1
|
Wriedt EB, Kielgast U, Svane MS, Møller S, Madsbad S. Kinetics of insulin and C-peptide and estimation of prehepatic insulin secretion rates after intravenous glucose stimulation using arterial versus venous blood sampling in healthy males. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2024; 84:16-23. [PMID: 38265854 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2024.2306537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
An intravenous glucose-infusion of 0.3 g glucose per Kg body weight was administered over 1 min in nine healthy males with simultaneous blood sampling from the hepatic vein, femoral artery and a peripheral vein. Insulin secretion rates (ISR) were determined by the Eaton method and the ISEC method using C-peptide concentrations from arterial and peripheral venous blood. First phase (0-10 min), second phase (10-60 min), and total insulin secretion (0-60 min) were calculated as the incremental areas (iAUC) above baseline. The primary endpoint was first phase insulin response. The first phase insulin response in artery and venous blood did not differ with the Eaton method (p = 0.25), but was significantly greater with the ISEC method in arterial compared with venous blood (p < 0.05). The first phase insulin responses did not differ between methods in artery (p = 0.73) or venous blood (p = 0.73). The first phase responses of insulin and C-peptide were significant higher in the hepatic vein compared with those in the artery (p < 0.05) and peripheral vein (p < 0.05) but did not differ significantly between the artery compared with the peripheral vein for insulin (p = 0.09) or C-peptide (p = 0.26). Prehepatic insulin secretion rates did not differ between the Eaton and ISEC methods, but with the ISEC method the first phase insulin response was significantly greater in arterial compared with venous blood. The first phase insulin response differs when calculated from plasma insulin or C-peptide and depends on sample sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Brink Wriedt
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Urd Kielgast
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Maria S Svane
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Søren Møller
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moore MC, Warner SO, Dai Y, Sheanon N, Smith M, Farmer B, Cason RL, Cherrington AD, Winnick JJ. C-peptide enhances glucagon secretion in response to hyperinsulinemia under euglycemic and hypoglycemic conditions. JCI Insight 2021; 6:148997. [PMID: 34003799 PMCID: PMC8262495 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.148997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have associated the presence of residual insulin secretion capability (also referred to as being C-peptide positive) with lower risk of insulin-induced hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), although the reason is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that C-peptide infusion would enhance glucagon secretion in response to hyperinsulinemia during euglycemic and hypoglycemic conditions in dogs (5 male/4 female). After a 2-hour basal period, an intravenous (IV) infusion of insulin was started, and dextrose was infused to maintain euglycemia for 2 hours. At the same time, an IV infusion of either saline (SAL) or C-peptide (CPEP) was started. After this euglycemic period, the insulin and SAL/CPEP infusions were continued for another 2 hours, but the glucose was allowed to fall to approximately 50 mg/dL. In response to euglycemic-hyperinsulinemia, glucagon secretion decreased in SAL but remained unchanged from the basal period in CPEP condition. During hypoglycemia, glucagon secretion in CPEP was 2 times higher than SAL, and this increased net hepatic glucose output and reduced the amount of exogenous glucose required to maintain glycemia. These data suggest that the presence of C-peptide during IV insulin infusion can preserve glucagon secretion during euglycemia and enhance it during hypoglycemia, which could explain why T1D patients with residual insulin secretion are less susceptible to hypoglycemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Courtney Moore
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shana O. Warner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yufei Dai
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicole Sheanon
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Marta Smith
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ben Farmer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Cason
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Alan D. Cherrington
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jason J. Winnick
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rhew SY, Park SM, Li Q, An JH, Chae HK, Lee JH, Ahn JO, Song WJ, Youn HY. Efficacy and safety of allogenic canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in four dogs: A pilot study. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:592-600. [PMID: 33551441 PMCID: PMC8111340 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess regenerative and immunomodulatory properties and
can control the immune dysregulation that leads to β-cell destruction. Stem-cell
transplantation could thus manage insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in dogs. In
this pilot study, we aimed to assess canine adipose tissue-derived MSCs (cAT-MSCs)
transplantation as a treatment for canine diabetes mellitus. This study included four dogs
with over a year of insulin treatment for IDDM, following diagnosis at the Veterinary
Medicine Teaching Hospital of Seoul National University. Allogenic cAT-MSCs were infused
intravenously three or five times monthly to dogs with IDDM. Blood and urine samples were
obtained monthly. General clinical symptoms, including changes in body weight, vitality,
appetite, and water intake were assessed. Three of the four owners observed improvement of
vitality after stem cell treatment. Two of the four dogs showed improvement in appetite
and body weight, polyuria, and polydipsia. C-peptide has increased by about 5–15% in three
of the cases, and fructosamine and HbA1c levels have improved in two of the cases.
Hyperlipidemia was resolved in two of the dogs, and there was no concurrent bacterial
cystitis in any of the dogs. C-peptide secretion and lipid metabolism are associated with
diabetic complications. Improvement in these parameters following the treatment suggests
that cAT-MSC transplantation in dogs with IDDM might help to improve their insulin
secretory capacity and prevent diabetic complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yong Rhew
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, YanBian University, YanJi, JiLin, 133000, China
| | - Ju-Hyun An
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Kyu Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ok Ahn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Song
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Youn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Galderisi A, Polidori D, Weiss R, Giannini C, Pierpont B, Tricò D, Caprio S. Lower Insulin Clearance Parallels a Reduced Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Youths and Is Associated With a Decline in β-Cell Function Over Time. Diabetes 2019; 68:2074-2084. [PMID: 31399433 PMCID: PMC6804624 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined the relationship between insulin clearance, insulin sensitivity, and β-cell function and the longitudinal effect of insulin clearance on β-cell function in lean and obese insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant adolescents. A hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic and a hyperglycemic clamp were performed in 110 youths to quantify hepatic and peripheral clearance, insulin sensitivity, and β-cell function (disposition index, DIh-clamp). Participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test at baseline and after 2 years to assess glucose tolerance and oral β-cell function (oDIcpep) and were sorted into four groups (lean and obese normal glucose tolerance, insulin sensitive, insulin resistant, and impaired glucose tolerance). Insulin sensitivity was defined based on the median of insulin stimulated glucose disposal (M) measured during the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Lean and obese insulin-sensitive participants did not differ with respect to hepatic and peripheral clearance or for insulin sensitivity. Insulin sensitivity was linearly correlated with whole-body insulin clearance. Hepatic insulin extraction at baseline acted as an independent determinant of β-cell function at follow-up. The decline in insulin sensitivity, even in the absence of an impairment of glucose tolerance, is associated with lowering of hepatic insulin clearance in obese youth, which in turn may contribute to the decline in β-cell function over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Galderisi
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Section, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Woman and Child's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Ram Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale "SS Annunziata," Chieti, Italy
| | - Cosimo Giannini
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Section, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Bridget Pierpont
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Section, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Domenico Tricò
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sonia Caprio
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Section, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Keshtkar S, Kaviani M, Jabbarpour Z, Geramizadeh B, Motevaseli E, Nikeghbalian S, Shamsaeefar A, Motazedian N, Al-Abdullah IH, Ghahremani MH, Azarpira N. Protective effect of nobiletin on isolated human islets survival and function against hypoxia and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11701. [PMID: 31406275 PMCID: PMC6690971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Islets transplantation, as a treatment of type 1 diabetes, faces challenges, including the loss of islets in the process of isolation and pre-transplantation due to cellular stresses-induced apoptosis. Accordingly, the optimization of culture plays a decisive role in the transplantation success. In this study, we evaluated the effect of nobiletin on the cultured human islets. Isolated human islets were treated by different concentrations of nobiletin and cultured for 24 and 72 hours. Then, the islets viability, apoptosis, insulin and C-peptide secretion, and apoptosis markers were evaluated. Also, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), and its target genes in the islets were examined. Our findings showed that the islets were encountered with hypoxia and oxidative stress after isolation and during culture. These insults induced apoptosis and reduced viability during culture period. Moreover, the secretion of insulin and C-peptide decreased. Nobiletin treatments significantly improved the islets survival through reduction of HIF-1α and ROS production and suppression of apoptosis, along with increased islets function. Islet protective effect of nobiletin might be related to its anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic and insulinotropic properties. Hence, in order to achieve viable and functional islets for clinical transplantation, the application of nobiletin during pre-transplantation period is useful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Keshtkar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Kaviani
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Jabbarpour
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bita Geramizadeh
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Nikeghbalian
- Shiraz Organ Transplant Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Shamsaeefar
- Shiraz Organ Transplant Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasrin Motazedian
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ismail H Al-Abdullah
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, USA
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ghahremani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Shiraz Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Penaforte-Saboia JG, Couri CEB, Fernandes VO, Montenegro APDR, Batista LADA, Zajdenverg L, Negrato CA, Malmegrim KCR, Moraes DA, Dias JBE, Oliveira MC, Hussain A, Gomes MB, Montenegro RM. Lower Insulin-Dose Adjusted A1c (IDAA1c) Is Associated With Less Complications in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes Treated With Hematopoetic Stem-Cell Transplantation and Conventional Therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:747. [PMID: 31803138 PMCID: PMC6877543 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the association between insulin-dose adjusted A1C (IDAA1c) and microvascular complications (MC) and hypoglycemia in a representative Brazilian population of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients. Research Design and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study based on a previous study, "Microvascular Complications in Type 1 Diabetes: a comparative analysis of patients treated with autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (AHST) and conventional medical therapy (CT)". The 168 patients in that study (144 from CT plus 24 from AHST) were re-subdivided into two groups, according to their IDAA1c values (30 patients had IDAA1c ≤ 9; 138 had IDAA1c > 9). Then, the prevalence of MC (diabetic renal disease, neuropathy, and retinopathy), hypoglycemia (blood glucose <60 mg/dL), and severe hypoglycemic (episode of hypoglycemia that required the assistance of another person to treat) events were compared between the groups. The groups were well-matched on these factors: duration of disease, sex, and age at the time of diagnosis of T1DM. Results: After an average of 8 years after diagnosis, only 6.6% (2/30) of the patients from IDAA1c ≤ 9 group developed any MC, whereas 21.0% (29/138) from the IDAA1c > 9 group had at least one complication (p = 0.044). Regarding hypoglycemic events, the proportion of individuals who reported at least 1 episode of hypoglycemia in the last month was 43.3 and 64.7% from the IDAA1c ≤ 9 and IDAA1c > 9 groups, respectively (p = 0.030). Regarding severe hypoglycemia, the proportion of patients presenting at least one episode in the last month and the rate of episode/patient/month were similar between groups (6.7 vs. 13.2%; p = 0.535; and 0.1/patient/month vs. 0.25/patient/month; p = 0.321). Conclusion: In a representative Brazilian population of T1DM patients, those with IDAA1c ≤ 9 presented a lower frequency of MC, as well as fewer episodes of hypoglycemia, in the month prior to the analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaquellyne Gurgel Penaforte-Saboia
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Clinical Research Unit, Walter Cantidio University Hospital, Federal University of Ceará/EBSERH, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Barra Couri
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Virginia Oliveira Fernandes
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Clinical Research Unit, Walter Cantidio University Hospital, Federal University of Ceará/EBSERH, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Department of Community Health, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dias Rangel Montenegro
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Clinical Research Unit, Walter Cantidio University Hospital, Federal University of Ceará/EBSERH, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Department of Community Health, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Lívia Aline De Araújo Batista
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Department of Community Health, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Lenita Zajdenverg
- University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Kelen Cristina Ribeiro Malmegrim
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniela Aparecida Moraes
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Juliana Bernardes Elias Dias
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Oliveira
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Akhtar Hussain
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
- Centre for Global Health Research, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Marilia Brito Gomes
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renan Magalhães Montenegro
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Clinical Research Unit, Walter Cantidio University Hospital, Federal University of Ceará/EBSERH, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Department of Community Health, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Renan Magalhães Montenegro Jr.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Asare-Bediako I, Paszkiewicz RL, Kim SP, Woolcott OO, Kolka CM, Burch MA, Kabir M, Bergman RN. Variability of Directly Measured First-Pass Hepatic Insulin Extraction and Its Association With Insulin Sensitivity and Plasma Insulin. Diabetes 2018; 67:1495-1503. [PMID: 29752425 PMCID: PMC6054441 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although the β-cells secrete insulin, the liver, with its first-pass insulin extraction (FPE), regulates the amount of insulin allowed into circulation for action on target tissues. The metabolic clearance rate of insulin, of which FPE is the dominant component, is a major determinant of insulin sensitivity (SI). We studied the intricate relationship among FPE, SI, and fasting insulin. We used a direct method of measuring FPE, the paired portal/peripheral infusion protocol, where insulin is infused stepwise through either the portal vein or a peripheral vein in healthy young dogs (n = 12). FPE is calculated as the difference in clearance rates (slope of infusion rate vs. steady insulin plot) between the paired experiments. Significant correlations were found between FPE and clamp-assessed SI (rs = 0.74), FPE and fasting insulin (rs = -0.64), and SI and fasting insulin (rs = -0.67). We also found a wide variance in FPE (22.4-77.2%; mean ± SD 50.4 ± 19.1) that is reflected in the variability of plasma insulin (48.1 ± 30.9 pmol/L) and SI (9.4 ± 5.8 × 104 dL · kg-1 · min-1 · [pmol/L]-1). FPE could be the nexus of regulation of both plasma insulin and SI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stella P Kim
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Orison O Woolcott
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Cathryn M Kolka
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Miguel A Burch
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Morvarid Kabir
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Richard N Bergman
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Martins FO, Delgado TC, Viegas J, Gaspar JM, Scott DK, O'Doherty RM, Macedo MP, Jones JG. Mechanisms by which the thiazolidinedione troglitazone protects against sucrose-induced hepatic fat accumulation and hyperinsulinaemia. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:267-78. [PMID: 26447327 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Thiazolidinediones (TZD) are known to ameliorate fatty liver in type 2 diabetes. To date, the underlying mechanisms of their hepatic actions remain unclear. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Hepatic triglyceride content and export rates were assessed in 2 week high-sucrose-fed Wistar rats treated with troglitazone and compared with untreated high-sucrose rodent controls. Fractional de novo lipogenesis (DNL) contributions to hepatic triglyceride were quantified by analysis of triglyceride enrichment from deuterated water. Hepatic insulin clearance and NO status during a meal tolerance test were also evaluated. KEY RESULTS TZD significantly reduced hepatic triglyceride (P < 0.01) by 48%, decreased DNL contribution to hepatic triglyceride (P < 0.01) and increased postprandial non-esterified fatty acids clearance rates (P < 0.01) in comparison with the high-sucrose rodent control group. During a meal tolerance test, plasma insulin AUC was significantly lower (P < 0.01), while blood glucose and plasma C-peptide levels were not different. Insulin clearance was increased (P < 0.001) by 24% and was associated with a 22% augmentation of hepatic insulin-degrading enzyme activity (P < 0.05). Finally, hepatic NO was decreased by 24% (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Overall, TZD show direct actions on liver by reducing hepatic DNL and increasing hepatic insulin clearance. The alterations in hepatic insulin clearance were associated with changes in insulin-degrading enzyme activity, with possible modulation of NO levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fátima O Martins
- Metabolic Control Group, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vanikar AV, Trivedi HL, Thakkar UG. Stem cell therapy emerging as the key player in treating type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:1077-86. [PMID: 27424148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease causing progressive destruction of pancreatic β cells, ultimately resulting in loss of insulin secretion producing hyperglycemia usually affecting children. Replacement of damaged β cells by cell therapy can treat it. Currently available strategies are insulin replacement and islet/pancreas transplantation. Unfortunately these offer rescue for variable duration due to development of autoantibodies. For pancreas/islet transplantation a deceased donor is required and various shortfalls of treatment include quantum, cumbersome technique, immune rejection and limited availability of donors. Stem cell therapy with assistance of cellular reprogramming and β-cell regeneration can open up new therapeutic modalities. The present review describes the history and current knowledge of T1DM, evolution of cell therapies and different cellular therapies to cure this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aruna V Vanikar
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Therapy, G.R. Doshi and K.M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases & Research Centre, Dr. H.L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Gujarat, India; Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, Transfusion Services and Immunohematology, G.R. Doshi and K.M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases & Research Centre, Dr. H.L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Gujarat, India.
| | - Hargovind L Trivedi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Therapy, G.R. Doshi and K.M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases & Research Centre, Dr. H.L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Gujarat, India; Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, G.R. Doshi and K.M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases & Research Centre, Dr. H.L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Gujarat, India
| | - Umang G Thakkar
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Therapy, G.R. Doshi and K.M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases & Research Centre, Dr. H.L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee CC, Watkins SM, Lorenzo C, Wagenknecht LE, Il'yasova D, Chen YDI, Haffner SM, Hanley AJ. Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Insulin Metabolism: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Diabetes Care 2016; 39:582-8. [PMID: 26895884 PMCID: PMC4806771 DOI: 10.2337/dc15-2284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies using untargeted metabolomics approaches have suggested that plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are associated with incident diabetes. However, little is known about the role of plasma BCAAs in metabolic abnormalities underlying diabetes and whether these relationships are consistent across ethnic populations at high risk for diabetes. We investigated the associations of BCAAs with insulin sensitivity (SI), acute insulin response (AIR), and metabolic clearance of insulin (MCRI) in a multiethnic cohort. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In 685 participants without diabetes of the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) (290 Caucasians, 165 African Americans, and 230 Hispanics), we measured plasma BCAAs (sum of valine, leucine, and isoleucine) by mass spectrometry and SI, AIR, and MCRI by frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests. RESULTS Elevated plasma BCAAs were inversely associated with SI and MCRI and positively associated with fasting insulin in regression models adjusted for potential confounders (β = -0.0012 [95% CI -0.0018, -0.00059], P < 0.001 for SI; β = -0.0013 [95% CI -0.0018, -0.00082], P < 0.001 for MCRI; and β = 0.0015 [95% CI 0.0008, 0.0023], P < 0.001 for fasting insulin). The association of BCAA with SI was significantly modified by ethnicity, with the association only being significant in Caucasians and Hispanics. Elevated plasma BCAAs were associated with incident diabetes in Caucasians and Hispanics (multivariable-adjusted odds ratio per 1-SD increase in plasma BCAAs: 1.67 [95% CI 1.21, 2.29], P = 0.002) but not in African Americans. Plasma BCAAs were not associated with SI-adjusted AIR. CONCLUSIONS Plasma BCAAs are associated with incident diabetes and underlying metabolic abnormalities, although the associations were generally stronger in Caucasians and Hispanics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Christine Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steve M Watkins
- Lipomics Technologies, Inc., a division of Metabolon, Inc., West Sacramento, CA
| | - Carlos Lorenzo
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Lynne E Wagenknecht
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Dora Il'yasova
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Yii-Der I Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA
| | | | - Anthony J Hanley
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim MK, Reaven GM, Chen YDI, Kim E, Kim SH. Hyperinsulinemia in individuals with obesity: Role of insulin clearance. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:2430-4. [PMID: 26524351 PMCID: PMC4701635 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies have shown decreased insulin clearance rate (ICR) in individuals with obesity, but it remains unclear whether this is predominately due to obesity-associated insulin resistance (IR) or obesity itself. This study aimed to clarify the complex interrelationship that exists between obesity, IR, and ICR. METHODS Healthy volunteers (n = 277) had measurement of IR and ICR using the insulin suppression test (IST). IR was quantified by determining the steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) during the IST. ICR was estimated by dividing the insulin infusion rate by the steady-state plasma insulin concentration. We performed our analysis by stratifying the experimental population into four dichotomous categories, varying in obesity and IR. Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m(2) , and IR was defined as SSPG ≥ 150 mg/dL. RESULTS Individuals with obesity had higher fasting insulin compared with individuals without obesity, regardless of IR. ICR was similar between individuals with and without obesity but was higher in insulin resistant individuals compared with insulin-sensitive individuals. In multivariate analysis, both fasting insulin and SSPG were significantly associated with ICR. No significant relationships were observed between BMI and ICR. CONCLUSIONS Reduced ICR in obesity is secondary to IR, not excess adiposity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mee Kyoung Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gerald M. Reaven
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Standford, California, USA
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LAbiomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Eric Kim
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LAbiomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sun H. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Standford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Palmer ND, Goodarzi MO, Langefeld CD, Wang N, Guo X, Taylor KD, Fingerlin TE, Norris JM, Buchanan TA, Xiang AH, Haritunians T, Ziegler JT, Williams AH, Stefanovski D, Cui J, Mackay AW, Henkin LF, Bergman RN, Gao X, Gauderman J, Varma R, Hanis CL, Cox NJ, Highland HM, Below JE, Williams AL, Burtt NP, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Huerta-Chagoya A, Gonzalez-Villalpando C, Orozco L, Haiman CA, Tsai MY, Johnson WC, Yao J, Rasmussen-Torvik L, Pankow J, Snively B, Jackson RD, Liu S, Nadler JL, Kandeel F, Chen YDI, Bowden DW, Rich SS, Raffel LJ, Rotter JI, Watanabe RM, Wagenknecht LE. Genetic Variants Associated With Quantitative Glucose Homeostasis Traits Translate to Type 2 Diabetes in Mexican Americans: The GUARDIAN (Genetics Underlying Diabetes in Hispanics) Consortium. Diabetes 2015; 64:1853-66. [PMID: 25524916 PMCID: PMC4407862 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, insulin clearance, and glucose effectiveness exhibit strong genetic components, although few studies have examined their genetic architecture or influence on type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. We hypothesized that loci affecting variation in these quantitative traits influence T2D. We completed a multicohort genome-wide association study to search for loci influencing T2D-related quantitative traits in 4,176 Mexican Americans. Quantitative traits were measured by the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (four cohorts) or euglycemic clamp (three cohorts), and random-effects models were used to test the association between loci and quantitative traits, adjusting for age, sex, and admixture proportions (Discovery). Analysis revealed a significant (P < 5.00 × 10(-8)) association at 11q14.3 (MTNR1B) with acute insulin response. Loci with P < 0.0001 among the quantitative traits were examined for translation to T2D risk in 6,463 T2D case and 9,232 control subjects of Mexican ancestry (Translation). Nonparametric meta-analysis of the Discovery and Translation cohorts identified significant associations at 6p24 (SLC35B3/TFAP2A) with glucose effectiveness/T2D, 11p15 (KCNQ1) with disposition index/T2D, and 6p22 (CDKAL1) and 11q14 (MTNR1B) with acute insulin response/T2D. These results suggest that T2D and insulin secretion and sensitivity have both shared and distinct genetic factors, potentially delineating genomic components of these quantitative traits that drive the risk for T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholette D Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Mark O Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA Medical Genetics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Carl D Langefeld
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA Diabetes & Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, CA Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, CA Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Tasha E Fingerlin
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Jill M Norris
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Thomas A Buchanan
- Diabetes & Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anny H Xiang
- Research and Evaluation Branch, Kaiser Permanente of Southern California, Pasadena, CA
| | - Talin Haritunians
- Medical Genetics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Julie T Ziegler
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Adrienne H Williams
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Medical Genetics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jinrui Cui
- Medical Genetics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Adrienne W Mackay
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Leora F Henkin
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - Xiaoyi Gao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - James Gauderman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Rohit Varma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Craig L Hanis
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Nancy J Cox
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Heather M Highland
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jennifer E Below
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Amy L Williams
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chicago, IL Biological Sciences Department, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Noel P Burtt
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alicia Huerta-Chagoya
- Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Lorena Orozco
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael Y Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - W Craig Johnson
- Collaborative Health Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jie Yao
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Laura Rasmussen-Torvik
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Evanston, IL
| | - James Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Beverly Snively
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - Simin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Jerry L Nadler
- Department of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Fouad Kandeel
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Yii-Der I Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, CA Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Donald W Bowden
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC Section on Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Leslie J Raffel
- Medical Genetics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, CA Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Richard M Watanabe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA Diabetes & Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lynne E Wagenknecht
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Strage EM, Lewitt MS, Hanson JM, Olsson U, Norrvik F, Lilliehöök I, Holst BS, Fall T. Relationship among insulin resistance, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor I concentrations in diestrous Swedish Elkhounds. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 28:419-28. [PMID: 24765678 PMCID: PMC4857978 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the dog, the normal estrous cycle includes a prolonged luteal phase. Progesterone stimulates local canine mammary growth hormone (GH) production, which may act systemically and contribute to insulin resistance. Swedish Elkhounds are predisposed to progesterone‐related diabetes mellitus, and the relationship among insulin resistance, GH, and insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) is of particular interest. Objective To study insulin resistance in relation to GH and IGF‐I in nondiabetic Swedish Elkhounds during diestrus. We also assessed whether alterations in these hormones could predict diestrus‐linked diseases and all‐cause mortality. Animals Eighty‐four privately owned female intact Swedish Elkhounds >4 years of age. Methods Blood sampling and clinical examination during luteal phase, with a follow‐up questionnaire after 20 months. Insulin resistance was calculated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA‐IR). Results In multivariable regression analysis, GH was positively associated with HOMA‐IR (P = .009). An increase in GH of 1 ng/mL was associated with a 12.7% increase in HOMA‐IR. Moreover, C‐peptide was positively associated with IGF‐I (P = .04), and an increase in C‐peptide of 0.1 ng/mL was associated with a 6.9% increase in IGF‐I. Structural equation modeling supported these results. Twenty‐three animals were found to have previously unrecognized mammary masses and had higher GH (P < .0001) and IGF‐I (P = .007) than dogs without mammary masses (n = 61). There was no association between high GH and IGF‐I concentrations at sampling and future mammary masses. Conclusion We showed that GH was strongly associated with insulin resistance in older Swedish Elkhounds during diestrus.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ionut V, Castro AVB, Woolcott OO, Stefanovski D, Iyer MS, Broussard JL, Burch M, Elazary R, Kolka CM, Mkrtchyan H, Bediako IA, Bergman RN. Hepatic portal vein denervation impairs oral glucose tolerance but not exenatide's effect on glycemia. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E644-52. [PMID: 25117408 PMCID: PMC4200304 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00244.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hepatoportal area is an important glucohomeostatic metabolic sensor, sensing hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). We have reported previously that activation of hepatoportal sensors by intraportal infusion of glucose and GLP-1 or by subcutaneous administration of GLP-1 receptor activator exenatide and of intraportal glucose improved glycemia independent of corresponding changes in pancreatic hormones. It is not clear whether this effect is mediated via the portal vein (PV) or by direct action on the liver itself. To test whether receptors in the PV mediate exenatide's beneficial effect on glucose tolerance, we performed 1) paired oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) with and without exenatide and 2) intravenous glucose tolerance tests before and after PV denervation in canines. Denervation of the portal vein affected oral glucose tolerance; post-denervation (POST-DEN) OGTT glucose and insulin AUC were 50% higher than before denervation (P = 0.01). However, portal denervation did not impair exenatide's effect to improve oral glucose tolerance (exenatide effect: 48 ± 12 mmol·l⁻¹·min before vs. 64 ± 26 mmol·l⁻¹·min after, P = 0.67). There were no changes in insulin sensitivity or secretion during IVGTTs. Portal vein sensing might play a role in controlling oral glucose tolerance during physiological conditions but not in pharmacological activation of GLP-1 receptors by exenatide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Miguel Burch
- Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ram Elazary
- Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Heden TD, Liu Y, Park YM, Nyhoff LM, Winn NC, Kanaley JA. Moderate amounts of fructose- or glucose-sweetened beverages do not differentially alter metabolic health in male and female adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100:796-805. [PMID: 25030782 PMCID: PMC4135490 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.081232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents consume more sugar-sweetened beverages than do individuals in any other age group, but it is unknown how the type of sugar-sweetened beverage affects metabolic health in this population. OBJECTIVE The objective was to compare the metabolic health effects of short-term (2-wk) consumption of high-fructose (HF) and high-glucose (HG)-sweetened beverages in adolescents (15-20 y of age). DESIGN In a counterbalanced, single-blind fashion, 40 male and female adolescents completed two 2-wk trials that included 1) an HF trial in which they consumed 710 mL of a sugar-sweetened beverage/d (equivalent to 50 g fructose/d and 15 g glucose/d) for 2 wk and 2) an HG trial in which they consumed 710 mL of a sugar-sweetened beverage/d (equivalent to 50 g glucose/d and 15 g fructose/d) for 2 wk in addition to their normal ad libitum diet. In addition, the participants maintained similar physical activity levels during each trial. The day after each trial, insulin sensitivity and resistance [assessed via Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index] and fasting and postprandial glucose, lactate, lipid, cholesterol, insulin, C-peptide, insulin secretion, and clearance responses to HF or HG mixed meals were assessed. RESULTS Body weight, QUICKI (whole-body insulin sensitivity), HOMA-IR (hepatic insulin resistance), and fasting lipids, cholesterol, glucose, lactate, and insulin secretion or clearance were not different between trials. Fasting HDL- and HDL₃-cholesterol concentrations were ∼10-31% greater (P < 0.05) in female adolescents than in male adolescents. Postprandial triacylglycerol, HDL-cholesterol, HDL₃-cholesterol, and glucose concentrations were not different between HF and HG trials. The lactate incremental area under the curve was ∼3.7-fold greater during the HF trial (P < 0.05), whereas insulin secretion was 19% greater during the HG trial (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Moderate amounts of HF- or HG-sweetened beverages for 2 wk did not have differential effects on fasting or postprandial cholesterol, triacylglycerol, glucose, or hepatic insulin clearance in weight-stable, physically active adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Heden
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Ying Liu
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Young-Min Park
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Lauryn M Nyhoff
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Nathan C Winn
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Jill A Kanaley
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lee CTC, Liese AD, Lorenzo C, Wagenknecht LE, Haffner SM, Rewers MJ, Hanley AJ. Egg consumption and insulin metabolism in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Public Health Nutr 2014; 17:1595-602. [PMID: 23777633 PMCID: PMC10282309 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980013001572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between egg consumption and measures of insulin sensitivity (SI), acute insulin response (AIR) and metabolic clearance rate of insulin (MCRI). DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis. SETTINGS Egg consumption, categorized as <1/week, 1 to <3/week, 3 to <5/week and ≥5/week, was measured using a validated FFQ. SI, AIR and MCRI were determined from frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests. SUBJECTS Non-diabetic participants (n 949) in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). RESULTS Egg consumption was inversely associated with SI and MCRI, and positively associated with fasting insulin in regression models adjusted for demographic, socio-economic, lifestyle and dietary factors (β = -0·22, 95 % CI -0·38, -0·045, P = 0·05 for SI; β = -0·20, 95 % CI -0·34, -0·055, P = 0·005 for MCRI; β = 0·35, 95 % CI 0·15, 0·54, P = 0·002 for fasting insulin; all P values for linear trend). These associations remained significant after additionally adjusting for energy intake or dietary saturated fat, although dietary cholesterol and BMI attenuated these associations to non-significance. Egg consumption was not associated with AIR. CONCLUSIONS Dietary cholesterol and BMI appear to mediate the inverse association of egg consumption with insulin sensitivity and clearance. Alternatively, egg consumption may be clustered with other dietary behaviours which increase BMI, hence negatively impacting on insulin sensitivity and clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Tin Christine Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, FitzGerald Building, 150 College Street Room 341, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Angela D Liese
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Carlos Lorenzo
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Science Centre, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lynne E Wagenknecht
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Steven M Haffner
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marian J Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anthony J Hanley
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, FitzGerald Building, 150 College Street Room 341, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Asgary S, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Shamsi F, Najafi S, Sahebkar A. Biochemical and histopathological study of the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 11:63-9. [PMID: 24710636 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2013-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthocyanins are phytochemicals with a multitude of pharmacological actions including anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects. This study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L., CM) fruits - that are rich in anthocyanins and known to have medicinal properties- in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. METHODS Twenty-eight adult male rats were randomly assigned to four groups of seven animals each: non-diabetic control, diabetic control, glibenclamide-treated (0.6 mg/kg/day; 4 weeks) and CM fruit-treated (2 g/day; 4 weeks) group. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of alloxan (120 mg/kg). Fasting serum levels of glucose, total cholesterol (TC), low- (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), aspartate (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured at the end of study period. RESULTS Diabetic rats had significantly elevated levels of serum glucose, LDL-C, TG, AST, ALP and ALT and decreased levels of HDL-C compared to the non-diabetic group (p<0.05). Treatment with either glibenclamide or CM counterbalanced the above-mentioned abnormalities. The effects of CM were comparable to those of glibenclamide at the doses tested in this study. Serum glucose, TG, ALP and HDL concentrations in the normal group were significantly changed compared to the diabetic control group (p<0.05). There were no significant changes in evaluated biochemical parameters between the glibenclamide and CM groups with normal group. Histopathological examinations revealed a less severe hepatic portal inflammation in the CM-treated vs. other study groups. CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation with CM fruits effectively prevents the development of diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and hepatic inflammation in alloxan-induced diabetes.
Collapse
|
18
|
Goodarzi MO, Langefeld CD, Xiang AH, Chen YDI, Guo X, Hanley AJG, Raffel LJ, Kandeel F, Buchanan TA, Norris JM, Fingerlin TE, Lorenzo C, Rewers MJ, Haffner SM, Bowden DW, Rich SS, Bergman RN, Rotter JI, Watanabe RM, Wagenknecht LE. Insulin sensitivity and insulin clearance are heritable and have strong genetic correlation in Mexican Americans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:1157-64. [PMID: 24124113 PMCID: PMC3968231 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The GUARDIAN (Genetics UndeRlying DIAbetes in HispaNics) consortium is described, along with heritability estimates and genetic and environmental correlations of insulin sensitivity and metabolic clearance rate of insulin (MCRI). METHODS GUARDIAN is comprised of seven cohorts, consisting of 4,336 Mexican-American individuals in 1,346 pedigrees. Insulin sensitivity (SI ), MCRI, and acute insulin response (AIRg) were measured by frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test in four cohorts. Insulin sensitivity (M, M/I) and MCRI were measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in three cohorts. Heritability and genetic and environmental correlations were estimated within the family cohorts (totaling 3,925 individuals) using variance components. RESULTS Across studies, age, and gender-adjusted heritability of insulin sensitivity (SI , M, M/I) ranged from 0.23 to 0.48 and of MCRI from 0.35 to 0.73. The ranges for the genetic correlations were 0.91 to 0.93 between SI and MCRI; and -0.57 to -0.59 for AIRg and MCRI (all P < 0.0001). The ranges for the environmental correlations were 0.54 to 0.74 for SI and MCRI (all P < 0.0001); and -0.16 to -0.36 for AIRg and MCRI (P < 0.0001-0.06). CONCLUSIONS These data support a strong familial basis for insulin sensitivity and MCRI in Mexican Americans. The strong genetic correlations between MCRI and SI suggest common genetic determinants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark O. Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- the Medical Genetics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carl D. Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Anny H. Xiang
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California Medical Group, Pasadena, California
| | - Yii-Der I. Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Anthony J. G. Hanley
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Medicine and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leslie J. Raffel
- the Medical Genetics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Fouad Kandeel
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Thomas A. Buchanan
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jill M. Norris
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tasha E. Fingerlin
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Carlos Lorenzo
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Marian J. Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Donald W. Bowden
- Department of Biochemistry, Centers for Diabetes Research and Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Stephen S. Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Richard M. Watanabe
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lynne E. Wagenknecht
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Iwata M, Matsushita Y, Fukuda K, Wakura T, Okabe K, Koshimizu Y, Fukushima Y, Kobashi C, Yamazaki Y, Honoki H, Suzuki H, Kigawa M, Tobe K. Secretory units of islets in transplantation index is a useful predictor of insulin requirement in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. J Diabetes Investig 2013; 5:570-80. [PMID: 25411626 PMCID: PMC4188116 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION The objective of the present study was to clarify the validity of β-cell function-related parameters for predicting the insulin requirement of Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 188 patients with type 2 diabetes who had been admitted to the University of Toyama Hospital (Toyama, Japan) without receiving insulin therapy, we carried out a cross-sectional study examining the relationship between the homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) and C-peptide-based indices, and also carried out a retrospective study to examine the utility for predicting insulin requirement of several β -cell function-related indices using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS The secretory units of islets in transplantation index (SUIT) had the strongest correlation with HOMA-β, followed by the fasting serum C-peptide immunoreactivity index (CPI); the fasting serum C-peptide immunoreactivity itself (F-CPR) had the least correlation. The CPI, HOMA-β and SUIT were significantly lower in the insulin-requiring group than in the non-insulin-requiring group, even after adjustments for confounding factors (P < 0.01). The areas under the ROC curve for insulin requirement were 0.622, 0.774, 0.808, and 0.759 for F-CPR, CPI, SUIT, and HOMA-β, respectively. The cut-off values of SUIT, CPI, and HOMA-β for an over 80% specificity for the prediction of insulin therapy were 23.5, 1.00, and 14.9, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that SUIT is the best predictor of insulin requirement among these β-cell function-related markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Iwata
- First Department of Internal Medicine University of Toyama Toyama Japan ; Community Medical Support Unit Faculty of Medicine University of Toyama Toyama Japan
| | - Yumi Matsushita
- Department of Clinical Research National Center for Global Health and Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fukuda
- First Department of Internal Medicine University of Toyama Toyama Japan
| | - Tatsurou Wakura
- First Department of Internal Medicine University of Toyama Toyama Japan
| | - Keisuke Okabe
- First Department of Internal Medicine University of Toyama Toyama Japan
| | - Yukiko Koshimizu
- First Department of Internal Medicine University of Toyama Toyama Japan
| | - Yasuo Fukushima
- Department of Internal Medicine Asahi General Hospital Asahi-machi Japan
| | - Chikaaki Kobashi
- Department of Internal Medicine Kamiichi General Hospital Kamiichi-machi Japan
| | - Yu Yamazaki
- Department of Internal Medicine Saiseikai Toyama Hospital Toyama Japan
| | - Hisae Honoki
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Internal Medicine Saiseikai Takaoka Hospital Takaoka Toyama Japan
| | - Hikari Suzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine Shakaihoken Takaoka Hospital Takaoka Toyama Japan
| | - Mika Kigawa
- Department of Public Health University of Toyama Toyama Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Tobe
- First Department of Internal Medicine University of Toyama Toyama Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lee CC, Lorenzo C, Haffner SM, Wagenknecht LE, Goodarzi MO, Stefanovski D, Norris JM, Rewers MJ, Hanley AJ. Components of metabolic syndrome and 5-year change in insulin clearance - the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013; 15:441-7. [PMID: 23216702 PMCID: PMC3810428 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cross-sectional evidence indicates that abdominal adiposity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and glycaemia are associated with reduced metabolic clearance rate of insulin (MCRI). Little is known about the progression of MCRI and whether components of metabolic syndrome are associated with the change in MCRI. In this study, we examined the association between components of metabolic syndrome and the 5-year change of MCRI. METHODS At baseline and 5-year follow-up, we measured fasting plasma triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, blood pressure (BP), waist circumference (WC) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) in 784 non-diabetic participants in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. MCRI, insulin sensitivity (SI ) and acute insulin response (AIR) were determined from frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests. RESULTS We observed a 29% decline of MCRI at follow-up. TG, systolic BP and WC at baseline were inversely associated with a decline of MCRI regression models adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol consumption, energy expenditure, family history of diabetes, BMI, SI and AIR [β = -0.057 (95% confidence interval, CI: -0.11, -0.0084) for TG, β = -0.0019 (95% CI: -0.0035, -0.00023) for systolic BP and β = -0.0084 (95% CI: -0.013, -0.0039) for WC; all p < 0.05]. Higher HDL cholesterol at baseline was associated with an increase in MCRI [multivariable-adjusted β = 0.0029 (95% CI: 0.0010, 0.0048), p = 0.002]. FBG at baseline was not associated with MCRI at follow-up [multivariable-adjusted β = 0.0014 (95% CI: -0.0026, 0.0029)]. CONCLUSIONS MCRI declined progressively over 5 years in a non-diabetic cohort. Components of metabolic syndrome at baseline were associated with a significant change in MCRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Christine Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carlos Lorenzo
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Science Centre, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Steven M. Haffner
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lynne E. Wagenknecht
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mark O. Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jill M. Norris
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marian J. Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anthony J. Hanley
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lee CC, Haffner SM, Wagenknecht LE, Lorenzo C, Norris JM, Bergman RN, Stefanovski D, Anderson AM, Rotter JI, Goodarzi MO, Hanley AJ. Insulin clearance and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in Hispanics and African Americans: the IRAS Family Study. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:901-7. [PMID: 23223351 PMCID: PMC3609510 DOI: 10.2337/dc12-1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify factors that are independently associated with the metabolic clearance rate of insulin (MCRI) and to examine the association of MCRI with incident type 2 diabetes in nondiabetic Hispanics and African Americans. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We investigated 1,116 participants in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) Family Study with baseline examinations from 2000 to 2002 and follow-up examinations from 2005 to 2006. Insulin sensitivity (S(I)), acute insulin response (AIR), and MCRI were determined at baseline from frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests. MCRI was calculated as the ratio of the insulin dose over the incremental area under the curve of insulin. Incident diabetes was defined as fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL or antidiabetic medication use by self-report. RESULTS We observed that S(I) and HDL cholesterol were independent positive correlates of MCRI, whereas fasting insulin, fasting glucose, subcutaneous adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, and AIR were independent negative correlates (all P < 0.05) at baseline. After 5 years of follow-up, 71 (6.4%) participants developed type 2 diabetes. Lower MCRI was associated with a higher risk of incident diabetes after adjusting for demographics, lifestyle factors, HDL cholesterol, indexes of obesity and adiposity, and insulin secretion (odds ratio 2.01 [95% CI 1.30-3.10], P = 0.0064, per one-SD decrease in loge-transformed MCRI). CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that lower MCRI predicts the incidence of type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Christine Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The islet in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is characterized by a deficit in β-cells, increased β-cell apoptosis, and extracellular amyloid deposits derived from islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). In the absence of longitudinal studies, it is unknown if the low β-cell mass in T2DM precedes diabetes onset (is a risk factor for diabetes) or develops as a consequence of the disease process. Although insulin resistance is a risk factor for T2DM, most individuals who are insulin resistant do not develop diabetes. By inference, an increased β-cell workload results in T2DM in some but not all individuals. We propose that the extent of the β-cell mass that develops during childhood may underlie subsequent successful or failed adaptation to insulin resistance in later life. We propose that a low innate β-cell mass in the face of subsequent insulin resistance may expose β-cells to a burden of insulin and IAPP biosynthetic demand that exceeds the cellular capacity for protein folding and trafficking. If this threshold is crossed, intracellular toxic IAPP membrane permeant oligomers (cylindrins) may form, compromising β-cell function and inducing β-cell apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safia Costes
- Division of Endocrinology, Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lee CC, Lorenzo C, Haffner SM, Wagenknecht LE, Festa A, Goodarzi MO, Stefanovski D, Olson NC, Norris JM, Rewers MJ, Hanley AJ. The association of inflammatory and fibrinolytic proteins with 5 year change in insulin clearance: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Diabetologia 2013; 56:112-20. [PMID: 23052060 PMCID: PMC4010386 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Insulin clearance may decline as an early mechanism compensating for deteriorating insulin sensitivity. However, no previous studies have investigated the association between subclinical inflammation or impaired fibrinolysis and insulin clearance. We examined the association between plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, C-reactive protein (CRP), TNF-α, leptin and fibrinogen and the progression of metabolic clearance rate of insulin (MCRI) over time. METHODS We studied 784 non-diabetic white, Hispanic and African-American individuals in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Insulin sensitivity, acute insulin response and MCRI were determined from frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests at baseline and at 5-year follow-up. Inflammatory and fibrinolytic proteins were measured in fasting plasma at baseline. RESULTS MCRI had declined significantly by 29% at the 5-year follow-up. We observed a significant association between higher plasma PAI-1 levels and the decline in MCRI in multivariable-adjusted regression models (β = -0.045 [95% CI -0.081, -0.0091]). Higher plasma CRP and leptin levels were associated with a decline in MCRI in unadjusted models, but these associations were non-significant after adjusting for BMI and waist circumference (β = -0.016 [95% CI -0.041, 0.0083] for CRP; β = -0.044 [95% CI -0.10, 0.011] for leptin). A higher plasma TNF-α concentration was associated with a decline in MCRI in unadjusted (β = -0.071 [95% CI -0.14, -0.00087]) but not in multivariable-adjusted (β = -0.056 [95% CI -0.13, 0.017]) models. Plasma fibrinogen level was not associated with the change in MCRI. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We identified that higher plasma PAI-1 (but not CRP, TNF-α, leptin or fibrinogen) levels independently predicted the progressive decline of insulin clearance in the multiethnic cohort of the IRAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. C. Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C. Lorenzo
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Science Centre, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - S. M. Haffner
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L. E. Wagenknecht
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - M. O. Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D. Stefanovski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N. C. Olson
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - J. M. Norris
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - M. J. Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - A. J. Hanley
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lorenzo C, Hanley AJG, Wagenknecht LE, Rewers MJ, Stefanovski D, Goodarzi MO, Haffner SM. Relationship of insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and adiposity with insulin clearance in a multiethnic population: the insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis study. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:101-3. [PMID: 22933441 PMCID: PMC3526225 DOI: 10.2337/dc12-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine insulin clearance, a compensatory mechanism to changes in insulin sensitivity, across sex, race/ethnicity populations, and varying states of glucose tolerance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We measured insulin sensitivity index (S(I)), acute insulin response (AIR), and metabolic clearance rate of insulin (MCRI) by the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test in 1,295 participants in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. RESULTS MCRI was positively related to S(I) and negatively to AIR and adiposity across sex, race/ethnicity populations, and varying states of glucose tolerance, adiposity, and family history of diabetes. Differences in MCRI by race/ethnicity (lower in African Americans and Hispanics compared with non-Hispanic whites) and glucose tolerance were largely explained by differences in adiposity, S(I), and AIR. CONCLUSIONS Insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and adiposity are correlates of insulin clearance and appear to explain differences in insulin clearance by race/ethnicity and glucose tolerance status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Lorenzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mared M, Catchpole B, Kämpe O, Fall T. Evaluation of circulating concentrations of glucose homeostasis biomarkers, progesterone, and growth hormone in healthy Elkhounds during anestrus and diestrus. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:242-7. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.2.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
26
|
Stefanovski D, Richey JM, Woolcott O, Lottati M, Zheng D, Harrison LN, Ionut V, Kim SP, Hsu I, Bergman RN. Consistency of the disposition index in the face of diet induced insulin resistance: potential role of FFA. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18134. [PMID: 21479217 PMCID: PMC3068147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Insulin resistance induces hyperinsulinemic compensation, which in turn maintains almost a constant disposition index. However, the signal that gives rise to the hyperinsulinemic compensation for insulin resistance remains unknown. Methods In a dog model of obesity we examined the possibility that potential early-week changes in plasma FFA, glucose, or both could be part of a cascade of signals that lead to compensatory hyperinsulinemia induced by insulin resistance. Results Hypercaloric high fat feeding in dogs resulted in modest weight gain, and an increase in adipose tissue with no change in the non-adipose tissue size. To compensate for the drop in insulin sensitivity, there was a significant rise in plasma insulin, which can be attributed in part to a decrease in the metabolic clearance rate of insulin and increased insulin secretion. In this study we observed complete compensation for high fat diet induced insulin resistance as measured by the disposition index. The compensatory hyperinsulinemia was coupled with significant changes in plasma FFAs and no change in plasma glucose. Conclusions We postulate that early in the development of diet induced insulin resistance, a change in plasma FFAs may directly, through signaling at the level of β-cell, or indirectly, by decreasing hepatic insulin clearance, result in the observed hyperinsulinemic compensation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fall T, Hedhammar A, Wallberg A, Fall N, Ahlgren KM, Hamlin HH, Lindblad-Toh K, Andersson G, Kämpe O. Diabetes mellitus in elkhounds is associated with diestrus and pregnancy. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 24:1322-8. [PMID: 21054539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female Elkhounds are shown to be at increased risk for diabetes mellitus, and occurrence of diabetes during pregnancy has been described in several cases. HYPOTHESIS Onset of diabetes mellitus in Elkhounds is associated with diestrus. ANIMALS Sixty-three Elkhounds with diabetes mellitus and 26 healthy controls. METHODS Medical records from 63 Elkhounds with diabetes were reviewed and owners were contacted for follow-up information. Blood samples from the day of diagnosis were available for 26 dogs. Glucose, fructosamine, C-peptide, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1, progesterone, and glutamate decarboxylase isoform 65-autoantibodies were analyzed and compared with 26 healthy dogs. Logistic models were used to evaluate the association of clinical variables with the probability of diabetes and with permanent diabetes mellitus after ovariohysterectomy (OHE). RESULTS All dogs in the study were intact females and 7 dogs (11%) were pregnant at diagnosis. The 1st clinical signs of diabetes mellitus occurred at a median of 30 days (interquartile range [IQR], 3-45) after estrus, and diagnosis was made at a median of 46 days (IQR, 27-62) after estrus. Diabetes was associated with higher concentrations of GH and lower concentrations of progesterone compared with controls matched for time after estrus. Forty-six percent of dogs that underwent OHE recovered from diabetes with a lower probability of remission in dogs with higher glucose concentrations (odds ratio [OR], 1.2; P=.03) at diagnosis and longer time (weeks) from diagnosis to surgery (OR, 1.5; P=.05). CONCLUSIONS Diabetes mellitus in Elkhounds develops mainly during diestrus and pregnancy. Immediate OHE improves the prognosis for remission of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Fall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Michel CG, Nesseem DI, Ismail MF. Anti-diabetic activity and stability study of the formulated leaf extract of Zizyphus spina-christi (L.) Willd with the influence of seasonal variation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:53-62. [PMID: 20833236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of Zizyphus spina-christi leaf extract (200 mg/kg b.w.), plain and formulated in STZ-diabetic rats. Percentage yield of extracts, marker yield (christinin-A) and antihyperglycemic potencies, depending on seasonal variation were investigated. The chemical stability, study of storage conditions, shelf life T90 prediction of both plain extract and formulated soft gelatin capsules by accelerated studies were studied. MATERIAL AND METHODS Changes in all studied parameters after oral administration of Z. spina-christi extract for 28 days were reported. Seasonal variation affecting yield and activities was studied. Flavonoid contents were HPLC evaluated. The capsules were stored at 30, 40 and 50°C [75% relative humidity] and their residual christinin-A content was assayed for 24 weeks. Christinin-A chemical degradation was monitored by HPLC stability indicating method previously validated. Possible physical examination was checked by dissolution test of the content of the capsules using dissolution tester USP XXIV. RESULT Oral administration of Z. spina-christi leaf extract, plain and formulated for 28 days reduced blood glucose level with significant increase in serum insulin and C-peptide levels. Marked elevation in total antioxidant capacity with normalization of percentage of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C%) was reported. Moreover, they succeeded to reduce the elevated blood lactate level and to elevate the reduced blood pyruvate content of diabetic rats. In line with amelioration of the diabetic state, Zizyphus extract, plain and formulated restored liver and muscle glycogen content together with significant decrease of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase and increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities. In vitro experiments showed a dose-dependent inhibitory activity of Zizyphus extract against α-amylase enzyme with (IC(50)) at 0.3 mg/ml. Such finding has been supported by the in vivo suppression of starch digestion and absorption by Zizyphus extract in normal rats. The flavonoids content of the formulated leaves (collected during June 2009) were found to be 11.5 μg/g of the dry plant material (expressed as quercetin) and 58.8 μg/g of the dry plant material (expressed as rutin). The shelf life for the capsules stored at 30, 40 and 50°C [75% relative humidity] for plain and formulated extract were calculated to be 66.90 and 70.74 weeks, respectively. CONCLUSION The current work revealed that Z. spina-christi leaf extract, plain and formulated, improved glucose utilization in diabetic rats by increasing insulin secretion which may be due to both saponin and polyphenols content and controlling hyperglycemia through attenuation of meal-derived glucose absorption that might be attributed to the total polyphenols. Studies showed that leaves are preferably collected from June to October. Finally, the release followed the Higuchi kinetic model, indicating diffusion dominated drug release with no drop in the dissolution values throughout the test period.
Collapse
|
29
|
Verkest KR, Fleeman LM, Rand JS, Morton JM. Basal measures of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion and simplified glucose tolerance tests in dogs. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2010; 39:194-204. [PMID: 20688459 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is need for simple, inexpensive measures of glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion in dogs. The aim of this study was to estimate the closeness of correlation between fasting and dynamic measures of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion, the precision of fasting measures, and the agreement between results of standard and simplified glucose tolerance tests in dogs. A retrospective descriptive study using 6 naturally occurring obese and 6 lean dogs was conducted. Data from frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests (FSIGTTs) in 6 obese and 6 lean client-owned dogs were used to calculate HOMA, QUICKI, fasting glucose and insulin concentrations. Fasting measures of insulin sensitivity and secretion were compared with MINMOD analysis of FSIGTTs using Pearson correlation coefficients, and they were evaluated for precision by the discriminant ratio. Simplified sampling protocols were compared with standard FSIGTTs using Lin's concordance correlation coefficients, limits of agreement, and Pearson correlation coefficients. All fasting measures except fasting plasma glucose concentration were moderately correlated with MINMOD-estimated insulin sensitivity (|r| = 0.62-0.80; P < 0.03), and those that combined fasting insulin and glucose were moderately closely correlated with MINMOD-estimated insulin secretion (r = 0.60-0.79; P < 0.04). HOMA calculated using the nonlinear formulae had the closest estimated correlation (r = 0.77 and 0.74) and the best discrimination for insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion (discriminant ratio 4.4 and 3.4, respectively). Simplified sampling protocols with half as many samples collected over 3 h had close agreement with the full sampling protocol. Fasting measures and simplified intravenous glucose tolerance tests reflect insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion derived from frequently sampled glucose tolerance tests with MINMOD analysis in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K R Verkest
- Centre for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Insulin enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in healthy humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:4770-5. [PMID: 20176932 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000002107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet beta-cells express both insulin receptors and insulin-signaling proteins. Recent evidence from rodents in vivo and from islets isolated from rodents or humans suggests that the insulin signaling pathway is physiologically important for glucose sensing. We evaluated whether insulin regulates beta-cell function in healthy humans in vivo. Glucose-induced insulin secretion was assessed in healthy humans following 4-h saline (low insulin/sham clamp) or isoglycemic-hyperinsulinemic (high insulin) clamps using B28-Asp insulin that could be immunologically distinguished from endogenous insulin. Insulin and C-peptide clearance were evaluated to understand the impact of hyperinsulinemia on estimates of beta-cell function. Preexposure to exogenous insulin increased the endogenous insulin secretory response to glucose by approximately 40%. C-peptide response also increased, although not to the level predicted by insulin. Insulin clearance was not saturated at hyperinsulinemia, but metabolic clearance of C-peptide, assessed by infusion of stable isotope-labeled C-peptide, increased modestly during hyperinsulinemic clamp. These studies demonstrate that insulin potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo in healthy humans. In addition, hyperinsulinemia increases C-peptide clearance, which may lead to modest underestimation of beta-cell secretory response when using these methods during prolonged dynamic testing.
Collapse
|
31
|
Fish oil diets do not improve insulin sensitivity and secretion in healthy adult male pigs. Br J Nutr 2009; 103:189-96. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509991590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The effects of long-term dietary supplementation of fish oil (n-3 PUFA-rich) in adult male pigs on body condition as well as insulin sensitivity and secretion were examined. Fifteen Duroc boars aged 204·5 (sd 9·4) d (body weight 145·8 (sd 16·8) kg) received daily 2·5 kg basal diet with a supplement of: (1) 62 g hydrogenated animal fat (n 5); (2) 60 g menhaden oil containing 10·8 g DHA and 9·0 g EPA (n 6); (3) 60 g tuna oil containing 19·8 g DHA and 3·9 g EPA (n 4). Rations were balanced to be isoenergetic. After 7 months of treatments, oral glucose and meal tolerance tests were conducted after insertion of a catheter into the jugular vein. Dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFA altered the blood plasma profile: DHA and EPA increased whereas arachidonic acid decreased (P < 0·01). Plasma glucose, insulin and C-peptide responses to oral glucose and the test meal were not affected by treatments (P>0·34). For all animals, total body fat estimated from body weight and back fat thickness was correlated with both β-cell function (by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA); r+0·63) and insulin sensitivity (index of whole-body insulin sensitivity and by HOMA; r − 0·63 and r+0·66, respectively). In conclusion, long-term supplementation with dietary n-3 PUFA did not affect insulin metabolism in healthy adult male pigs. The relationship between body fat and insulin sensitivity, well documented in human subjects, suggests that the adult male pig could be a promising animal model for studies on insulin metabolism.
Collapse
|
32
|
Tajiri Y, Kimura M, Mimura K, Umeda F. Variation of fasting serum C-peptide level after admission in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol Ther 2009; 11:593-9. [PMID: 19764839 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2009.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the variation of fasting serum C-peptide (S-CPR) levels, as a marker for endogenous insulin secretion after admission in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS S-CPR levels together with other metabolic factors were measured in 234 T2DM patients twice: at the beginning and at the end of admission for the control of blood sugar levels. As a result, patients were classified into two groups according to their changes of S-CPR (DeltaS-CPR), which consisted of patients whose S-CPR levels had decreased (group D) and increased (group I) after admission. RESULTS Patients allocated to group I showed younger age, shorter duration of diabetes, and lower basal S-CPR level compared to group D. Conversely, patients in group D showed higher levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (HS-CRP) and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity compared to group I, suggesting patients in this group are prone to atherosclerosis. DeltaS-CPR was positively correlated with the change of body mass index, waist circumference, and triglycerides in group D. On the other hand, DeltaS-CPR was negatively correlated with the change of HS-CRP in group I, indicating residual beta-cell function could be recovered by the amelioration of inflammatory status in pancreatic islets. CONCLUSIONS It is plausible that Japanese T2DM patients could be classified according to the variation of S-CPR after admission. Evaluation of basal and the variation of S-CPR could provide advantageous information for the management of diabetes mellitus or related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Tajiri
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Xu E, Dubois MJ, Leung N, Charbonneau A, Turbide C, Avramoglu RK, DeMarte L, Elchebly M, Streichert T, Lévy E, Beauchemin N, Marette A. Targeted disruption of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 promotes diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Endocrinology 2009; 150:3503-12. [PMID: 19406938 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CC1) is a cell adhesion molecule within the Ig superfamily. The Tyr-phosphorylated isoform of CC1 (CC1-L) plays an important metabolic role in the regulation of hepatic insulin clearance. In this report, we show that CC1-deficient (Cc1(-/-)) mice are prone to hepatic steatosis, as revealed by significantly elevated hepatic triglyceride and both total and esterified cholesterol levels compared with age-matched wild-type controls. Cc1(-/-) mice were also predisposed to lipid-induced hepatic steatosis and dysfunction as indicated by their greater susceptibility to store lipids and express elevated levels of enzymatic markers of liver damage after chronic feeding of a high-fat diet. Hepatic steatosis in the Cc1(-/-) mice was linked to a significant increase in the expression of key lipogenic (fatty acid synthase, acetyl CoA carboxylase) and cholesterol synthetic (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase) enzymes under the control of sterol regulatory element binding proteins-1c and -2 transcription factors. Cc1(-/-) mice also exhibited impaired insulin clearance, glucose intolerance, liver insulin resistance, and elevated hepatic expression of the key gluconeogenic transcriptional activators peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 and Forkhead box O1. Lack of CC1 also exacerbated both glucose intolerance and hepatic insulin resistance induced by high-fat feeding, but insulin clearance was not further deteriorated in the high-fat-fed Cc1(-/-) mice. In conclusion, our data indicate that CC1 is a key regulator of hepatic lipogenesis and that Cc1(-/-) mice are predisposed to liver steatosis, leading to hepatic insulin resistance and liver damage, particularly when chronically exposed to dietary fat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Lipid Research Unit, Laval University Hospital Research Centre, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Niu HS, Hsu FL, Liu IM. Role of sympathetic tone in the loss of syringin-induced plasma glucose lowering action in conscious Wistar rats. Neurosci Lett 2008; 445:113-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
35
|
Fall T, Holm B, Karlsson Å, Ahlgren KM, Kämpe O, von Euler H. Glucagon stimulation test for estimating endogenous insulin secretion in dogs. Vet Rec 2008; 163:266-70. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.9.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Fall
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU); SE-750 07 Uppsala Sweden
| | - B. Holm
- Regiondjursjukhuset Blå Stjärnan; Gjutjärnsg 4 SE-417 07 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Å. Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU); SE-750 07 Uppsala Sweden
| | - K. M. Ahlgren
- Department of Medical Sciences; University Hospital; Uppsala University; SE-751 85 Uppsala Sweden
| | - O. Kämpe
- Department of Medical Sciences; University Hospital; Uppsala University; SE-751 85 Uppsala Sweden
| | - H. von Euler
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU); SE-750 07 Uppsala Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liu KY, Wu YC, Liu IM, Yu WC, Cheng JT. Release of acetylcholine by syringin, an active principle of Eleutherococcus senticosus, to raise insulin secretion in Wistar rats. Neurosci Lett 2008; 434:195-9. [PMID: 18304730 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Revised: 01/13/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study is designed to screen the effect of syringin, an active principle purified from the rhizome and root parts of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Araliaceae), on the plasma glucose and investigate the possible mechanisms. Plasma glucose decreased in a dose-dependent manner 60 min after intravenous injection of syringin into fasting Wistar rats. In parallel to the decrease of plasma glucose, increases of plasma insulin level as well as the plasma C-peptide was also observed in rats receiving same treatment. Both the plasma glucose lowering action and the raised plasma levels of insulin and C-peptide induced by syringin were also inhibited by 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperdine methiodide (4-DAMP), the antagonist of the muscarinic M3 receptors, but not affected by the ganglionic nicotinic antagonist, pentolinium or hexamethonium. Moreover, disruption of synaptic available acetylcholine (ACh) using an inhibitor of choline uptake, hemicholinium-3, or vesicular acetylcholine transport, vesamicol, abolished these actions of syringin. Also, physostigmine at concentration sufficient to inhibit acetylcholinesterase enhanced the actions of syringin. Mediation of ACh release from the nerve terminals to enhance insulin secretion by syringin can thus be considered. The results suggest that syringin has an ability to raise the release of ACh from nerve terminals, which in turn to stimulate muscarinic M3 receptors in pancreatic cells and augment the insulin release to result in plasma glucose lowering action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ko Yu Liu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Meng YX, Ford ES, Li C, Quarshie A, Al-Mahmoud AM, Giles W, Gibbons GH, Strayhorn G. Association of C-reactive protein with surrogate measures of insulin resistance among nondiabetic US from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. Clin Chem 2007; 53:2152-9. [PMID: 17951292 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.088930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration and insulin resistance (IR) are associated with increased rates of adverse cardiovascular events. We sought to examine the relationship of CRP with surrogate measures of IR among nondiabetic adults in the US. METHODS We conducted analyses using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. We analyzed a nationally representative sample of 2514 men and nonpregnant women age > or = 20 years who were non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, or Mexican American. RESULTS After adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, and serum concentrations of HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride, CRP was significantly associated with 10 IR measures (all P values <0.01). The strength of the association attenuated after further adjustment for waist circumference (change in adjusted regression coefficients ranging from 60.0% to 75.1%). The association of CRP with each IR surrogate was similar (standardized regression coefficient ranges from 0.06 to 0.09). The association of CRP (>3 vs <1 mg/L) with the homeostasis model for assessment of IR (> or = 75th vs <75th percentile) was statistically significant among people with a body mass index > or = 30 kg/m(2) (odds ratio, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.3-5.1) or with a body mass index <25 kg/m(2) (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.5-4.2). CONCLUSIONS CRP was significantly associated with the surrogate measures of IR among nondiabetic adults. Obesity may play an important role in the association of CRP with IR in this nationally representative sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Xiang Meng
- Department of Family Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30344, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Schmid SM, Hallschmid M, Jauch-Chara K, Bandorf N, Born J, Schultes B. Sleep loss alters basal metabolic hormone secretion and modulates the dynamic counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:3044-51. [PMID: 17519315 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sleep loss has immediate effects on metabolic function that in the long run may contribute to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to explore the neuroendocrine mechanisms mediating the acute effects of sleep deprivation on blood glucose regulation under basal and hypoglycemic conditions. METHODS In a randomized, crossover study in 10 healthy young men, plasma concentrations of relevant hormones were examined during basal rest, a subsequent stepwise hypoglycemic clamp after one night of total sleep deprivation (SD) and one night of regular sleep. RESULTS Basal glucagon concentrations were decreased (P = 0.022) and C-peptide levels were slightly reduced after SD (P = 0.085), compared with regular sleep. During hypoglycemia after SD, the glucagon increase relative to baseline was enhanced (P = 0.034) and the relative decrease in C-peptide was reduced (P = 0.013). Also, the relative increase in norepinephrine was reduced (P = 0.031). SD did not affect epinephrine, ACTH, cortisol, lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, or nonesterified fatty acids during hypoglycemia, but overall, plasma nonesterified fatty acid levels were reduced after SD (P = 0.009). SD markedly increased rated hunger during basal rest (P < 0.008), resulting in a dampened relative increase during hypoglycemia (P < 0.009). Unexpectedly, despite distinct alterations in basal secretory activity, the absolute amplitude of hormonal counterregulation and hunger responses to hypoglycemia was not affected by SD. CONCLUSION Short-term SD distinctly alters hormonal glucose regulation, affecting especially pancreatic islet secretion, and also increases hunger. Immediate perturbations in the dynamic regulation of energy metabolism caused by acute sleep curtailment may contribute to the association between chronic sleep loss and metabolic disorders.
Collapse
|
39
|
Kim SP, Catalano KJ, Hsu IR, Chiu JD, Richey JM, Bergman RN. Nocturnal free fatty acids are uniquely elevated in the longitudinal development of diet-induced insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 292:E1590-8. [PMID: 17264230 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00669.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is strongly associated with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, both primary risk factors for type 2 diabetes. It has been thought that increased fasting free fatty acids (FFA) may be responsible for the development of insulin resistance during obesity, causing an increase in plasma glucose levels, which would then signal for compensatory hyperinsulinemia. But when obesity is induced by fat feeding in the dog model, there is development of insulin resistance and a marked increase in fasting insulin despite constant fasting FFA and glucose. We examined the 24-h plasma profiles of FFA, glucose, and other hormones to observe any potential longitudinal postprandial or nocturnal alterations that could lead to both insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia induced by a high-fat diet in eight normal dogs. We found that after 6 wk of a high-fat, hypercaloric diet, there was development of significant insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia as well as accumulation of both subcutaneous and visceral fat without a change in either fasting glucose or postprandial glucose. Moreover, although there was no change in fasting FFA, there was a highly significant increase in the nocturnal levels of FFA that occurred as a result of fat feeding. Thus enhanced nocturnal FFA, but not glucose, may be responsible for development of insulin resistance and fasting hyperinsulinemia in the fat-fed dog model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stella P Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St. MMR 626, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Su CF, Cheng JT, Liu IM. Increase of acetylcholine release by Panax ginseng root enhances insulin secretion in Wistar rats. Neurosci Lett 2006; 412:101-4. [PMID: 17123721 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to ascertain the effect of Panax ginseng root on plasma glucose and investigate the possible mechanisms for the effect. Ninety minutes after the oral administration of P. ginseng root to fasting Wistar rats, plasma glucose decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Simultaneous with the reduction in plasma glucose, an increase in the plasma level of insulin and C-peptide was also observed. Moreover, disruption of the available synaptic acetylcholine (ACh), using the inhibitor for choline uptake (hemicholinium-3), or the inhibitor for vesicular choline transport (vesamicol), abolished the metabolic actions of P. ginseng root. Conversely, physostigmine, at a concentration sufficient to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, enhanced the metabolic effect of P. ginseng root. It is possible that P. ginseng root mediates the release of ACh from nerve terminals to enhance insulin secretion. Blockade of the actions of P. ginseng root by 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperdine methiodide (4-DAMP) suggested that the site of action is the muscarinic M(3) receptor. Taken together, the results suggest that P. ginseng root has the ability to increase the release of ACh from nerve terminals in rats so as to stimulate muscarinic M(3) receptors activity located in the pancreatic cells for the secretion of insulin, which in turn lower plasma glucose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Fen Su
- Department of Nursing Sciences, National Tainan Institute of Nursing, Tainan City 70201, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chen CC, Liu IM. Release of acetylcholine by Hon-Chi to raise insulin secretion in Wistar rats. Neurosci Lett 2006; 404:117-21. [PMID: 16762503 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The mandarin Hon-Chi is the red yeast rice fermented with Monascus pilous and Monascus purpureus. The present study is designed to screen the effect of Hon-Chi on plasma glucose and investigate the possible mechanisms. After oral administration into fasting Wistar rats for 90min, Hon-Chi decreased the plasma glucose in a dose-dependent manner. In parallel to the reduction of plasma glucose, an increase of plasma level of insulin or C-peptide was also observed in rats receiving same treatment. Moreover, disruption of synaptic available acetylcholine (ACh) using an inhibitor of choline uptake, hemicholinium-3, or vesicular acetylcholine transport, vesamicol, abolished these actions of Hon-Chi. Also, physostigmine at concentration sufficient to inhibit acetylcholinesterase enhanced the actions of Hon-Chi. Mediation of ACh release from the nerve terminals to enhance insulin secretion by Hon-Chi can thus be considered. Both the plasma glucose lowering action and the raised plasma levels of insulin and C-peptide induced by Hon-Chi were also inhibited by 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperdine methiodide (4-DAMP), but not affected by the ganglionic nicotinic antagonist, pentolinium or hexamethonium, indicating the mediation of muscarinic M(3) receptors. The results suggest that Hon-Chi has an ability to raise the release of ACh from nerve terminals, which in turn to stimulate muscarinic M(3) receptors in pancreatic cells and augment the insulin release to result in plasma glucose lowering action. Thus, Hon-Chi seems suitable to employ as the health food for increase of insulin secretion in the prevention of type-2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Chih Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital and College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hsu JH, Wu YC, Liu IM, Cheng JT. Release of acetylcholine to raise insulin secretion in Wistar rats by oleanolic acid, one of the active principles contained in Cornus officinalis. Neurosci Lett 2006; 404:112-6. [PMID: 16759806 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The plasma glucose lowering action of fruits of cornus (Cornus officinalis), the major active constituent of Die-Huang-Wan, has been documented to mediate acetylcholine (ACh) release, which in turn to stimulate muscarinic M(3) receptors resulting in the enhancement of insulin secretion in rats with functional pancreatic beta-cells. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of oleanolic acid, one of the active principles of cornus fruit, on the release of insulin in rats. After an intraperitoneal injection into the fasting Wistar rats for 90 min, oleanolic acid decreased the plasma glucose in a dose-dependent manner in parallel to an increase of plasma levels of insulin as well as C-peptide. Moreover, disruption of synaptic ACh using an inhibitor of choline uptake, hemicholinium-3, or vesicular acetylcholine transport, vesamicol, abolished these actions of oleanolic acid. Also, physostigmine at concentration sufficient to inhibit acetylcholinesterase enhanced the actions of oleanolic acid. Both the plasma glucose lowering action and the raised plasma levels of insulin and C-peptide induced by oleanolic acid were also inhibited by 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperdine methiodide (4-DAMP), but not affected by the ganglionic nicotinic antagonist, pentolinium or hexamethonium. The results suggest that oleanolic acid has an ability to raise the release of ACh from nerve terminals, which in turn to stimulate muscarinic M(3) receptors in the pancreatic cells and augment the insulin release to result in plasma glucose lowering action. Thus, oleanolic acid is one of the active principles responsible for the increase of plasma insulin produced by cornus fruit in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hao Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lee WK, Kao ST, Liu IM, Cheng JT. Increase of insulin secretion by ginsenoside Rh2 to lower plasma glucose in Wistar rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 33:27-32. [PMID: 16445695 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of the present study was to clarify the role of ginsenoside Rh2 as the active compound in Panax ginseng root for lowering plasma glucose in animals. 2. Plasma glucose was assessed using the glucose oxidase method. Changes in the levels of insulin and C-peptide in plasma were measured by ELISA using commercially available kits. 3. After intravenous injection into fasting Wistar rats for 60 min, ginsenoside Rh2 (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) decreased plasma glucose in a dose-dependent manner. In parallel with the decrease in plasma glucose, increases in plasma insulin levels, as well as plasma C-peptide, were observed in rats receiving the same treatment. These effects of Rh2 were reversed by atropine (0.1-1.0 mg/kg), but not affected by the ganglionic nicotinic antagonists pentolinium or hexamethonium (both at 7.5 mg/kg). 4. Disruption of synaptically available acetylcholine (ACh) using an inhibitor of choline uptake (hemicholinium-3; 1-10 microg/kg) or an inhibitor of vesicular ACh transport (vesamicol; 1.5-3.5 mg/kg) abolished the actions of Rh2. In addition, physostigmine (0.1-0.5 mg/kg), at a concentration sufficient to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, enhanced the actions of the ginsenoside Rh2. Thus, mediation of the effects of Rh2 to enhance insulin secretion by ACh released from nerve terminals can be considered. 5. Blockade of the increase in plasma insulin and the plasma glucose-lowering action of Rh2 by 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperdine methiodide (4-DAMP; 5-10 microg/kg) indicates the participation of muscarinic M(3) receptors. Increases in plasma C-peptide level induced by Rh2 were also sensitive to 4-DAMP. 6. The results of the present study suggest that ginsenoside Rh2 has the ability to increase insulin secretion as a result of the release of ACh from nerve terminals that then stimulates muscarinic M(3) receptors in pancreatic cells. This finding shows the mechanism for the plasma glucose-lowering action of ginsenoside Rh2, that is one of the major principles contained in P. ginseng root. Thus, ginsenoside Rh2 may be applied as an adjuvant for the management of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kung Lee
- Graduate School of Chinese Traditional Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are characterized by a marked deficit in beta-cell mass causing insufficient insulin secretion. Beta-cell replacement strategies may eventually provide a cure for diabetes. Current therapeutic approaches include pancreas and islet transplantation, but the chronic shortage of donor organs restricts this treatment option to a small proportion of affected patients. Moreover, recent evidence shows a progressive decline in beta-cell function after islet transplantation so that most patients have to revert to insulin treatment within a few years. In this article recent progress in the generation, culture and targeted differentiation of human embryonic stem (ES) cells is reviewed, and some of the issues surrounding their use as a source of beta-cells are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juris J Meier
- Larry Hillblom Islet Research Center, University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, 90095, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Merl V, Peters A, Oltmanns KM, Kern W, Hubold C, Hallschmid M, Born J, Fehm HL, Schultes B. Preserved circadian rhythm of serum insulin concentration at low plasma glucose during fasting in lean and overweight humans. Metabolism 2004; 53:1449-53. [PMID: 15536600 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2004.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in glucose metabolism are well documented. Most studies, however, evaluated such variations under conditions of continuous glucose supply, either via food intake or glucose infusion. Here we assessed in 30 subjects circadian variations in concentrations of plasma glucose, serum insulin, and C-peptide during a 72-hour fasting period to evaluate rhythms independent from glucose supply. Furthermore we assessed differences in these parameters between normal-weight (n = 20) and overweight (n = 10) subjects. Blood was sampled every 4 hours. During fasting, plasma glucose, serum insulin, and C-peptide levels gradually decreased (all P < .001). While there was no circadian variation in plasma glucose levels after the first day of fasting, serum levels of insulin were constantly higher in the morning (8.00 h) than at night (0.00 h) (P < .001), although the extent of this morning-associated rise in insulin levels decreased with the time spent fasting (P = .001). Also, morning C-peptide concentrations were higher compared to the preceding night (P < .001). The C-peptide/insulin ratio (CIR) decreased during prolonged fasting (P = .030), suggesting a decrease in hepatic insulin clearance. Moreover, CIR was significantly lower in the morning than at the night of day 1 and day 2 of fasting (P = .010 and P = .004, respectively). Compared to normal-weight subjects, overweight subjects had higher plasma glucose, as well as serum insulin and C-peptide levels (all P < .03). Data indicate preserved circadian rhythms in insulin concentrations in the presence of substantially decreased glucose levels in normal-weight and overweight subjects. This finding suggests a central nervous system contribution to the regulation of insulin secretion independent of plasma glucose levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Merl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Palmer JP, Fleming GA, Greenbaum CJ, Herold KC, Jansa LD, Kolb H, Lachin JM, Polonsky KS, Pozzilli P, Skyler JS, Steffes MW. C-peptide is the appropriate outcome measure for type 1 diabetes clinical trials to preserve beta-cell function: report of an ADA workshop, 21-22 October 2001. Diabetes 2004; 53:250-64. [PMID: 14693724 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.1.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The underlying cause of type 1 diabetes, loss of beta-cell function, has become the therapeutic target for a number of interventions in patients with type 1 diabetes. Even though insulin therapies continue to improve, it remains difficult to achieve normal glycemic control in type 1 diabetes, especially long term. The associated risks of hypoglycemia and end-organ diabetic complications remain. Retention of beta-cell function in patients with type 1 diabetes is known to result in improved glycemic control and reduced hypoglycemia, retinopathy, and nephropathy. To facilitate the development of therapies aimed at altering the type 1 diabetes disease process, an American Diabetes Association workshop was convened to identify appropriate efficacy outcome measures in type 1 diabetes clinical trials. The following consensus emerged: While measurements of immune responses to islet cells are important in elucidating pathogenesis, none of these measures have directly correlated with the decline in endogenous insulin secretion. HbA(1c) is a highly valuable clinical measure of glycemic control, but it is an insensitive measure of beta-cell function, particularly with the currently accepted standard of near-normal glycemic control. Rates of severe hypoglycemia and diabetic complications ultimately will be improved by therapies that are effective at preserving beta-cell function but as primary outcomes require inordinately large and protracted trials. Endogenous insulin secretion is assessed best by measurement of C-peptide, which is cosecreted with insulin in a one-to-one molar ratio but unlike insulin experiences little first pass clearance by the liver. Measurement of C-peptide under standardized conditions provides a sensitive, well accepted, and clinically validated assessment of beta-cell function. C-peptide measurement is the most suitable primary outcome for clinical trials of therapies aimed at preserving or improving endogenous insulin secretion in type 1 diabetes patients. Available data demonstrate that even relatively modest treatment effects on C-peptide will result in clinically meaningful benefits. The development of therapies for addressing this important unmet clinical need will be facilitated by trials that are carefully designed with beta-cell function as determined by C-peptide measurement as the primary efficacy outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry P Palmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington,and DVA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98108, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Gresl TA, Colman RJ, Havighurst TC, Allison DB, Schoeller DA, Kemnitz JW. Dietary restriction and beta-cell sensitivity to glucose in adult male rhesus monkeys. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003; 58:598-610. [PMID: 12865475 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/58.7.b598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of dietary restriction (DR) and age on ss-cell function and peripheral insulin sensitivity in rhesus monkeys. A semipurified diet was provided either ad libitum for approximately 8 hours/day to controls (C) or as approximately 70% of baseline intake to restricted (R) animals for 10 years. The minimal model of C-peptide secretion and kinetics and the labeled 2-compartment minimal model of glucose kinetics were identified using plasma glucose, C-peptide, and insulin concentrations during an intravenous glucose tolerance test. R monkeys had less body fat, lower basal ss-cell sensitivity to glucose (Ø(b)), greater insulin sensitivity, and lower first-phase plasma insulin response. DR did not significantly affect first-phase and second-phase ss-cell sensitivity to glucose. Indices of body fatness were highly predictive of the effect of DR on Ø(b), fasting insulin concentration and insulin responses to glucose. Enhanced peripheral insulin sensitivity among R monkeys was strongly correlated with lower Ø(b).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Gresl
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53715, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cömert B, Mas MR, Erdem H, Dinc A, Saglamkaya U, Cigerim M, Kuzhan O, Unal T, Kocabalkan F. Insulin resistance in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Dig Liver Dis 2001; 33:353-8. [PMID: 11432515 DOI: 10.1016/s1590-8658(01)80091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is a chronic liver disease that is capable of progressing to end-stage liver disease, but generally has a benign course. Obesity, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidaemia are the most common associations of the disease. AIMS To investigate the insulin resistance in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis who have no other causes of insulin resistance such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidaemia. PATIENTS Thirteen patients (7 male, 6 female) with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and 12 (6 male, 6 female) healthy volunteers. METHODS All patients and healthy volunteers were submitted to biochemical tests and hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic insulin clamp technique. RESULTS Basal insulin levels and C-peptide levels were significantly higher in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis group than in controls (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). Hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic insulin clamp technique revealed lower glucose utilization in the non-alcoholic steatohepatitis group and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed marked hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance may contribute to pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Cömert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gülhane School of Medicine, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hardy RW, Cohn M, Konrad RJ. Automated chemiluminescent assay for C-peptide. J Clin Lab Anal 2000; 14:17-9. [PMID: 10645980 PMCID: PMC6807780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
C-peptide is secreted in equimolar concentrations with insulin, and is often measured to assess pancreatic beta-cell function. C-peptide analysis is most often performed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) which has several disadvantages. We evaluated an automated, chemiluminescent immunoassay for C-peptide in terms of precision, linearity, interference, and correlation with a RIA method. The chemiluminescent assay demonstrated acceptable correlation with the RIA method (slope = 0.82, y-intercept = 0.88 ng/ml, r-value = 0.97). Between-run Cvs ranged from 8 to 9%, which compared well with the RIA method. Linearity extended beyond the manufacturer's recommendations and recovery ranged from 87 to 112% across the concentrations tested, with a slope of 1.007. No significant interference was noted with hemoglobin, bilirubin, or triglyceride. Overall this method compared favorably with the RIA method and offers an alternative to RIA for the analysis of C-peptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Cohn
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
|