whether clonal redemption may be able to provide tumor antigen-specific B cells and how this may or may not predispose patients to autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph G. Crompton
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Steuten J, Bos AV, Kuijper LH, Claireaux M, Olijhoek W, Elias G, Duurland MC, Jorritsma T, Marsman C, Paul AGA, Garcia Vallejo JJ, van Gils MJ, Wieske L, Kuijpers TW, Eftimov F, van Ham SM, Ten Brinke A. Distinct dynamics of antigen-specific induction and differentiation of different CD11c +Tbet + B-cell subsets. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:689-699.e6. [PMID: 36858158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD11c+Tbet+ B cells are enriched in autoimmunity and chronic infections and also expand on immune challenge in healthy individuals. CD11c+Tbet+ B cells remain an enigmatic B-cell population because of their intrinsic heterogeneity. OBJECTIVES We investigated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigen-specific development and differentiation properties of 3 separate CD11c+ B-cell subsets-age-associated B cells (ABCs), double-negative 2 (DN2) B cells, and activated naive B cells-and compared them to their canonical CD11c- counterparts. METHODS Dynamics of the response of the 3 CD11c+ B-cell subsets were assessed at SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in healthy donors by spectral flow cytometry. Distinct CD11c+ B-cell subsets were functionally characterized by optimized in vitro cultures. RESULTS In contrast to a durable expansion of antigen-specific CD11c- memory B cells over time, both ABCs and DN2 cells were strongly expanded shortly after second vaccination and subsequently contracted. Functional characterization of antibody-secreting cell differentiation dynamics revealed that CD11c+Tbet+ B cells were primed for antibody-secreting cell differentiation compared to relevant canonical CD11c- counterparts. CONCLUSION Overall, CD11c+Tbet+ B cells encompass heterogeneous subpopulations, of which primarily ABCs as well as DN2 B cells respond early to immune challenge and display a pre-antibody-secreting cell phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juulke Steuten
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amélie V Bos
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisan H Kuijper
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Claireaux
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Olijhoek
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - George Elias
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariel C Duurland
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke Jorritsma
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Casper Marsman
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Juan J Garcia Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Free University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk Wieske
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Filip Eftimov
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anja Ten Brinke
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bogers L, Kuiper KL, Smolders J, Rip J, van Luijn MM. Epstein-Barr virus and genetic risk variants as determinants of T-bet + B cell-driven autoimmune diseases. Immunol Lett 2023; 261:66-74. [PMID: 37451321 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
B cells expressing the transcription factor T-bet are found to have a protective role in viral infections, but are also considered major players in the onset of different types of autoimmune diseases. Currently, the exact mechanisms driving such 'atypical' memory B cells to contribute to protective immunity or autoimmunity are unclear. In addition to general autoimmune-related factors including sex and age, the ways T-bet+ B cells instigate autoimmune diseases may be determined by the close interplay between genetic risk variants and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The impact of EBV on T-bet+ B cells likely relies on the type of risk variants associated with each autoimmune disease, which may affect their differentiation, migratory routes and effector function. In this hypothesis-driven review, we discuss the lines of evidence pointing to such genetic and/or EBV-mediated influence on T-bet+ B cells in a range of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and multiple sclerosis (MS). We provide examples of how genetic risk variants can be linked to certain signaling pathways and are differentially affected by EBV to shape T-bet+ B-cells. Finally, we propose options to improve current treatment of B cell-related autoimmune diseases by more selective targeting of pathways that are critical for pathogenic T-bet+ B-cell formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Bogers
- MS Center ErasMS, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten L Kuiper
- MS Center ErasMS, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Smolders
- MS Center ErasMS, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands; MS Center ErasMS, Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology research group, Amsterdam 1105 BA, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Rip
- MS Center ErasMS, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Marvin M van Luijn
- MS Center ErasMS, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sadighi Akha AA, Csomós K, Ujházi B, Walter JE, Kumánovics A. Evolving Approach to Clinical Cytometry for Immunodeficiencies and Other Immune Disorders. Clin Lab Med 2023; 43:467-483. [PMID: 37481324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies were initially identified on the basis of recurrent, severe or unusual infections. Subsequently, it was noted that these diseases can also manifest with autoimmunity, autoinflammation, allergy, lymphoproliferation and malignancy, hence a conceptual change and their renaming as inborn errors of immunity. Ongoing advances in flow cytometry provide the opportunity to expand or modify the utility and scope of existing laboratory tests in this field to mirror this conceptual change. Here we have used the B cell subset, variably known as CD21low B cells, age-associated B cells and T-bet+ B cells, as an example to demonstrate this possibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir A Sadighi Akha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Krisztián Csomós
- Division of Pediatric Allergy/Immunology, University of South Florida, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Boglárka Ujházi
- Division of Pediatric Allergy/Immunology, University of South Florida, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Jolán E Walter
- Division of Pediatric Allergy/Immunology, University of South Florida, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Attila Kumánovics
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Saleh Z, Mehdipour F, Ataollahi MR, Ali-Hassanzadeh M, Kabelitz D, Kalantar K. Frequency of B-Cell Subpopulations in Low Responders in Comparison with High Responders to Hepatitis B Vaccine Among Health Care Workers. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:296. [PMID: 37488238 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent Hepatitis B (HB) infection. The goal of vaccination is to induce immunological memory. Hence, determining the frequency of memory B-cell (MBC) subsets is an important indicator of vaccine efficacy. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of different B-cell subpopulations and the expression of PD-1 on B-cell subsets in low responders (LR) and high responders (HR) to HB vaccine. According to our findings, the expression level of PD-1 was significantly higher on atypical MBC (atMBC) than that of naive B cell and classical MBC (cMBC) in LR and HR groups. Moreover, cMBCs had a significant higher PD-1 expression than naive B cells in LR group. No significant differences were found in the frequency of various B-cell subpopulations and the expression level of PD-1 on B-cell subsets between LR and HR groups. We observed a negative correlation between age and HBsAb titer and a positive correlation between age and PD-1 expression level on cMBC in LR group. It can be concluded that inadequate specific memory B-cell response, rather than total memory B-cell deficiency, may be implicated in low responsive rate to HB vaccine in healthy individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Saleh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 7134845794, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Mehdipour
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ataollahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali-Hassanzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig, Holstein Campus Kiel, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kurosh Kalantar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 7134845794, Shiraz, Iran.
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Moneta GM, Bracaglia C, Caiello I, Farroni C, Pires Marafon D, Carlomagno R, Hiraki L, Vivarelli M, Gianviti A, Carbogno S, Ferlin W, de Min C, Silverman E, Carsetti R, De Benedetti F, Marasco E. Persistently active interferon-γ pathway and expansion of T-bet + B cells in a subset of patients with childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250319. [PMID: 37204055 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease causing significant morbidity and mortality, despite important improvements in its management in the last decades. The objective of this work is to investigate the role of IFN-γ in the pathogenesis of childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE), evaluating the crosstalk between IFN-α and IFN-γ and the expression of T-bet, a transcription factor induced by IFN-γ, in B cells of patients with cSLE. Expression levels of both IFN-α and IFN-γ-induced genes were upregulated in patients with cSLE. We found increased serum levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 in patients with cSLE. Type I IFN score decreased with initiation of immunosuppressive treatment; conversely, type II IFN score and levels of CXCL9 were not significantly affected by immunosuppressive treatment. Type II IFN score and CXCL9 were significantly higher in patients with lupus nephritis. We observed the expansion of a population of naïve B cells expressing T-bet in a cluster of patients with cSLE. IFN-γ, but not IFN-α, induced the expression of T-bet in B cells. Our data suggest that IFN-γ is hyperactive in cSLE, especially in patients with lupus nephritis, and it is not modulated by therapy. Our data reinforce the potential of IFN-γ as a therapeutic target in SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gian Marco Moneta
- Division of Rheumatology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Bracaglia
- Division of Rheumatology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Caiello
- Division of Rheumatology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Farroni
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Linda Hiraki
- Division of Rheumatology, SickKids Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marina Vivarelli
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gianviti
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Carbogno
- Division of Rheumatology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Ferlin
- Light Chain Bioscience - Novimmune SA, Plan-Les-Ouates Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Earl Silverman
- Division of Rheumatology, SickKids Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rita Carsetti
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Emiliano Marasco
- Division of Rheumatology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zurbuchen Y, Michler J, Taeschler P, Adamo S, Cervia C, Raeber ME, Acar IE, Nilsson J, Warnatz K, Soyka MB, Moor AE, Boyman O. Human memory B cells show plasticity and adopt multiple fates upon recall response to SARS-CoV-2. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:955-965. [PMID: 37106039 PMCID: PMC10232369 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01497-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The B cell response to different pathogens uses tailored effector mechanisms and results in functionally specialized memory B (Bm) cell subsets, including CD21+ resting, CD21-CD27+ activated and CD21-CD27- Bm cells. The interrelatedness between these Bm cell subsets remains unknown. Here we showed that single severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific Bm cell clones showed plasticity upon antigen rechallenge in previously exposed individuals. CD21- Bm cells were the predominant subsets during acute infection and early after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific immunization. At months 6 and 12 post-infection, CD21+ resting Bm cells were the major Bm cell subset in the circulation and were also detected in peripheral lymphoid organs, where they carried tissue residency markers. Tracking of individual B cell clones by B cell receptor sequencing revealed that previously fated Bm cell clones could redifferentiate upon antigen rechallenge into other Bm cell subsets, including CD21-CD27- Bm cells, demonstrating that single Bm cell clones can adopt functionally different trajectories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Zurbuchen
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Michler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Taeschler
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Adamo
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Cervia
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miro E Raeber
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilhan E Acar
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael B Soyka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas E Moor
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
T-bet highCD21 low B cells: the need to unify our understanding of a distinct B cell population in health and disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 82:102300. [PMID: 36931129 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
After many years of a niche research in a few laboratories of the world, T-bethighCD21low B cells have entered the limelight during the last years after the discovery of T-bet as common transcription factor of this unconventional B cell population and the increasing awareness of the expansion of these cells in autoimmune and infectious diseases. This population consists of different subsets which share large parts of their transcriptome, essential phenotypic markers, and reduced B cell receptor (BCR) signaling capacity. Inborn errors of immunity have helped to delineate essential signals for their differentiation. While our comprehension of their origin has improved, future research will hopefully profit from a common definition of the different T-bethighCD21low subpopulations in order to better define their specific roles during normal and aberrant immune responses.
Collapse
|
21
|
Beckers L, Somers V, Fraussen J. IgD -CD27 - double negative (DN) B cells: Origins and functions in health and disease. Immunol Lett 2023; 255:67-76. [PMID: 36906182 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Human B cells can be divided into four main subsets based on differential expression of immunoglobulin (Ig)D and CD27. IgD-CD27- double negative (DN) B cells make up a heterogeneous group of B cells that have first been described in relation to aging and systemic lupus erythematosus but have been mostly disregarded in B cell research. Over the last few years, DN B cells have gained a lot of interest because of their involvement in autoimmune and infectious diseases. DN B cells can be divided into different subsets that originate via different developmental processes and have different functional properties. Further research into the origin and function of different DN subsets is needed to better understand the role of these B cells in normal immune responses and how they could be targeted in specific pathologies. In this review, we give an overview of both phenotypic and functional properties of DN B cells and provide insight into the currently proposed origins of DN B cells. Moreover, their involvement in normal aging and different pathologies is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lien Beckers
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Veerle Somers
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Judith Fraussen
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bogers L, Engelenburg HJ, Janssen M, Unger PPA, Melief MJ, Wierenga-Wolf AF, Hsiao CC, Mason MRJ, Hamann J, van Langelaar J, Smolders J, van Luijn MM. Selective emergence of antibody-secreting cells in the multiple sclerosis brain. EBioMedicine 2023; 89:104465. [PMID: 36796230 PMCID: PMC9958261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although distinct brain-homing B cells have been identified in multiple sclerosis (MS), it is unknown how these further evolve to contribute to local pathology. We explored B-cell maturation in the central nervous system (CNS) of MS patients and determined their association with immunoglobulin (Ig) production, T-cell presence, and lesion formation. METHODS Ex vivo flow cytometry was performed on post-mortem blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), meninges and white matter from 28 MS and 10 control brain donors to characterize B cells and antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). MS brain tissue sections were analysed with immunostainings and microarrays. IgG index and CSF oligoclonal bands were measured with nephelometry, isoelectric focusing, and immunoblotting. Blood-derived B cells were cocultured under T follicular helper-like conditions to evaluate their ASC-differentiating capacity in vitro. FINDINGS ASC versus B-cell ratios were increased in post-mortem CNS compartments of MS but not control donors. Local presence of ASCs associated with a mature CD45low phenotype, focal MS lesional activity, lesional Ig gene expression, and CSF IgG levels as well as clonality. In vitro B-cell maturation into ASCs did not differ between MS and control donors. Notably, lesional CD4+ memory T cells positively correlated with ASC presence, reflected by local interplay with T cells. INTERPRETATION These findings provide evidence that local B cells at least in late-stage MS preferentially mature into ASCs, which are largely responsible for intrathecal and local Ig production. This is especially seen in active MS white matter lesions and likely depends on the interaction with CD4+ memory T cells. FUNDING Stichting MS Research (19-1057 MS; 20-490f MS), National MS Fonds (OZ2018-003).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Bogers
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik J Engelenburg
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Malou Janssen
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter-Paul A Unger
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-José Melief
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annet F Wierenga-Wolf
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsiao
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew R J Mason
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Hamann
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie van Langelaar
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Smolders
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marvin M van Luijn
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li ZY, Cai ML, Qin Y, Chen Z. Age/autoimmunity-associated B cells in inflammatory arthritis: An emerging therapeutic target. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1103307. [PMID: 36817481 PMCID: PMC9933781 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1103307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Age/autoimmunity-associated B cells (ABCs) are a novel B cell subpopulation with a unique transcriptional signature and cell surface phenotype. They are not sensitive to BCR but rely on TLR7 or TLR9 in the context of T cell-derived cytokines for the differentiation. It has been established that aberrant expansion of ABCs is linked to the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Recently, we and other groups have shown that increased ABCs is associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease activity and have demonstrated their pathogenic role in RA, indicating that targeting specific B cell subsets is a promising strategy for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of ABCs, focusing on their emerging role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis. A deep understanding of the biology of ABCs in the context of inflammatory settings in vivo will ultimately contribute to the development of novel targeted therapies for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ming-Long Cai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gjertsson I, McGrath S, Grimstad K, Jonsson CA, Camponeschi A, Thorarinsdottir K, Mårtensson IL. A close-up on the expanding landscape of CD21-/low B cells in humans. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 210:217-229. [PMID: 36380692 PMCID: PMC9985162 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) are an essential part of our immunological memory. They respond fast upon re-encountering pathogens and can differentiate into plasma cells that secrete protective antibodies. The focus of this review is on MBCs that lack, or express low levels of, CD21, hereafter referred to as CD21-/low. These cells are expanded in peripheral blood with age and during chronic inflammatory conditions such as viral infections, malaria, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune diseases. CD21-/low MBCs have gained significant attention; they produce disease-specific antibodies/autoantibodies and associate with key disease manifestations in some conditions. These cells can be divided into subsets based on classical B-cell and other markers, e.g. CD11c, FcRL4, and Tbet which, over the years, have become hallmarks to identify these cells. This has resulted in different names including age-associated, autoimmune-associated, atypical, tissue-like, tissue-resident, tissue-restricted, exhausted, or simply CD21-/low B cells. It is however unclear whether the expanded 'CD21-/low' cells in one condition are equivalent to those in another, whether they express an identical gene signature and whether they have a similar function. Here, we will discuss these issues with the goal to understand whether the CD21-/low B cells are comparable in different conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inger Gjertsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Sarah McGrath
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Grimstad
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
- School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde 54128, Sweden
| | - Charlotte A Jonsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Camponeschi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Katrin Thorarinsdottir
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Inga-Lill Mårtensson
- Correspondence: Inga-Lill Mårtensson, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Age-associated B cells are long-lasting effectors that impede latent γHV68 reactivation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21189. [PMID: 36477199 PMCID: PMC9729602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABCs; CD19+CD11c+T-bet+) are a unique population that are increased in an array of viral infections, though their role during latent infection is largely unexplored. Here, we use murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) to demonstrate that ABCs remain elevated long-term during latent infection and express IFNγ and TNF. Using a recombinant γHV68 that is cleared following acute infection, we show that ABCs persist in the absence of latent virus, though their expression of IFNγ and TNF is decreased. With a fluorescent reporter gene-expressing γHV68 we demonstrate that ABCs are infected with γHV68 at similar rates to other previously activated B cells. We find that mice without ABCs display defects in anti-viral IgG2a/c antibodies and are more susceptible to reactivation of γHV68 following virus challenges that typically do not break latency. Together, these results indicate that ABCs are a persistent effector subset during latent viral infection that impedes γHV68 reactivation.
Collapse
|
26
|
Mouat IC, Shanina I, Horwitz MS. Age-associated B cells are long-lasting effectors that impede latent γHV68 reactivation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21189. [PMID: 36477199 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.29.474434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABCs; CD19+CD11c+T-bet+) are a unique population that are increased in an array of viral infections, though their role during latent infection is largely unexplored. Here, we use murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) to demonstrate that ABCs remain elevated long-term during latent infection and express IFNγ and TNF. Using a recombinant γHV68 that is cleared following acute infection, we show that ABCs persist in the absence of latent virus, though their expression of IFNγ and TNF is decreased. With a fluorescent reporter gene-expressing γHV68 we demonstrate that ABCs are infected with γHV68 at similar rates to other previously activated B cells. We find that mice without ABCs display defects in anti-viral IgG2a/c antibodies and are more susceptible to reactivation of γHV68 following virus challenges that typically do not break latency. Together, these results indicate that ABCs are a persistent effector subset during latent viral infection that impedes γHV68 reactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isobel C Mouat
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Iryna Shanina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marc S Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Room 3551, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Doyon-Laliberté K, Aranguren M, Byrns M, Chagnon-Choquet J, Paniconi M, Routy JP, Tremblay C, Quintal MC, Brassard N, Kaufmann DE, Poudrier J, Roger M. Excess BAFF Alters NR4As Expression Levels and Breg Function of Human Precursor-like Marginal Zone B-Cells in the Context of HIV-1 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315142. [PMID: 36499469 PMCID: PMC9741410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported excess B-cell activating factor (BAFF) in the blood of HIV-infected progressors, which was concomitant with increased frequencies of precursor-like marginal zone (MZp) B-cells, early on and despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). In controls, MZp possess a strong B-cell regulatory (Breg) potential. They highly express IL-10, the orphan nuclear receptors (NR)4A1, NR4A2 and NR4A3, as well as the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73, all of which are associated with the regulation of inflammation. Furthermore, we have shown MZp regulatory function to involve CD83 signaling. To address the impact of HIV infection and excessive BAFF on MZp Breg capacities, we have performed transcriptomic analyses by RNA-seq of sorted MZp B-cells from the blood of HIV-infected progressors. The Breg profile and function of blood MZp B-cells from HIV-infected progressors were assessed by flow-cytometry and light microscopy high-content screening (HCS) analyses, respectively. We report significant downregulation of NR4A1, NR4A2, NR4A3 and CD83 gene transcripts in blood MZp B-cells from HIV-infected progressors when compared to controls. NR4A1, NR4A3 and CD83 protein expression levels and Breg function were also downregulated in blood MZp B-cells from HIV-infected progressors and not restored by ART. Moreover, we observe decreased expression levels of NR4A1, NR4A3, CD83 and IL-10 by blood and tonsillar MZp B-cells from controls following culture with excess BAFF, which significantly diminished their regulatory function. These findings, made on a limited number of individuals, suggest that excess BAFF contributes to the alteration of the Breg potential of MZp B-cells during HIV infection and possibly in other situations where BAFF is found in excess.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Doyon-Laliberté
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Matheus Aranguren
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Michelle Byrns
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Josiane Chagnon-Choquet
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Matteo Paniconi
- Service d’Aide à la Formation Interdisciplinaire et à la Réussite Étudiante (SAFIRE), Faculté des Arts et Sciences de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1N8, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Quintal
- Centre Hospitalier Ste-Justine de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Nathalie Brassard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Daniel E. Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Médecine de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Johanne Poudrier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Michel Roger
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (M.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhao Y, He W, Wang C, Cui N, Yang C, You Z, Shi B, Xia L, Chen X. Characterization of intrahepatic B cells in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1041176. [PMID: 36505417 PMCID: PMC9732531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1041176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) is characterized by the immunologic dissonance during the prolonged pathogenic development. Both abnormal innate immune response and adaptive T-cell response have been reported in patients with ACLF; however, less is known regarding B cells in ACLF pathogenesis. Previous reports were only based on immunophenotyping of peripheral blood samples. Here, we aim to dissect liver-infiltrating B-cell subpopulation in ACLF. Methods Paired liver perfusate and peripheral blood were freshly collected from healthy living donors and recipients during liver transplantation. Liver tissues were obtained from patients with ACLF, cirrhosis, and healthy controls. Flow cytometry was used to characterize the phenotypic and functional alterations in intrahepatic and circulating B-cell populations from ACLF, cirrhosis, and healthy controls. The expression of CD19+ and CD138+ on liver tissues was examined by immunohistochemistry staining. Results In this study, we first deciphered the intrahepatic B cells subsets of patients with ACLF. We found that the ACLF liver harbored reduced fraction of naïve B cells and elevated percentage of CD27+CD21- activated memory B cells (AM), CD27-CD21- atypical memory B cells (atMBC), CD27+IgD-IgM+(IgM+ memory B cells), and CD27+CD38++ plasma cells than cirrhosis and healthy controls. Moreover, these B subpopulations demonstrated enhanced activation and altered effector functions. Specifically, the ACLF liver was abundant in atMBC expressing higher CD11c and lower CD80 molecule, which was significantly correlated to alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. In addition, we found that intrahepatic CD27+CD38++plasma cells were preferentially accumulated in ACLF, which expressed more CD273 (PD-L2) and secreted higher granzyme B and IL-10. Finally, the enriched hepatic plasma B cells were in positive association with disease severity indices including alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Conclusions In this pilot study, we showed an intrahepatic B-cell landscape shaped by the ACLF liver environment, which was distinct from paired circulating B-cell subsets. The phenotypic and functional perturbation in atMBC and plasma cells highlighted the unique properties of infiltrating B cells during ACLF progression, thereby denoting the potential of B-cell intervention in ACLF therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei He
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, National Health Council (NHC) Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nana Cui
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, National Health Council (NHC) Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changjie Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengrui You
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, National Health Council (NHC) Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bisheng Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Xiaosong Chen, ; Lei Xia, ; Bisheng Shi,
| | - Lei Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Xiaosong Chen, ; Lei Xia, ; Bisheng Shi,
| | - Xiaosong Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Xiaosong Chen, ; Lei Xia, ; Bisheng Shi,
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mouat IC, Allanach JR, Fettig NM, Fan V, Girard AM, Shanina I, Osborne LC, Vorobeychik G, Horwitz MS. Gammaherpesvirus infection drives age-associated B cells toward pathogenicity in EAE and MS. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eade6844. [PMID: 36427301 PMCID: PMC9699667 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade6844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
While age-associated B cells (ABCs) are known to expand and persist following viral infection and during autoimmunity, their interactions are yet to be studied together in these contexts. Here, we directly compared CD11c+T-bet+ ABCs using models of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68), multiple sclerosis (MS), and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and found that each drives the ABC population to opposing phenotypes. EBV infection has long been implicated in MS, and we have previously shown that latent γHV68 infection exacerbates EAE. Here, we demonstrate that ABCs are required for γHV68-enhanced disease. We then show that the circulating ABC population is expanded and phenotypically altered in people with relapsing MS. In this study, we show that viral infection and autoimmunity differentially affect the phenotype of ABCs in humans and mice, and we identify ABCs as functional mediators of viral-enhanced autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isobel C. Mouat
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jessica R. Allanach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Naomi M. Fettig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vina Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anna M. Girard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Iryna Shanina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lisa C. Osborne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Galina Vorobeychik
- Fraser Health Multiple Sclerosis Clinic, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marc S. Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hočevar S, Puddinu V, Haeni L, Petri-Fink A, Wagner J, Alvarez M, Clift MJD, Bourquin C. PEGylated Gold Nanoparticles Target Age-Associated B Cells In Vivo. ACS NANO 2022; 16:18119-18132. [PMID: 36301574 PMCID: PMC9706664 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Engineered gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have become a useful tool in various therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Uncertainty remains regarding the possible impact of GNPs on the immune system. In this regard, we investigated the interactions of polymer-coated GNPs with B cells and their functions in mice. Surprisingly, we observed that polymer-coated GNPs mainly interact with the recently identified subpopulation of B lymphocytes named age-associated B cells (ABCs). Importantly, we also showed that GNPs did not affect cell viability or the percentages of other B cell populations in different organs. Furthermore, GNPs did not activate B cell innate-like immune responses in any of the tested conditions, nor did they impair adaptive B cell responses in immunized mice. Together, these data provide an important contribution to the otherwise limited knowledge about GNP interference with B cell immune function, and demonstrate that GNPs represent a safe tool to target ABCs in vivo for potential clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hočevar
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Viola Puddinu
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Laetitia Haeni
- BioNanomaterials,
Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of
Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- BioNanomaterials,
Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of
Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Julia Wagner
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Montserrat Alvarez
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | | | - Carole Bourquin
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Department
of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Burton AR, Guillaume SM, Foster WS, Wheatley AK, Hill DL, Carr EJ, Linterman MA. The memory B cell response to influenza vaccination is impaired in older persons. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111613. [PMID: 36351385 PMCID: PMC9666924 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza infection imparts an age-related increase in mortality and morbidity. The most effective countermeasure is vaccination; however, vaccines offer modest protection in older adults. To investigate how aging impacts the memory B cell response, we track hemagglutinin-specific B cells by indexed flow sorting and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) in 20 healthy adults that were administered the trivalent influenza vaccine. We demonstrate age-related skewing in the memory B cell compartment 6 weeks after vaccination, with younger adults developing hemagglutinin-specific memory B cells with an FcRL5+ "atypical" phenotype, showing evidence of somatic hypermutation and positive selection, which happened to a lesser extent in older persons. We use publicly available scRNA-seq from paired human lymph node and blood samples to corroborate that FcRL5+ atypical memory B cells can derive from germinal center (GC) precursors. Together, this study shows that the aged human GC reaction and memory B cell response following vaccination is defective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice R Burton
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | | | - William S Foster
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Danika L Hill
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Edward J Carr
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK; Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Leffler J, Trend S, Hart PH, French MA. Epstein-Barr virus infection, B-cell dysfunction and other risk factors converge in gut-associated lymphoid tissue to drive the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: a hypothesis. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1418. [PMID: 36325491 PMCID: PMC9621333 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, B-cell dysfunction, gut dysbiosis, and environmental and genetic risk factors, including female sex. A disease model incorporating all these factors remains elusive. Here, we hypothesise that EBV-infected memory B cells (MBCs) migrate to gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) through EBV-induced expression of LPAM-1, where they are subsequently activated by gut microbes and/or their products resulting in EBV reactivation and compartmentalised anti-EBV immune responses. These responses involve marginal zone (MZ) B cells that activate CD4+ T-cell responses, via HLA-DRB1, which promote downstream B-cell differentiation towards CD11c+/T-bet+ MBCs, as well as conventional MBCs. Intrinsic expression of low-affinity B-cell receptors (BCRs) by MZ B cells and CD11c+/T-bet+ MBCs promotes polyreactive BCR/antibody responses against EBV proteins (e.g. EBNA-1) that cross-react with central nervous system (CNS) autoantigens (e.g. GlialCAM). EBV protein/autoantigen-specific CD11c+/T-bet+ MBCs migrate to the meningeal immune system and CNS, facilitated by their expression of CXCR3, and induce cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell responses against CNS autoantigens amplified by BAFF, released from EBV-infected MBCs. An increased abundance of circulating IgA+ MBCs, observed in MS patients, might also reflect GALT-derived immune responses, including disease-enhancing IgA antibody responses against EBV and gut microbiota-specific regulatory IgA+ plasma cells. Female sex increases MZ B-cell and CD11c+/T-bet+ MBC activity while environmental risk factors affect gut dysbiosis. Thus, EBV infection, B-cell dysfunction and other risk factors converge in GALT to generate aberrant B-cell responses that drive pathogenic T-cell responses in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Leffler
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Stephanie Trend
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational ScienceUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Martyn A French
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia,Immunology DivisionPathWest Laboratory MedicinePerthWAAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Krause R, Snyman J, Shi-Hsia H, Muema D, Karim F, Ganga Y, Ngoepe A, Zungu Y, Gazy I, Bernstein M, Khan K, Mazibuko M, Mthabela N, Ramjit D, Limbo O, Jardine J, Sok D, Wilson IA, Hanekom W, Sigal A, Kløverpris H, Ndung'u T, Leslie A. HIV skews the SARS-CoV-2 B cell response towards an extrafollicular maturation pathway. eLife 2022; 11:e79924. [PMID: 36300787 PMCID: PMC9643005 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV infection dysregulates the B cell compartment, affecting memory B cell formation and the antibody response to infection and vaccination. Understanding the B cell response to SARS-CoV-2 in people living with HIV (PLWH) may explain the increased morbidity, reduced vaccine efficacy, reduced clearance, and intra-host evolution of SARS-CoV-2 observed in some HIV-1 coinfections. Methods We compared B cell responses to COVID-19 in PLWH and HIV negative (HIV-ve) patients in a cohort recruited in Durban, South Africa, during the first pandemic wave in July 2020 using detailed flow cytometry phenotyping of longitudinal samples with markers of B cell maturation, homing, and regulatory features. Results This revealed a coordinated B cell response to COVID-19 that differed significantly between HIV-ve and PLWH. Memory B cells in PLWH displayed evidence of reduced germinal centre (GC) activity, homing capacity, and class-switching responses, with increased PD-L1 expression, and decreased Tfh frequency. This was mirrored by increased extrafollicular (EF) activity, with dynamic changes in activated double negative (DN2) and activated naïve B cells, which correlated with anti-RBD-titres in these individuals. An elevated SARS-CoV-2-specific EF response in PLWH was confirmed using viral spike and RBD bait proteins. Conclusions Despite similar disease severity, these trends were highest in participants with uncontrolled HIV, implicating HIV in driving these changes. EF B cell responses are rapid but give rise to lower affinity antibodies, less durable long-term memory, and reduced capacity to adapt to new variants. Further work is needed to determine the long-term effects of HIV on SARS-CoV-2 immunity, particularly as new variants emerge. Funding This work was supported by a grant from the Wellcome Trust to the Africa Health Research Institute (Wellcome Trust Strategic Core Award [grant number 201433/Z/16/Z]). Additional funding was received from the South African Department of Science and Innovation through the National Research Foundation (South African Research Chairs Initiative [grant number 64809]), and the Victor Daitz Foundation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Krause
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Jumari Snyman
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Hwa Shi-Hsia
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniel Muema
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | | | | | - Yenzekile Zungu
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Inbal Gazy
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing PlatformDurbanSouth Africa
| | | | - Khadija Khan
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | | | | | | | - Oliver Limbo
- International AIDS Vaccine InitiativeNew YorkUnited States
| | - Joseph Jardine
- International AIDS Vaccine InitiativeNew YorkUnited States
| | - Devin Sok
- International AIDS Vaccine InitiativeNew YorkUnited States
| | - Ian A Wilson
- The Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Willem Hanekom
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlinGermany
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South AfricaDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Henrik Kløverpris
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlinGermany
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gao X, Cockburn IA. The development and function of CD11c+ atypical B cells - insights from single cell analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:979060. [PMID: 36072594 PMCID: PMC9441955 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.979060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD11c+ T-bet+ atypical B cells (ABCs) have been identified in the context of vaccination, acute and chronic infections and autoimmune disease. However, the origins and functions of ABCs remain elusive. A major obstacle in the study of ABCs, and human MBCs more generally, has been the use of different phenotypic markers in different contexts to identify what appear to be phenotypically similar cells. Advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology have allowed researchers to accurately identify ABCs in different immune contexts such as diseases and tissues. Notably, recent studies utilizing single cell techniques have demonstrated ABCs are a highly conserved memory B cell lineage. This analysis has also revealed that ABCs are more abundant in ostensibly healthy donors than previously thought. Nonetheless, the normal function of these cells remains elusive. In this review, we will focus on scRNA-seq studies to discuss recent advances in our understanding about the development and functions of ABCs.
Collapse
|
35
|
Mouat IC, Goldberg E, Horwitz MS. Age-associated B cells in autoimmune diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:402. [PMID: 35798993 PMCID: PMC9263041 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABCs) are a transcriptionally and functionally unique B cell population. In addition to arising with age and following infection, ABCs are expanded during autoimmune disease, including those with systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. The exact nature of how ABCs impact disease remains unclear. Here, we review what is known regarding ABC development and distribution during diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. We discuss possible mechanisms by which ABCs could contribute to disease, including the production of cytokines and autoantibodies or stimulation of T cells. Finally, we speculate on how ABCs might act as mediators between sex, infection, and autoimmune disease, and discuss avenues for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isobel C Mouat
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erin Goldberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marc S Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Courey-Ghaouzi AD, Kleberg L, Sundling C. Alternative B Cell Differentiation During Infection and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:908034. [PMID: 35812395 PMCID: PMC9263372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.908034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term protective immunity to infectious disease depends on cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. Induction of a strong humoral response relies on efficient B cell activation and differentiation to long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells. For many viral or bacterial infections, a single encounter is sufficient to induce such responses. In malaria, the induction of long-term immunity can take years of pathogen exposure to develop, if it occurs at all. This repeated pathogen exposure and suboptimal immune response coincide with the expansion of a subset of B cells, often termed atypical memory B cells. This subset is present at low levels in healthy individuals as well but it is observed to expand in an inflammatory context during acute and chronic infection, autoimmune diseases or certain immunodeficiencies. Therefore, it has been proposed that this subset is exhausted, dysfunctional, or potentially autoreactive, but its actual role has remained elusive. Recent reports have provided new information regarding both heterogeneity and expansion of these cells, in addition to indications on their potential role during normal immune responses to infection or vaccination. These new insights encourage us to rethink how and why they are generated and better understand their role in our complex immune system. In this review, we will focus on recent advances in our understanding of these enigmatic cells and highlight the remaining gaps that need to be filled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan-Dine Courey-Ghaouzi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linn Kleberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Christopher Sundling,
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Leffler J, Trend S, Ward NC, Grau GE, Hawke S, Byrne SN, Kermode AG, French MA, Hart PH. Circulating Memory B Cells in Early Multiple Sclerosis Exhibit Increased IgA + Cells, Globally Decreased BAFF-R Expression and an EBV-Related IgM + Cell Signature. Front Immunol 2022; 13:812317. [PMID: 35250986 PMCID: PMC8888440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.812317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that results in demyelination of axons, inefficient signal transmission and reduced muscular mobility. Recent findings suggest that B cells play a significant role in disease development and pathology. To further explore this, B cell profiles in peripheral blood from 28 treatment-naive patients with early MS were assessed using flow cytometry and compared to 17 healthy controls. Conventional and algorithm-based analysis revealed a significant increase in MS patients of IgA+ memory B cells (MBC) including CD27+, CD27- and Tbet+ subsets. Screening circulating B cells for markers associated with B cell function revealed a significantly decreased expression of the B cell activation factor receptor (BAFF-R) in MS patients compared to controls. In healthy controls, BAFF-R expression was inversely associated with abundance of differentiated MBC but this was not observed in MS. Instead in MS patients, decreased BAFF-R expression correlated with increased production of proinflammatory TNF following B cell stimulation. Finally, we demonstrated that reactivation of Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) in MS patients was associated with several phenotypic changes amongst MBCs, particularly increased expression of HLA-DR molecules and markers of a T-bet+ differentiation pathway in IgM+ MBCs. Together, these data suggest that the B cell compartment is dysregulated in MS regarding aberrant MBC homeostasis, driven by reduced BAFF-R expression and EBV reactivation. This study adds further insights into the contribution of B cells to the pathological mechanisms of MS, as well as the complex role of BAFF/BAFF-R signalling in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Leffler
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Stephanie Trend
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Natalie C Ward
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Georges E Grau
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon Hawke
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott N Byrne
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Allan G Kermode
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Martyn A French
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Immunology Division, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bergman P, Wullimann D, Gao Y, Wahren Borgström E, Norlin AC, Lind Enoksson S, Aleman S, Ljunggren HG, Buggert M, Smith CIE. Elevated CD21 low B Cell Frequency Is a Marker of Poor Immunity to Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 2022; 42:716-727. [PMID: 35290571 PMCID: PMC8922070 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Limited data is available on the effect of COVID-19 vaccination in immunocompromised individuals. Here, we provide the results from vaccinating a single-center cohort of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). METHODS In a prospective, open-label clinical trial, 50 patients with CVID and 90 age-matched healthy controls (HC) were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody (Ab) production after one or two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Additionally, in selected patients, SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific T-cells were assessed. RESULTS A potent vaccine-induced anti-spike-specific IgG Ab response was observed in all the HC. In contrast, only 68.3% of the CVID patients seroconverted, with median titers of specific Ab being 83-fold lower than in HC. In fact, only 4/46 patients (8.6%) of patients who were seronegative at baseline reached the threshold for an optimal response (250 U/mL). Using the EUROclass definition, patients with either a reduced proportion, but not absolute counts, of switched memory B-cells or having an increased frequency of CD21low B-cells generally generated poor vaccine responses. Overall, CVID-patients had reduced spike-specific IFN-γ positive CD4+ T cell responses 2 weeks after the second dose, compared to HC. The total CD4 and CD4 central memory cell counts correlated with humoral immunity to the vaccine. CONCLUSIONS CVID patients with low frequency of switched memory B-cells or an increased frequency of CD21low B-cells according to the EUROclass definition demonstrated poor responses to Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination. Cellular immune responses were significantly affected, affirming that the defect in CVID is not limited to humoral immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bergman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunodeficiency Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - David Wullimann
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emilie Wahren Borgström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunodeficiency Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Carin Norlin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunodeficiency Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Lind Enoksson
- Department of Clinical immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science, Investigation and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunodeficiency Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunodeficiency Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C I Edvard Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunodeficiency Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Phalke S, Rivera-Correa J, Jenkins D, Flores Castro D, Giannopoulou E, Pernis AB. Molecular mechanisms controlling age-associated B cells in autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:79-100. [PMID: 35102602 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABCs) have emerged as critical components of immune responses. Their inappropriate expansion and differentiation have increasingly been linked to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, aging-associated diseases, and infections. ABCs exhibit a distinctive phenotype and, in addition to classical B cell markers, often express the transcription factor T-bet and myeloid markers like CD11c; hence, these cells are also commonly known as CD11c+ T-bet+ B cells. Formation of ABCs is promoted by distinctive combinations of innate and adaptive signals. In addition to producing antibodies, these cells display antigen-presenting and proinflammatory capabilities. It is becoming increasingly appreciated that the ABC compartment exhibits a high degree of heterogeneity, plasticity, and sex-specific regulation and that ABCs can differentiate into effector progeny via several routes particularly in autoimmune settings. In this review, we will discuss the initial insights that have been obtained on the molecular machinery that controls ABCs and we will highlight some of the unique aspects of this control system that may enable ABCs to fulfill their distinctive role in immune responses. Given the expanding array of autoimmune disorders and pathophysiological settings in which ABCs are being implicated, a deeper understanding of this machinery could have important and broad therapeutic implications for the successful, albeit daunting, task of targeting these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Phalke
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Juan Rivera-Correa
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Jenkins
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Danny Flores Castro
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Evgenia Giannopoulou
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Biological Sciences Department, New York City College of Technology, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alessandra B Pernis
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Immunology & Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
STAT1 and Its Crucial Role in the Control of Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084095. [PMID: 35456913 PMCID: PMC9028532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 protein plays a key role in the immune response against viruses and other pathogens by transducing, in the nucleus, the signal from type I, type II and type III IFNs. STAT1 activates the transcription of hundreds of genes, some of which have been well characterized for their antiviral properties. STAT1 gene deletion in mice and complete STAT1 deficiency in humans both cause rapid death from severe infections. STAT1 plays a key role in the immunoglobulin class-switch recombination through the upregulation of T-bet; it also plays a key role in the production of T-bet+ memory B cells that contribute to tissue-resident humoral memory by mounting an IgG response during re-infection. Considering the key role of STAT1 in the antiviral immune response, many viruses, including dangerous viruses such as Ebola and SARS-CoV-2, have developed different mechanisms to inhibit this transcription factor. The search for drugs capable of targeting the viral proteins implicated in both viral replication and IFN/STAT1 inhibition is important for the treatment of the most dangerous viral infections and for future viral pandemics, as shown by the clinical results obtained with Paxlovid in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
|
41
|
Kochayoo P, Thawornpan P, Wangriatisak K, Changrob S, Leepiyasakulchai C, Khowawisetsut L, Adams JH, Chootong P. Interferon-γ signal drives differentiation of T-bet hi atypical memory B cells into plasma cells following Plasmodium vivax infection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4842. [PMID: 35318412 PMCID: PMC8941117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08976-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For development of a long-lasting protective malaria vaccine, it is crucial to understand whether Plasmodium-induced memory B cells (MBCs) or plasma cells develop and stably contribute to protective immunity, or on the contrary the parasite suppresses antibody responses by inducing MBC dysfunction. The expansion of T-bethi atypical MBCs is described in chronic Plasmodium falciparum-exposed individuals. However, it remains unclear whether accumulation of T-bethi atypical MBCs is indicative of a protective role or rather an impaired function of the immune system in malaria. Here, the phenotypic and functional features of T-bethi atypical MBCs were studied in P. vivax patients living in an area of low malaria transmission. During P. vivax infection, the patients produced a twofold higher frequency of T-bethi atypical MBCs compared to malaria non-exposed individuals. This distinct atypical MBC subset had a switched IgG phenotype with overexpression of activation markers and FcRL5, and decreased Syk phosphorylation upon BCR stimulation. Post-infection, expansion of T-bethi IgG+ atypical MBCs was maintained for at least 3 months. Further studies of the contribution of T-bethi atypical MBC function to humoral immunity showed that synergizing IFN-γ with TLR7/8 and IL-21 signals was required for their differentiation into plasma cells and antibody secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piyawan Kochayoo
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand
| | - Pongsakorn Thawornpan
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand
| | - Kittikorn Wangriatisak
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand
| | - Siriruk Changrob
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand
| | - Chaniya Leepiyasakulchai
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand
| | - Ladawan Khowawisetsut
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand
| | - John H. Adams
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Patchanee Chootong
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABCs) are a recently identified, unique B cell population that displays both protective and pathogenic characteristics, depending on the context. A major role of ABCs is to protect from viral infection. ABCs expand during an array of viral infections and display various functional capacities, including secretion of antibodies and activation of T cells. Following resolution of infection, ABCs appear to persist and play a crucial role in memory and recall responses. Here, we review the currently understanding of ABCs in the antiviral response in both humans and mice. We discuss avenues for future research, including the impact of sex on the ABC population and heterogeneity of ABCs between contexts.
Collapse
|
43
|
Louis K, Macedo C, Lefaucheur C, Metes D. Adaptive immune cell responses as therapeutic targets in antibody-mediated organ rejection. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:237-250. [PMID: 35093288 PMCID: PMC8882148 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Humoral alloimmunity of organ transplant recipient to donor can lead to antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR), causing thousands of organ transplants to fail each year worldwide. However, the mechanisms of adaptive immune cell responses at the basis of humoral alloimmunity have not been entirely understood. In this review, we discuss how recent investigations have uncovered the key contributions of T follicular helper (TFH) and B cells and their coordinated actions in driving donor-specific antibody generation and immune progression towards ABMR. We show how recognition of the role of TFH-B cell interactions may allow the elaboration of improved clinical strategies for immune monitoring and the identification of novel therapeutic targets to tackle ABMR that will ultimately improve organ transplant survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Louis
- Kidney Transplant Department, Saint Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Human Immunology and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 976, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Camila Macedo
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carmen Lefaucheur
- Kidney Transplant Department, Saint Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Paris Translational Research Center for Organ Transplantation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 970, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Diana Metes
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jeffery-Smith A, Burton AR, Lens S, Rees-Spear C, Davies J, Patel M, Gopal R, Muir L, Aiano F, Doores KJ, Chow JY, Ladhani SN, Zambon M, McCoy LE, Maini MK. SARS-CoV-2-specific memory B cells can persist in the elderly who have lost detectable neutralizing antibodies. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e152042. [PMID: 34843448 PMCID: PMC8759779 DOI: 10.1172/jci152042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) can provide a recall response able to supplement waning antibodies (Abs) with an affinity-matured response better able to neutralize variant viruses. We studied a cohort of elderly care home residents and younger staff (median age of 87 years and 56 years, respectively), who had survived COVID-19 outbreaks with only mild or asymptomatic infection. The cohort was selected because of its high proportion of individuals who had lost neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), thus allowing us to specifically investigate the reserve immunity from SARS-CoV-2-specific MBCs in this setting. Class-switched spike and receptor-binding domain (RBD) tetramer-binding MBCs persisted 5 months after mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, irrespective of age. The majority of spike- and RBD-specific MBCs had a classical phenotype, but we found that activated MBCs, indicating possible ongoing antigenic stimulation or inflammation, were expanded in the elderly group. Spike- and RBD-specific MBCs remained detectable in the majority of individuals who had lost nAbs, although at lower frequencies and with a reduced IgG/IgA isotype ratio. Functional spike-, S1 subunit of the spike protein- (S1-), and RBD-specific recall was also detectable by enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay in some individuals who had lost nAbs, but was significantly impaired in the elderly. Our findings demonstrate that a reserve of SARS-CoV-2-specific MBCs persists beyond the loss of nAbs but highlight the need for careful monitoring of functional defects in spike- and RBD-specific B cell immunity in the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jeffery-Smith
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
- Virus Reference Department, Public Health England (now called UK Health Security Agency [UKHSA]), London, United Kingdom
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice R. Burton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabela Lens
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Rees-Spear
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Davies
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Monika Patel
- Virus Reference Department, Public Health England (now called UK Health Security Agency [UKHSA]), London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Gopal
- Virus Reference Department, Public Health England (now called UK Health Security Agency [UKHSA]), London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Muir
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Felicity Aiano
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England (now called UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie J. Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J. Yimmy Chow
- London Coronavirus Response Cell, Public Health England (now called UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
| | - Shamez N. Ladhani
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England (now called UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Zambon
- Virus Reference Department, Public Health England (now called UK Health Security Agency [UKHSA]), London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E. McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Corrente F, Terreri S, Palomba P, Capponi C, Mirabella M, Perno CF, Carsetti R. CD21 - CD27 - Atypical B Cells in a Pediatric Cohort Study: An Extensive Single Center Flow Cytometric Analysis. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:822400. [PMID: 35722474 PMCID: PMC9204099 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.822400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical B cells (atBCs) are a distinct B-cell population and represent approximately 5% of B cells in peripheral blood (PB) of healthy adult individuals. However, in adults these cells are expanded in conditions of chronic infections, inflammation, primary immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases, and aging. Their immunophenotype is characterized by the lack of CD21 expression and the hallmark human memory B-cell marker CD27. In this study, we investigated the immunophenotype of atBCs in different pediatric pathological conditions and correlated their expansion with the children's clinical diagnosis. We were able to retrospectively evaluate 1,571 consecutive PB samples, corresponding to 1,180 pediatric patients, by using a 9-color flow-cytometric panel. The results, compared with a pediatric healthy cohort, confirmed an expansion of atBCs in patient samples with percentages greater than 5% of total B cells. Four subpopulations with different expressions of IgM and IgD were discriminated: IgM+IgD+, IgM+-only, IgD+-only, and IgM-IgD-. IgG+ atBCs were predominant in the IgM- IgD- subpopulation. Moreover, the study highlighted some features of atBCs, such as a low CD38 expression, a heterogeneity of CD24, a high expression of CD19 and a large cell size. We also demonstrated that an increase of atBCs in a pediatric cohort is correlated with immunodeficiencies, autoimmune, inflammatory, and hematological disorders, consistent with previous studies mainly performed in adults. Furthermore, our flow cytometric clustering analysis corroborated the recent hypothesis of an alternative B origin for atBCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Corrente
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Terreri
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Palomba
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Capponi
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Mirabella
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Carsetti
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Reyes RA, Clarke K, Gonzales SJ, Cantwell AM, Garza R, Catano G, Tragus RE, Patterson TF, Bol S, Bunnik EM. SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific memory B cells express higher levels of T-bet and FcRL5 after non-severe COVID-19 as compared to severe disease. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261656. [PMID: 34936684 PMCID: PMC8694470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits a robust B cell response, resulting in the generation of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells. Here, we aimed to determine the effect of COVID-19 severity on the memory B cell response and characterize changes in the memory B cell compartment between recovery and five months post-symptom onset. Using high-parameter spectral flow cytometry, we analyzed the phenotype of memory B cells with reactivity against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or the spike receptor binding domain (RBD) in recovered individuals who had been hospitalized with non-severe (n = 8) or severe (n = 5) COVID-19. One month after symptom onset, a substantial proportion of spike-specific IgG+ B cells showed an activated phenotype. In individuals who experienced non-severe disease, spike-specific IgG+ B cells showed increased expression of markers associated with durable B cell memory, including T-bet and FcRL5, as compared to individuals who experienced severe disease. While the frequency of T-bet+ spike-specific IgG+ B cells differed between the two groups, these cells predominantly showed an activated switched memory B cell phenotype in both groups. Five months post-symptom onset, the majority of spike-specific memory B cells had a resting phenotype and the percentage of spike-specific T-bet+ IgG+ memory B cells decreased to baseline levels. Collectively, our results highlight subtle differences in the B cells response after non-severe and severe COVID-19 and suggest that the memory B cell response elicited during non-severe COVID-19 may be of higher quality than the response after severe disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael A. Reyes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Clarke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - S. Jake Gonzales
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Angelene M. Cantwell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rolando Garza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Catano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, University Health System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robin E. Tragus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, University Health System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas F. Patterson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, University Health System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- The South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sebastiaan Bol
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Evelien M. Bunnik
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Carsetti R, Corrente F, Capponi C, Mirabella M, Cascioli S, Palomba P, Bertaina V, Pagliara D, Colucci M, Piano Mortari E. Comprehensive phenotyping of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes in pathological conditions. Cytometry A 2021; 101:140-149. [PMID: 34851033 PMCID: PMC9299869 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several diseases are associated with alterations of the B-cell compartment. Knowing how to correctly identify by flow cytometry the distribution of B-cell populations in the peripheral blood is important to help in the early diagnosis. In the accompanying article we describe how to identify the different B-cell subsets in the peripheral blood of healthy donors. Here we show a few examples of diseases that cause dysregulation of the B-cell compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Carsetti
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Corrente
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Capponi
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Mirabella
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Cascioli
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Palomba
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Bertaina
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Cell Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daria Pagliara
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Cell Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Colucci
- Renal Diseases Research Unit, Genetic and Rare Diseases Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Piano Mortari
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cervantes-Díaz R, Sosa-Hernández VA, Torres-Ruíz J, Romero-Ramírez S, Cañez-Hernández M, Pérez-Fragoso A, Páez-Franco JC, Meza-Sánchez DE, Pescador-Rojas M, Sosa-Hernández VA, Gómez-Martín D, Maravillas-Montero JL. Severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection is linked to double-negative (CD27 - IgD -) B cell subset numbers. Inflamm Res 2021; 71:131-140. [PMID: 34850243 PMCID: PMC8631699 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The role of B cells in COVID-19, beyond the production of specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, is still not well understood. Here, we describe the novel landscape of circulating double-negative (DN) CD27- IgD- B cells in COVID-19 patients, representing a group of atypical and neglected subpopulations of this cell lineage. METHODS Using multiparametric flow cytometry, we determined DN B cell subset amounts from 91 COVID-19 patients, correlated those with cytokines, clinical and laboratory parameters, and segregated them by principal components analysis. RESULTS We detected significant increments in the DN2 and DN3 B cell subsets, while we found a relevant decrease in the DN1 B cell subpopulation, according to disease severity and patient outcomes. These DN cell numbers also appeared to correlate with pro- or anti-inflammatory signatures, respectively, and contributed to the segregation of the patients into disease severity groups. CONCLUSION This study provides insights into DN B cell subsets' potential role in immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, particularly linked to the severity of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Cervantes-Díaz
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Víctor Andrés Sosa-Hernández
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jiram Torres-Ruíz
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Atención Institucional Continua y Urgencias, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Romero-Ramírez
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mariana Cañez-Hernández
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Pérez-Fragoso
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José C Páez-Franco
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David E Meza-Sánchez
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Diana Gómez-Martín
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José L Maravillas-Montero
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sato Y, Oguchi A, Fukushima Y, Masuda K, Toriu N, Taniguchi K, Yoshikawa T, Cui X, Kondo M, Hosoi T, Komidori S, Shimizu Y, Fujita H, Jiang L, Kong Y, Yamanashi T, Seita J, Yamamoto T, Toyokuni S, Hamazaki Y, Hattori M, Yoshikai Y, Boor P, Floege J, Kawamoto H, Murakawa Y, Minato N, Yanagita M. CD153-CD30 signaling promotes age-dependent tertiary lymphoid tissue expansion and kidney injury. J Clin Invest 2021; 132:146071. [PMID: 34813503 PMCID: PMC8759786 DOI: 10.1172/jci146071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid tissues (TLTs) facilitate local T and B cell interactions in chronically inflamed organs. However, the cells and molecular pathways that govern TLT formation are poorly defined. Here, we identified TNF superfamily CD153/CD30 signaling between 2 unique age-dependent lymphocyte subpopulations, CD153+PD-1+CD4+ senescence-associated T (SAT) cells and CD30+T-bet+ age-associated B cells (ABCs), as a driver for TLT expansion. SAT cells, which produced ABC-inducing factors IL-21 and IFN-γ, and ABCs progressively accumulated within TLTs in aged kidneys after injury. Notably, in kidney injury models, CD153 or CD30 deficiency impaired functional SAT cell induction, which resulted in reduced ABC numbers and attenuated TLT formation with improved inflammation, fibrosis, and renal function. Attenuated TLT formation after transplantation of CD153-deficient bone marrow further supported the importance of CD153 in immune cells. Clonal analysis revealed that SAT cells and ABCs in the kidneys arose from both local differentiation and recruitment from the spleen. In the synovium of aged rheumatoid arthritis patients, T peripheral helper/T follicular helper cells and ABCs also expressed CD153 and CD30, respectively. Together, our data reveal a previously unappreciated function of CD153/CD30 signaling in TLT formation and propose targeting the CD153/CD30 signaling pathway as a therapeutic target for slowing kidney disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sato
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akiko Oguchi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Fukushima
- Department of Immunosenescence, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kyoko Masuda
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Medical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Toriu
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Taniguchi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahisa Yoshikawa
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Xiaotong Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makiko Kondo
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hosoi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shota Komidori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoko Shimizu
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Harumi Fujita
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yingyi Kong
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Jun Seita
- Medical Sciences Innovation Hub Program, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Toyokuni
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoko Hamazaki
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masakazu Hattori
- Department of Immunosenescence, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Yoshikai
- Division of Host Defense, Network Center for Infectious Disease, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Peter Boor
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Kawamoto
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Medical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Murakawa
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nagahiro Minato
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motoko Yanagita
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Carrasco A, Sjölander I, Van Acker A, Dernstedt A, Fehrm J, Forsell M, Friberg D, Mjösberg J, Rao A. The Tonsil Lymphocyte Landscape in Pediatric Tonsil Hyperplasia and Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674080. [PMID: 34745084 PMCID: PMC8570126 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tonsil hyperplasia is the most common cause of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Despite the growing knowledge in tissue immunology of tonsils, the immunopathology driving tonsil hyperplasia and OSA remains unknown. Here we used multi-parametric flow cytometry to analyze the composition and phenotype of tonsillar innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), T cells, and B cells from pediatric patients with OSA, who had previous polysomnography. Unbiased clustering analysis was used to delineate and compare lymphocyte heterogeneity between two patient groups: children with small tonsils and moderate OSA (n = 6) or large tonsils and very severe OSA (n = 13). We detected disturbed ILC and B cell proportions in patients with large tonsils, characterized by an increase in the frequency of naïve CD27-CD21hi B cells and a relative reduction of ILCs. The enrichment of naïve B cells was not commensurate with elevated Ki67 expression, suggesting defective differentiation and/or migration rather than cellular proliferation to be the causative mechanism. Finally, yet importantly, we provide the flow cytometry data to be used as a resource for additional translational studies aimed at investigating the immunological mechanisms of pediatric tonsil hyperplasia and OSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carrasco
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabella Sjölander
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aline Van Acker
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andy Dernstedt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Section of Infection and Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Fehrm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Forsell
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Section of Infection and Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Danielle Friberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Rao
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|