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In Vitro Characteristics of Canine Primary Tracheal Epithelial Cells Maintained at an Air-Liquid Interface Compared to In Vivo Morphology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054987. [PMID: 36902418 PMCID: PMC10003254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Culturing respiratory epithelial cells at an air-liquid interface (ALI) represents an established method for studies on infection or toxicology by the generation of an in vivo-like respiratory tract epithelial cellular layer. Although primary respiratory cells from a variety of animals have been cultured, an in-depth characterization of canine tracheal ALI cultures is lacking despite the fact that canines are a highly relevant animal species susceptible to various respiratory agents, including zoonotic pathogens such as severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this study, canine primary tracheal epithelial cells were cultured under ALI conditions for four weeks, and their development was characterized during the entire culture period. Light and electron microscopy were performed to evaluate cell morphology in correlation with the immunohistological expression profile. The formation of tight junctions was confirmed using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements and immunofluorescence staining for the junctional protein ZO-1. After 21 days of culture at the ALI, a columnar epithelium containing basal, ciliated and goblet cells was seen, resembling native canine tracheal samples. However, cilia formation, goblet cell distribution and epithelial thickness differed significantly from the native tissue. Despite this limitation, tracheal ALI cultures could be used to investigate the pathomorphological interactions of canine respiratory diseases and zoonotic agents.
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2
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Hernandez BJ, Cain MP, Lynch AM, Flores JR, Tuvim MJ, Dickey BF, Chen J. Intermediary Role of Lung Alveolar Type 1 Cells in Epithelial Repair upon Sendai Virus Infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 67:389-401. [PMID: 35679221 PMCID: PMC9447132 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0421oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung epithelium forms the first barrier against respiratory pathogens and noxious chemicals; however, little is known about how more than 90% of this barrier, made of AT1 (alveolar type 1) cells, responds to injury. Using the Sendai virus to model natural infection in mice, we find evidence that AT1 cells have an intermediary role by persisting in areas depleted of AT2 cells, upregulating IFN responsive genes, and receding from invading airway cells. Sendai virus infection mobilizes airway cells to form alveolar SOX2+ (Sry-box 2+) clusters without differentiating into AT1 or AT2 cells. Large AT2 cell-depleted areas remain covered by AT1 cells, which we name "AT2-less regions", and are replaced by SOX2+ clusters spreading both basally and luminally. AT2 cell proliferation and differentiation are largely confined to topologically distal regions and form de novo alveolar surface, with limited contribution to in situ repairs of AT2-less regions. Time-course single-cell RNA sequencing profiling and RNAscope validation suggest enhanced immune responses and altered growth signals in AT1 cells. Our comprehensive spatiotemporal and genomewide study highlights the hitherto unappreciated role of AT1 cells in lung injury-repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda J. Hernandez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and
| | - Margo P. Cain
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and
| | - Anne M. Lynch
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and,Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jose R. Flores
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and
| | - Michael J. Tuvim
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and
| | - Burton F. Dickey
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and
| | - Jichao Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and
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3
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Marzec JM, Nadadur SS. Inflammation resolution in environmental pulmonary health and morbidity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 449:116070. [PMID: 35618031 PMCID: PMC9872158 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and resolution are dynamic processes comprised of inflammatory activation and neutrophil influx, followed by mediator catabolism and efferocytosis. These critical pathways ensure a return to homeostasis and promote repair. Over the past decade research has shown that diverse mediators play a role in the active process of resolution. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), biosynthesized from fatty acids, are released during inflammation to facilitate resolution and are deficient in a variety of lung disorders. Failed resolution results in remodeling and cellular deposition through pro-fibrotic myofibroblast expansion that irreversibly narrows the airways and worsens lung function. Recent studies indicate environmental exposures may perturb and deregulate critical resolution pathways. Environmental xenobiotics induce lung inflammation and generate reactive metabolites that promote oxidative stress, injuring the respiratory mucosa and impairing gas-exchange. This warrants recognition of xenobiotic associated molecular patterns (XAMPs) as new signals in the field of inflammation biology, as many environmental chemicals generate free radicals capable of initiating the inflammatory response. Recent studies suggest that unresolved, persistent inflammation impacts both resolution pathways and endogenous regulatory mediators, compromising lung function, which over time can progress to chronic lung disease. Chronic ozone (O3) exposure overwhelms successful resolution, and in susceptible individuals promotes asthma onset. The industrial contaminant cadmium (Cd) bioaccumulates in the lung to impair resolution, and recurrent inflammation can result in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Persistent particulate matter (PM) exposure increases systemic cardiopulmonary inflammation, which reduces lung function and can exacerbate asthma, COPD, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). While recurrent inflammation underlies environmentally induced pulmonary morbidity and may drive the disease process, our understanding of inflammation resolution in this context is limited. This review aims to explore inflammation resolution biology and its role in chronic environmental lung disease(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqui M Marzec
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Srikanth S Nadadur
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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4
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Cai L, Xu H, Cui Z. Factors Limiting the Translatability of Rodent Model-Based Intranasal Vaccine Research to Humans. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:191. [PMID: 35819736 PMCID: PMC9274968 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intranasal route of vaccination presents an attractive alternative to parenteral routes and offers numerous advantages, such as the induction of both mucosal and systemic immunity, needle-free delivery, and increased patient compliance. Despite demonstrating promising results in preclinical studies, however, few intranasal vaccine candidates progress beyond early clinical trials. This discrepancy likely stems in part from the limited predictive value of rodent models, which are used frequently in intranasal vaccine research. In this review, we explored the factors that limit the translatability of rodent-based intranasal vaccine research to humans, focusing on the differences in anatomy, immunology, and disease pathology between rodents and humans. We also discussed approaches that minimize these differences and examined alternative animal models that would produce more clinically relevant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Cai
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Haiyue Xu
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, 2409 University Ave., A1900, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, 2409 University Ave., A1900, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA.
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5
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Codonopsis laceolata Water Extract Ameliorates Asthma Severity by Inducing Th2 Cells’ and Pulmonary Epithelial Cells’ Apoptosis via NF-κB/COX-2 Pathway. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10071249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is an incurable pulmonary disease with several symptoms, including abnormal breathing, coughing, and sleep apnea, which can lead to death, and the population of asthma patients has been increasing worldwide. There are many adverse effects in current drugs, and thus, we have tried to develop anti-asthmatic agents from natural products such as Codonopsis laceolata. To define the anti-asthmatic effect and the mechanism of Codonopsis laceolata, an animal study was conducted considering different cell counts of BALF, serum IgE levels, morphological changes in the pulmonary system, the Th2 cell transcription factor (GATA-3), and the apoptotic pathway (NF-κB/COX-2). Codonopsis laceolata significantly suppressed the representative asthmatic changes, such as airway remodeling, mucous hypersecretion, epithelial hyperplasia, and inflammatory cell infiltration, in the respiratory system. It suppressed the levels of GATA-3, IL-4, and IL-13. The down-regulation of Th2-related factors, such as GATA-3, IL-4, and IL-13, results from the stimulated apoptosis of Th2 cells and epithelial cells via a decrease in the levels of NF-κB and COX-2. We concluded that Codonopsis laceolata might be a promising anti-asthmatic drug.
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6
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Neutrophil Functional Heterogeneity and Implications for Viral Infections and Treatments. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081322. [PMID: 35456003 PMCID: PMC9025666 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that neutrophils exert specialized effector functions during infection and inflammation, and that these cells can affect the duration, severity, and outcome of the infection. These functions are related to variations in phenotypes that have implications in immunoregulation during viral infections. Although the complexity of the heterogeneity of neutrophils is still in the process of being uncovered, evidence indicates that they display phenotypes and functions that can assist in viral clearance or augment and amplify the immunopathology of viruses. Therefore, deciphering and understanding neutrophil subsets and their polarization in viral infections is of importance. In this review, the different phenotypes of neutrophils and the roles they play in viral infections are discussed. We also examine the possible ways to target neutrophil subsets during viral infections as potential anti-viral treatments.
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Resiliac J, Santoro J, Hussain SRA, Rohlfing M, Grayson MH. Mouse Model of Sendai Virus-Induced Lung Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2506:57-65. [PMID: 35771463 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2364-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sendai virus (SeV), also known as the murine parainfluenza virus 1, is an enveloped negative-sense RNA paramyxovirus from the family Paramyxoviridae and genus Respirovirus. The virus was named after Sendai, city in Japan, where it was first isolated (Kuroya, Ishida, Yokohama Med Bull 4:217-233, 1953). Antigenically, SeV is closely related to human parainfluenza viruses 1 and 3. SeV is pneumotropic and naturally infects the respiratory tract of rodents. At the proper inoculum (2 × 105 pfu), SeV causes infection that is limited to the airway mucosa and inflammation mainly restricted to bronchiolar tissues as seen in asthma pathogenesis models using C57BL/6 wild-type mice (Walter et al, J Clin Invest 110:165-175, 2002). We utilize SeV to explore the mechanism(s) by which a respiratory viral infection translates into postviral airway disease in mice. This chapter primarily describes the protocols we use to infect mice in vivo, assay viral replication, and assess outcomes in the lungs of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Resiliac
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Santoro
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Syed-Rehan A Hussain
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michelle Rohlfing
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mitchell H Grayson
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
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8
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Asthma reduces glioma formation by T cell decorin-mediated inhibition of microglia. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7122. [PMID: 34880260 PMCID: PMC8654836 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the reduced incidence of brain tumors in children with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and asthma, we leverage Nf1 optic pathway glioma (Nf1OPG) mice, human and mouse RNAseq data, and two different experimental asthma models. Following ovalbumin or house dust mite asthma induction at 4-6 weeks of age (WOA), Nf1OPG mouse optic nerve volumes and proliferation are decreased at 12 and 24 WOA, indicating no tumor development. This inhibition is accompanied by reduced expression of the microglia-produced optic glioma mitogen, Ccl5. Human and murine T cell transcriptome analyses reveal that inhibition of microglia Ccl5 production results from increased T cell expression of decorin, which blocks Ccl4-mediated microglia Ccl5 expression through reduced microglia NFκB signaling. Decorin or NFκB inhibitor treatment of Nf1OPG mice at 4-6 WOA inhibits tumor formation at 12 WOA, thus establishing a potential mechanistic etiology for the attenuated glioma incidence observed in children with asthma.
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9
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Tan C, Zheng X, Sun F, He J, Shi H, Chen M, Tu C, Huang Y, Wang Z, Liang Y, Wu J, Liu Y, Liu J, Huang J. Hypersensitivity may be involved in severe COVID-19. Clin Exp Allergy 2021; 52:324-333. [PMID: 34570395 PMCID: PMC8652637 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Deaths attributed to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) are mainly due to severe hypoxemic respiratory failure. Although the inflammatory storm has been considered the main pathogenesis of severe COVID‐19, hypersensitivity may be another important mechanism involved in severe cases, which have a perfect response to corticosteroids (CS). Method We detected the serum level of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2–spike S1 protein‐specific IgE (SP‐IgE) and anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid protein‐specific IgE (NP‐IgE) in COVID‐19. Correlation of levels of specific IgE and clinical severity were analysed. Pulmonary function test and bronchial provocation test were conducted in early convalescence of COVID‐19. We also obtained histological samples via endoscopy to detect the evidence of mast cell activation. Result The levels of serum SP‐IgE and NP‐IgE were significantly higher in severe cases, and were correlated with the total lung severity scores (TLSS) and the PaO2/FiO2 ratio. Nucleocapsid protein could be detected in both airway and intestinal tissues, which was stained positive together with activated mast cells, binded with IgE. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) exists in the early convalescence of COVID‐19. After the application of CS in severe COVID‐19, SP‐IgE and NP‐IgE decreased, but maintained at a high level. Conclusion Hypersensitivity may be involved in severe COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyan Tan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaobin Zheng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Fengfei Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jianzhong He
- Department of Pathology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Honglei Shi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Meizhu Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Changli Tu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yiying Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhenguo Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yingjian Liang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
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10
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Goldblatt DL, Flores JR, Valverde Ha G, Jaramillo AM, Tkachman S, Kirkpatrick CT, Wali S, Hernandez B, Ost DE, Scott BL, Chen J, Evans SE, Tuvim MJ, Dickey BF. Inducible epithelial resistance against acute Sendai virus infection prevents chronic asthma-like lung disease in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2256-2273. [PMID: 31968123 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Respiratory viral infections play central roles in the initiation, exacerbation and progression of asthma in humans. An acute paramyxoviral infection in mice can cause a chronic lung disease that resembles human asthma. We sought to determine whether reduction of Sendai virus lung burden in mice by stimulating innate immunity with aerosolized Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists could attenuate the severity of chronic asthma-like lung disease. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice were treated by aerosol with 1-μM oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) M362, an agonist of the TLR9 homodimer, and 4-μM Pam2CSK4 (Pam2), an agonist of the TLR2/6 heterodimer, within a few days before or after Sendai virus challenge. KEY RESULTS Treatment with ODN/Pam2 caused ~75% reduction in lung Sendai virus burden 5 days after challenge. The reduction in acute lung virus burden was associated with marked reductions 49 days after viral challenge in eosinophilic and lymphocytic lung inflammation, airway mucous metaplasia, lumenal mucus occlusion and hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. Mechanistically, ODN/Pam2 treatment attenuated the chronic asthma phenotype by suppressing IL-33 production by type 2 pneumocytes, both by reducing the severity of acute infection and by down-regulating Type 2 (allergic) inflammation. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These data suggest that treatment of susceptible human hosts with aerosolized ODN and Pam2 at the time of a respiratory viral infection might attenuate the severity of the acute infection and reduce initiation, exacerbation and progression of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Goldblatt
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jose R Flores
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gabriella Valverde Ha
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ana M Jaramillo
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sofya Tkachman
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carson T Kirkpatrick
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shradha Wali
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Belinda Hernandez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David E Ost
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Jichao Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott E Evans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Tuvim
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Burton F Dickey
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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11
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Epithelial-Immune Cell Interactions for Drug Discovery in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2019; 15:S260-S265. [PMID: 30759005 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201808-531mg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New studies of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are revealing the key role of airway epithelial cells and innate immune cells in the initiation, exacerbation, and progression of airway disease. An emerging scheme focuses on expansion of airway progenitor epithelial cells that feed forward for a type 2 immune response and consequent IL-13-driven mucus production that is linked to the morbidity and mortality of COPD. Analysis of human airway progenitor epithelial cells and airway tissue shows that IL-13 signaling to MUC5AC mucin gene expression relies on specific activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase 13, providing a druggable target for attenuating mucus production in the setting of viral infection and other inhaled stimuli of airway inflammation. Moreover, structure-based drug design is delivering highly potent, selective, and nontoxic small-molecule kinase inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 that offer a therapeutic strategy to downregulate excess mucus production to a physiological level and thereby achieve a precision medicine solution to the major health care problem of COPD and related airway diseases.
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12
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Britto CJ, Cohn L. Escalating Mucus Inhibition to the Top of Our Priorities. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 61:275-276. [PMID: 31063695 PMCID: PMC6839933 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0143ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Clemente J Britto
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineYale School of MedicineNew Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lauren Cohn
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineYale School of MedicineNew Haven, Connecticut
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13
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Feehan KT, Gilroy DW. Is Resolution the End of Inflammation? Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:198-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Han M, Rajput C, Ishikawa T, Jarman CR, Lee J, Hershenson MB. Small Animal Models of Respiratory Viral Infection Related to Asthma. Viruses 2018; 10:E682. [PMID: 30513770 PMCID: PMC6316391 DOI: 10.3390/v10120682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are strongly associated with asthma exacerbations. Rhinovirus is most frequently-detected pathogen; followed by respiratory syncytial virus; metapneumovirus; parainfluenza virus; enterovirus and coronavirus. In addition; viral infection; in combination with genetics; allergen exposure; microbiome and other pathogens; may play a role in asthma development. In particular; asthma development has been linked to wheezing-associated respiratory viral infections in early life. To understand underlying mechanisms of viral-induced airways disease; investigators have studied respiratory viral infections in small animals. This report reviews animal models of human respiratory viral infection employing mice; rats; guinea pigs; hamsters and ferrets. Investigators have modeled asthma exacerbations by infecting mice with allergic airways disease. Asthma development has been modeled by administration of virus to immature animals. Small animal models of respiratory viral infection will identify cell and molecular targets for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Han
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Charu Rajput
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Tomoko Ishikawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Caitlin R Jarman
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Julie Lee
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Marc B Hershenson
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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15
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Hussain SRA, Mejias A, Ramilo O, Peeples ME, Grayson MH. Post-viral atopic airway disease: pathogenesis and potential avenues for intervention. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2018; 15:49-58. [PMID: 30370798 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1541737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In early childhood, wheezing due to lower respiratory tract illness is often associated with infection by commonly known respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus (RV). How respiratory viral infections lead to wheeze and/or asthma is an area of active research. Areas covered: This review provides an updated summary of the published information on the development of post-viral induced atopy and asthma and the mechanisms involved. We focus on the contribution of animal models in identifying pathways that may contribute to atopy and asthma following respiratory virus infection, different polymorphisms that have been associated with asthma development, and current options for disease management and potential future interventions. Expert commentary: Currently there are no prophylactic therapies that prevent infants infected with respiratory viruses from developing asthma or atopy. Neither are there curative therapies for patients with asthma. Therefore, a better understanding of genetic factors and other associated biomarkers in respiratory viral induced pathogenesis is important for developing effective personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed-Rehan A Hussain
- a Division of Allergy and Immunology , Nationwide Children's Hospital - The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA.,b Center for Clinical and Translational Research , Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus , OH , USA.,c Department of Pediatrics , The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- c Department of Pediatrics , The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA.,d Division of Infectious Diseases , Nationwide Children's Hospital - The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA.,e Center for Vaccines and Immunity , Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- c Department of Pediatrics , The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA.,d Division of Infectious Diseases , Nationwide Children's Hospital - The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA.,e Center for Vaccines and Immunity , Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Mark E Peeples
- c Department of Pediatrics , The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA.,e Center for Vaccines and Immunity , Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Mitchell H Grayson
- a Division of Allergy and Immunology , Nationwide Children's Hospital - The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA.,b Center for Clinical and Translational Research , Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus , OH , USA.,c Department of Pediatrics , The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA
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16
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New-Onset Asthma in Adults: What Does the Trigger History Tell Us? THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2018; 7:898-905.e1. [PMID: 30240884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult-onset asthma is an important asthma phenotype and, in contrast to childhood asthma, is often associated with specific triggers of onset. It is unknown whether these triggers correspond with specific phenotypic characteristics or predict a specific asthma outcome. OBJECTIVE To compare clinical, functional, and inflammatory characteristics between patients with different triggers of asthma onset, and relate these triggers to asthma outcome. METHODS Two hundred adults with recently diagnosed (<1 year) asthma were prospectively followed for 5 years. The trigger of asthma onset was patient reported and defined by the question: "What, in your opinion, elicited your asthma?" Asthma remission was defined as no asthma symptoms and no asthma medication use for ≥1 year. Kruskal-Wallis and Fisher's exact test were used to compare categories containing >10 patients. RESULTS Ten categories of triggers were identified, of which 5 contained >10 patients. Clinical and inflammatory characteristics and remission rates differed significantly between categories. "New allergic sensitization" (11%) was associated with mild atopic asthma and a relatively young age at onset; "pneumonia" (8%) with previous smoking, low IgE, and the highest remission rates (one third); "upper respiratory symptoms" (22%) with high exhaled NO and eosinophilia; "no trigger identified" (38%) did not show any specific characteristics; and "stressful life event" (7%) with high medication usage, low type 2 markers, and no disease remission. CONCLUSIONS Patients with adult-onset asthma can be characterized by the trigger that seemingly incited their asthma. These triggers might represent underlying mechanisms and may be important to phenotype patients and predict disease outcome.
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17
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Grayson MH, Camarda LE, Hussain SRA, Zemple SJ, Hayward M, Lam V, Hunter DA, Santoro JL, Rohlfing M, Cheung DS, Salzman NH. Intestinal Microbiota Disruption Reduces Regulatory T Cells and Increases Respiratory Viral Infection Mortality Through Increased IFNγ Production. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1587. [PMID: 30042764 PMCID: PMC6048222 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in gastrointestinal microbiota indirectly modulate the risk of atopic disease, but effects on respiratory viral infections are less clear. Using the murine paramyxoviral virus type 1, Sendai virus (SeV), we examined the effect of altering gastrointestinal microbiota on the pulmonary antiviral immune response. C57BL6 mice were treated with streptomycin before or during infection with SeV and resulting immune response studied. Ingestion of the non-absorbable antibiotic streptomycin led to a marked reduction in intestinal microbial diversity without a significant effect on lung microbiota. Reduction in diversity in the gastrointestinal tract was followed by greatly increased mortality to respiratory viral infection (p < 0.0001). This increase in mortality was associated with a dysregulated immune response characterized by decreased lung (p = 0.01) and intestinal (p = 0.03) regulatory T cells (Tregs), and increased lung IFNγ (p = 0.049), IL-6 (p = 0.015), and CCL2 (p = 0.037). Adoptive transfer of Treg cells or neutralization of IFNγ prevented increased mortality. Furthermore, Lin-CD4+ cells appeared to be a potential source of the increased IFNγ. Together, these results demonstrate gastrointestinal microbiota modulate immune responses at distant mucosal sites and have the ability to significantly impact mortality in response to a respiratory viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell H Grayson
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Division of Allergy and Immunology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lauren E Camarda
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Syed-Rehan A Hussain
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sarah J Zemple
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Michael Hayward
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Vy Lam
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Desiré A Hunter
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Jennifer L Santoro
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Division of Allergy and Immunology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Michelle Rohlfing
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Division of Allergy and Immunology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Dorothy S Cheung
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Nita H Salzman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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18
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Ehlers A, Xie W, Agapov E, Brown S, Steinberg D, Tidwell R, Sajol G, Schutz R, Weaver R, Yu H, Castro M, Bacharier LB, Wang X, Holtzman MJ, Haspel JA. BMAL1 links the circadian clock to viral airway pathology and asthma phenotypes. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:97-111. [PMID: 28401936 PMCID: PMC5638664 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Patients with asthma experience circadian variations in their symptoms. However it remains unclear how specific aspects of this common airway disease relate to clock genes, which are critical to the generation of circadian rhythms in mammals. Here, we used a viral model of acute and chronic airway disease to examine how circadian clock disruption affects asthmatic lung phenotypes. Deletion of the core clock gene bmal1 or environmental disruption of circadian function by jet lag exacerbated acute viral bronchiolitis caused by Sendai virus (SeV) and influenza A virus in mice. Post-natal deletion of bmal1 was sufficient to trigger increased SeV susceptibility and correlated with impaired control of viral replication. Importantly, bmal1-/- mice developed much more extensive asthma-like airway changes post infection, including mucus production and increased airway resistance. In human airway samples from two asthma cohorts, we observed altered expression patterns of multiple clock genes. Our results suggest a role for bmal1 in the development of asthmatic airway disease via the regulation of lung antiviral responses to common viral triggers of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ehlers
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110. USA
| | - Wenfang Xie
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110. USA
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Airport Road, Guangzhou, 510405, P.R. China
| | - Eugene Agapov
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110. USA
| | - Samuel Brown
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110. USA
| | - Deborah Steinberg
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110. USA
| | - Rose Tidwell
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110. USA
| | - Geneline Sajol
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110. USA
| | - Rebecca Schutz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110. USA
| | - Rachel Weaver
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110. USA
| | - Huixi Yu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110. USA
| | - Mario Castro
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110. USA
| | - Leonard B. Bacharier
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110. USA
| | - Xinhua Wang
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Airport Road, Guangzhou, 510405, P.R. China
| | - Michael J. Holtzman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110. USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Haspel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110. USA
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19
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Reid AT, Veerati PC, Gosens R, Bartlett NW, Wark PA, Grainge CL, Stick SM, Kicic A, Moheimani F, Hansbro PM, Knight DA. Persistent induction of goblet cell differentiation in the airways: Therapeutic approaches. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 185:155-169. [PMID: 29287707 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated induction of goblet cell differentiation results in excessive production and retention of mucus and is a common feature of several chronic airways diseases. To date, therapeutic strategies to reduce mucus accumulation have focused primarily on altering the properties of the mucus itself, or have aimed to limit the production of mucus-stimulating cytokines. Here we review the current knowledge of key molecular pathways that are dysregulated during persistent goblet cell differentiation and highlights both pre-existing and novel therapeutic strategies to combat this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Reid
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Punnam Chander Veerati
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nathan W Bartlett
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter A Wark
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chris L Grainge
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen M Stick
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth 6001, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth 6001, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Occupation and Environment, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Moheimani
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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20
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Borish L. The immunology of asthma: Asthma phenotypes and their implications for personalized treatment. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017; 117:108-14. [PMID: 27499537 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review current thinking regarding the role of personalized phenotype-driven as opposed to broad guideline-based therapies in asthma and to speculate on the relative contributions of innate (lung) and adaptive (T and B lymphocyte) roles in asthma pathogenesis. DATA SOURCES PubMed literature review. STUDY SELECTIONS Articles pertaining to asthma pathogenesis, with emphasis on those that included biotherapeutic interventions. RESULTS Current methods allow asthma to be divided into phenotypes characterized by the presence or absence of eosinophilic inflammation. Corticosteroids are likely to be only effective in the context of eosinophilic inflammation. Similarly, interventions with biotherapeutic agents currently available or in development have efficacious only when administered to patients with asthma of relevant phenotypes. CONCLUSION The availability of biotherapeutic agents that target IgE, interleukin (IL) 5, and, in the near future, IL-13 is an exciting vindication of molecular medicine. However, these biotherapeutic agents are only effective when targeted to patients with specific asthma phenotypes. In Promising biotherapeutic targets are the airway epithelial-derived cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Targeting these lung epithelial-derived mediators, instead of products of the adaptive immune system, may be more likely to improve day-to-day asthma symptoms in contrast to agents that target the adaptive immune system, approaches that primarily act to ameliorate asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Borish
- Asthma and Allergic Disease Center, Carter Immunology Center, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia.
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21
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Buelow BJ, Rohlfing M, Jung F, Douglas GJ, Grayson MH. POL7085 or anti-CCL28 treatment inhibits development of post-paramyxoviral airway disease. Immun Inflamm Dis 2017; 5:98-108. [PMID: 28474501 PMCID: PMC5418136 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma is major health burden throughout the world, and there are no therapies that have been shown to be able to prevent the development of disease. A severe respiratory paramyxoviral infection early in life has been demonstrated to greatly increase the risk of developing asthma. We have a mouse model of a severe respiratory paramyxoviral infection (Sendai virus, SeV) that mimics human disease, and requires early expression of the cytokine CCL28 to drive the development of post-viral airway disease. The known receptors for CCL28 are CCR3 and CCR10. However, it is not known if blockade of these receptors will prevent the development of post-viral airway disease. The objective of this study was to determine if treatment with a protein epitope mimetic antagonist of CCR10, POL7085, will provide sufficient protection against the development of post-viral airway disease. METHODS C57BL6 mice were inoculated with SeV or UV inactivated SeV. From day 3-19 post inoculation (PI), mice were subcutaneously administered daily POL7085 or saline, or every other day anti-CCL28 mAb. On days 8, 10, and 12 PI bronchoalveolar cytokines, serum IgE, and lung cellular constituents were measured. At day 21 PI airway hyper-reactivity to methacholine and mucous cell metaplasia was measured. RESULTS Treatment with either anti-CCL28 or POL7085 significantly reduced development of airway hyper-reactivity and mucous cell metaplasia following SeV infection. The prevention of post-viral airway disease was associated with early reductions in innate immune cells, but did not appear to be due to a reduction in IL-13 or IgE. CONCLUSIONS Blockade of CCL28 or CCR10 during an acute severe respiratory paramyxoviral infection is sufficient to prevent the development of post-viral airway disease. However, the mechanism of action is unclear and requires further exploration.
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22
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Thiriou D, Morianos I, Xanthou G, Samitas K. Innate immunity as the orchestrator of allergic airway inflammation and resolution in asthma. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 48:43-54. [PMID: 28463786 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory system is constantly in direct contact with the environment and, has therefore, developed strong innate and adaptive immune responses to combat pathogens. Unlike adaptive immunity which is mounted later in the course of the immune response and is naive at the outset, innate immunity provides the first line of defense against microbial agents, while also promoting resolution of inflammation. In the airways, innate immune effector cells mainly consist of eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells, basophils, macrophages/monocytes, dendritic cells and innate lymphoid cells, which attack pathogens directly or indirectly through the release of inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides, and coordinate T and B cell-mediated adaptive immunity. Airway epithelial cells are also critically involved in shaping both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response. Chronic allergic airway inflammation and linked asthmatic disease is often considered a result of aberrant activation of type 2 T helper cells (Th2) towards innocuous environmental allergens; however, innate immune cells are increasingly recognized as key players responsible for the initiation and the perpetuation of allergic responses. Moreover, innate cells participate in immune response regulation through the release of anti-inflammatory mediators, and guide tissue repair and the maintenance of airway homeostasis. The scope of this review is to outline existing knowledge on innate immune responses involved in allergic airway inflammation, highlight current gaps in our understanding of the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms and discuss the potential use of innate effector cells in new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Thiriou
- 2(nd) Respiratory Medicine Dept., Athens Chest Hospital "Sotiria", Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Morianos
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Division of Cell Biology, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Greece
| | - Georgina Xanthou
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Division of Cell Biology, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Samitas
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Division of Cell Biology, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Greece; 7(th) Respiratory Medicine Dept. and Asthma Center, Athens Chest Hospital "Sotiria", Athens, Greece.
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23
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Impacts of allergic airway inflammation on lung pathology in a mouse model of influenza A virus infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173008. [PMID: 28245238 PMCID: PMC5330494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus is the respiratory pathogen responsible for influenza. Infection by the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus caused severe lower airway inflammation and pneumonia. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that affects the entire brachial tree, and was one of the commonest underlying medical conditions among patients hospitalized with the 2009 pandemic influenza virus infection. Although respiratory virus infections are the major causes of asthma exacerbation, the mechanism by which influenza exacerbates asthma is poorly understood. Animal models of disease comorbidity are crucial to understanding host-pathogen interactions and elucidating complex pathologies. Existing murine models of influenza virus infection in asthmatics show that asthmatic mice are highly resistant to influenza virus infection, which contradicts clinical observations in humans. Here, we developed a murine model of influenza virus/asthma comorbidity using NC/Nga mice, which are highly sensitive to allergic reactions such as atopic dermatitis and allergic airway inflammation. This model was then used to examine the impact of allergic airway inflammation on lung pathology in the 2009 pandemic influenza virus infected mice. The results showed that induction of acute allergic airway inflammation in pre-existing influenza virus infection had additive effects on exacerbation of lung pathology, which mirrors findings in human epidemiological studies. In contrast, pre-existing allergic airway inflammation protected from subsequent influenza virus infection, which was compatible with those of previous murine models of influenza virus infection in asthmatic mice. These variable outcomes of this murine model indicate that the temporal relation between allergic airway inflammation and influenza virus infection might play a critical role in asthma and influenza comorbidity. Thus, this murine model will further our understanding of how influenza virus infection affects an asthmatic host and may aid the development of strategies to improve treatments and outcomes for asthmatics harboring influenza virus infection.
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Akk A, Springer LE, Pham CTN. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Enhance Early Inflammatory Response in Sendai Virus-Induced Asthma Phenotype. Front Immunol 2016; 7:325. [PMID: 27617014 PMCID: PMC4999646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviral infection in childhood has been linked to a significant increased rate of asthma development. In mice, paramyxoviral infection with the mouse parainfluenza virus type I, Sendai virus (Sev), causes a limited bronchiolitis followed by persistent asthma traits. We have previously shown that the absence of cysteine protease dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI) dampened the acute lung inflammatory response and the subsequent asthma phenotype induced by Sev. Adoptive transfer of wild-type neutrophils into DPPI-deficient mice restored leukocyte influx, the acute cytokine response, and the subsequent mucous cell metaplasia that accompanied Sev-induced asthma phenotype. However, the exact mechanism by which DPPI-sufficient neutrophils promote asthma development following Sev infection is still unknown. We hypothesize that neutrophils recruited to the alveolar space following Sev infection elaborate neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that propagate the inflammatory cascade, culminating in the eventual asthma phenotype. Indeed, we found that Sev infection was associated with NET formation in the lung and release of cell-free DNA complexed to myeloperoxidase in the alveolar space and plasma that peaked on day 2 post infection. Absence of DPPI significantly attenuated Sev-induced NET formation in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, concomitant administration of DNase 1, which dismantled NETs, or inhibition of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), an essential mediator of NET formation, suppressed the early inflammatory responses to Sev infection. Lastly, NETs primed bone marrow-derived cells to release cytokines that can amplify the inflammatory cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Akk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine , Saint Louis, MO , USA
| | - Luke E Springer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine , Saint Louis, MO , USA
| | - Christine T N Pham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine , Saint Louis, MO , USA
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Nathan
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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26
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Linking acute infection to chronic lung disease. The role of IL-33-expressing epithelial progenitor cells. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2015; 11 Suppl 5:S287-91. [PMID: 25525734 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201402-056aw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infection is a common feature of the major human airway diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but the precise link between acute infection and chronic lung disease is still undefined. In a mouse model of this process, parainfluenza virus infection is followed by long-term induction of IL-33 expression and release and in turn innate immune cell generation of IL-13 and consequent airway disease signified by excess mucus formation. IL-33 induction was traceable to a subset of secretoglobin-positive airway epithelial cells linked to progenitor/stem cell function. In corresponding studies of humans with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, an increase in IL-33 production was also detected in concert with up-regulation of IL-13 and airway mucus formation. In this case, increased IL-33 production was localized to a subset of airway basal cells that maintain an endogenous capacity for increased pluripotency and ATP-regulated release of IL-33 even ex vivo. The results provide evidence of a sustainable epithelial cell population that may be activated by environmental danger signals to release IL-33 and thereby lead to IL-13-dependent disease. The progenitor nature of this IL-33-expressing ATP-responsive cell population could explain an acquired susceptibility to chronic airway disease. The findings may therefore provide a new paradigm to explain the role of viral infection and the innate immune system in chronic lung disease based on the influence of long-term epithelial progenitor cells programmed for excess IL-33 production. Further studies are needed to address the basis for this type of postviral reprogramming and the means to correct it and thereby restore airway mucosal immune function to normal.
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27
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Leeming GH, Kipar A, Hughes DJ, Bingle L, Bennett E, Moyo NA, Tripp RA, Bigley AL, Bingle CD, Sample JT, Stewart JP. Gammaherpesvirus infection modulates the temporal and spatial expression of SCGB1A1 (CCSP) and BPIFA1 (SPLUNC1) in the respiratory tract. J Transl Med 2015; 95:610-24. [PMID: 25531566 PMCID: PMC4450743 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine γ-herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) infection of Mus musculus-derived strains of mice is an established model of γ-herpesvirus infection. We have previously developed an alternative system using a natural host, the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus), and shown that the MHV-68 M3 chemokine-binding protein contributes significantly to MHV-68 pathogenesis. Here we demonstrate in A. sylvaticus using high-density micro-arrays that M3 influences the expression of genes involved in the host response including Scgb1a1 and Bpifa1 that encode potential innate defense proteins secreted into the respiratory tract. Further analysis of MHV-68-infected animals showed that the levels of both protein and RNA for SCGB1A1 and BPIFA1 were decreased at day 7 post infection (p.i.) but increased at day 14 p.i. as compared with M3-deficient and mock-infected animals. The modulation of expression was most pronounced in bronchioles but was also present in the bronchi and trachea. Double staining using RNA in situ hybridization and immunohistology demonstrated that much of the BPIFA1 expression occurs in club cells along with SCGB1A1 and that BPIFA1 is stored within granules in these cells. The increase in SCGB1A1 and BPIFA1 expression at day 14 p.i. was associated with the differentiation of club cells into mucus-secreting cells. Our data highlight the role of club cells and the potential of SCGB1A1 and BPIFA1 as innate defense mediators during respiratory virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail H Leeming
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK,Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anja Kipar
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK,Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK,Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David J Hughes
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lynne Bingle
- Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Elaine Bennett
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nathifa A Moyo
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alison L Bigley
- Investigative and Translational Pathology, AstraZeneca, R&D Innovative Medicines, Global Safety Assessment, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Colin D Bingle
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jeffery T Sample
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James P Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK,Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK. E-mail:
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Wu K, Byers DE, Jin X, Agapov E, Alexander-Brett J, Patel AC, Cella M, Gilfilan S, Colonna M, Kober DL, Brett TJ, Holtzman MJ. TREM-2 promotes macrophage survival and lung disease after respiratory viral infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:681-97. [PMID: 25897174 PMCID: PMC4419356 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Wu et al. use a mouse model to show that active respiratory viral infection triggers TREM-2 expression on the macrophage cell surface and thereby prevents macrophage apoptosis during the acute illness. In addition, long after viral clearance, IL-13 and DAP12 promote TREM-2 cleavage to its soluble form that unexpectedly also enhances macrophage survival and promotes chronic inflammatory disease. Viral infections and type 2 immune responses are thought to be critical for the development of chronic respiratory disease, but the link between these events needs to be better defined. Here, we study a mouse model in which infection with a mouse parainfluenza virus known as Sendai virus (SeV) leads to long-term activation of innate immune cells that drive IL-13–dependent lung disease. We find that chronic postviral disease (signified by formation of excess airway mucus and accumulation of M2-differentiating lung macrophages) requires macrophage expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM-2). Analysis of mechanism shows that viral replication increases lung macrophage levels of intracellular and cell surface TREM-2, and this action prevents macrophage apoptosis that would otherwise occur during the acute illness (5–12 d after inoculation). However, the largest increases in TREM-2 levels are found as the soluble form (sTREM-2) long after clearance of infection (49 d after inoculation). At this time, IL-13 and the adapter protein DAP12 promote TREM-2 cleavage to sTREM-2 that is unexpectedly active in preventing macrophage apoptosis. The results thereby define an unprecedented mechanism for a feed-forward expansion of lung macrophages (with IL-13 production and consequent M2 differentiation) that further explains how acute infection leads to chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangyun Wu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Derek E Byers
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Xiaohua Jin
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Eugene Agapov
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jennifer Alexander-Brett
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Anand C Patel
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Marina Cella
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Susan Gilfilan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Marco Colonna
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Daniel L Kober
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Tom J Brett
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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Abstract
The airway epithelial cell barrier serves as the main site of replication for most of the common respiratory viruses and is thereby the first line of defense against these viruses. Host epithelial cells are specially enriched for pattern recognition receptors that activate immune response genes to limit viral replication. A prominently expressed set of these genes encodes cytokines that orchestrate key aspects of host defense, such as recruitment of immune cells and repair of epithelial cell damage. Under some circumstances, airway epithelial cells may be programmed to release cytokines (notably IL-33) that activate a type 2 immune response, which in excess might contribute to the development of chronic obstructive lung disease. Moreover, long-term epithelial progenitor cells with this capability may explain an ongoing susceptibility to lung disease in response to acute respiratory infection or other types of inhaled danger signals. The mucosal airway epithelial cell can thereby mediate a beneficial response for host defense and a detrimental response leading to inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. E. Gern
- Pediatrics and Medicine; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
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Patel DA, You Y, Huang G, Byers DE, Kim HJ, Agapov E, Moore ML, Peebles RS, Castro M, Sumino K, Shifren A, Brody SL, Holtzman MJ. Interferon response and respiratory virus control are preserved in bronchial epithelial cells in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:1402-1412.e7. [PMID: 25216987 PMCID: PMC4261010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some investigators find a deficiency in IFN production from airway epithelial cells infected with human rhinovirus in asthma, but whether this abnormality occurs with other respiratory viruses is uncertain. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of influenza A virus (IAV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection on IFN production and viral level in human bronchial epithelial cells (hBECs) from subjects with and without asthma. METHODS Primary-culture hBECs from subjects with mild to severe asthma (n = 11) and controls without asthma (hBECs; n = 7) were infected with live or ultraviolet-inactivated IAV (WS/33 strain), RSV (Long strain), or RSV (A/2001/2-20 strain) with multiplicity of infection 0.01 to 1. Levels of virus along with IFN-β and IFN-λ and IFN-stimulated gene expression (tracked by 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 and myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1 mRNA) were determined up to 72 hours postinoculation. RESULTS After IAV infection, viral levels were increased 2-fold in hBECs from asthmatic subjects compared with nonasthmatic control subjects (P < .05) and this increase occurred in concert with increased IFN-λ1 levels and no significant difference in IFNB1, 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, or myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1mRNA levels. After RSV infections, viral levels were not significantly increased in hBECs from asthmatic versus nonasthmatic subjects and the only significant difference between groups was a decrease in IFN-λ levels (P < .05) that correlated with a decrease in viral titer. All these differences were found only at isolated time points and were not sustained throughout the 72-hour infection period. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that IAV and RSV control and IFN response to these viruses in airway epithelial cells is remarkably similar between subjects with and without asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhara A. Patel
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Yingjian You
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Guangming Huang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Derek E. Byers
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Hyun Jik Kim
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Eugene Agapov
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Martin L. Moore
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - R. Stokes Peebles
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Mario Castro
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kaharu Sumino
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Adrian Shifren
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Steven L. Brody
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Michael J. Holtzman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Hines EA, Szakaly RJ, Leng N, Webster AT, Verheyden JM, Lashua AJ, Kendziorski C, Rosenthal LA, Gern JE, Sorkness RL, Sun X, Lemanske RF. Comparison of temporal transcriptomic profiles from immature lungs of two rat strains reveals a viral response signature associated with chronic lung dysfunction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112997. [PMID: 25437859 PMCID: PMC4249857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life respiratory viral infections and atopic characteristics are significant risk factors for the development of childhood asthma. It is hypothesized that repeated respiratory viral infections might induce structural remodeling by interfering with the normal process of lung maturation; however, the specific molecular processes that underlie these pathological changes are not understood. To investigate the molecular basis for these changes, we used an established Sendai virus infection model in weanling rats to compare the post-infection transcriptomes of an atopic asthma susceptible strain, Brown Norway, and a non-atopic asthma resistant strain, Fischer 344. Specific to this weanling infection model and not described in adult infection models, Sendai virus in the susceptible, but not the resistant strain, results in morphological abnormalities in distal airways that persist into adulthood. Gene expression data from infected and control lungs across five time points indicated that specific features of the immune response following viral infection were heightened and prolonged in lungs from Brown Norway rats compared with Fischer 344 rats. These features included an increase in macrophage cell number and related gene expression, which then transitioned to an increase in mast cell number and related gene expression. In contrast, infected Fischer F344 lungs exhibited more efficient restoration of the airway epithelial morphology, with transient appearance of basal cell pods near distal airways. Together, these findings indicate that the pronounced macrophage and mast cell responses and abnormal re-epithelialization precede the structural defects that developed and persisted in Brown Norway, but not Fischer 344 lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Hines
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Renee J. Szakaly
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ning Leng
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Anais T. Webster
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jamie M. Verheyden
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Amber J. Lashua
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christina Kendziorski
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Louis A. Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - James E. Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ronald L. Sorkness
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Xin Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XS); (RFL)
| | - Robert F. Lemanske
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XS); (RFL)
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34
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Elmore SA, Cora MC, Gruebbel MM, Hayes SA, Hoane JS, Koizumi H, Peters R, Rosol TJ, Singh BP, Szabo KA. Proceedings of the 2014 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 43:10-40. [PMID: 25385331 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314555526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The 2014 annual National Toxicology Program (NTP) Satellite Symposium, entitled "Pathology Potpourri" was held in Washington, D.C., in advance of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology's 33rd annual meeting. The goal of this annual NTP Symposium is to present current diagnostic pathology or nomenclature issues to the toxicologic pathology community. This article presents summaries of the speakers' presentations, including diagnostic or nomenclature issues that were presented, along with select images that were used for audience voting and discussion. Some lesions and topics covered during the symposium included a pulmonary mucinous adenocarcinoma in a male B6C3F1 mouse; plexiform vasculopathy in Wistar Han (Crl:WI[Han]) rats; staging of the estrous cycle in rats and mice; peri-islet fibrosis, hemorrhage, lobular atrophy and inflammation in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats; retinal dysplasia in Crl:WI[Han] rats and B6C3F1 mice; multicentric lymphoma with intravascular microemboli and tumor lysis syndrome, and 2 cases of myopathy and vascular anomaly in Tg.rasH2 mice; benign thymomas in Crl:WI[Han] rats; angiomatous lesions in the mesenteric lymph nodes of Crl:WI[Han] rats; an unusual foveal lesion in a cynomolgous monkey; and finally a series of nomenclatures challenges from the endocrine International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND) Organ Working Group (OWG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michelle C Cora
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margarita M Gruebbel
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Schantel A Hayes
- Charles River Laboratories, Pathology Associates, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica S Hoane
- Charles River Laboratories, Pathology Associates, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Rachel Peters
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Bhanu P Singh
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathleen A Szabo
- Charles River Laboratories, Pathology Associates, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Holtzman MJ, Byers DE, Alexander-Brett J, Wang X. The role of airway epithelial cells and innate immune cells in chronic respiratory disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:686-98. [PMID: 25234144 PMCID: PMC4782595 DOI: 10.1038/nri3739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An abnormal immune response to environmental agents is generally thought to be responsible for causing chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Based on studies of experimental models and human subjects, there is increasing evidence that the response of the innate immune system is crucial for the development of this type of airway disease. Airway epithelial cells and innate immune cells represent key components of the pathogenesis of chronic airway disease and are emerging targets for new therapies. In this Review, we summarize the innate immune mechanisms by which airway epithelial cells and innate immune cells regulate the development of chronic respiratory diseases. We also explain how these pathways are being targeted in the clinic to treat patients with these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Holtzman
- 1] Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. [2] Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Derek E Byers
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Jennifer Alexander-Brett
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Wang T, Moreno-Vinasco L, Ma SF, Zhou T, Shimizu Y, Sammani S, Epshtein Y, Watterson DM, Dudek SM, Garcia JGN. Nonmuscle myosin light chain kinase regulates murine asthmatic inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:1129-35. [PMID: 24428690 PMCID: PMC4068916 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0434oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK; gene code, MYLK) is a multifunctional enzyme involved in isoform-specific nonmuscle (nm) and smooth muscle contraction, inflammation, and vascular permeability, processes directly relevant to asthma pathobiology. In this report, we highlight the contribution of the nm isoform (nmMLCK) to asthma susceptibility and severity, supported by studies in two lines of transgenic mice with knocking out nmMLCK or selectively overexpressing nmMLCK in endothelium. These mice were sensitized to exhibit ovalbumin-mediated allergic inflammation. Genetically engineered mice with targeted nmMLCK deletion (nmMLCK(-/-)) exhibited significant reductions in lung inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Conversely, mice with overexpressed nmMLCK in endothelium (nmMLCK(ec/ec)) exhibited elevated susceptibility and severity in asthmatic inflammation. In addition, reduction of nmMLCK expression in pulmonary endothelium by small interfering RNA results in reduced asthmatic inflammation in wild-type mice. These pathophysiological assessments demonstrate the positive contribution of nmMLCK to asthmatic inflammation, and a clear correlation of the level of nmMLCK with the degree of experimental allergic inflammation. This study confirms MYLK as an asthma candidate gene, and verifies nmMLCK as a novel molecular target in asthmatic pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- 1 Arizona Respiratory Center and Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Mukhopadhyay S, Malik P, Arora SK, Mukherjee TK. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 as a drug target in asthma and rhinitis. Respirology 2014; 19:508-13. [PMID: 24689994 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Endothelial cells, epithelial cells, leukocytes and neutrophils are the major cells expressing ICAM-1. Ligands of ICAM-1 are macrophage adhesion ligand-1, leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 and fibrinogen (extracellular matrix protein). In normal physiological conditions, engagement of ICAM-1 receptor with immunological cells surface ligands assists in homing and trafficking of inflammatory cells to distant tissues. ICAM-1 has also long been known to mediate cell-to-cell interaction during antigen presentation and outside-in cell signalling pathways. ICAM-1-mediated elevated inflammation is implicated in asthma. On respiratory epithelial cells surface, ICAM-1 acts as natural binding site for human rhinovirus (HRV), a common cold virus that ultimately causes exacerbation of asthma. This review presents the findings on the role of ICAM-1 in the complication of asthma and in particular asthma exacerbation by HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srirupa Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Immunopathology, Research Block A, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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No exacerbation but impaired anti-viral mechanisms in a rhinovirus-chronic allergic asthma mouse model. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 126:55-65. [PMID: 23822145 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Severe asthma and viral-induced asthma exacerbations represent a high unmet medical need as no therapy is currently available for these patients. HRV (human rhinovirus) is prominently associated with asthma exacerbations in humans. The aim of the present study was to establish a mouse model of severe asthma with additional rhinovirus infection to investigate the interplay between chronic allergic airway inflammation and acute respiratory viral infection. Balb/c mice were sensitized with HDM (house dust mite) extract (25 μg in 50 μl of saline) by i.n. (intranasal) delivery to the lung over 7 weeks. HRV1B (HRV serotype 1B) inoculation was performed i.n. on the last 3 days. Therapeutic treatment with FP (fluticasone propionate) was performed to assess steroid efficacy. Lung resistance was measured invasively to assess AHR (airway hyper-responsiveness). BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) differential cell count, cytokines, lung histology and the proliferative and cytokine response of MLN (mediastinal lymph node) cells upon in vitro restimulation were analysed. Chronic HDM application induced a strong Th2-skewed eosinophilic airway inflammation and AHR, which was not exacerbated by superimposed HRV1B infection. Therapeutic steroid intervention in the chronic HDM model reduced BAL eosinophil cell counts, cytokine levels and AHR, while neutrophil numbers were unaffected. Steroid efficacy against inflammatory readouts was maintained during additional HRV1B infection. Animals with chronic allergic airway inflammation exhibited a diminished immune response towards superimposed HRV1B infection compared with HRV1B alone, as induction of the anti-viral and pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN (interferon)-α, IFN-γ and IL (interleukin)-12 were suppressed. Although superimposed HRV1B infection did not provoke asthma exacerbation in this severe model, a deficient anti-viral immune response to HRV1B was present under chronic allergic airway inflammatory conditions. Thus, this model is able to reflect some aspects of the complex interplay of respiratory virus infection in chronic allergic asthma.
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Chhabra JK, Chattopadhyay B, Paul BN. SOCS3 dictates the transition of divergent time-phased events in granulocyte TNF-α signaling. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 11:105-6. [PMID: 24037182 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-driven nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and apoptosis are opposing pathways; the growing recognition of these conflicting roles of TNF-α is perplexing. Here, we show that inflammation and apoptosis are time-phased events following TNF-α signaling and that emergence of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) expression limits the ongoing NF-κB activation and promotes apoptosis; further, we suggest an altered view of how inflammatory diseases are initiated and sustained. In vitro, TNF-α (50 ng/ml) induced granulocyte SOCS3 protein, inhibited nuclear accumulation of the p65NF-κB subunit and enhanced apoptosis, as shown by DNA laddering, annexin V positivity, and overexpression of caspase-3 and Bax in the late phase, whereas the early phase was marked by NF-κB activation. Conversely, SOCS3 knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited granulocyte apoptosis and enhanced nuclear accumulation of p65 and 5' lipooxygenase expression in the late phase of TNF-α signaling. As apoptosis is associated with SOCS3 abundance, we suggest that these divergent TNF-α-driven events are time-phased, interconnected, opposing control mechanisms and one of the central features through which the immune system resolves pulmonary inflammation. Dysregulation may initiate mucosal inflammation, thus changing the landscape of asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeet Kaur Chhabra
- Immunobiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Bhola Nath Paul
- Immunobiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
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Cheung DS, Grayson MH. Role of viruses in the development of atopic disease in pediatric patients. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013; 12:613-20. [PMID: 22911226 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-012-0295-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of atopic diseases continues to rise in modernized countries, without a clear explanation for this increase. One potential cause identified from epidemiologic studies of children is respiratory RNA viral infections leading to development of recurrent wheezing, asthma, and allergic sensitization. We review human epidemiologic data that both support and refute the role of viruses in this process. Exploring recent murine models, we document possible immunologic mechanisms that could translate a viral infection into atopic disease. We further discuss evidence for a post-viral "atopic cycle" that could explain the development of multiple allergen sensitization, and we explore available data to suggest a connection between viral infections of the gastrointestinal tract with the development of food allergy. Taken together, this review documents evidence to support the "viral hypothesis", and, in particular, the role of RNA viruses in the development of atopic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy S Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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41
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Tan SL, Liao C, Lucas MC, Stevenson C, DeMartino JA. Targeting the SYK-BTK axis for the treatment of immunological and hematological disorders: recent progress and therapeutic perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:294-309. [PMID: 23396081 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (SYK) and Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) are non-receptor cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases that are primarily expressed in cells of hematopoietic lineage. Both are key mediators in coupling activated immunoreceptors to downstream signaling events that affect diverse biological functions, from cellular proliferation, differentiation and adhesion to innate and adaptive immune responses. As such, pharmacological inhibitors of SYK or BTK are being actively pursued as potential immunomodulatory agents for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Deregulation of SYK or BTK activity has also been implicated in certain hematological malignancies. To date, from a clinical perspective, pharmacological inhibition of SYK activity has demonstrated encouraging efficacy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), while patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) have benefited from covalent inhibitors of BTK in early clinical studies. Here, we review and discuss recent insights into the emerging role of the SYK-BTK axis in innate immune cell function as well as in the maintenance of survival and homing signals for tumor cell progression. The current progress on the clinical development of SYK and BTK inhibitors is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seng-Lai Tan
- Inflammation Discovery and Therapeutic Area, Hoffmann-La Roche, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA.
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42
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Talaei F, Bouma HR, Hylkema MN, Strijkstra AM, Boerema AS, Schmidt M, Henning RH. The role of endogenous H2S formation in reversible remodeling of lung tissue during hibernation in the Syrian hamster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 215:2912-9. [PMID: 22837466 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.067363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During hibernation, small mammals alternate between periods of metabolic suppression and low body temperature ('torpor') and periods of full metabolic recovery with euthermic temperatures ('arousal'). Previously, we demonstrated marked structural remodeling of the lung during torpor, which is rapidly reversed during arousal. We also found that cooling of hamster cells increased endogenous production of H(2)S through the enzyme cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS). H(2)S suppresses the immune response and increases deposition of collagen. Therefore, we examined inflammatory markers and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in relation to CBS expression and H(2)S levels in lungs of euthermic and hibernating Syrian hamsters. Lung remodeling during torpor was confirmed by a strong increase in both collagenous and non-collagenous hydroxyproline content. The number of leukocytes in lung was unchanged in any phase of hibernation, while adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, and the inflammatory marker NF-κB (P65) were modestly upregulated in torpor. Gelatinase activity was decreased in lungs from torpid animals, indicating inhibition of the Zn(2+)-dependent MMP-2 and MMP-9. Moreover, expression of CBS and tissue levels of H(2)S were increased in torpor. All changes normalized during arousal. Inhibition of gelatinase activity in torpor is likely caused by quenching of Zn(2+) by the sulphide ion of H(2)S. In accord, inhibition of CBS normalized gelatinase activity in torpid animals. Conversely, NaHS decreased the gelatinase activity of euthermic animals, which was attenuated by excess Zn(2+). Similar results were obtained on the activity of the Zn(2+)-dependent angiotensin converting enzyme. Our data indicate that increased production of H(2)S through CBS in hamster lungs during torpor contributes to remodeling by inhibition of gelatinase activity and possibly by suppression of the inflammatory response. Although administration of H(2)S is known to induce metabolic suppression in non-hibernating mammals ('suspended animation'), this is the first report implying endogenous H(2)S production in natural hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Talaei
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 196, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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43
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James KM, Peebles RS, Hartert TV. Response to infections in patients with asthma and atopic disease: an epiphenomenon or reflection of host susceptibility? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:343-51. [PMID: 22846746 PMCID: PMC3410318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Associations between respiratory tract infections and asthma inception and exacerbations are well established. Infant respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus infections are known to be associated with an increased risk of asthma development, and among children with prevalent asthma, 85% of asthma exacerbations are associated with viral infections. However, the exact nature of this relationship remains unclear. Is the increase in severity of infections an epiphenomenon, meaning respiratory tract infections just appear to be more severe in patients with underlying respiratory disease, or instead a reflection of altered host susceptibility among persons with asthma and atopic disease? The main focus of this review is to summarize the available levels of evidence supporting or refuting the notion that patients with asthma or atopic disease have an altered susceptibility to selected pathogens, as well as discussing the biological mechanism or mechanisms that might explain such associations. Finally, we will outline areas in need of further research because understanding the relationships between infections and asthma has important implications for asthma prevention and treatment, including potential new pathways that might target the host immune response to select pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M James
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-8300, USA
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Holtzman MJ. Asthma as a chronic disease of the innate and adaptive immune systems responding to viruses and allergens. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2741-8. [PMID: 22850884 DOI: 10.1172/jci60325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the pathogenesis of asthma has traditionally concentrated on environmental stimuli, genetic susceptibilities, adaptive immune responses, and end-organ alterations (particularly in airway mucous cells and smooth muscle) as critical steps leading to disease. The focus of this cascade has been the response to allergic stimuli. An alternative scheme suggests that respiratory viruses and the consequent response of the innate immune system also drives the development of asthma as well as related inflammatory diseases. This conceptual shift raises the possibility that sentinel cells such as airway epithelial cells, DCs, NKT cells, innate lymphoid cells, and macrophages also represent critical components of asthma pathogenesis as well as new targets for therapeutic discovery. A particular challenge will be to understand and balance the innate as well as the adaptive immune responses to defend the host against acute infection as well as chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Holtzman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Meyer ML, Potts-Kant EN, Ghio AJ, Fischer BM, Foster WM, Voynow JA. NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 regulates neutrophil elastase-induced mucous cell metaplasia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L181-8. [PMID: 22659878 PMCID: PMC3423858 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00084.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucous cell metaplasia (MCM) and neutrophil-predominant airway inflammation are pathological features of chronic inflammatory airway diseases. A signature feature of MCM is increased expression of a major respiratory tract mucin, MUC5AC. Neutrophil elastase (NE) upregulates MUC5AC in primary airway epithelial cells by generating reactive oxygen species, and this response is due in part to upregulation of NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) activity. Delivery of NE directly to the airway triggers inflammation and MCM and increases synthesis and secretion of MUC5AC protein from airway epithelial cells. We hypothesized that NE-induced MCM is mediated in vivo by NQO1. Male wild-type and Nqo1-null mice (C57BL/6 background) were exposed to human NE (50 μg) or vehicle via oropharyngeal aspiration on days 1, 4, and 7. On days 8 and 11, lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were obtained and evaluated for MCM, inflammation, and oxidative stress. MCM, inflammation, and production of specific cytokines, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, interleukin-4, and interleukin-5 were diminished in NE-treated Nqo1-null mice compared with NE-treated wild-type mice. However, in contrast to the role of NQO1 in vitro, we demonstrate that NE-treated Nqo1-null mice had greater levels of BAL and lung tissue lipid carbonyls and greater BAL iron on day 11, all consistent with increased oxidative stress. NQO1 is required for NE-induced inflammation and MCM. This model system demonstrates that NE-induced MCM directly correlates with inflammation, but not with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa L Meyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Patel DA, Patel AC, Nolan WC, Zhang Y, Holtzman MJ. High throughput screening for small molecule enhancers of the interferon signaling pathway to drive next-generation antiviral drug discovery. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36594. [PMID: 22574190 PMCID: PMC3344904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of current strategies for antiviral therapeutics target the virus specifically and directly, but an alternative approach to drug discovery might be to enhance the immune response to a broad range of viruses. Based on clinical observation in humans and successful genetic strategies in experimental models, we reasoned that an improved interferon (IFN) signaling system might better protect against viral infection. Here we aimed to identify small molecular weight compounds that might mimic this beneficial effect and improve antiviral defense. Accordingly, we developed a cell-based high-throughput screening (HTS) assay to identify small molecules that enhance the IFN signaling pathway components. The assay is based on a phenotypic screen for increased IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) activity in a fully automated and robust format (Z'>0.7). Application of this assay system to a library of 2240 compounds (including 2160 already approved or approvable drugs) led to the identification of 64 compounds with significant ISRE activity. From these, we chose the anthracycline antibiotic, idarubicin, for further validation and mechanism based on activity in the sub-µM range. We found that idarubicin action to increase ISRE activity was manifest by other members of this drug class and was independent of cytotoxic or topoisomerase inhibitory effects as well as endogenous IFN signaling or production. We also observed that this compound conferred a consequent increase in IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression and a significant antiviral effect using a similar dose-range in a cell-culture system inoculated with encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). The antiviral effect was also found at compound concentrations below the ones observed for cytotoxicity. Taken together, our results provide proof of concept for using activators of components of the IFN signaling pathway to improve IFN efficacy and antiviral immune defense as well as a validated HTS approach to identify small molecules that might achieve this therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhara A. Patel
- Drug Discovery Program, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Anand C. Patel
- Drug Discovery Program, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - William C. Nolan
- Drug Discovery Program, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yong Zhang
- Drug Discovery Program, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Holtzman
- Drug Discovery Program, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bacharier LB, Cohen R, Schweiger T, Yin-Declue H, Christie C, Zheng J, Schechtman KB, Strunk RC, Castro M. Determinants of asthma after severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:91-100.e3. [PMID: 22444510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of asthma after respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis has been demonstrated in case-control studies, although the determinants of post-RSV asthma remain undefined. OBJECTIVES We sought to evaluate the potential determinants of physician-diagnosed asthma after severe RSV bronchiolitis during infancy. METHODS We enrolled 206 children during an initial episode of severe RSV bronchiolitis at 12 months of age or less in a prospective cohort study and followed these children for up to 6 years. In a subset of 81 children, we analyzed CCL5 (RANTES) mRNA expression in upper airway epithelial cells. RESULTS Forty-eight percent of children had physician-diagnosed asthma before the seventh birthday. Independent determinants significantly associated with increased risk for physician-diagnosed asthma by the seventh birthday included maternal asthma (odds ratio [OR], 5.2; 95% CI, 1.7-15.9; P = .004), exposure to high levels of dog allergen (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.3-7.7; P = .012), aeroallergen sensitivity at age 3 years (OR, 10.7; 95% CI, 2.1-55.0; P = .005), recurrent wheezing during the first 3 years of life (OR, 7.3; 95% CI, 1.2-43.3; P = .028), and CCL5 expression in nasal epithelia during acute RSV infection (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.4; P < .001). White children (OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.04-0.93; P = .041) and children attending day care (OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.04-0.84; P = .029) had a decreased risk of physician-diagnosed asthma. CONCLUSIONS Approximately 50% of children who experience severe RSV bronchiolitis have a subsequent asthma diagnosis. The presence of increased CCL5 levels in nasal epithelia at the time of bronchiolitis or the development of allergic sensitization by age 3 years are associated with increased likelihood of subsequent asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard B Bacharier
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
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Wang W, Nguyen NM, Agapov E, Holtzman MJ, Woods JC. Monitoring in vivo changes in lung microstructure with ³He MRI in Sendai virus-infected mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 112:1593-9. [PMID: 22383505 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01165.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a Sendai virus (SeV) model of chronic obstructive lung disease has demonstrated an innate immune response in mouse airways that exhibits similarities to the chronic airway inflammation in human chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, but the effect on distal lung parenchyma has not been investigated. The aim of our study is to image the time course and regional distribution of mouse lung microstructural changes in vivo after SeV infection. (1)H and (3)He diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were successfully performed on five groups of C57BL/6J mice. (1)H MR images provided precise anatomical localization and lung volume measurements. (3)He lung morphometry was implemented to image and quantify mouse lung geometric microstructural parameters at different time points after SeV infection. (1)H MR images detected the SeV-induced pulmonary inflammation in vivo; spatially resolved maps of acinar airway radius R, alveolar depth h, and mean linear intercept Lm were generated from (3)He diffusion images. The morphometric parameters R and Lm in the infected group were indistinguishable from PBS-treated mice at day 21, increased slightly at day 49, and were increased with statistical significance at day 77 (p = 0.02). Increases in R and Lm of infected mice imply that there is a modest increase in alveolar duct radius distal to airway inflammation, particularly in the lung periphery, indicating airspace enlargement after virus infection. Our results indicate that (3)He lung morphometry has good sensitivity in quantifying small microstructural changes in the mouse lung and that the Sendai mouse model has the potential to be a valid murine model of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Physics, Washington Univ. Box 8131, Dept. of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Abstract
Airway mucus presents a first line of defense against inhaled materials. It also, however, is a significant pathological contributor to chronic lung diseases, such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thus, gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms of mucus production and secretion is an important goal for improving respiratory health. Mucins, the chief glycoprotein components of airway mucus, are very large polymeric glycoproteins, and measuring their production and secretion in experimental animals presents significant technical challenges. Over the past several years, we have developed assays for accurately quantifying mucin production and secretion using histological and biochemical assays. These methods are described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Piccotti
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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50
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Bhattacharya S, Beal BT, Janowski AM, Shornick LP. Reduced inflammation and altered innate response in neonates during paramyxoviral infection. Virol J 2011; 8:549. [PMID: 22185352 PMCID: PMC3282681 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human infants are frequently hospitalized due to infection with the paramyxovirus respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). However, very little is known about the neonatal response to paramyxoviral infection. Here, a neonatal model of paramyxoviral infection is developed using the mouse pathogen Sendai virus (SeV). Results Adult mice infected with SeV developed a predominantly neutrophilic inflammatory cell influx and a concomitant reduction in lung function, as determined by oxygen saturation. In contrast, neonates with SeV had significantly reduced inflammation and normal lung function. Surprisingly, infected neonates had similar viral loads as adult mice. A reduced neutrophil influx in the neonates may be due in part to reduced expression of both CXCL2 and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α increased in a dose-dependent manner in adult lungs, but neonates did not increase expression of either of these cytokines, even at the highest doses. Importantly, the expression of the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) was delayed in the neonatal mice, which might have contributed to their reduced inflammation and differential cytokine expression. Conclusions Neonatal mice developed similar SeV titers and cleared the virus with similar efficiency despite developing a dramatically lower degree of pulmonary inflammation compared to adults. This suggests that inflammation in the lung may not be required to control viral replication. Future studies will be needed to determine any effect the reduced inflammation may have on the development of a protective memory response in neonates.
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