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Gretchen C, Bayir H, Kochanek PM, Ruppert K, Viegas M, Palmer D, Kim-Campbell N. Association Between Hyperoxemia and Increased Cell-Free Plasma Hemoglobin During Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Infants and Children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2022; 23:e111-e119. [PMID: 34560775 PMCID: PMC8816845 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine potential risk factors for severe hemolysis during pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass and examine whether supraphysiologic levels of oxygen and cardiopulmonary bypass duration are associated with hemolysis. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING Cardiac ICU in a university-affiliated children's hospital. PATIENTS Greater than 1 month to less than 18 years old patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass for cardiac surgery. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Plasma samples from 100 patients to assess cell-free plasma hemoglobin levels were obtained at start cardiopulmonary bypass, at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass, and 2 and 24 hours after reperfusion. Arterial blood gas samples were obtained before and every 30 minutes during cardiopulmonary bypass. Patient demographics and laboratory data were collected from the electronic medical record. Plasma hemoglobin levels peaked at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass and haptoglobin levels continued to fall throughout all time points. There were 44 patients with severe hemolysis (change in cell-free plasma hemoglobin > 50 mg/dL). Younger age (odds ratio/sd 0.45 [95% CI, 0.25-0.81]) and higher mean Pao2 × cardiopulmonary bypass duration (31.11 [1.46-664.64]) were identified as risk factors for severe hemolysis in multivariable analysis. Severe hemolysis was associated with longer hospital and ICU lengths of stay as well as acute kidney injury. CONCLUSIONS We observed younger age and the exposure to both oxygen and duration of cardiopulmonary bypass as risk factors for hemolysis. Oxygen delivery through the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit is an easily modifiable risk factor. Its role in the production of reactive oxygen species that could alter the erythrocyte membrane deserves further examination in larger prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Gretchen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Hospital for Children; New Orleans, LA
| | - Hϋlya Bayir
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, PA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
| | - Patrick M. Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, PA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
| | - Kristine Ruppert
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Melita Viegas
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
| | | | - Nahmah Kim-Campbell
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, PA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
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2
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Jennings ML. Cell Physiology and Molecular Mechanism of Anion Transport by Erythrocyte Band 3/AE1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C1028-C1059. [PMID: 34669510 PMCID: PMC8714990 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00275.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The major transmembrane protein of the red blood cell, known as band 3, AE1, and SLC4A1, has two main functions: 1) catalysis of Cl-/HCO3- exchange, one of the steps in CO2 excretion; 2) anchoring the membrane skeleton. This review summarizes the 150 year history of research on red cell anion transport and band 3 as an experimental system for studying membrane protein structure and ion transport mechanisms. Important early findings were that red cell Cl- transport is a tightly coupled 1:1 exchange and band 3 is labeled by stilbenesulfonate derivatives that inhibit anion transport. Biochemical studies showed that the protein is dimeric or tetrameric (paired dimers) and that there is one stilbenedisulfonate binding site per subunit of the dimer. Transport kinetics and inhibitor characteristics supported the idea that the transporter acts by an alternating access mechanism with intrinsic asymmetry. The sequence of band 3 cDNA provided a framework for detailed study of protein topology and amino acid residues important for transport. The identification of genetic variants produced insights into the roles of band 3 in red cell abnormalities and distal renal tubular acidosis. The publication of the membrane domain crystal structure made it possible to propose concrete molecular models of transport. Future research directions include improving our understanding of the transport mechanism at the molecular level and of the integrative relationships among band 3, hemoglobin, carbonic anhydrase, and gradients (both transmembrane and subcellular) of HCO3-, Cl-, O2, CO2, pH, and NO metabolites during pulmonary and systemic capillary gas exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Jennings
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
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3
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Decreased erythrocyte binding of Siglec-9 increases neutrophil activation in sickle cell disease. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2019; 81:102399. [PMID: 31901888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2019.102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation promote vaso-occlusion in sickle cell disease (SCD). CD33-related Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins (CD33rSiglecs) are cell surface proteins that recognize sialic acids inhibit innate immune cell functions. We have shown that Siglec-9 on human neutrophils interact with erythrocyte sialic acids (prominently glycophorin-A (GYPA) to suppress neutrophil reactive oxygen species (ROS). We hypothesized that altered sickle erythrocyte membrane sialic acid leads to decreased Siglec-9 binding capability, and thus a decreased neutrophil oxidative burst. SS erythrocytes express significantly more sialic acid than AA erythrocytes (p = 0.02). SS erythrocytes displayed significantly less Siglec-9-Fc binding 39% ± 11 (mean ± SEM) compared to AA erythrocytes 78% ± 5 (p = 0.009). Treatment of AA erythrocytes with sialidase to remove sialic acid decreased binding to 3% ± 7.9 (p ≤ 0.001). When freshly isolated neutrophils were incubated with AA erythrocytes, neutrophils achieved 16% ± 6 of the oxidative burst exhibited by a stimulated neutrophil without erythrocytes. In contrast, neutrophils incubated with SS erythrocytes achieved 47% ± 6 of the oxidative burst (AA versus SS, p = 0.03). Stimulated neutrophils incubated with AA erythrocytes showed minimal NET formation while with SS erythrocytes NETs increased. SS erythrocytes are deficient in binding to neutrophil Siglec-9 which may contribute to the increased oxidative stress in SCD.
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4
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Singh Y, Chowdhury A, Mukherjee C, Dasgupta R, Majumder SK. Simultaneous photoreduction and Raman spectroscopy of red blood cells to investigate the effects of organophosphate exposure. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800246. [PMID: 30666814 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous photoreduction and Raman spectroscopy with 532 nm laser has been used to study the effects of organophosphate (chlorpyrifos [CPF]) exposure on human red blood cells (RBCs). Since in RBCs, auto-oxidation causes oxidative stress, which, in turn, is balanced by the cellular detoxicants, any possible negative effect of CPF on this balance should results in an increased level of damaged (permanently oxygenated) hemoglobin. Therefore, when 532 nm laser, at a suitable power, was applied to photoreduce the cells, only common oxygenated form of hemoglobin got photoreduced leaving the permanently oxygenated hemoglobin detectable in the Raman spectra simultaneously excited by the same laser. Using the technique effects of CPF to build up oxidative stress on RBCs could be detected at concentrations as low as 10 ppb from a comparison of relative strengths of different Raman bands. Experiments performed using simultaneously exposing the cells, along with CPF, to H2 O2 (oxidative agent) and/or 3-Aminotriazole (inhibitor of anti-oxidant catalase), suggested role of CPF to suppress the cellular anti-oxidant mechanism. Since the high level of damaged hemoglobin produced by the action of CPF (at concentrations >100 ppm) is expected to cause membrane damage, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to identify such damages.Upper panel: Raman spectra of normal, photoreduced CPF exposed and unexposed RBCs. Lower panel: The weak Fe-O2 Raman band for CPF exposed cells shown on the left. The AFM images of unexposed and exposed cells are shown on the right. Scale bar, 2.5 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashveer Singh
- Department of Physical Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
- Laser Biomedical Applications Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, India
| | - Aniket Chowdhury
- Department of Physical Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
- Laser Biomedical Applications Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, India
| | - Chandrachur Mukherjee
- Department of Physical Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
- Advanced Lasers and Optics Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, India
| | - Raktim Dasgupta
- Department of Physical Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
- Laser Biomedical Applications Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, India
| | - Shovan K Majumder
- Department of Physical Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
- Laser Biomedical Applications Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, India
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5
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Badior KE, Casey JR. Molecular mechanism for the red blood cell senescence clock. IUBMB Life 2017; 70:32-40. [PMID: 29240292 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lacking protein synthesis machinery and organelles necessary for autophagy or apoptosis, aged red blood cells (RBCs) are marked by circulating auto-antibodies for macrophage-mediated clearance. The antigen recognized by these auto-antibodies is the major protein of the RBC membrane, Band 3. To ensure regulation and specificity in clearance, the molecular "clock" must mark senescent cells in a way that differentiates them from younger cells, to prevent premature clearance. Predominant models of Band 3 senescence signaling are reviewed, and merits are discussed in light of the recently published crystal structure of the Band 3 membrane domain. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 70(1):32-40, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Badior
- Department of Biochemistry, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joseph R Casey
- Department of Biochemistry, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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6
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Understanding quasi-apoptosis of the most numerous enucleated components of blood needs detailed molecular autopsy. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 35:46-62. [PMID: 28109836 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocytes are the most numerous cells in human body and their function of oxygen transport is pivotal to human physiology. However, being enucleated, they are often referred to as a sac of molecules and their cellularity is challenged. Interestingly, their programmed death stands a testimony to their cell-hood. They are capable of self-execution after a defined life span by both cell-specific mechanism and that resembling the cytoplasmic events in apoptosis of nucleated cells. Since the execution process lacks the nuclear and mitochondrial events in apoptosis, it has been referred to as quasi-apoptosis or eryptosis. Several studies on molecular mechanisms underlying death of erythrocytes have been reported. The data has generated a non-cohesive sketch of the process. The lacunae in the present knowledge need to be filled to gain deeper insight into the mechanism of physiological ageing and death of erythrocytes, as well as the effect of age of organism on RBCs survival. This would entail how the most numerous cells in the human body die and enable a better understanding of signaling mechanisms of their senescence and premature eryptosis observed in individuals of advanced age.
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7
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Agalakova NI, Ivanova TI, Gusev GP, Nazarenkova AV, Sufiyeva DA. Apoptotic death in erythrocytes of lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis induced by ionomycin and tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 194:48-60. [PMID: 28163253 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The work examined the effects of Ca2+ overload and oxidative damage on erythrocytes of river lamprey Lampetra fluvialtilis. The cells were incubated for 3h with 0.1-5μM Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin in combination with 2.5mM Ca2+ and 10-100μM pro-oxidant agent tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP). The sensitivity of lamprey RBCs to studied compounds was evaluated by the kinetics of their death. Both toxicants induced dose- and time dependent phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization (annexin V-FITC labeling) and loss of membrane integrity (propidium iodide uptake). Highest doses of ionomycin (1-2μM) increased the number of PS-exposed erythrocytes to 7-9% within 3h, while 100μM tBHP produced up to 50% of annexin V-FITC-positive cells. Caspase inhibitor Boc-D-FMK (50μM), calpain inhibitor PD150606 (10μM) and broad protease inhibitor leupeptin (200μM) did not prevent ionomycin-induced PS externalization, whereas tBHP-triggered apoptosis was blunted by Boc-D-FMK. tBHP-dependent death of lamprey erythrocytes was accompanied by the decrease in relative cell size, loss of cell viability, activation of caspases 9 and 3/7, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, but all these processes were partially attenuated by Boc-D-FMK. None of examined death-associated events were observed in ionomycin-treated erythrocytes except activation of caspase-9. Incubation with ionomycin did not alter intracellular K+ and Na+ content, while exposure to tBHP resulted in 80% loss of K+ and 2.8-fold accumulation of Na+. Thus, lamprey erythrocytes appear to be more susceptible to oxidative damage. Ca2+ overload does not activate the cytosolic death pathways in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia I Agalakova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, M. Thorez av. 44, Sankt-Petersburg, 194223, Russia.
| | - Tatiana I Ivanova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, M. Thorez av. 44, Sankt-Petersburg, 194223, Russia
| | - Gennadii P Gusev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, M. Thorez av. 44, Sankt-Petersburg, 194223, Russia
| | - Anna V Nazarenkova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, M. Thorez av. 44, Sankt-Petersburg, 194223, Russia
| | - Dina A Sufiyeva
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, M. Thorez av. 44, Sankt-Petersburg, 194223, Russia
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8
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Welbourn EM, Wilson MT, Yusof A, Metodiev MV, Cooper CE. The mechanism of formation, structure and physiological relevance of covalent hemoglobin attachment to the erythrocyte membrane. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 103:95-106. [PMID: 28007575 PMCID: PMC5282401 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Covalent hemoglobin binding to membranes leads to band 3 (AE1) clustering and the removal of erythrocytes from the circulation; it is also implicated in blood storage lesions. Damaged hemoglobin, with the heme being in a redox and oxygen-binding inactive hemichrome form, has been implicated as the binding species. However, previous studies used strong non-physiological oxidants. In vivo hemoglobin is constantly being oxidised to methemoglobin (ferric), with around 1% of hemoglobin being in this form at any one time. In this study we tested the ability of the natural oxidised form of hemoglobin (methemoglobin) in the presence or absence of the physiological oxidant hydrogen peroxide to initiate membrane binding. The higher the oxidation state of hemoglobin (from Fe(III) to Fe(V)) the more binding was observed, with approximately 50% of this binding requiring reactive sulphydryl groups. The hemoglobin bound was in a high molecular weight complex containing spectrin, ankyrin and band 4.2, which are common to one of the cytoskeletal nodes. Unusually, we showed that hemoglobin bound in this way was redox active and capable of ligand binding. It can initiate lipid peroxidation showing the potential to cause cell damage. In vivo oxidative stress studies using extreme endurance exercise challenges showed an increase in hemoglobin membrane binding, especially in older cells with lower levels of antioxidant enzymes. These are then targeted for destruction. We propose a model where mild oxidative stress initiates the binding of redox active hemoglobin to the membrane. The maximum lifetime of the erythrocyte is thus governed by the redox activity of the cell; from the moment of its release into the circulation the timer is set.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael T Wilson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Ashril Yusof
- Dept. of Exercise Science, Sports Centre, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Metodi V Metodiev
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Chris E Cooper
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK.
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9
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Spector J, Kodippili GC, Ritchie K, Low PS. Single Molecule Studies of the Diffusion of Band 3 in Sickle Cell Erythrocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162514. [PMID: 27598991 PMCID: PMC5012561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is caused by an inherited mutation in hemoglobin that leads to sickle hemoglobin (HbS) polymerization and premature HbS denaturation. Previous publications have shown that HbS denaturation is followed by binding of denatured HbS (a.k.a. hemichromes) to band 3, the consequent clustering of band 3 in the plane of the erythrocyte membrane that in turn promotes binding of autologous antibodies to the clustered band 3, and removal of the antibody-coated erythrocytes from circulation. Although each step of the above process has been individually demonstrated, the fraction of band 3 that is altered by association with denatured HbS has never been determined. For this purpose, we evaluated the lateral diffusion of band 3 in normal cells, reversibly sickled cells (RSC), irreversibly sickled cells (ISC), and hemoglobin SC erythrocytes (HbSC) in order to estimate the fraction of band 3 that was diffusing more slowly due to hemichrome-induced clustering. We labeled fewer than ten band 3 molecules per intact erythrocyte with a quantum dot to avoid perturbing membrane structure and we then monitored band 3 lateral diffusion by single particle tracking. We report here that the size of the slowly diffusing population of band 3 increases in the sequence: normal cells<HbSC<RSC<ISC. We also demonstrate that the size of the compartment in which band 3 is free to diffuse decreases roughly in the same order, with band 3 diffusing in two compartments of sizes 35 and 71 nm in normal cells, but only a single compartment in HbSC cells (58 nm), RSC (45 nm) and ISC (36 nm). These data suggest that the mobility of band 3 is increasingly constrained during SCD progression, suggesting a global impact of the mutated hemoglobin on erythrocyte membrane properties.
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MESH Headings
- Anemia, Sickle Cell/blood
- Anemia, Sickle Cell/pathology
- Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte/chemistry
- Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Diffusion
- Erythrocyte Membrane/chemistry
- Erythrocyte Membrane/metabolism
- Erythrocyte Membrane/ultrastructure
- Erythrocytes, Abnormal/chemistry
- Erythrocytes, Abnormal/metabolism
- Erythrocytes, Abnormal/ultrastructure
- Hemeproteins/chemistry
- Hemeproteins/metabolism
- Hemoglobin, Sickle/chemistry
- Hemoglobin, Sickle/metabolism
- Humans
- Molecular Probes/chemistry
- Quantum Dots/chemistry
- Single Molecule Imaging/methods
- Staining and Labeling/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Spector
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States of America
| | - Gayani C. Kodippili
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States of America
| | - Ken Ritchie
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States of America
| | - Philip S. Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Alaarg A, Schiffelers RM, van Solinge WW, van Wijk R. Red blood cell vesiculation in hereditary hemolytic anemia. Front Physiol 2013; 4:365. [PMID: 24379786 PMCID: PMC3862113 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hemolytic anemia encompasses a heterogeneous group of anemias characterized by decreased red blood cell survival because of inherited membrane, enzyme, or hemoglobin disorders. Affected red blood cells are more fragile, less deformable, and more susceptible to shear stress and oxidative damage, and show increased vesiculation. Red blood cells, as essentially all cells, constitutively release phospholipid extracellular vesicles in vivo and in vitro in a process known as vesiculation. These extracellular vesicles comprise a heterogeneous group of vesicles of different sizes and intracellular origins. They are described in literature as exosomes if they originate from multi-vesicular bodies, or as microvesicles when formed by a one-step budding process directly from the plasma membrane. Extracellular vesicles contain a multitude of bioactive molecules that are implicated in intercellular communication and in different biological and pathophysiological processes. Mature red blood cells release in principle only microvesicles. In hereditary hemolytic anemias, the underlying molecular defect affects and determines red blood cell vesiculation, resulting in shedding microvesicles of different compositions and concentrations. Despite extensive research into red blood cell biochemistry and physiology, little is known about red cell deformability and vesiculation in hereditary hemolytic anemias, and the associated pathophysiological role is incompletely assessed. In this review, we discuss recent progress in understanding extracellular vesicles biology, with focus on red blood cell vesiculation. Also, we review recent scientific findings on the molecular defects of hereditary hemolytic anemias, and their correlation with red blood cell deformability and vesiculation. Integrating bio-analytical findings on abnormalities of red blood cells and their microvesicles will be critical for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of hereditary hemolytic anemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Alaarg
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands ; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands ; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wouter W van Solinge
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Richard van Wijk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
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11
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Arashiki N, Kimata N, Manno S, Mohandas N, Takakuwa Y. Membrane peroxidation and methemoglobin formation are both necessary for band 3 clustering: mechanistic insights into human erythrocyte senescence. Biochemistry 2013; 52:5760-9. [PMID: 23889086 DOI: 10.1021/bi400405p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative damage and clustering of band 3 in the membrane have been implicated in the removal of senescent human erythrocytes from the circulation at the end of their 120 day life span. However, the biochemical and mechanistic events leading to band 3 cluster formation have yet to be fully defined. Here we show that while neither membrane peroxidation nor methemoglobin (MetHb) formation on their own can induce band 3 clustering in the human erythrocytes, they can do so when acting in combination. We further show that binding of MetHb to the cytoplasmic domain of band 3 in peroxidized, but not in untreated, erythrocyte membranes induces cluster formation. Age-fractionated populations of erythrocytes from normal human blood, obtained by a density gradient procedure, have allowed us to examine a subpopulation, highly enriched in senescent cells. We have found that band 3 clustering is a feature of only this small fraction, amounting to ∼0.1% of total circulating erythrocytes. These senescent cells are characterized by an increased proportion of MetHb as a result of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent reductase activity and accumulated oxidative membrane damage. These findings have allowed us to establish that the combined effects of membrane peroxidation and MetHb formation are necessary for band 3 clustering, and this is a very late event in erythrocyte life. A plausible mechanism for the combined effects of membrane peroxidation and MetHb is proposed, involving high-affinity cooperative binding of MetHb to the cytoplasmic domain of oxidized band 3, probably because of its carbonylation, rather than other forms of oxidative damage. This modification leads to dissociation of ankyrin from band 3, allowing the tetrameric MetHb to cross-link the resulting freely diffusible band 3 dimers, with formation of clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuto Arashiki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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12
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Sickle hemoglobin disturbs normal coupling among erythrocyte O2 content, glycolysis, and antioxidant capacity. Blood 2013; 121:1651-62. [PMID: 23297128 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-02-414037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism in RBCs is characterized by O2-responsive variations in flux through the Embden Meyerhof pathway (EMP) or the hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP). Therefore, the generation of ATP, NADH, and 2,3-DPG (EMP) or NADPH (HMP) shift with RBC O2 content because of competition between deoxyhemoglobin and key EMP enzymes for binding to the cytoplasmic domain of the Band 3 membrane protein (cdB3). Enzyme inactivation by cdB3 sequestration in oxygenated RBCs favors HMP flux and NADPH generation (maximizing glutathione-based antioxidant systems). We tested the hypothesis that sickle hemoglobin disrupts cdB3-based regulatory protein complex assembly, creating vulnerability to oxidative stress. In RBCs from patients with sickle cell anemia, we demonstrate in the present study constrained HMP flux, NADPH, and glutathione recycling and reduced resilience to oxidative stress manifested by membrane protein oxidation and membrane fragility. Using a novel, inverted membrane-on-bead model, we illustrate abnormal (O2-dependent) association of sickle hemoglobin to RBC membrane that interferes with sequestration/inactivation of the EMP enzyme GAPDH. This finding was confirmed by immunofluorescent imaging during RBC O2 loading/unloading. Moreover, selective inhibition of inappropriately dispersed GAPDH rescues antioxidant capacity. Such disturbance of cdB3-based linkage between O2 gradients and RBC metabolism suggests a novel mechanism by which hypoxia may influence the sickle cell anemia phenotype.
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13
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Franco RS, Puchulu-Campanella ME, Barber LA, Palascak MB, Joiner CH, Low PS, Cohen RM. Changes in the properties of normal human red blood cells during in vivo aging. Am J Hematol 2013; 88:44-51. [PMID: 23115087 PMCID: PMC4067949 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The changes in red blood cells (RBC) as they age and the mechanisms for their eventual removal have been of interest for many years. Proposed age-related changes include dehydration with increased density and decreased size, increased membrane IgG, loss of membrane phospholipid asymmetry, and decreased activity of KCl cotransport. The biotin RBC label allows unambiguous identification of older cells and exploration of their properties as they age. Autologous normal human RBC were labeled ex vivo and, after reinfusion, compared with unlabeled RBC throughout their lifespan. RBC density increased with age, with most of the change in the first weeks. Near the end of their lifespan, RBC had increased surface IgG. However, there was no evidence for elevated external phosphatidylserine (PS) even though older RBC had significantly lower activity of aminophospholipid translocase (APLT). KCl cotransport activity persisted well past the reticulocyte stage, but eventually decreased as the RBC became older. These studies place limitations on the use of density fractionation for the study of older human RBC, and do not support loss of phospholipid asymmetry as a mechanism for human RBC senescence. However, increased levels of IgG were associated with older RBC, and may contribute to their removal from the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Franco
- Internal Medicine Hem/Onc, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
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14
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Straat M, van Bruggen R, de Korte D, Juffermans NP. Red blood cell clearance in inflammation. Transfus Med Hemother 2012; 39:353-61. [PMID: 23801928 DOI: 10.1159/000342229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Anemia is a frequently encountered problem in the critically ill patient. The inability to compensate for anemia includes several mechanisms, collectively referred to as anemia of inflammation: reduced production of erythropoietin, impaired bone marrow response to erythropoietin, reduced iron availability, and increased red blood cell (RBC) clearance. This review focuses on mechanisms of RBC clearance during inflammation. We state that phosphatidylserine (PS) expression in inflammation is mainly enhanced due to an increase in ceramide, caused by an increase in sphingomyelinase activity due to either platelet activating factor, tumor necrosis factor-α, or direct production by bacteria. Phagocytosis of RBCs during inflammation is mediated via RBC membrane protein band 3. Reduced deformability of RBCs seems an important feature in inflammation, also mediated by band 3 as well as by nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and sialic acid residues. Also, adherence of RBCs to the endothelium is increased during inflammation, most likely due to increased expression of endothelial adhesion molecules as well as PS on the RBC membrane, in combination with decreased capillary blood flow. Thereby, clearance of RBCs during inflammation shows similarities to clearance of senescent RBCs, but also has distinct entities, including increased adhesion to the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Straat
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Sanquin Research, Sanquin Blood Bank, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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15
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Hebbel RP. Reconstructing sickle cell disease: a data-based analysis of the "hyperhemolysis paradigm" for pulmonary hypertension from the perspective of evidence-based medicine. Am J Hematol 2011; 86:123-54. [PMID: 21264896 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The "hyperhemolytic paradigm" (HHP) posits that hemolysis in sickle disease sequentially and causally establishes increased cell-free plasma Hb, consumption of NO, a state of NO biodeficiency, endothelial dysfunction, and a high prevalence of pulmonary hypertension. The basic science underpinning this concept has added an important facet to the complexity of vascular pathobiology in sickle disease, and clinical research has identified worrisome clinical issues. However, this critique identifies and explains a number of significant concerns about the various HHP component tenets. In addressing these issues, this report presents: a very brief history of the HHP, an integrated synthesis of mechanisms underlying sickle hemolysis, a review of the evidentiary value of hemolysis biomarkers, an examination of evidence bearing on existence of a hyperhemolytic subgroup, and a series of questions that should naturally be applied to the HHP if it is examined using critical thinking skills, the fundamental basis of evidence-based medicine. The veracity of different HHP tenets is found to vary from true, to weakly supported, to demonstrably false. The thesis is developed that the HHP has misidentified the mechanism and clinical significance of its findings. The extant research questions identified by these analyses are delineated, and a conservative, evidence-based approach is suggested for application in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P. Hebbel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology‐Oncology‐Transplantation, Vascular Biology Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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16
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Walsh S, Stewart G. Anion exchanger 1: Protean function and associations. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:1919-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Siciliano A, Turrini F, Bertoldi M, Matte A, Pantaleo A, Olivieri O, De Franceschi L. Deoxygenation affects tyrosine phosphoproteome of red cell membrane from patients with sickle cell disease. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2010; 44:233-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Pantaleo A, De Franceschi L, Ferru E, Vono R, Turrini F. Current knowledge about the functional roles of phosphorylative changes of membrane proteins in normal and diseased red cells. J Proteomics 2009; 73:445-55. [PMID: 19758581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of proteomic techniques the number of known post-translational modifications (PTMs) affecting red cell membrane proteins is rapidly growing but the understanding of their role under physiological and pathological conditions is incompletely established. The wide range of hereditary diseases affecting different red cell membrane functions and the membrane modifications induced by malaria parasite intracellular growth represent a unique opportunity to study PTMs in response to variable cellular stresses. In the present review, some of the major areas of interest in red cell membrane research have been considered as modifications of erythrocyte deformability and maintenance of the surface area, membrane transport alterations, and removal of diseased and senescent red cells. In all mentioned research areas the functional roles of PTMs are prevalently restricted to the phosphorylative changes of the more abundant membrane proteins. The insufficient information about the PTMs occurring in a large majority of the red membrane proteins and the general lack of mass spectrometry data evidence the need of new comprehensive, proteomic approaches to improve the understanding of the red cell membrane physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Pantaleo
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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19
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Manfredini V, Lazzaretti LL, Griebeler IH, Santin AP, Brandão VDM, Wagner S, Castro SM, Peralba MDCR, Benfato MS. Blood antioxidant parameters in sickle cell anemia patients in steady state. J Natl Med Assoc 2008; 100:897-902. [PMID: 18717139 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-9684(15)31402-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a hereditary disorder with higher potential for oxidative damage due to chronic redox imbalance in red cells. We measured antioxidant enzymes including catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). We also determined oxidative damage of proteins in hemolysate of red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma (carbonyl assay). We characterized the membrane damage in terms of lipid peroxidation by accumulation of malonaldehyde (MDA) by HPLC in 30 healthy controls and 20 SCA patients in steady-state condition. Twenty (9 males/11 females) adult SCA patients and 30 healthy controls were studied. All patients and control subjects had antioxidant (CAT, GPx, SOD, carbonyl and MDA) and hematological parameters done. Our data show that SCA patients had significant higher GPx and SOD activities than healthy controls. Carbonyl assay was noted in plasma but not in hemolysate. An enhanced production of MDA was observed in the serum of SCA patients. Our data support the growing evidence that patients with SCA are subjected to chronic oxidative stress and are able to oxidative damage in biological macromolecules such as proteins and lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanusa Manfredini
- Laboratório de Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Biofíisica (IB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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20
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Saha Roy S, Chowdhury KD, Sen G, Biswas T. Oxidation of hemoglobin and redistribution of band 3 promote erythrophagocytosis in visceral leishmaniasis. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 321:53-63. [PMID: 18777164 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In visceral leishmaniasis (VL), oxidative assault on erythrocytes perturbs their cellular environment and makes them vulnerable to premature hemolysis. In this study, we assessed the contribution of oxidation-induced modifications of hemoglobin and membrane protein band 3 in the reduced survival of red cells in VL. Oxidative transformation of oxyhemoglobin to hemichrome enhanced its interaction with erythrocyte membrane in the infected animals. Association between denatured globin and band 3 contributed to the formation of insoluble copolymer of macromolecular dimension. Disulfide bonding appeared to be necessary in the making of high molecular weight aggregates during copolymerization. Hemichrome induced clustering of band 3 promoted generation of epitopes on erythrocyte cell surface. This provided a signal favoring immunologic recognition of redistributed band 3 by autologous IgG followed by erythrophagocytosis. An eventual outcome of the sequence of events pointed to early removal of affected red cells from circulation during the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipa Saha Roy
- Department of Physiology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, CSIR, Kolkata, India
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21
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Pantaleo A, Giribaldi G, Mannu F, Arese P, Turrini F. Naturally occurring anti-band 3 antibodies and red blood cell removal under physiological and pathological conditions. Autoimmun Rev 2008; 7:457-62. [PMID: 18558362 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring antibodies (NAbs) directed to band 3 protein (major erythrocyte membrane protein) are involved in the clearance of red blood cell (RBC) at the end of their lifespan as well as in the removal of RBC in different hereditary haemolytic disorders and in malaria. In all cited situations RBC undergoes oxidative stress and hemichromes (haemoglobin degradation products) are formed. Hemichromes possess a strong affinity for band 3 cytoplasmic domain and, following their binding, lead to band 3 oxidation and clusterisation. Those band 3 clusters show increased affinity for NAbs which activate complement and finally trigger the phagocytosis of altered RBC. During intra-erythrocytic malaria parasite growth, NAbs begin to bind to RBC surface at early parasite development stages increasing their abundance in parallel with parasite development. Interestingly, a number of hereditary haemolytic disorders, known to exert a protective effect on malaria, tend to exacerbate this phenomenon leading to a more precocious and effective opsonization of diseased RBC infected by malaria parasites. The exact definition of band 3 neo-antigens and the mechanism of their surface exposure are still unclear. Also band 3 clusterisation is only superficially understood, new insights about band 3 phosphorylation by Src kinases suggest the presence of a complex regulatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Pantaleo
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino, Italy
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22
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Brittain NJ, Erexson C, Faucette L, Ward J, Fujioka H, Wellems TE, Fairhurst RM. Non-opsonising aggregates of IgG and complement in haemoglobin C erythrocytes. Br J Haematol 2006; 136:491-500. [PMID: 17156402 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Haemoglobin C (HbC) differs from normal HbA by a lysine for glutamate substitution at position 6 of beta-globin. Heterozygous AC and homozygous CC phenotypes are associated with shortened erythrocyte life spans and mild anaemia. AC and CC erythrocytes contain elevated amounts of membrane-associated haemichromes, band 3 clusters, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in vivo. These findings led us to investigate whether AC and CC erythrocytes might expose elevated levels of IgG and complement, two opsonins that have been implicated in the phagocytic clearance of senescent and sickle erythrocytes. Surprisingly, we found IgG, complement, and other plasma proteins co-localised in aggregates beneath the membrane of circulating AC and CC erythrocytes. These observations, and our finding of similar aggregates in erythrocytes heterozygous or homozygous for haemoglobin S (sickle-cell haemoglobin), suggest that the vast majority of membrane-associated IgG and complement detected in these abnormal erythrocytes is intracellular and does not contribute to the eventual opsonic clearance of these cells. Phagocytosis studies with macrophages provide evidence in support of this suggestion. Studies of erythrocyte clearance that involve the detection of membrane-associated IgG and complement as putative opsonins should investigate the possibility that these plasma proteins reside in the erythrocyte interior, and not on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J Brittain
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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23
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Lynch BP, Hilton AM, Simpson GJ. Nanoscale dielectrophoretic spectroscopy of individual immobilized mammalian blood cells. Biophys J 2006; 91:2678-86. [PMID: 16798803 PMCID: PMC1562388 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.082412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dielectrophoretic force microscopy (DEPFM) and spectroscopy have been performed on individual intact surface-immobilized mammalian red blood cells. Dielectrophoretic force spectra were obtained in situ in approximately 125 ms and could be acquired over a region comparable in dimension to the effective diameter of a scanning probe microscopy tip. Good agreement was observed between the measured dielectrophoretic spectra and predictions using a single-shell cell model. In addition to allowing for highly localized dielectric characterization, DEPFM provided a simple means for noncontact imaging of mammalian blood cells under aqueous conditions. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of using DEPFM to monitor localized changes in membrane capacitance in real time with high spatial resolution on immobilized cells, complementing previous studies of mobile whole cells and cell suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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24
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Tokumasu F, Fairhurst RM, Ostera GR, Brittain NJ, Hwang J, Wellems TE, Dvorak JA. Band 3 modifications in Plasmodium falciparum-infected AA and CC erythrocytes assayed by autocorrelation analysis using quantum dots. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:1091-8. [PMID: 15731014 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular stability of hemoglobin is critical for normal erythrocyte functions, including oxygen transport. Hemoglobin C (HbC) is a mutant hemoglobin that has increased oxidative susceptibility due to an amino acid substitution (beta6: Glu to Lys). The growth of Plasmodium falciparum is abnormal in homozygous CC erythrocytes in vitro, and CC individuals show innate protection against severe P. falciparum malaria. We investigated one possible mechanism of innate protection using a quantum dot technique to compare the distribution of host membrane band 3 molecules in genotypically normal (AA) to CC erythrocytes. The high photostability of quantum dots facilitated the construction of 3D cell images and the quantification of fluorescent signal intensity. Power spectra and 1D autocorrelation analyses showed band 3 clusters on the surface of infected AA and CC erythrocytes. These clusters became larger as the parasites matured and were more abundant in CC erythrocytes. Further, average cluster size (500 nm) in uninfected (native) CC erythrocytes was comparable with that of parasitized AA erythrocytes but was significantly larger (1 microm) in parasitized CC erythrocytes. Increased band 3 clustering may enhance recognition sites for autoantibodies, which could contribute to the protective effect of hemoglobin C against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuki Tokumasu
- Biochemical and Biophysical Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA
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25
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Birkenmeier CS, Barker JE. Hereditary haemolytic anaemias: unexpected sequelae of mutations in the genes for erythroid membrane skeletal proteins. J Pathol 2004; 204:450-9. [PMID: 15495268 DOI: 10.1002/path.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although the haemolytic anaemia may be the primary concern for hereditary spherocytosis and elliptocytosis patients, it is clear that their situation can be compromised by primary and secondary defects in erythroid and non-erythroid systems of the body. All seven of the red cell membrane skeletal proteins discussed in this review are also expressed in non-erythroid tissues, and mutations in their genes have the potential to cause non-erythroid defects. In some instances, such as the protein 4.1R and ANK1 neurological deficits, the diagnosis is clear. In other instances, because of the complex expression patterns involved, the non-erythroid effects may be difficult to assess. An example is the large multidomain, multifunctional band 3 protein. In this case, the location of the mutation can cause defects in one functional domain or isoform and not the other. In other cases, such as the beta-adducin null mutation, other isoforms may partially compensate for the primary deficiency. In such cases, it may be that the effects of the deficit are subtle but could increase under stress or with age. To be completely successful, treatment strategies must address both primary and secondary effects of the anaemia. If gene replacement therapy is to be used, the more that is known about the underlying genetic mechanisms producing the multiple isoforms the better we will be able to design the best replacement gene. The various animal models that are now available should be invaluable in this regard. They continue to contribute to our understanding of both the primary and the secondary effects and their treatment.
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26
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Zen Q, Batchvarova M, Twyman CA, Eyler CE, Qiu H, De Castro LM, Telen MJ. B-CAM/LU expression and the role of B-CAM/LU activation in binding of low- and high-density red cells to laminin in sickle cell disease. Am J Hematol 2004; 75:63-72. [PMID: 14755370 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.10442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cells from patients with sickle cell disease (SS RBC) adhere to laminin and over-express the high-affinity laminin receptor basal cell adhesion molecule/Lutheran protein (B-CAM/LU). This receptor has recently been shown to undergo activation in vitro through a protein kinase A-dependent mechanism. Low-density SS RBC express two-thirds more B-CAM/LU than high-density SS RBC. However, high-density SS RBC have been identified as most adherent to laminin under flow conditions. We investigated the ability of low- and high-density SS RBC to interact with laminin under various conditions and explored factors that might be responsible for the differences in B-CAM/LU-laminin interaction between high- and low-density SS RBC. We confirmed that high-density SS RBC adhere to laminin more strongly than low-density SS RBC under flow conditions. However, low-density SS RBC bind soluble laminin most strongly and are the most adherent to laminin under static conditions. Soluble recombinant Lutheran extracellular domain protein completely blocked SS RBC adhesion to laminin under both static and flow conditions. The protein kinase A inhibitor 14-22 amide inhibited adhesion to laminin during flow by high-density SS RBC from patients with strongly adherent cells but had no effect on adhesion observed after a static phase. Deletion of the cytoplasmic domain of B-CAM as well as mutation of the juxtamembranous tyrosine residue failed to reduce B-CAM-mediated adhesion to laminin by transfected MEL cells. These studies confirm that B-CAM/LU is the most critical receptor mediating adhesion to laminin under both static and flow conditions. Dense SS RBC are most adherent to laminin despite bearing fewer laminin receptors, apparently due to a reversible protein kinase A-dependent process that is unlikely to involve direct phosphorylation of B-CAM/LU. Our results also suggest that the nature of the interaction of B-CAM/LU with laminin may be different under static and flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zen
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center and Duke Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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27
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Antonelou MH, Papassideri IS, Karababa FJ, Stravopodis DJ, Loutradi A, Margaritis LH. Defective organization of the erythroid cell membrane in a novel case of congenital anemia. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2003; 30:43-54. [PMID: 12667986 DOI: 10.1016/s1079-9796(03)00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, we demonstrate the erythroid cell membrane unique properties in a previously characterized case of hemoglobin-H disease, associated with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type-I features. In order to explain the patient's cell membrane distortions and the high affinity for the various intracellular inclusions, we studied its composition and structure in comparison to other anemic and non-anemic cases. Red cells from peripheral blood were fractionated into cellular, membrane and protein extracts. Membrane attached immunocomplexes were separated and collected by immunoprecipitation. The subcellular fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and immunoblotted against a variety of erythroid-specific antibodies. The protein composition of the membrane was characterized by immunogold electron microscopy. In the membrane of the CDA-associated case, we identified sialic acid and protein deficiencies, formation of protein crosslinkings, excesses of bound globin and immunoglobulins and aberrant peptides. In contrast to the typical hemoglobin-H disease, the ghost-bound globin exhibited preferential attachment to the skeletal proteins than the band 3 and the skeleton-bound globin consisted not only of beta- but also of alpha-globin chains. Another hallmark, probably associated with the CDA defect, was the participation of glycophorins in the membrane-bound immunocomplexes and the pathological clustering of the latter in the membrane. This study strongly suggests that the result of the combinatorial effects on the diseased membrane created a unique profile, quite distinct from the one observed in several typical hemoglobinopathies. Our observations shed light into critical membrane alterations leading to hemolysis in the novel CDA-associated disease and probably into the CDA-I or CDA-I-like diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna H Antonelou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Greece
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28
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Bolchoz LJC, Morrow JD, Jollow DJ, McMillan DC. Primaquine-induced hemolytic anemia: effect of 6-methoxy-8-hydroxylaminoquinoline on rat erythrocyte sulfhydryl status, membrane lipids, cytoskeletal proteins, and morphology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 303:141-8. [PMID: 12235244 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.036921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that 6-methoxy-8-hydroxylaminoquinoline (MAQ-NOH), an N-hydroxy metabolite of the antimalarial drug, primaquine, is a direct-acting hemolytic agent in rats. To investigate the mechanism underlying this hemolytic activity, the effects of hemotoxic concentrations of MAQ-NOH on rat erythrocyte sulfhydryl status, membrane lipids, skeletal proteins, and morphology have been examined. Treatment of rat erythrocytes with a TC(50) concentration of MAQ-NOH (350 microM) caused only a modest and transient depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) (~30%), which was matched by modest increases in the levels of glutathione disulfide and glutathione-protein mixed disulfides. Lipid peroxidation, as measured by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and F(2)-isoprostane formation, was induced in a concentration-dependent manner by MAQ-NOH. However, the formation of disulfide-linked hemoglobin adducts on membrane skeletal proteins and changes in erythrocyte morphology were not observed. These data suggest that hemolytic activity results from peroxidative damage to the lipid of the red cell membrane and is not dependent on skeletal protein thiol oxidation. However, when red cell GSH was depleted (>90%) by titration with diethyl maleate, hemolytic activity of MAQ-NOH was markedly enhanced. Of interest, exacerbation of hemotoxicity was not matched by increases in lipid peroxidation, but by the appearance of hemoglobin-skeletal protein adducts. Collectively, the data are consistent with the concept that MAQ-NOH may operate by more than one mechanism; one that involves lipid peroxidation in the presence of normal amounts of erythrocytic GSH, and one that involves protein oxidation in red cells with low levels of GSH, such as are seen in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J C Bolchoz
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
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29
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Huang KT, Han TH, Hyduke DR, Vaughn MW, Van Herle H, Hein TW, Zhang C, Kuo L, Liao JC. Modulation of nitric oxide bioavailability by erythrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:11771-6. [PMID: 11573011 PMCID: PMC58805 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.201276698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) activates soluble guanylyl cyclase in smooth muscle cells to induce vasodilation in the vasculature. However, as hemoglobin (Hb) is an effective scavenger of NO and is present in high concentrations inside the red blood cell (RBC), the bioavailability of NO would be too low to elicit soluble guanylyl cyclase activation in the presence of blood. Therefore, NO bioactivity must be preserved. Here we present evidence suggesting that the RBC participates in the preservation of NO bioactivity by reducing NO influx. The NO uptake by RBCs was increased and decreased by altering the degree of band 3 binding to the cytoskeleton. Methemoglobin and denatured hemoglobin binding to the RBC membrane or cytoskeleton also were shown to contribute to reducing the NO uptake rate of the RBC. These alterations in NO uptake by the RBC, hence the NO bioavailability, were determined to correlate with the vasodilation of isolated blood vessels. Our observations suggest that RBC membrane and cytoskeleton associated NO-inert proteins provide a barrier for NO diffusion and thus account for the reduction in the NO uptake rate of RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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30
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Giribaldi G, Ulliers D, Mannu F, Arese P, Turrini F. Growth of Plasmodium falciparum induces stage-dependent haemichrome formation, oxidative aggregation of band 3, membrane deposition of complement and antibodies, and phagocytosis of parasitized erythrocytes. Br J Haematol 2001; 113:492-9. [PMID: 11380422 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum-parasitized erythrocytes (RBCs) are progressively transformed into non-self cells, phagocytosed by human monocytes. Haemichromes, aggregated band 3 (Bd3) and membrane-bound complement fragment C3c and IgG were assayed in serum-opsonized stage-separated parasitized RBCs. All parameters progressed from control to rings to trophozoites to schizonts: haemichromes, nil; 0.64 +/- 0.12; 5.6 +/- 1.91; 8.4 +/- 2.8 (nmol/ml membrane); Bd3, 1 +/- 0.1; 4.3 +/- 1.5; 23 +/- 5; 25 +/- 6 (percentage aggregated); C3c, 31 +/- 11; 223 +/- 86; 446 +/- 157; 620 +/- 120 (mOD405/min/ml membrane); IgG, 35 +/- 12; 65 +/- 23; 436 +/- 127; 590 +/- 196 (mOD405/min/ml membrane). All increments in rings versus controls and in trophozoites versus rings were highly significant. Parasite development in the presence of 100 micromol/l beta-mercaptoethanol largely reverted haemichrome formation, Bd3 aggregation, C3c and IgG deposition and phagocytosis. Membrane proteins extracted by detergent C12E8 were separated on Sepharose CL-6B. Haemichromes, C3c and IgG were present exclusively in the high-molecular-weight fractions together with approximately 30% of Bd3, indicating the oxidative formation of immunogenic Bd3 aggregates. Immunoblots of separated membrane proteins with anti-Bd3 antibodies confirmed Bd3 aggregates that, in part, did not enter the gel. Immunoprecipitated antibodies eluted from trophozoites reacted preferentially with aggregated Bd3. Changes in parasitized RBC membranes and induction of phagocytosis were similar to oxidatively damaged, senescent or thalassaemic RBC, indicating that parasite-induced oxidative modifications of Bd3 were per se sufficient to induce and enhance phagocytosis of malaria-parasitized RBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Giribaldi
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino Medical School, Torino, Italy
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Abstract
Sickle red blood cells (SS-RBCs) have enhanced adhesion to the plasma and subendothelial matrix protein thrombospondin-1 (TSP) under conditions of flow in vitro. TSP has at least four domains that mediate cell adhesion. The goal of this study was to map the site(s) on TSP that binds SS-RBCs. Purified TSP proteolytic fragments containing either the N-terminal heparin-binding domain, or the type 1, 2, or 3 repeats, failed to sustain SS-RBC adhesion (<10% adhesion). However, a 140-kD thermolysin TSP fragment, containing the carboxy-terminal cell-binding domain in addition to the type 1, 2, and 3 repeats fully supported the adhesion of SS-RBCs (126% ± 25% adhesion). Two cell-binding domain adhesive peptides, 4N1K (KRFYVVMWKK) and 7N3 (FIRVVMYEGKK), failed to either inhibit or support SS-RBC adhesion to TSP. In addition, monoclonal antibody C6.7, which blocks platelet and melanoma cell adhesion to the cell-binding domain, did not inhibit SS-RBC adhesion to TSP. These data suggest that a novel adhesive site within the cell binding domain of TSP promotes the adhesion of sickle RBCs to TSP. Furthermore, soluble TSP did not bind SS-RBCs as detected by flow cytometry, nor inhibit SS-RBC adhesion to immobilized TSP under conditions of flow, indicating that the adhesive site on TSP that recognizes SS-RBCs is exposed only after TSP binds to a matrix. We conclude that the intact carboxy-terminal cell-binding domain of TSP is essential for the adhesion of sickle RBCs under flow conditions. This study also provides evidence for a unique adhesive site within the cell-binding domain that is exposed after TSP binds to a matrix.
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Zolotarev AS, Shmukler BE, Alper SL. AE2 anion exchanger polypeptide is a homooligomer in pig gastric membranes: a chemical cross-linking study. Biochemistry 1999; 38:8521-31. [PMID: 10387099 DOI: 10.1021/bi990337h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although considerable information is available on the oligomeric states of the AE1 (band 3) anion exchanger, little is known about the physiological state of the polypeptides encoded by the nonerythroid AE genes, AE2 and AE3. We have previously characterized the proteolytic susceptibility of native pig gastric AE2. In the course of studies in which pig gastric membranes were treated with the AE2 transport antagonist, DIDS, we noted evidence for cross-linking of AE2 proteolytic fragments to higher-order oligomeric forms. We have characterized the ability of DIDS and of selected N-hydroxysuccinimide cross-linking agents to increase the proportion of SDS-resistant oligomers of pig gastric AE2 and its proteolytic fragments. Cross-linking exhibited time and concentration dependence. N-Terminal protein sequencing proved that DIDS treatment created AE2 homodimers. Putative homotetramers were also observed. Protomers were cross-linked via residues within the C-terminal 40 kDa of AE2. Prior proteolytic cleavage of AE2 in membranes resulted in decreased yield of subsequently cross-linked products. AE2 cross-linking could not be detected in membranes pretreated by hypotonic wash and freeze-thaw. The results are interpreted in light of the deduced amino acid sequence of the transmembrane domain of pig AE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Zolotarev
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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33
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Cibert C, Prulière G, Lacombe C, Deprette C, Cassoly R. Calculation of a Gap restoration in the membrane skeleton of the red blood cell: possible role for myosin II in local repair. Biophys J 1999; 76:1153-65. [PMID: 10049301 PMCID: PMC1300097 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(99)77280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human red blood cells contain all of the elements involved in the formation of nonmuscle actomyosin II complexes (V. M. Fowler. 1986. J. Cell. Biochem. 31:1-9; 1996. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8:86-96). No clear function has yet been attributed to these complexes. Using a mathematical model for the structure of the red blood cell spectrin skeleton (M. J. Saxton. 1992. J. Theor. Biol. 155:517-536), we have explored a possible role for myosin II bipolar minifilaments in the restoration of the membrane skeleton, which may be locally damaged by major mechanical or chemical stress. We propose that the establishment of stable links between distant antiparallel actin protofilaments after a local myosin II activation may initiate the repair of the disrupted area. We show that it is possible to define conditions in which the calculated number of myosin II minifilaments bound to actin protofilaments is consistent with the estimated number of myosin II minifilaments present in the red blood cells. A clear restoration effect can be observed when more than 50% of the spectrin polymers of a defined area are disrupted. It corresponds to a significant increase in the spectrin density in the protein free region of the membrane. This may be involved in a more complex repair process of the red blood cell membrane, which includes the vesiculation of the bilayer and the compaction of the disassembled spectrin network.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cibert
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, CNRS, Universités Paris VI et Paris VII, F-75005 Paris, France.
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34
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Abstract
One hypothesis to explain the age-dependent clearance of red blood cells (RBCs) from circulation proposes that denatured/oxidized hemoglobin (hemichromes) arising late during an RBC’s life span induces clustering of the integral membrane protein, band 3. In turn, band 3 clustering generates an epitope on the senescent cell surface leading to autologous IgG binding and consequent phagocytosis. Because dog RBCs have survival characteristics that closely resemble those of human RBCs (ie, low random RBC loss, ≈115-day life span), we decided to test several aspects of the above hypothesis in the canine model, where in vivo aged cells of defined age could be evaluated for biochemical changes. For this purpose, dog RBCs were biotinylated in vivo and retrieved for biochemical analysis at various later dates using avidin-coated magnetic beads. Consistent with the above hypothesis, senescent dog RBCs were found to contain measurably elevated membrane-bound (denatured) globin and a sevenfold enhancement of surface-associated autologous IgG. Interestingly, dog RBCs that were allowed to senesce for 115 days in vivo also suffered from compromised intracellular reducing power, containing only 30% of the reduced glutathione found in unfractionated cells. Although the small quantity of cells of age ≥110 days did not allow direct quantitation of band 3 clustering, it was nevertheless possible to exploit single-cell microdeformation methods to evaluate the fraction of band 3 molecules that had lost their normal skeletal linkages and were free to cluster in response to hemichrome binding. Importantly, band 3 in RBCs ≥112 days old was found to be 25% less restrained by skeletal interactions than band 3 in control cells, indicating that the normal linkages between band 3 and the membrane skeleton had been substantially disrupted. Interestingly, the protein 4.1a/protein 4.1b ratio, commonly assumed to reflect RBC age, was found to be maximal in RBCs isolated only 58 days after labeling, implying that while this marker is useful for identifying very young populations of RBCs, it is not a very sensitive marker for canine senescent RBCs. Taken together, these data argue that several of the readily testable elements of the above hypothesis implicating band 3 in human RBC senescence can be validated in an appropriate canine model.
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35
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Abstract
AbstractOne hypothesis to explain the age-dependent clearance of red blood cells (RBCs) from circulation proposes that denatured/oxidized hemoglobin (hemichromes) arising late during an RBC’s life span induces clustering of the integral membrane protein, band 3. In turn, band 3 clustering generates an epitope on the senescent cell surface leading to autologous IgG binding and consequent phagocytosis. Because dog RBCs have survival characteristics that closely resemble those of human RBCs (ie, low random RBC loss, ≈115-day life span), we decided to test several aspects of the above hypothesis in the canine model, where in vivo aged cells of defined age could be evaluated for biochemical changes. For this purpose, dog RBCs were biotinylated in vivo and retrieved for biochemical analysis at various later dates using avidin-coated magnetic beads. Consistent with the above hypothesis, senescent dog RBCs were found to contain measurably elevated membrane-bound (denatured) globin and a sevenfold enhancement of surface-associated autologous IgG. Interestingly, dog RBCs that were allowed to senesce for 115 days in vivo also suffered from compromised intracellular reducing power, containing only 30% of the reduced glutathione found in unfractionated cells. Although the small quantity of cells of age ≥110 days did not allow direct quantitation of band 3 clustering, it was nevertheless possible to exploit single-cell microdeformation methods to evaluate the fraction of band 3 molecules that had lost their normal skeletal linkages and were free to cluster in response to hemichrome binding. Importantly, band 3 in RBCs ≥112 days old was found to be 25% less restrained by skeletal interactions than band 3 in control cells, indicating that the normal linkages between band 3 and the membrane skeleton had been substantially disrupted. Interestingly, the protein 4.1a/protein 4.1b ratio, commonly assumed to reflect RBC age, was found to be maximal in RBCs isolated only 58 days after labeling, implying that while this marker is useful for identifying very young populations of RBCs, it is not a very sensitive marker for canine senescent RBCs. Taken together, these data argue that several of the readily testable elements of the above hypothesis implicating band 3 in human RBC senescence can be validated in an appropriate canine model.
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36
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Abstract
In order to investigate the tyrosine phosphorylation of band 3, we performed immunoblotting of intact red cells using anti-phosphotyrosine antibody of 21 patients with sickle cell disorders (11 SS, 5 Sbeta, 5 SC), 7 patients with beta thalassemias (5 beta thal intermedia, 2 deltabeta thal), 10 normal controls, and 1 patient with hereditary spherocytosis. They had not received transfusion for the last 4 months and all were clinically stable. Our results showed an increased tyrosine phosphorylation of two proteins, in the 100 and 80 kD regions, in sickle cell and beta-thalassemic red cells when compared to the normal controls and to the patient with hereditary spherocytosis. Immunoprecipitation of the lysed red cells with anti-band 3 antibody and immunoblotting with anti-phosphotyrosine antibody confirmed that the 100 kD tyrosine phosphorylated protein was band 3. In the sickle cell disease group, the band 3 tyrosine phosphorylation varied from 2- to 10-fold increase compared to control (x +/- SD; SS = 7.8- +/- 2.7-fold; SC = 3.8- +/- 1.3-fold; Sbeta = 5.2- +/- 2.0-fold). It was also higher in the beta-thalassemic group (beta-thal = 4.3- +/- 3.7-fold). There was no significant difference in tyrosine phosphorylation among the various groups tested, except when we compared the phosphorylation in intact red cells of patients with sickle cell anemia and hemoglobinopathy SC (U = 6, P < 0.02). The tyrosine phosphorylation of band 3 was increased in hemoglobinopathies even in the absence of high reticulocyte count. At least two mechanisms might be involved in the increased tyrosine phosphorylation of band 3 in these hemoglobin disorders, probably related to the endogenous reactive oxygen intermediates generated by the abnormal erythrocyte: an inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity or an activation of the protein tyrosine kinase p72syk.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Terra
- Hemocentro, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, Brazil
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37
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Van Dort HM, Moriyama R, Low PS. Effect of band 3 subunit equilibrium on the kinetics and affinity of ankyrin binding to erythrocyte membrane vesicles. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:14819-26. [PMID: 9614083 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.24.14819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-spanning protein, band 3, anchors the spectrin-based membrane skeleton to the lipid bilayer via the bridging protein, ankyrin. To understand how band 3 subunit stoichiometry influences this membrane-skeletal junction, we have induced changes in the band 3 association equilibrium and assayed the kinetics and equilibrium properties of ankyrin binding. We observe that band 3 oligomers convert slowly to dimers and ultimately monomers following removal of ankyrin. Addition of excess ankyrin back to these membranes enriched in dissociated band 3 then shifts band 3 almost entirely to tetramers, confirming that the tetrameric form of band 3 constitutes the preferred oligomeric state of ankyrin binding. 4, 4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) labeling of band 3, which is shown to shift most of the band 3 population to dimers, eliminates the majority of ankyrin-binding sites on the membrane and greatly reduces retention of band 3 in detergent-extracted membrane skeletons. Furthermore, DIDS- modified membranes lack all low affinity ankyrin-binding sites and roughly half of all high affinity sites. Since labeled membranes lack the rapid kinetic phase of ankyrin binding and exhibit only half of the normal amplitude of the slow kinetic phase, it can be concluded that the rapid phase of ankyrin association involves low affinity sites and the slow phase involves high affinity sites. A model accounting for these data and most previous data on ankyrin-band 3 interactions is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Van Dort
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393, USA
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38
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease can be prevented by gamma irradiation of blood components. Red cells (RBCs) from sickle cell disease patients may exhibit oxidative changes of RBC membranes due to the instability of hemoglobin (Hb) S. Persons with sickle cell trait are eligible to donate blood, and 35 to 45 percent of their total Hb is Hb S. The effect of gamma irradiation on RBCs from such persons is of interest. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS RBCs from 12 donors with sickle cell trait (Hb AS) and from 12 with normal Hb (Hb AA) were studied. Each of the 24 RBC units was divided equally into two transfer bags via a sterile connecting device. One bag from each RBC unit received a 2500-cGy dose of gamma irradiation at its mid-plane and was stored at 4 degrees C; the second set of bags was stored without irradiation. For RBCs from 6 donors with Hb AS and 6 donors with Hb AA, units were irradiated on Day 7 and studied on Day 35 of storage (Group 1). For the RBCs from the other 6 donors with Hb AS and the other 6 donors with Hb AA, units were irradiated on Day 28 and studied on Day 42 of storage (Group 2). RESULTS For Group 1 and Group 2, plasma potassium and plasma Hb concentrations were significantly higher and RBC ATP concentrations were slightly lower in the irradiated units than in the nonirradiated units. In Group 1 and Group 2, there were no significant differences in the plasma potassium or RBC ATP concentrations in either the irradiated or the nonirradiated units of RBCs from donors with Hb AS and donors with Hb AA. Plasma Hb concentrations were consistently lower in the units from donors with Hb AS, whether or not they were irradiated. However, in both groups, proportionally similar changes in plasma Hb concentration were detected when the irradiated Hb AS and Hb AA units were compared to nonirradiated Hb AS and Hb AA units. CONCLUSION Gamma irradiation of RBCs from donors with Hb AS or with Hb AA resulted in comparable changes in plasma potassium, RBC ATP, and plasma Hb concentrations, although donors with Hb AS had lower plasma Hb. RBCs from donors with Hb AS subjected to 2500 cGy of gamma irradiation did not evidence a storage lesion greater than that seen in RBCs from donors with Hb AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Jin
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA
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39
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Abstract
The anemia results from the markedly shortened circulatory survival of SS cells, together with a limited erythropoietic response. Both independent properties of Hb S-polymerization of the deoxy-Hb and instability of the oxy-Hb-contribute to early red cell destruction by effects on the Hb and on the red cell membranes. The erythroid response is limited mainly by the low oxygen affinity of SS cells, caused by the polymer and the increased 2,3-DPG. But the worst culprits in these processes are the dense, dehydrated SS cells (including the ISCs), most of which are formed rapidly from non-Hb F-reticulocytes by cation transport mechanisms triggered by polymerization. Since the clinical consequences of microvascular occlusion far exceed those of anemia per se, measures to lessen the anemia must also inhibit polymerization and sickling.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Bookchin
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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40
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Liu SC, Yi SJ, Mehta JR, Nichols PE, Ballas SK, Yacono PW, Golan DE, Palek J. Red cell membrane remodeling in sickle cell anemia. Sequestration of membrane lipids and proteins in Heinz bodies. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:29-36. [PMID: 8550846 PMCID: PMC507059 DOI: 10.1172/jci118402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In red cells from patients with sickle cell anemia, hemoglobin S denatures and forms Heinz bodies. Binding of Heinz bodies to the inner surface of the sickle cell membrane promotes clustering and colocalization of the membrane protein band 3, outer surface-bound autologous IgG and, to some extent, the membrane proteins glycophorin and ankyrin. Loss of transbilayer lipid asymmetry is also found in certain populations of sickle red cells. The lateral distribution of sickle cell membrane lipids has not been examined, however. In this report, we examine by fluorescence microscopy the incorporation and distribution of the fluorescent phospholipid analogues 7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl (NBD)-phosphatidylserine and NBD-phosphatidylcholine in sickle red cells. Both phospholipid analogues are observed to accumulate prominently at sites of Heinz bodies. Accumulation at sites of Heinz bodies is also shown by 1,'1-dihexadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate, a fluorescent lipid analogue that readily crosses membranes, but not by fluorescein-phosphatidylethanolamine, an analogue that is localized to the outer leaflet of the membrane. Double labeling and confocal microscopy techniques show that NBD-lipids, band 3 protein, protein 4.1, ankyrin, and spectrin are all sequestered within sickle red cells and colocalized at sites of Heinz bodies. We propose that Heinz bodies provide a hydrophobic surface on which sickle red cell membrane lipids and proteins are sequestered.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Liu
- Department of Biomedical Research, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center of Boston, Tufts University Medical School, Massachusetts 02135, USA
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41
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Turrini F, Mannu F, Cappadoro M, Ulliers D, Giribaldi G, Arese P. Binding of naturally occurring antibodies to oxidatively and nonoxidatively modified erythrocyte band 3. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1190:297-303. [PMID: 8142429 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(94)90087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Both oxidative clustering (elicited by diamide treatment) and nonoxidative clustering (elicited by zinc/BS3 (bis[sulfosuccinimidyl]suberate) treatment) of erythrocyte integral membrane proteins induce binding of autologous antibodies with anti-band 3 specificity, followed by complement deposition and phagocytosis. Autologous antibodies eluted from nonoxidatively clustered erythrocytes bind to and stimulate phagocytosis of oxidatively damaged erythrocytes. Those eluted antibodies bind specifically to disulfide-crosslinked band 3 dimers generated by diamide treatment. Band 3 dimerization and antibody binding are abrogated by cleavage of band 3 cytoplasmic domain. Thus, disulfide-crosslinked band 3 dimers are the minimal band 3 aggregate with enhanced affinity for anti-band 3 antibodies. The eluted antibodies do not bind to band 3 dimers generated nonoxidatively by BS3 treatment but bind avidly to larger band 3 clusters generated nonoxidatively by zinc/BS3 treatment. Possibly, disulfide crosslinking of cytoplasmic domain cysteines induces reorientation of intramembrane domains as to expose putative anti-band 3 epitopes and allow bivalent binding of anti-band 3 antibodies. Extensive nonoxidative band 3 clustering appears to disrupt the native band 3 conformation and generate reoriented dimers which expose putative anti-band 3 epitopes in the proper distance and orientation as to allow bivalent antibody binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Turrini
- Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia, Chimica Medica, Università di Torino, Italy
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42
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Baerlocher GM, Schlappritzi E, Straub PW, Reinhart WH. Erythrocyte deformability has no influence on the rate of erythrophagocytosis in vitro by autologous human monocytes/macrophages. Br J Haematol 1994; 86:629-34. [PMID: 8043446 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb04796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Erythrocytes with decreased deformability are known to be rapidly removed from the circulation by splenic macrophages. The exact mechanism is, however, not well understood. We have analysed the phagocytosis of less-deformable erythrocytes by macrophages in vitro. Human monocytes/macrophages were isolated from peripheral blood and cultured for a total time of 6 h at 37 degrees C with 5% CO2. Autologous erythrocytes of the rhesus positive donor were rigidified by heat treatment (47 degrees C for 1 h). The change in erythrocyte deformability was assessed with a filter aspiration technique; the membrane elastic modulus was found to be increased about 2.5-fold. For controls, untreated erythrocytes and erythrocytes incubated with anti-RhD-antibodies were prepared. The rate of phagocytosis during 2 h at 37 degrees C and 5% CO2 was 0.74 +/- 0.59 (erythrocytes per monocyte/macrophage) for controls, 3.58 +/- 2.72 for anti-RhD-loaded erythrocytes and 0.82 +/- 0.74 for heat-treated erythrocytes, respectively. We conclude that decreased erythrocytes deformability does not cause an increased rate of phagocytosis by monocytes/macrophages compared to normally deformable erythrocytes in our in vitro model. This suggests that the preferential removal of rigid cells in vivo is probably not a specific process, but is due to the increased splenic transit time of rigid erythrocytes and hence longer interaction time between erythrocytes and phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Baerlocher
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
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43
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Rifkind JM, Abugo O, Levy A, Heim J. Detection, formation, and relevance of hemichromes and hemochromes. Methods Enzymol 1994; 231:449-80. [PMID: 8041268 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(94)31030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Rifkind
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
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44
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Shinar E, Rachmilewitz EA. Haemoglobinopathies and red cell membrane function. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY 1993; 6:357-69. [PMID: 8043930 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3536(05)80150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Shinar
- National Magen David Adom Blood Bank, National Blood Services, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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45
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Corbett JD, Golan DE. Band 3 and glycophorin are progressively aggregated in density-fractionated sickle and normal red blood cells. Evidence from rotational and lateral mobility studies. J Clin Invest 1993; 91:208-17. [PMID: 8423219 PMCID: PMC330016 DOI: 10.1172/jci116172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Band 3 aggregation in the plane of the red blood cell (RBC) membrane is postulated to be important in the pathophysiology of hemolysis of dense sickle and normal RBCs. We used the fluorescence photobleaching recovery and polarized fluorescence depletion techniques to measure the lateral and rotational mobility of band 3, glycophorins, and phospholipid analogues in membranes of density-separated intact RBCs from seven patients with sickle cell disease and eight normal controls. The fractions of laterally mobile band 3 and glycophorin decreased progressively as sickle RBC density increased. Normal RBCs also showed a progressive decrease in band 3 fractional mobility with increasing buoyant density. Rapidly rotating, slowly rotating, and rotationally immobile forms of band 3 were observed in both sickle and normal RBC membranes. The fraction of rapidly rotating band 3 progressively decreased and the fraction of rotationally immobile band 3 progressively increased with increasing sickle RBC density. Changes in the fraction of rotationally immobile band 3 were not reversible upon hypotonic swelling of dense sickle RBCs, and normal RBCs osmotically shrunken in sucrose buffers failed to manifest band 3 immobilization at median cell hemoglobin concentration values characteristic of dense sickle RBCs. We conclude that dense sickle and normal RBCs acquire irreversible membrane abnormalities that cause transmembrane protein immobilization and band 3 aggregation. Band 3 aggregates could serve as cell surface sites of autologous antibody binding and thereby lead to removal of dense sickle and normal (senescent) RBCs from the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Corbett
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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46
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Hartley A, Rice-Evans C. The chelation of nonheme iron within sickle erythrocytes by the hydroxypyridinone chelator CP094. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 297:377-82. [PMID: 1497355 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90687-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nonheme, nonferritin iron has been detected in membrane preparations from sickle erythrocytes and has been suggested to catalyze free radical reactions in these cells contributing to the development of membrane oxidation. In this study the hydroxypyridinone iron chelator, CP094, currently being evaluated as a potentially therapeutic chelator, and desferrioxamine have been studied for their abilities to chelate the nonheme iron within intact sickle erythrocytes under physiological conditions. The results suggest that CP094 can enter sickle erythrocytes, chelate nonheme iron and suppress membrane lipid peroxidation within a timescale in which desferrioxamine does not enter the cells. Suppression of lipid peroxidation showed no protective effect in an in vitro system inducing the formation of irreversibly sickled cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hartley
- Department of Neurological Science, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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47
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Abstract
The geometry of spectrin-free regions in the erythrocyte membrane skeleton is modeled using Monte Carlo calculations for an incomplete triangular lattice of entropy springs under tension. Intact springs correspond to normal spectrin molecules, and cut springs correspond to spectrin that is missing or unable to associate normally. As springs are cut and the network is allowed to relax to mechanical equilibrium, gaps in the network appear. Geometrical properties of these gaps are obtained as a function of the fraction of springs cut. The most important property modeled is the area of the largest spectrin-free region; this area increases approximately exponentially as the fraction of normal spectrin decreases from 100% to approximately 50%. The effect of these gaps on lateral diffusion and vesiculation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Saxton
- Institute of Theoretical Dynamics, University of California, Davis 95616
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48
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Band 3: calorimetry, cytoskeletal associations, role in metabolic regulation, and role in aging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-89547-9.50026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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49
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Abstract
Aggregation in a lipid bilayer is modeled as cluster-cluster aggregation on a square lattice. In the model, clusters carry out a random walk on the lattice, with a diffusion coefficient inversely proportional to mass. On contact, they adhere with a prescribed probability, rigidly and irreversibly. Monte Carlo calculations show that, as expected, rotational diffusion of the aggregating species is highly sensitive to the initial stages of aggregation. Lateral diffusion of an inert tracer obstructed by the aggregate is a sensitive probe of the later stages of aggregation. Cluster-cluster aggregates are much more effective barriers to lateral diffusion of an inert tracer than the same area fraction of random point obstacles is, but random point obstacles are more effective barriers than the same area fraction of compact obstacles. The effectiveness of aggregates as obstacles is discussed in terms of particle-particle correlation functions and fractal dimensions. Results are applicable to aggregation of membrane proteins, and at least qualitatively to aggregation of gel-phase lipid during lateral phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Saxton
- Institute of Theoretical Dynamics, University of California, Davis 95616
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50
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Band 3 and erythrocyte removal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-89547-9.50027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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