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Park SH, Kang MK, Kim DY, Lim SS, Kang IJ, Kang YH. Ellagic acid, a functional food component, ameliorates functionality of reverse cholesterol transport in murine model of atherosclerosis. Nutr Res Pract 2024; 18:194-209. [PMID: 38584811 PMCID: PMC10995779 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2024.18.2.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES High levels of plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol are an important determinant of atherosclerotic lesion formation. The disruption of cholesterol efflux or reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in peripheral tissues and macrophages may promote atherogenesis. The aim of the current study was to examine whether bioactive ellagic acid, a functional food component, improved RCT functionality and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function in diet-induced atherogenesis of apolipoproteins E (apoE) knockout (KO) mice. MATERIALS/METHODS Wild type mice and apoE KO mice were fed a high-cholesterol Paigen diet for 10 weeks to induce hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis, and concomitantly received 10 mg/kg ellagic acid via gavage. RESULTS Supplying ellagic acid enhanced induction of apoE and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter G1 in oxidized LDL-exposed macrophages, facilitating cholesterol efflux associated with RCT. Oral administration of ellagic acid to apoE KO mice fed on Paigen diet improved hypercholesterolemia with reduced atherogenic index. This compound enhanced the expression of ABC transporters in peritoneal macrophages isolated from apoE KO mice fed on Paigen diet, indicating increased cholesterol efflux. Plasma levels of cholesterol ester transport protein and phospholipid transport protein involved in RCT were elevated in mice lack of apoE gene, which was substantially reduced by supplementing ellagic acid to Paigen diet-fed mice. In addition, ellagic acid attenuated hepatic lipid accumulation in apoE KO mice, evidenced by staining of hematoxylin and eosin and oil red O. Furthermore, the supplementation of 10 mg/kg ellagic acid favorably influenced the transcriptional levels of hepatic LDL receptor and scavenger receptor-B1 in Paigen diet-fed apoE KO mice. CONCLUSION Ellagic acid may be an athero-protective dietary compound encumbering diet-induced atherogenesis though improving the RCT functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Hye Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Korea
| | - Dong Yeon Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Korea
| | - Soon Sung Lim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Il-Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Young-Hee Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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2
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Yang CH, Ho YH, Tang HY, Lo CJ. NMR-Based Analysis of Plasma Lipoprotein Subclass and Lipid Composition Demonstrate the Different Dietary Effects in ApoE-Deficient Mice. Molecules 2024; 29:988. [PMID: 38474500 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasma lipid levels are commonly measured using traditional methods such as triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and cholesterol (CH). However, the use of newer technologies, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with post-analysis platforms, has made it easier to assess lipoprotein profiles in research. In this study involving ApoE-deficient mice that were fed high-fat diets, significant changes were observed in TG, CH, free cholesterol (FC), and phospholipid (PL) levels within the LDL fraction. The varied proportions of TG in wild-type mice and CH, FC, and PL in ApoE-/- mice were strikingly different in very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), LDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), and HDL. This comprehensive analysis expands our understanding of lipoprotein subfractions and the impacts of the APOE protein and high-fat diet in mouse models. The new testing method allows for a complete assessment of plasma lipids and their correlation with genetic background and diet in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hung Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Ho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yu Tang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jen Lo
- Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
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3
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Huebbe P, Bilke S, Rueter J, Schloesser A, Campbel G, Glüer CC, Lucius R, Röcken C, Tholey A, Rimbach G. Human APOE4 Protects High-Fat and High-Sucrose Diet Fed Targeted Replacement Mice against Fatty Liver Disease Compared to APOE3. Aging Dis 2024; 15:259-281. [PMID: 37450924 PMCID: PMC10796091 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent genome- and exome-wide association studies suggest that the human APOE ε4 allele protects against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), while ε3 promotes hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis. The present study aimed at examining the APOE genotype-dependent development of fatty liver disease and its underlying mechanisms in a targeted replacement mouse model. Male mice expressing the human APOE3 or APOE4 protein isoforms on a C57BL/6J background and unmodified C57BL/6J mice were chronically fed a high-fat and high-sucrose diet to induce obesity. After 7 months, body weight gain was more pronounced in human APOE than endogenous APOE expressing mice with elevated plasma biomarkers suggesting aggravated metabolic dysfunction. APOE3 mice exhibited the highest liver weights and, compared to APOE4, massive hepatic steatosis. An untargeted quantitative proteome analysis of the liver identified a high number of proteins differentially abundant in APOE3 versus APOE4 mice. The majority of the higher abundant proteins in APOE3 mice could be grouped to inflammation and damage-associated response, and lipid storage, amongst others. Results of the targeted qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses contribute to the overall finding that APOE3 as opposed to APOE4 promotes hepatic steatosis, inflammatory- and damage-associated response signaling and fibrosis in the liver of obese mice. Our experimental data substantiate the observation of an increased NAFLD-risk associated with the human APOEε3 allele, while APOEε4 appears protective. The underlying mechanisms of the protection possibly involve a higher capacity of nonectopic lipid deposition in subcutaneous adipose tissue and lower hepatic pathogen recognition in the APOE4 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Huebbe
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Bilke
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Proteomics & Bioanalytics, Kiel University, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Johanna Rueter
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Anke Schloesser
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Graeme Campbel
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Claus-C. Glüer
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Anatomical Institute, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Department of Pathology, Kiel University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Proteomics & Bioanalytics, Kiel University, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
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4
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Xiong M, Zhang Z, Cui J, Du X, Chen Y, Zhang T. Dengyinnaotong attenuates atherosclerotic lesions, gut dysbiosis and intestinal epithelial barrier impairment in the high fat diet-fed ApoE -/- mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116916. [PMID: 37453620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dengyinnaotong (DYNT) is a traditional Chinese medicine-based patent drug officially approved for the treatment of ischemic stroke primarily based on its indigenous application for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Southwest China. Atherosclerosis is the principal pathology underlying the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and coronary artery disease. However, whether DYNT is effective at mitigating atherosclerosis remains unknown. AIMS OF THE STUDY The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the potential impact of DYNT treatment on the atherosclerotic lesions and associated pathological mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Histological, immunohistochemical, molecular biological approaches were adopted to investigate the pharmacological impact of DYNT treatment on atherosclerosis and associated pathophysiological alterations in the high fat diet (HFD)-fed ApoE gene deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. RESULTS DYNT treatment reduced the size of the atherosclerotic plaques, alleviated the necrotic core, lowered the lipid retention, mitigated the macrophagic burden and decreased the expression of proatherogenic chemokine Ccl2 in the atherosclerotic lesions. DYNT treatment also offered partial protection against atherogenic dyslipidemia and mitigated hepatic lipid content as well as fatty liver pathologies in the HFD-fed ApoE-/- mice. Furthermore, DYNT treatment protected against atherosclerosis-associated gut dysbiosis and impairment in the intestinal epithelial barrier. CONCLUSIONS Our work provides novel preclinical evidence that underpins the multifaceted effects of DYNT in the control of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqi Xiong
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China.
| | - Zilong Zhang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China.
| | - Jingang Cui
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China.
| | - Xiaoye Du
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China.
| | - Teng Zhang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China.
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5
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Gisterå A, Ketelhuth DFJ, Malin SG, Hansson GK. Animal Models of Atherosclerosis-Supportive Notes and Tricks of the Trade. Circ Res 2022; 130:1869-1887. [PMID: 35679358 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.320263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death among humans. Animal models have shown that cholesterol and inflammation are causatively involved in the disease process. Apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins elicit immune reactions and instigate inflammation in the vessel wall. Still, a treatment that is specific to vascular inflammation is lacking, which motivates continued in vivo investigations of the immune-vascular interactions that drive the disease. In this review, we distill old notions with emerging concepts into a contemporary understanding of vascular disease models. Pros and cons of different models are listed and the complex integrative interplay between cholesterol homeostasis, immune activation, and adaptations of the vascular system is discussed. Key limitations with atherosclerosis models are highlighted, and we suggest improvements that could accelerate progress in the field. However, excessively rigid experimental guidelines or limiting usage to certain animal models can be counterproductive. Continued work in improved models, as well as the development of new models, should be of great value in research and could aid the development of cardiovascular disease diagnostics and therapeutics of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Gisterå
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G., D.F.J.K., S.G.M., G.K.H.)
| | - Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G., D.F.J.K., S.G.M., G.K.H.).,Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Odense, Denmark (D.F.J.K)
| | - Stephen G Malin
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G., D.F.J.K., S.G.M., G.K.H.)
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G., D.F.J.K., S.G.M., G.K.H.)
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6
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Mohammed BM, Cheng Q, Ivanov IS, Gailani D. Murine Models in the Evaluation of Heparan Sulfate-Based Anticoagulants. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2303:789-805. [PMID: 34626423 PMCID: PMC8552346 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating prospective anticoagulant therapies in animal thrombosis and bleeding models are standard pre-clinical approaches. Mice are frequently used for initial evaluations because a variety of models have been developed in this well-characterized species, and mice are relatively inexpensive to maintain. Because mice seem to be resistant to forming "spontaneous" thrombosis, vessel injury is used to induce intravascular clot formation. For the purpose of testing heparin-based drugs, we adapted a well-established model in which thrombus formation in the carotid artery is induced by exposing the vessel to ferric chloride. For studying anticoagulant effects on venous thrombosis, we use a model in which the inferior vena cava is ligated and the size of the resulting clots are measured. The most common adverse effect of anticoagulation therapy is bleeding. We describe a simple tail bleeding time that has been used for many years to study the effects of anticoagulants on hemostasis. We also describe a more reproducible, but more technically challenging, saphenous vein bleeding model that is also used for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem M Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qiufang Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ivan S Ivanov
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David Gailani
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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7
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Yang H, Li H, Chen W, Mei Z, Yuan Y, Wang X, Chu L, Xu Y, Sun Y, Li D, Gao H, Zhan B, Li H, Yang X. Therapeutic Effect of Schistosoma japonicum Cystatin on Atherosclerotic Renal Damage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:760980. [PMID: 34901005 PMCID: PMC8656285 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.760980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammation of the arterial vessel wall driven by lipid metabolism disorders. Although helminthic infection and their derivatives have been identified to attenuate the chronic inflammatory diseases, the immunomodulatory effect of recombinant Schistosoma japonicum cystatin (rSj-Cys) on metabolic diseases and atherosclerosis has not been reported. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of rSj-Cys on atherosclerotic renal damage and explored the related immunological mechanism. The results demonstrated that treatment with rSj-Cys significantly reduced body weight gain, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis induced by the high-fat diet in apoE–/– mice. The treatment of rSj-Cys also significantly improved kidney functions through promoting macrophage polarization from M1 to M2, therefore inhibiting M1 macrophage–induced inflammation. The possible mechanism underlying the regulatory effect of rSj-Cys on reducing atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic renal damage is that rSj-Cys stimulates regulatory T cell and M2 macrophage polarization that produce regulatory cytokines, such as interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor β. The therapeutic effect of rSj-Cys on atherosclerotic renal damage is possibly through inhibiting the activation of TLR2/Myd88 signaling pathway. The results in this study provide evidence for the first time that Schistosoma-derived cystatin could be developed as a therapeutic agent to treat lipid metabolism disorder and atherosclerosis that threats million lives around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Yang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hongqi Li
- Department of Gerontology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhijie Mei
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Liang Chu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Dingru Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Huihui Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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8
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Velagapudi S, Rohrer L, Poti F, Feuerborn R, Perisa D, Wang D, Panteloglou G, Potapenko A, Yalcinkaya M, Hülsmeier AJ, Hesse B, Lukasz A, Liu M, Parks JS, Christoffersen C, Stoffel M, Simoni M, Nofer JR, von Eckardstein A. Apolipoprotein M and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 1 Promote the Transendothelial Transport of High-Density Lipoprotein. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:e468-e479. [PMID: 34407633 PMCID: PMC8458249 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective: ApoM enriches S1P (sphingosine-1-phosphate) within HDL (high-density lipoproteins) and facilitates the activation of the S1P1 (S1P receptor type 1) by S1P, thereby preserving endothelial barrier function. Many protective functions exerted by HDL in extravascular tissues raise the question of how S1P regulates transendothelial HDL transport. Approach and Results: HDL were isolated from plasma of wild-type mice, Apom knockout mice, human apoM transgenic mice or humans and radioiodinated to trace its binding, association, and transport by bovine or human aortic endothelial cells. We also compared the transport of fluorescently-labeled HDL or Evans Blue, which labels albumin, from the tail vein into the peritoneal cavity of apoE-haploinsufficient mice with (apoE-haploinsufficient mice with endothelium-specific knockin of S1P1) or without (control mice, ie, apoE-haploinsufficient mice without endothelium-specific knockin of S1P1) endothelium-specific knockin of S1P1. The binding, association, and transport of HDL from Apom knockout mice and human apoM-depleted HDL by bovine aortic endothelial cells was significantly lower than that of HDL from wild-type mice and human apoM-containing HDL, respectively. The binding, uptake, and transport of 125I-HDL by human aortic endothelial cells was increased by an S1P1 agonist but decreased by an S1P1 inhibitor. Silencing of SR-BI (scavenger receptor BI) abrogated the stimulation of 125I-HDL transport by the S1P1 agonist. Compared with control mice, that is, apoE-haploinsufficient mice without endothelium-specific knockin of S1P1, apoE-haploinsufficient mice with endothelium-specific knockin of S1P1 showed decreased transport of Evans Blue but increased transport of HDL from blood into the peritoneal cavity and SR-BI expression in the aortal endothelium. Conclusions: ApoM and S1P1 promote transendothelial HDL transport. Their opposite effect on transendothelial transport of albumin and HDL indicates that HDL passes endothelial barriers by specific mechanisms rather than passive filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srividya Velagapudi
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., L.R., D.P., D.W., G.P., A.P., M.Y., A.J.H., A.v.E.)
| | - Lucia Rohrer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., L.R., D.P., D.W., G.P., A.P., M.Y., A.J.H., A.v.E.)
| | - Francesco Poti
- Unit of Neurosciences, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy (F.P.)
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy (F.P., M. Simoni, J.-R.N.)
| | - Renate Feuerborn
- Central Laboratory Facility, University Hospital of Münster, Germany (R.F., J.-R.N.)
| | - Damir Perisa
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., L.R., D.P., D.W., G.P., A.P., M.Y., A.J.H., A.v.E.)
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., L.R., D.P., D.W., G.P., A.P., M.Y., A.J.H., A.v.E.)
| | - Grigorios Panteloglou
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., L.R., D.P., D.W., G.P., A.P., M.Y., A.J.H., A.v.E.)
| | - Anton Potapenko
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., L.R., D.P., D.W., G.P., A.P., M.Y., A.J.H., A.v.E.)
| | - Mustafa Yalcinkaya
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., L.R., D.P., D.W., G.P., A.P., M.Y., A.J.H., A.v.E.)
| | - Andreas J Hülsmeier
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., L.R., D.P., D.W., G.P., A.P., M.Y., A.J.H., A.v.E.)
| | - Bettina Hesse
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Germany (B.H., A.L.)
| | - Alexander Lukasz
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Germany (B.H., A.L.)
| | - Mingxia Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine/Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (M.L., J.S.P.)
| | - John S Parks
- Department of Internal Medicine/Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (M.L., J.S.P.)
| | - Christina Christoffersen
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (C.C.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (C.C.)
| | - Markus Stoffel
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (M. Stoffel)
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy (F.P., M. Simoni, J.-R.N.)
| | - Jerzy-Roch Nofer
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy (F.P., M. Simoni, J.-R.N.)
- Central Laboratory Facility, University Hospital of Münster, Germany (R.F., J.-R.N.)
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (J.-R.N.)
| | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., L.R., D.P., D.W., G.P., A.P., M.Y., A.J.H., A.v.E.)
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9
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Xu Y, Tian H, Qiao G, Zheng W. Telocytes in the atherosclerotic carotid artery: Immunofluorescence and TEM evidence. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151681. [PMID: 33493960 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Telocytes, which possess distinct body shapes and long telopodes, are allocated in the vascular wall. As a fundamental cell type, telocytes construct a three-dimensional network to form a support structure for the artery. This study aims to characterize the morphology and ultrastructure of telocytes in atherosclerotic arteries. ApoE gene-deficient mice were selected as the atherosclerosis animal model and fed a high-fat diet for at least 12 weeks, and immunofluorescence assays and transmission electron microscopy techniques were used to observe changes in telocytes in atherosclerotic arteries. By immunofluorescence staining, CD34, CD117 and PDGFR-α were positive compared with negative CD28/vimentin in telocytes in the atherosclerotic carotid artery, and they were distributed in the tunica intima and tunica adventitia. Under transmission electron microscopy, the bodies of telocytes became larger, while telopodes became shorter compared with their normal condition, and a mass of lipidosomes was present during the progression of atherosclerosis. These results demonstrate that immunofluorescence with TEM is the critical method for identifying TCs and that steatosis of TCs is a reason for atherosclerotic artery dysfunction.
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10
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Busnelli M, Manzini S, Jablaoui A, Bruneau A, Kriaa A, Philippe C, Arnaboldi F, Colombo A, Ferrari B, Ambrogi F, Maguin E, Rhimi M, Chiesa G, Gérard P. Fat-Shaped Microbiota Affects Lipid Metabolism, Liver Steatosis, and Intestinal Homeostasis in Mice Fed a Low-Protein Diet. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1900835. [PMID: 32579743 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Protein malnutrition is characterized by stunted growth, hepatic steatosis and a damaged gut mucosal architecture. Since high-fat shaped gut microbiota (HFM) has an increased ability in providing nutrients and energy from food to the host, the aim of this study is to determine whether such a microbiota could beneficially impact on the consequences of malnutrition. METHODS AND RESULTS The cecal content of specific pathogen free C57Bl/6J mice fed a high-fat diet or a low-protein diet is transplanted in two groups of germ-free C57Bl/6J recipient mice, which are subsequently fed a low-protein diet for 8 weeks. Body weight gain is comparable between the two groups of microbiota-recipient mice. The HFM led to a worsening of microvesicular steatosis and a decrease of plasma lipids compared to the low-protein shaped microbiota. In the small intestine of mice receiving the HFM, although significant histological differences are not observed, the expression of antimicrobial genes promoting oxidative stress and immune response at the ileal epithelium (Duox2, Duoxa2, Saa1, Ang4, Defa5) is increased. CONCLUSION The transplant of HFM in mice fed a low-protein diet represents a noxious stimulus for the ileal mucosa and impairs hepatic lipoprotein secretion, favoring the occurrence of hepatic microvesicular steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Busnelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Stefano Manzini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Amin Jablaoui
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Aurélia Bruneau
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Aïcha Kriaa
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Catherine Philippe
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Francesca Arnaboldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Alice Colombo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Benedetta Ferrari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Federico Ambrogi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Emmanuelle Maguin
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Moez Rhimi
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Giulia Chiesa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Philippe Gérard
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
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11
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Cornelissen A, Simsekyilmaz S, Liehn E, Rusu M, Schaaps N, Afify M, Florescu R, Almalla M, Borinski M, Vogt F. Apolipoprotein E deficient rats generated via zinc-finger nucleases exhibit pronounced in-stent restenosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18153. [PMID: 31796798 PMCID: PMC6890749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54541-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term success of coronary stent implantation is limited by in-stent restenosis (ISR). In spite of a broad variety of animal models available, an ideal high-throughput model of ISR has been lacking. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) deficient rats enable the evaluation of human-sized coronary stents while at the same time providing an atherogenic phenotype. Whereas apoE deficient rats have been proposed as animal model of atherosclerosis, to date it is unknown whether they also develop pronounced ISR. We sought to assess ISR after abdominal aorta stent implantation in apoE deficient rats. A total of 42 rats (16 wildtype, 13 homozygous apoE−/− and 13 heterozygous apoE+/− rats) underwent abdominal aorta stent implantation. After 28 days blood samples were analyzed to characterize lipid profiles. ISR was assessed by histomorphometric means. Homozygous apoE−/− rats exhibited significantly higher total cholesterol and low-density cholesterol levels than wildtype apoE+/+ and heterozygous apoE+/− rats. ISR was significantly pronounced in homozygous apoE−/− rats as compared to wildtype apoE+/+ (p = <0.0001) and heterozygous apoE+/− rats (p = 0.0102) on western diet. Abdominal aorta stenting of apoE−/− rats is a reliable model to investigate ISR after stent implantation and thus can be used for the evaluation of novel stent concepts. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) deficient rats have been proposed as animal model of atherosclerosis. We investigated the development of restenosis 28 days after stent implantation into the abdominal aorta of wildtype apoE+/+, homozygous apoE−/− and heterozygous apoE+/− rats, respectively. Homozygous apoE−/− rats exhibited significantly higher LDL and significantly lower HDL cholesterol levels compared to wildtype apoE+/+ and heterozygous apoE+/− rats. Restenosis after stent implantation was significantly pronounced in western-diet-fed homozygous apoE−/− rats, accompanied by a significantly increased neointimal thickness. Thus, apoE knockout rats exhibit elevated restenosis and might provide a novel tool for testing of innovative stent concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cornelissen
- University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology and Critical Care, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sakine Simsekyilmaz
- University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology and Critical Care, Aachen, Germany
| | - Elisa Liehn
- University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology and Critical Care, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mihaela Rusu
- University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology and Critical Care, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schaaps
- University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology and Critical Care, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mamdouh Afify
- University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology and Critical Care, Aachen, Germany
| | - Roberta Florescu
- University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology and Critical Care, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mohammad Almalla
- University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology and Critical Care, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mauricio Borinski
- University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology and Critical Care, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Vogt
- University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology and Critical Care, Aachen, Germany
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12
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Komaravolu RK, Waltmann MD, Konaniah E, Jaeschke A, Hui DY. ApoER2 (Apolipoprotein E Receptor-2) Deficiency Accelerates Smooth Muscle Cell Senescence via Cytokinesis Impairment and Promotes Fibrotic Neointima After Vascular Injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:2132-2144. [PMID: 31412739 PMCID: PMC6761011 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genome-wide studies showed that mutation in apoER2 (apolipoprotein E receptor-2) is additive with ε4 polymorphism in the APOE gene on cardiovascular disease risk in humans. ApoE or apoER2 deficiency also accelerates atherosclerosis lesion necrosis in hypercholesterolemic mice and promotes neointima formation after vascular injury. This study tests the hypothesis that apoE and apoER2 modulate vascular occlusive diseases through distinct mechanisms. Approach and Results: Carotid endothelial denudation induced robust neointima formation in both apoE-/- and apoER2-deficient Lrp8-/- mice. The intima in apoE-/- mice was rich in smooth muscle cells, but the intima in Lrp8-/- mice was cell-poor and rich in extracellular matrix. Vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from apoE-/- mice were hyperplastic whereas Lrp8-/- smooth muscle cells showed reduced proliferation but responded robustly to TGF (transforming growth factor)-β-induced fibronectin synthesis indicative of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, which was confirmed by increased β-galactosidase activity, p16INK4a immunofluorescence, and number of multinucleated cells. Western blot analysis of cell cycle-associated proteins showed that apoER2 deficiency promotes cell cycle arrest at the metaphase/anaphase. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that apoER2 interacts with the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A. In the absence of apoER2, PP2A-C (protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit) failed to interact with CDC20 (cell-division cycle protein 20) thus resulting in inactive anaphase-promoting complex and impaired cell cycle exit. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that apoER2 participates in APC (anaphase-promoting complex)/CDC20 complex formation during mitosis, and its absence impedes cytokinesis abscission thereby accelerating premature cell senescence and vascular disease. This mechanism is distinct from apoE deficiency, which causes smooth muscle cell hyperplasia to accelerate vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K. Komaravolu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - Meaghan D. Waltmann
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - Eddy Konaniah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - Anja Jaeschke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - David Y. Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
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13
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Huang R, Zong X, Nadesan P, Huebner JL, Kraus VB, White JP, White PJ, Baht GS. Lowering circulating apolipoprotein E levels improves aged bone fracture healing. JCI Insight 2019; 4:129144. [PMID: 31534056 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Age is a well-established risk factor for impaired bone fracture healing. Here, we identify a role for apolipoprotein E (ApoE) in age-associated impairment of bone fracture healing and osteoblast differentiation, and we investigate the mechanism by which ApoE alters these processes. We identified that, in both humans and mice, circulating ApoE levels increase with age. We assessed bone healing in WT and ApoE-/- mice after performing tibial fracture surgery: bone deposition was higher within fracture calluses from ApoE-/- mice. In vitro recombinant ApoE (rApoE) treatment of differentiating osteoblasts decreased cellular differentiation and matrix mineralization. Moreover, this rApoE treatment decreased osteoblast glycolytic activity while increasing lipid uptake and fatty acid oxidation. Using parabiosis models, we determined that circulating ApoE plays a strong inhibitory role in bone repair. Using an adeno-associated virus-based siRNA system, we decreased circulating ApoE levels in 24-month-old mice and demonstrated that, as a result, fracture calluses from these aged mice displayed enhanced bone deposition and mechanical strength. Our results demonstrate that circulating ApoE as an aging factor inhibits bone fracture healing by altering osteoblast metabolism, thereby identifying ApoE as a new therapeutic target for improving bone repair in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
| | - Xiaohua Zong
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
| | | | | | - Virginia B Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery.,Department of Pathology, and.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - James P White
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Phillip J White
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gurpreet S Baht
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery.,Department of Pathology, and
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14
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Barahman M, Zhang W, Harris HY, Aiyer A, Kabarriti R, Kinkhabwala M, Roy-Chowdhury N, Beck AP, Scanlan TS, Roy-Chowdhury J, Asp P, Guha C. Radiation-primed hepatocyte transplantation in murine monogeneic dyslipidemia normalizes cholesterol and prevents atherosclerosis. J Hepatol 2019; 70:1170-1179. [PMID: 30654068 PMCID: PMC6986679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inherited abnormalities in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) or low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) function result in early onset cardiovascular disease and death. Currently, the only curative therapy available is liver transplantation. Hepatocyte transplantation is a potential alternative; however, physiological levels of hepatocyte engraftment and repopulation require transplanted cells to have a competitive proliferative advantage of over host hepatocytes. Herein, we aimed to test the efficacy and safety of a novel preparative regimen for hepatocyte transplantation. METHODS Herein, we used an ApoE-deficient mouse model to test the efficacy of a new regimen for hepatocyte transplantation. We used image-guided external-beam hepatic irradiation targeting the median and right lobes of the liver to enhance cell transplant engraftment. This was combined with administration of the hepatic mitogen GC-1, a thyroid hormone receptor-β agonist mimetic, which was used to promote repopulation. RESULTS The non-invasive preparative regimen of hepatic irradiation and GC-1 was well-tolerated in ApoE-/- mice. This regimen led to robust liver repopulation by transplanted hepatocytes, which was associated with significant reductions in serum cholesterol levels after transplantation. Additionally, in mice receiving this regimen, ApoE was detected in the circulation 4 weeks after treatment and did not induce an immunological response. Importantly, the normalization of serum cholesterol prevented the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in this model. CONCLUSIONS Significant hepatic repopulation and the cure of dyslipidemia in this model, using a novel and well-tolerated preparative regimen, demonstrate the clinical potential of applying this method to the treatment of inherited metabolic diseases of the liver. LAY SUMMARY Hepatocyte transplantation is a promising alternative to liver transplantation for the treatment of liver diseases. However, it is inefficient, as restricted growth of transplanted cells in the liver limits its therapeutic benefits. Preparative treatments improve the efficiency of this procedure, but no clinically-feasible options are currently available. In this study we develop a novel well-tolerated preparative treatment to improve growth of cells in the liver and then demonstrate that this treatment completely cures an inherited lipid disorder in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Barahman
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Hillary Yaffe Harris
- Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Anita Aiyer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Rafi Kabarriti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Milan Kinkhabwala
- Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Namita Roy-Chowdhury
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States,Department of Genetics, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States,The Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Amanda P. Beck
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Thomas S. Scanlan
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jayanta Roy-Chowdhury
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States,Department of Genetics, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States,The Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Patrik Asp
- Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Chandan Guha
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; The Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Urology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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15
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Bres EE, Faissner A. Low Density Receptor-Related Protein 1 Interactions With the Extracellular Matrix: More Than Meets the Eye. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:31. [PMID: 30931303 PMCID: PMC6428713 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a biological substrate composed of collagens, proteoglycans and glycoproteins that ensures proper cell migration and adhesion and keeps the cell architecture intact. The regulation of the ECM composition is a vital process strictly controlled by, among others, proteases, growth factors and adhesion receptors. As it appears, ECM remodeling is also essential for proper neuronal and glial development and the establishment of adequate synaptic signaling. Hence, disturbances in ECM functioning are often present in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, mutations in ECM molecules are found in some forms of epilepsy and malfunctioning of ECM-related genes and pathways can be seen in, for example, cancer or ischemic injury. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (Lrp1) is a member of the low density lipoprotein receptor family. Lrp1 is involved not only in ligand uptake, receptor mediated endocytosis and lipoprotein transport—functions shared by low density lipoprotein receptor family members—but also regulates cell surface protease activity, controls cellular entry and binding of toxins and viruses, protects against atherosclerosis and acts on many cell signaling pathways. Given the plethora of functions, it is not surprising that Lrp1 also impacts the ECM and is involved in its remodeling. This review focuses on the role of Lrp1 and some of its major ligands on ECM function. Specifically, interactions with two Lrp1 ligands, integrins and tissue plasminogen activator are described in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa E Bres
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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16
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Understanding the Impact of Dietary Cholesterol on Chronic Metabolic Diseases through Studies in Rodent Models. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070939. [PMID: 30037080 PMCID: PMC6073247 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of certain chronic metabolic diseases has been attributed to elevated levels of dietary cholesterol. However, decades of research in animal models and humans have demonstrated a high complexity with respect to the impact of dietary cholesterol on the progression of these diseases. Thus, recent investigations in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) point to dietary cholesterol as a key factor for the activation of inflammatory pathways underlying the transition from NAFLD to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and to hepatic carcinoma. Dietary cholesterol was initially thought to be the key factor for cardiovascular disease development, but its impact on the disease depends partly on the capacity to modulate plasmatic circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. These studies evidence a complex relationship between these chronic metabolic diseases and dietary cholesterol, which, in certain conditions, might promote metabolic complications. In this review, we summarize rodent studies that evaluate the impact of dietary cholesterol on these two prevalent chronic diseases and their relevance to human pathology.
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17
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Long-term Western diet fed apolipoprotein E-deficient rats exhibit only modest early atherosclerotic characteristics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5416. [PMID: 29615808 PMCID: PMC5882891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23835-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the apolipoprotein E–deficient mouse, the gut microbiota has an impact on the development of atherosclerosis, but whether such correlations are also present in rats requires investigation. Therefore, we studied female SD-Apoetm1sage (Apoe−/−) rats fed either a Western diet or a low-fat control diet with or without gluten, which is known to promote gut microbiota changes, until 20 weeks of age. We hypothesized that the manifestation of atherosclerosis would be more severe in Apoe−/− rats fed the Western high-fat diet, as compared with rats fed the low-fat diet, and that atherosclerosis would be accelerated by gluten. Both Western diet-feeding and gluten resulted in significant changes in gut microbiota, but the microbiota impact of gluten was transient. Compared with Apoe−/− rats fed a low-fat diet, Western diet-fed Apoe−/− rats were heavier and became glucose intolerant with increased levels of oxidative stress. They developed early fatty streak lesions in their aortic sinus, while there was no evidence of atherosclerosis in the thoracic aorta. No conclusions could be made on the impact of gluten on atherosclerosis. Although Western diet-fed Apoe−/− rats exhibited a more human-like LDL dominated blood lipid profile, signs of obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease were modest.
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18
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Dhar-Mascareno M, Rozenberg I, Iqbal J, Hussain MM, Beckles D, Mascareno E. Hexim1 heterozygosity stabilizes atherosclerotic plaque and decreased steatosis in ApoE null mice fed atherogenic diet. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 83:56-64. [PMID: 28013147 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hexim-1 is an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II transcription elongation. Decreased Hexim-1 expression in animal models of chronic diseases such as left ventricular hypertrophy, obesity and cancer triggered significant changes in adaptation and remodeling. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the role of Hexim1 in lipid metabolism focused in the progression of atherosclerosis and steatosis. We used the C57BL6 apolipoprotein E (ApoE null) crossed bred to C57BL6Hexim1 heterozygous mice to obtain ApoE null - Hexim1 heterozygous mice (ApoE-HT). Both ApoE null backgrounds were fed high fat diet for twelve weeks. Then, we evaluated lipid metabolism, atherosclerotic plaque formation and liver steatosis. In order to understand changes in the transcriptome of both backgrounds during the progression of steatosis, we performed Affymetrix mouse 430 2.0 microarray. After 12 weeks of HFD, ApoE null and ApoE-HT showed similar increase of cholesterol and triglycerides in plasma. Plaque composition was altered in ApoE-HT. Additionally, liver triglycerides and steatosis were decreased in ApoE-HT mice. Affymetrix analysis revealed that decreased steatosis might be due to impaired inducible SOCS3 expression in ApoE-HT mice. In conclusion, decreased Hexim-1 expression does not alter cholesterol metabolism in ApoE null background after HFD. However, it promotes stable atherosclerotic plaque and decreased steatosis by promoting the anti-inflammatory TGFβ pathway and blocking the expression of the inducible and pro-inflammatory expression of SOCS3 respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manya Dhar-Mascareno
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, New York 11568, USA
| | - Inna Rozenberg
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11203 USA
| | - Jahangir Iqbal
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11203 USA
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11203 USA
| | - Daniel Beckles
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11203 USA; Departments of Surgery, Medicine and Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11203 USA
| | - Eduardo Mascareno
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11203 USA.
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19
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20
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Relevance of mouse models of cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy in cardiac research. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 424:123-145. [PMID: 27766529 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Heart disease causing cardiac cell death due to ischemia-reperfusion injury is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Coronary heart disease and cardiomyopathies are the major cause for congestive heart failure, and thrombosis of the coronary arteries is the most common cause of myocardial infarction. Cardiac injury is followed by post-injury cardiac remodeling or fibrosis. Cardiac fibrosis is characterized by net accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the cardiac interstitium and results in both systolic and diastolic dysfunctions. It has been suggested by both experimental and clinical evidence that fibrotic changes in the heart are reversible. Hence, it is vital to understand the mechanism involved in the initiation, progression, and resolution of cardiac fibrosis to design anti-fibrotic treatment modalities. Animal models are of great importance for cardiovascular research studies. With the developing research field, the choice of selecting an animal model for the proposed research study is crucial for its outcome and translational purpose. Compared to large animal models for cardiac research, the mouse model is preferred by many investigators because of genetic manipulations and easier handling. This critical review is focused to provide insight to young researchers about the various mouse models, advantages and disadvantages, and their use in research pertaining to cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy.
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21
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Pal R, Ke Q, Pihan GA, Yesilaltay A, Penman ML, Wang L, Chitraju C, Kang PM, Krieger M, Kocher O. Carboxy-terminal deletion of the HDL receptor reduces receptor levels in liver and steroidogenic tissues, induces hypercholesterolemia, and causes fatal heart disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H1392-H1408. [PMID: 27694217 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00463.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The HDL receptor SR-BI mediates the transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL to cells and controls HDL abundance and structure. Depending on the genetic background, loss of SR-BI causes hypercholesterolemia, anemia, reticulocytosis, splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, female infertility, and fatal coronary heart disease (CHD). The carboxy terminus of SR-BI (505QEAKL509) must bind to the cytoplasmic adaptor PDZK1 for normal hepatic-but not steroidogenic cell-expression of SR-BI protein. To determine whether SR-BI's carboxy terminus is also required for normal protein levels in steroidogenic cells, we introduced into SR-BI's gene a 507Ala/STOP mutation that produces a truncated receptor (SR-BIΔCT). As expected, the dramatic reduction of hepatic receptor protein in SR-BIΔCT mice was similar to that in PDZK1 knockout (KO) mice. Unlike SR-BI KO females, SR-BIΔCT females were fertile. The severity of SR-BIΔCT mice's hypercholesterolemia was intermediate between those of SR-BI KO and PDZK1 KO mice. Substantially reduced levels of the receptor in adrenal cortical cells, ovarian cells, and testicular Leydig cells in SR-BIΔCT mice suggested that steroidogenic cells have an adaptor(s) functionally analogous to hepatic PDZK1. When SR-BIΔCT mice were crossed with apolipoprotein E KO mice (SR-BIΔCT/apoE KO), pathologies including hypercholesterolemia, macrocytic anemia, hepatic and splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis, massive splenomegaly, reticulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and rapid-onset and fatal occlusive coronary arterial atherosclerosis and CHD (median age of death: 9 wk) were observed. These results provide new insights into the control of SR-BI in steroidogenic cells and establish SR-BIΔCT/apoE KO mice as a new animal model for the study of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinku Pal
- Department of Pathology and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Qingen Ke
- Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - German A Pihan
- Department of Pathology and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ayce Yesilaltay
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and
| | - Marsha L Penman
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and
| | - Chandramohan Chitraju
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter M Kang
- Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Monty Krieger
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and
| | - Olivier Kocher
- Department of Pathology and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Naresh NK, Butcher JT, Lye RJ, Chen X, Isakson BE, Gan LM, Kramer CM, Annex BH, Epstein FH. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance detects the progression of impaired myocardial perfusion reserve and increased left-ventricular mass in mice fed a high-fat diet. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2016; 18:53. [PMID: 27609091 PMCID: PMC5016874 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-016-0273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired myocardial perfusion reserve (MPR) is prevalent in obesity and diabetes, even in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), and is prognostic of adverse events. We sought to establish the time course of reduced MPR and to investigate associated vascular and tissue properties in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), as they are an emerging model of human obesity, diabetes, and reduced MPR without obstructive CAD. METHODS C57Bl/6 mice fed a HFD or a low-fat diet (control) were imaged at 6, 12, 18 and 24 weeks post-diet. The cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol included multi-slice cine imaging to assess ejection fraction (EF), left-ventricular (LV) mass, LV wall thickness (LVWT), and LV volumes, and first-pass perfusion CMR to quantify MPR. Coronary vascular reactivity, aortic atherosclerosis, myocardial capillary density and tissue fibrosis were also assessed. RESULTS Body weight was increased in HFD mice at 6-24 weeks post-diet (p < 0.05 vs. control). MPR in HFD mice was reduced and LV mass and LVWT were increased in HFD mice at 18 and 24 weeks post-diet (p < 0.05 vs. control). Coronary arteriolar vascular reactivity to adenosine and acetylcholine were reduced in HFD mice (p < 0.05 vs. control). There were no significant differences in cardiac volumes, EF, or capillary density measurements between the two groups. Histology showed interstitial fibrosis in HFD and no aortic atherosclerosis in either group. CONCLUSIONS C57Bl/6 mice fed a HFD for 18-24 weeks have progressively increased LV mass and impaired MPR with fibrosis, normal capillary density and no aortic plaque. These results establish C57Bl/6 mice fed a HFD for 18-24 weeks as a model of impaired MPR without obstructive CAD due to obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita K. Naresh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Joshua T. Butcher
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Robert J. Lye
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Brant E. Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Li-Ming Gan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, CVMD Early Clinical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Christopher M. Kramer
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Brian H. Annex
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Frederick H. Epstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
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Getz GS, Reardon CA. ApoE knockout and knockin mice: the history of their contribution to the understanding of atherogenesis. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:758-66. [PMID: 27015743 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r067249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ApoE is a multifunctional protein that is expressed by many cell types that influences many aspects of cardiovascular physiology. In humans, there are three major allelic variants that differentially influence lipoprotein metabolism and risk for the development of atherosclerosis. Apoe-deficient mice and human apoE isoform knockin mice, as well as hypomorphic Apoe mice, have significantly contributed to our understanding of the role of apoE in lipoprotein metabolism, monocyte/macrophage biology, and atherosclerosis. This brief history of these mouse models will highlight their contribution to the understanding of the role of apoE in these processes. These Apoe(-/-) mice have also been extensively utilized as an atherosensitive platform upon which to assess the impact of modulator genes on the development and regression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey S Getz
- Department of Pathology University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Kumar M, Kasala ER, Bodduluru LN, Dahiya V, Sharma D, Kumar V, Lahkar M. Animal models of myocardial infarction: Mainstay in clinical translation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 76:221-30. [PMID: 26988997 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical models with high prognostic power are a prerequisite for translational research. The closer the similarity of a model to myocardial infarction (MI), the higher is the prognostic value for clinical trials. An ideal MI model should present cardinal signs and pathology that resemble the human disease. The increasing understanding of MI stratification and etiology, however, complicates the choice of animal model for preclinical studies. An ultimate animal model, relevant to address all MI related pathophysiology is yet to be developed. However, many of the existing MI models comprising small and large animals are useful in answering specific questions. An appropriate MI model should be selected after considering both the context of the research question and the model properties. This review addresses the strengths, and limitations of current MI models for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781032, Assam, India.
| | - Eshvendar Reddy Kasala
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781032, Assam, India.
| | - Lakshmi Narendra Bodduluru
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781032, Assam, India.
| | - Vicky Dahiya
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781032, Assam, India.
| | - Dinesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781032, Assam, India.
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Mangala Lahkar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781032, Assam, India; Department of Pharmacology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati 781032, Assam, India.
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Riera-Borrull M, Sabench F, del Castillo D, Camps J, Joven J. Exploring the effects of the atherosclerosis progression and the choice of affected arteries in the design of experiments with Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2016; 28:82-6. [PMID: 26899621 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to explore the longitudinal progression of atherosclerosis and the correlation between methods to measure the lesion in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis progression was assessed by measurements of foam cell-rich depositions in their proximal aortas, and/or in surgically excised arteries, to assess the histological luminal narrowing. A longitudinal study was performed by comparing the values for carotid, aorta, and femoral and iliac arteries using common histological techniques. There were no significant differences in progression between different arteries, but correlation with the classical measurement of atherosclerosis in the aortic root was poor. Each laboratory requires specific standardization. Carotid arteries were sensitive to atherosclerosis in these mice, and progression was exponential. In conclusion, morphometric data show the importance of the choice of the duration of treatment, the appropriate controls, and the age at which to begin the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Riera-Borrull
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Fàtima Sabench
- Servei de Cirurgia General i de l'Aparell Digestiu, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Daniel del Castillo
- Servei de Cirurgia General i de l'Aparell Digestiu, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Jordi Camps
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain.
| | - Jorge Joven
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain.
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26
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Selhub J, Troen AM. Sulfur amino acids and atherosclerosis: a role for excess dietary methionine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1363:18-25. [PMID: 26647293 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The homocysteine theory of arteriosclerosis received credence when it was shown that after a methionine load, circulating homocysteine-cysteine concentrations were higher in cardiovascular disease patients than in healthy controls. Subsequent studies showing associations between homocysteine and coronary artery disease, stroke and cognitive impairment, relied on small increases in homocysteine concentration unlike the very high homocysteine seen in the rare genetic disorders that lead to homocystinuria and much higher homocysteine levels. Subsequent studies in cell culture, animals, and humans showed that a variety of cardiovascular adverse effects of "high homocysteine" introduced either as a nonphysiological bolus or as a methionine load led to high homocysteine. We fed apolipoprotein E-deficient mice diets designed to achieve three conditions: (1) high methionine intake with normal blood homocysteine, (2) high methionine intake with B vitamin deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia, and (3) normal methionine intake with both B vitamin deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia. We found that the mice fed methionine-rich diets had significant atheromatous pathology in the aortic arch even with normal plasma homocysteine levels. Mice fed B vitamin-deficient diets developed severe hyperhomocysteinemia but without any increase in vascular pathology. Our findings suggest that even moderate increases in methionine intake are atherogenic in susceptible mice while high plasma homocysteine is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Selhub
- Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aron M Troen
- Nutrition and Brain Health Laboratory, The Institute of Biochemistry Food and Nutrition Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture Food and the Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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28
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Smith BW, Miller RJ, Wilund KR, O’Brien WD, Erdman JW. Effects of Tomato and Soy Germ on Lipid Bioaccumulation and Atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- Mice. J Food Sci 2015; 80:H1918-25. [PMID: 26173004 PMCID: PMC4606862 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dietary patterns with cardiovascular benefits have been recommended, but the relative contributions of individual foods and food components, alone or in combination, remain undefined. Male ApoE(-/-) mice were fed either a purified AIN-93G control diet, a Western diet (WD), or a WD with 10% tomato powder (TP), 2% soy germ (SG), or the combination, for 4 wk (n = 10 per group). Plasma total cholesterol and triglycerides were measured with enzymatic colorimetric kits, and serum amyloid A (SAA) was measured by ELISA. Liver lipids were extracted with chloroform:methanol, and triglycerides, free and esterified cholesterol measured with enzymatic colorimetric kits. Expression of Cyp27a1, Cyp7a1, Abcg5, and Abcg8 in the liver was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Sections of the aortic root and aorta were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) to assess extent of atherosclerotic lesions. WD-fed animals had greater liver and adipose weights, plasma cholesterol and SAA, hepatic lipids, and atherosclerosis than AIN-93G animals. TP and SG did not decrease atherosclerosis as measured by H&E-stained sections of the aortic root, aortic arch, and descending aorta. The TP diets further increased plasma cholesterol, but also led to increased expression of the Abcg5/8 transporters involved in cholesterol efflux. Addition of SG alone to the WD attenuated WD-induced increases in plasma cholesterol, liver lipids, and gonadal adipose weight. The results of this study do not support the use of either TP or SG for reduction of atherosclerosis, but suggest some beneficial effects of SG on lipid metabolism in this model of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon W. Smith
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Rita J. Miller
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Kenneth R. Wilund
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - William D. O’Brien
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - John W. Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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29
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Phenolic content of extra virgin olive oil is essential to restore endothelial dysfunction but not to prevent vascular inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions of Apo E deficient mice. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Robinet P, Smith JD. Development and Use of Mouse Models of Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118828533.ch16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Daugherty A, Tabas I, Rader DJ. Accelerating the pace of atherosclerosis research. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:11-2. [PMID: 25520521 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Daugherty
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (I.T.); and Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, and Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.).
| | - Ira Tabas
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (I.T.); and Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, and Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.)
| | - Daniel J Rader
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.D.); Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (I.T.); and Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, and Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.)
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32
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Gailani D, Cheng Q, Ivanov IS. Murine models in the evaluation of heparan sulfate-based anticoagulants. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1229:483-96. [PMID: 25325974 PMCID: PMC4365426 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1714-3_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating anticoagulants in animal thrombosis models is a standard component of preclinical drug testing. Mice are frequently used for these initial evaluations because a variety of thrombosis models have been developed and are well characterized in this species, and the animals are relatively inexpensive to maintain. Because mice have a natural resistance to forming intravascular thrombi, vessel injury is required to induce intravascular clot formation. Several methods have been established for inducing arterial or venous thrombosis in mice. For the purpose of testing heparin-based drugs, we adapted a well-established model in which thrombus formation in the carotid artery is induced by exposing the vessel to ferric chloride. For studying anticoagulant effects on venous thrombosis, we use a model in which the inferior vena cava is ligated and the size of the resulting clots is measured. The most common adverse effect of anticoagulation therapy is bleeding. The effect of heparin-based anticoagulants can be tested in mice in a simple tail bleeding assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gailani
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University, 777 Preston Research Building, 2220 Pierce Ave., Nashville, TN, 37232, USA,
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33
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van den Hoek AM, van der Hoorn JWA, Maas AC, van den Hoogen RM, van Nieuwkoop A, Droog S, Offerman EH, Pieterman EJ, Havekes LM, Princen HMG. APOE*3Leiden.CETP transgenic mice as model for pharmaceutical treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:537-44. [PMID: 24373179 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate systematically (i) the appropriate dietary conditions to induce the features of the MetS in APOE*3Leiden.humanCholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (E3L.CETP) mice and (ii) whether the response of this model to different antidiabetic and hypolipidemic drugs is similar as in humans. METHODS Male obese, IR and dyslipidemic E3L.CETP mice were treated with antidiabetic drugs rosiglitazone, liraglutide or an experimental 11β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase-1 (HSD-1) inhibitor, or with hypolipidemic drugs atorvastatin, fenofibrate or niacin for 4-6 weeks. The effects on bw, IR and plasma and liver lipids were assessed. RESULTS Rosiglitazone, liraglutide and HSD-1 inhibitor significantly decreased glucose and insulin levels or IR. Liraglutide and HSD-1 inhibitor also decreased bw. Atorvastatin, fenofibrate and niacin improved the dyslipidemia and fenofibrate and niacin increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. In addition, hepatic triglycerides were significantly decreased by treatment with rosiglitazone and liraglutide, while hepatic cholesterol esters were significantly decreased by rosiglitazone and atorvastatin. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the E3L.CETP mouse is a promising novel translational model to investigate the effects of new drugs, alone or in combination, that affect IR, diabetic dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
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36
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Uno S, Sakurai K, Nebert DW, Makishima M. Protective role of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) against benzo[a]pyrene-induced toxicity in mouse aorta. Toxicology 2014; 316:34-42. [PMID: 24394547 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is an environmental pollutant produced by combustive processes, such as cigarette smoke and coke ovens, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) plays a role in both metabolic activation and detoxication of BaP in a context-dependent manner. The role of CYP1A1 in BaP-induced toxicity in aorta remains unknown. First, we fed Apoe⁻/⁻ mice an atherogenic diet plus BaP and found that oral BaP-enhanced atherosclerosis is associated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory markers, such as plasma tumor necrosis factor levels and aortic mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (Vegfa). We next examined the effect of an atherogenic diet plus BaP on ROS and inflammatory markers in Cyp1a1⁻/⁻ mice. Although this treatment was not sufficient to induce atherosclerotic lesions in Cyp1a1⁻/⁻ mice, plasma antioxidant levels were decreased in Cyp1a1⁻/⁻ mice even in the absence of BaP treatment. The atherogenic diet plus BaP effectively elevated plasma ROS levels and expression of atherosclerosis-related genes, specifically Vegfa, in Cyp1a1⁻/⁻ mice compared with wild-type mice. BaP treatment increased Vegfa mRNA levels in mouse embryonic fibroblasts from Cyp1a1⁻/⁻ mice but not from wild-type mice. BaP-induced DNA adduct formation was increased in the aorta of Cyp1a1⁻/⁻ mice, but not wild-type or Apoe⁻/⁻ mice, and the atherogenic diet decreased BaP-induced DNA adducts in Cyp1a1⁻/⁻ mice compared with mice on a control diet. These data suggest that ROS production contributes to BaP-exacerbated atherosclerosis and that CYP1A1 plays a protective role against oral BaP toxicity in aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Uno
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sakurai
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Daniel W Nebert
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
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Rodrigues BP, Campagnaro BP, Balarini CM, Pereira TMC, Meyrelles SS, Vasquez EC. Sildenafil ameliorates biomarkers of genotoxicity in an experimental model of spontaneous atherosclerosis. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:128. [PMID: 23981672 PMCID: PMC3766097 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to oxidative stress observed in atherosclerosis and that ROS can also cause damage in cellular macromolecules, including DNA. Considering previous report that sildenafil, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5), has antioxidant effects, in the present study we evaluated the effect of this drug on genotoxicity of blood mononuclear cells (MNC) and liver cells from atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E knockout mice (apoE(-/-)). METHODS ROS production in MNC was evaluated by flow cytometry with the fluorescent dye dihydroethidium (DHE), a method that has been used to quantify the production of superoxide anion, and DNA damage was evaluated in both MNC and liver cells using the alkaline comet assay. Sildenafil-administered apoE(-/-) mice were compared with strain-matched mice administered with vehicle and with C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice. RESULTS MNC from apoE(-/-) vehicle exhibited a 2-fold increase in production of superoxide anion in comparison with WT. In contrast, sildenafil-administered apoE(-/-) mice showed superoxide anion levels similar to those observed in WT mice. Similarly, MNC and liver cells from apoE(-/-) vehicle mice showed a 4-fold and 2-fold augmented DNA fragmentation compared with WT, respectively, and sildenafil-administered apoE(-/-) mice exhibited minimal DNA damage in those cells similar to WT mice. CONCLUSIONS ApoE(-/-) mice chronically administered with sildenafil exhibited reduced levels of superoxide anion in MNC and less DNA fragmentation in MNC and liver cells, which are biomarkers of genotoxicity. Therefore, sildenafil may offer a new perspective to the use of PDE5 inhibitors to protect against DNA damage, in cells involved in the inflammatory and dyslipidemic processes that accompany atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca P Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Bianca P Campagnaro
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria, Brazil
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Camille M Balarini
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Thiago M C Pereira
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFES), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Silvana S Meyrelles
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Elisardo C Vasquez
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria, Brazil
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
- Emescam School of Health Sciences, Vitoria, Brazil
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Establishment of a novel murine model of ischemic cardiomyopathy with multiple diffuse coronary lesions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70755. [PMID: 23950999 PMCID: PMC3741297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary arteries are the pathological basis for myocardial infarction and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Progression of heart failure after myocardial infarction is associated with cardiac remodeling, which has been studied by means of coronary ligation in mice. However, this ligation model requires excellent techniques. Recently, a new murine model, HypoE mouse was reported to exhibit atherogenic Paigen diet-induced coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction; however, the HypoE mice died too early to make possible investigation of cardiac remodeling. Therefore, we aimed to modify the HypoE mouse model to establish a novel model for ischemic cardiomyopathy caused by atherosclerotic lesions, which the ligation model does not exhibit. Methods and Results In our study, the sustained Paigen diet for the HypoE mice was shortened to 7 or 10 days, allowing the mice to survive longer. The 7-day Paigen diet intervention starting when the mice were 8 weeks old was adequate to permit the mice to survive myocardial infarction. Our murine model, called the “modified HypoE mouse”, was maintained until 8 weeks, with a median survival period of 36 days, after the dietary intervention (male, n = 222). Echocardiography demonstrated that the fractional shortening 2 weeks after the Paigen diet (n = 14) significantly decreased compared with that just before the Paigen diet (n = 6) (31.4±11.9% vs. 54.4±2.6%, respectively, P<0.01). Coronary angiography revealed multiple diffuse lesions. Cardiac remodeling and fibrosis were identified by serial analyses of cardiac morphological features and mRNA expression levels in tissue factors such as MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, collagen-1, and TGF-β. Conclusion Modified HypoE mice are a suitable model for ischemic cardiomyopathy with multiple diffuse lesions and may be considered as a novel and convenient model for investigations of cardiac remodeling on a highly atherogenic background.
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Li MW, Mian MOR, Barhoumi T, Rehman A, Mann K, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL. Endothelin-1 overexpression exacerbates atherosclerosis and induces aortic aneurysms in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2306-15. [PMID: 23887640 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelin (ET)-1 plays a role in vascular reactive oxygen species production and inflammation. ET-1 has been implicated in human atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) development. ET-1 overexpression exacerbates high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E(-/-) (Apoe(-/-)) mice. ET-1-induced reactive oxygen species and inflammation may contribute to atherosclerosis progression and AAA development. APPROACH AND RESULTS Eight-week-old male wild-type mice, transgenic mice overexpressing ET-1 selectively in endothelium (eET-1), Apoe(-/-) mice, and eET-1/Apoe(-/-) mice were fed high-fat diet for 8 weeks. eET-1/Apoe(-/-) had a 45% reduction in plasma high-density lipoprotein (P<0.05) and presented ≥ 2-fold more aortic atherosclerotic lesions compared with Apoe(-/-) (P<0.01). AAAs were detected only in eET-1/Apoe(-/-) (8/21; P<0.05). Reactive oxygen species production was increased ≥ 2-fold in perivascular fat, media, or atherosclerotic lesions in the ascending aorta and AAAs of eET-1/Apoe(-/-) compared with Apoe(-/-) (P<0.05). Monocyte/macrophage infiltration was enhanced ≥ 2.5-fold in perivascular fat of ascending aorta and AAAs in eET-1/Apoe(-/-) compared with Apoe(-/-) (P<0.05). CD4(+) T cells were detected almost exclusively in perivascular fat (3/6) and atherosclerotic lesions (5/6) in ascending aorta of eET-1/Apoe(-/-) (P<0.05). The percentage of spleen proinflammatory Ly-6C(hi) monocytes was enhanced 26% by ET-1 overexpression in Apoe(-/-) (P<0.05), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 was increased 2-fold in plaques of eET-1/Apoe(-/-) (P<0.05) compared with Apoe(-/-). CONCLUSIONS ET-1 plays a role in progression of atherosclerosis and AAA formation by decreasing high-density lipoprotein, and increasing oxidative stress, inflammatory cell infiltration, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 in perivascular fat, vascular wall, and atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa W Li
- From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (M.W.L., M.O.R.M., T.B., A.R., K.M., P.P., E.L.S.), Department of Medicine (E.L.S.), and Department of Oncology (K.M.), Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Hirase T, Hara H, Miyazaki Y, Ide N, Nishimoto-Hazuku A, Fujimoto H, Saris CJM, Yoshida H, Node K. Interleukin 27 inhibits atherosclerosis via immunoregulation of macrophages in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H420-9. [PMID: 23729211 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00198.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in arterial wall that is driven by immune cells and cytokines plays pivotal roles in the development of atherosclerosis. Interleukin 27 (IL-27) is a member of the IL-12 family of cytokines that consists of IL-27p28 and Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3 (EBI3) and has anti-inflammatory properties that regulate T cell polarization and cytokine production. IL-27-deficient (Ldlr-/-Ebi3-/-) and IL-27 receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-WSX-1-/-) Ldlr-/- mice were generated and fed with a high-cholesterol diet to induce atherosclerosis. Roles of bone marrow-derived cells in vivo and macrophages in vitro were studied using bone marrow reconstitution by transplantation and cultured peritoneal macrophages, respectively. We demonstrate that mice lacking IL-27 or IL-27 receptor are more susceptible to atherosclerosis compared with wild type due to enhanced accumulation and activation of macrophages in arterial walls. The number of circulating proinflammatory Ly6C(hi) monocytes showed no significant difference between wild-type mice and mice lacking IL-27 or IL-27 receptor. Administration of IL-27 suppressed the development of atherosclerosis in vivo and macrophage activation in vitro that was indicated by increased uptake of modified low-density lipoprotein and augmented production of proinflammatory cytokines. These findings define a novel inhibitory role for IL-27 in atherosclerosis that regulates macrophage activation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuaki Hirase
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan.
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Zhang Y, Li L, You J, Cao J, Fu X. Effect of 7-difluoromethyl-5, 4'-dimethoxygenistein on aorta atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemia ApoE(-/-) mice induced by a cholesterol-rich diet. Drug Des Devel Ther 2013; 7:233-42. [PMID: 23589679 PMCID: PMC3622435 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s37512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose 7-Difluoromethyl–5, 4′-dimethoxygenistein (DFMG), prepared by the difluoromethylation and alkylation of Genistein, is an active new chemical entity. Its anti-atherosclerosis effect was found in a series of studies in vitro. In this article, we explored and evaluated the anti-atherosclerosis effect via its protection of endothelial function in ApoE−/− mice that were fed a high-fat diet. Methods Five C57BL/6J mice were selected as a control group and were fed a 1% high-fat diet (control group, n = 5). Five ApoE−/− mice that were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks were selected as the atherosclerosis model group (model group, n = 5). In the phase I study, 25 ApoE−/− mice were provided a prophylactic treatment with different drugs at the beginning of the 16 week high-fat diet: 5 mg/gk genistein (genistein 1 group, n = 5), 5 mg/kg lovastatin (lovastatin1 group, n = 5), 2.5 mg/kg DFMG (DFMG L1 group, n = 5), 5 mg/kg DFMG (DFMG M1 group, n = 5), and 10 mg/kg DFMG (DFMG H1 group, n = 5). In the phase II study, 25 atherosclerosis model, ApoE−/− mice were treated with different drugs and fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks: 5 mg/gk genistein (genistein 2 group, n = 5), 5 mg/kg lovastatin (lovastatin 2 group, n = 5), 2.5 mg/kg DFMG (DFMG L2 group, n = 5), 5 mg/kg DFMG (DFMG M2 group, n = 5), and 10 mg/kg DFMG (DFMG H2 group, n = 5). The plasma levels of lipids, von Willebrand factor (vWF), and nitrite were compared between phases I and II. Endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR), aortic lesion development, and quantification in thoracic aortas were measured during these two phase studies. Results Compared to the model group, the lipid and vWF plasma levels were significantly lower, the plasma nitrite levels were significantly higher, the fatty streaks of aortic lesions were significantly lower, and the endothelium dependent relaxation was significantly higher after both phase studies (P < 0.05). The DFMG supplementation led to significant plasma nitrite increment in all groups after both phase studies (P < 0.05). There were significantly decreased fatty streaks of aortic lesions in DFMG-prevented and DFMG-treated mice (P < 0.05). There was a significant increase in EDR in all prophylactic treatment groups and treatment groups (P < 0.05). We further demonstrated that the preventative effect was more obvious than the therapeutic effect. Conclusion Our results suggest that DFMG could work in prophylactic and therapeutic treatments for atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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Balarini CM, Leal MA, Gomes IBS, Pereira TMC, Gava AL, Meyrelles SS, Vasquez EC. Sildenafil restores endothelial function in the apolipoprotein E knockout mouse. J Transl Med 2013; 11:3. [PMID: 23289368 PMCID: PMC3551739 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process of the arterial walls and is initiated by endothelial dysfunction accompanied by an imbalance in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). Sildenafil, a selective phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor used for erectile dysfunction, exerts its cardiovascular effects by enhancing the effects of NO. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of sildenafil on endothelial function and atherosclerosis progression in apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE−/−) mice. Methods ApoE−/− mice treated with sildenafil (Viagra®, 40 mg/kg/day, for 3 weeks, by oral gavage) were compared to the untreated apoE−/− and the wild-type (WT) mice. Aortic rings were used to evaluate the relaxation responses to acetylcholine (ACh) in all of the groups. In a separate set of experiments, the roles of NO and ROS in the relaxation response to ACh were evaluated by incubating the aortic rings with L-NAME (NO synthase inhibitor) or apocynin (NADPH oxidase inhibitor). In addition, the atherosclerotic lesions were quantified and superoxide production was assessed. Results Sildenafil restored the vasodilator response to acetylcholine (ACh) in the aortic rings of the apoE−/− mice. Treatment with L-NAME abolished the vasodilator responses to ACh in all three groups of mice and revealed an augmented participation of NO in the endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the sildenafil-treated animals. The normalized endothelial function in sildenafil-treated apoE−/− mice was unaffected by apocynin highlighting the low levels of ROS production in these animals. Moreover, morphological analysis showed that sildenafil treatment caused approximately a 40% decrease in plaque deposition in the aorta. Conclusion This is the first study demonstrating the beneficial effects of chronic treatment with sildenafil on endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in a model of spontaneous hypercholesterolemia. These data indicate that the main mechanism of the beneficial effect of sildenafil on the endothelial function appears to involve an enhancement of the NO pathway along with a reduction in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille M Balarini
- Dept, of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
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Adeyo O, Goulbourne CN, Bensadoun A, Beigneux AP, Fong LG, Young SG. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 and the intravascular processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. J Intern Med 2012; 272:528-40. [PMID: 23020258 PMCID: PMC3940157 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is produced by parenchymal cells, mainly adipocytes and myocytes, but is involved in hydrolysing triglycerides in plasma lipoproteins at the capillary lumen. For decades, the mechanism by which LPL reaches its site of action in capillaries was unclear, but this mystery was recently solved. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1), a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein of capillary endothelial cells, 'picks up' LPL from the interstitial spaces and shuttles it across endothelial cells to the capillary lumen. When GPIHBP1 is absent, LPL is mislocalized to the interstitial spaces, leading to severe hypertriglyceridaemia. Some cases of hypertriglyceridaemia in humans are caused by GPIHBP1 mutations that interfere with the ability of GPIHBP1 to bind to LPL, and some are caused by LPL mutations that impair the ability of LPL to bind to GPIHBP1. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the role of GPIHBP1 in health and disease and discuss some of the remaining unresolved issues regarding the processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Adeyo
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Vasquez EC, Peotta VA, Gava AL, Pereira TM, Meyrelles SS. Cardiac and vascular phenotypes in the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:22. [PMID: 22330242 PMCID: PMC3306747 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular death is frequently associated with atherosclerosis, a chronic multifactorial disease and a leading cause of death worldwide. Genetically engineered mouse models have proven useful for the study of the mechanisms underlying cardiovascular diseases. The apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse has been the most widely used animal model of atherosclerosis because it rapidly develops severe hypercholesterolemia and spontaneous atherosclerotic lesions similar to those observed in humans. In this review, we provide an overview of the cardiac and vascular phenotypes and discuss the interplay among nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, aging and diet in the impairment of cardiovascular function in this mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisardo C Vasquez
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.
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LDL receptor knock-out mice are a physiological model particularly vulnerable to study the onset of inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30668. [PMID: 22295101 PMCID: PMC3266276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) involves steatosis combined with inflammation, which can progress into fibrosis and cirrhosis. Exploring the molecular mechanisms of NASH is highly dependent on the availability of animal models. Currently, the most commonly used animal models for NASH imitate particularly late stages of human disease. Thus, there is a need for an animal model that can be used for investigating the factors that potentiate the inflammatory response within NASH. We have previously shown that 7-day high-fat-high-cholesterol (HFC) feeding induces steatosis and inflammation in both APOE2ki and Ldlr−/− mice. However, it is not known whether the early inflammatory response observed in these mice will sustain over time and lead to liver damage. We hypothesized that the inflammatory response in both models is sufficient to induce liver damage over time. Methods APOE2ki and Ldlr−/− mice were fed a chow or HFC diet for 3 months. C57Bl6/J mice were used as control. Results Surprisingly, hepatic inflammation was abolished in APOE2ki mice, while it was sustained in Ldlr−/− mice. In addition, increased apoptosis and hepatic fibrosis was only demonstrated in Ldlr−/− mice. Finally, bone-marrow-derived-macrophages of Ldlr−/− mice showed an increased inflammatory response after oxidized LDL (oxLDL) loading compared to APOE2ki mice. Conclusion Ldlr−/− mice, but not APOE2ki mice, developed sustained hepatic inflammation and liver damage upon long term HFC feeding due to increased sensitivity for oxLDL uptake. Therefore, the Ldlr−/− mice are a promising physiological model particularly vulnerable for investigating the onset of hepatic inflammation in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Meyrelles SS, Peotta VA, Pereira TMC, Vasquez EC. Endothelial dysfunction in the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse: insights into the influence of diet, gender and aging. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:211. [PMID: 22082357 PMCID: PMC3247089 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the early 1990s, several strains of genetically modified mice have been developed as models for experimental atherosclerosis. Among the available models, the apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE⁻/⁻) mouse is of particular relevance because of its propensity to spontaneously develop hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic lesions that are similar to those found in humans, even when the mice are fed a chow diet. The main purpose of this review is to highlight the key achievements that have contributed to elucidating the mechanisms pertaining to vascular dysfunction in the apoE⁻/⁻ mouse. First, we summarize lipoproteins and atherosclerosis phenotypes in the apoE⁻/⁻ mouse, and then we briefly discuss controversial evidence relative to the influence of gender on the development of atherosclerosis in this murine model. Second, we discuss the main mechanisms underlying the endothelial dysfunction of conducting vessels and resistance vessels and examine how this vascular defect can be influenced by diet, aging and gender in the apoE⁻/⁻ mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana S Meyrelles
- Departament of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
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Versmissen J, Oosterveer DM, Hoekstra M, Out R, Berbée JFP, Blommesteijn-Touw AC, van Vark-van der Zee L, Vongpromek R, Vanmierlo T, Defesche JC, Mulder M, Kastelein JJP, Sijbrands EJG. Apolipoprotein isoform E4 does not increase coronary heart disease risk in carriers of low-density lipoprotein receptor mutations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 4:655-60. [PMID: 22010136 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.111.959858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, the E4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene is associated with increased coronary heart disease risk. Surprisingly, in rodents, apolipoprotein E4 only accelerates the atherosclerotic process when transgenic for the human low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) protein. We therefore investigated whether the LDLR locus interacted with the apolipoprotein E gene genotype on coronary heart disease risk in patients clinically diagnosed with familial hypercholesterolemia with and without LDLR mutation. We investigated whether the presence of an LDLR mutation diminishing LDLR function was protective in E4/E4 carriers. METHODS AND RESULTS In a cohort of 2400 patients clinically diagnosed with familial hypercholesterolemia, we found an LDLR gene mutation in 1383 patients, whereas in 1013 patients, such mutation was not present. In 92 patients homozygous for the apolipoprotein E4, the presence of an LDLR mutation conferred lower coronary heart disease risk (hazard ratio, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.05-0.58; P=0.005). Mirroring these results, the apolipoprotein E4/E4 genotype was also associated with lower coronary heart disease risk in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia with an LDLR mutation (hazard ratio, 0.26; hazard ratio, 0.08-0.80; P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS LDLR function is key to the detrimental effects of apolipoprotein E4 in humans. Kinetic studies in humans are now required to study the consequences of our observation for prevention of both coronary heart disease and Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorie Versmissen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Gao J, Ishigaki Y, Yamada T, Kondo K, Yamaguchi S, Imai J, Uno K, Hasegawa Y, Sawada S, Ishihara H, Oyadomari S, Mori M, Oka Y, Katagiri H. Involvement of endoplasmic stress protein C/EBP homologous protein in arteriosclerosis acceleration with augmented biological stress responses. Circulation 2011; 124:830-9. [PMID: 21810656 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.014050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The processes of arteriosclerosis, including atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling, are affected by interactions among numerous biological pathways such as responses to inflammation, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), which is well known to induce cellular apoptosis in response to severe endoplasmic reticulum stress, is reportedly upregulated in plaque lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined the effects of CHOP deficiency on 2 types of arteriosclerosis: cuff injury-induced neointimal formation and hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis. Cuff injury-induced neointimal formation was markedly inhibited in CHOP(-/-) mice with suppressed aortic expression of inflammatory factors and smooth muscle cell proliferation-related proteins. A CHOP deficiency also inhibited aortic plaque formation in hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E(-/-) mice with suppressed aortic expression of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress markers. Bone marrow transplantation experiments revealed that recipient CHOP deficiency significantly suppressed both cuff injury-induced neointimal formation and hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerotic plaque formation to a greater extent than donor CHOP deficiency, suggesting the importance of CHOP in vascular cells for arteriosclerosis progression. Furthermore, in our in vitro experiments, in not only macrophages but also endothelial and smooth muscle cell lines, endoplasmic reticulum stress inducers upregulated inflammation-, adhesion-, or smooth muscle cell proliferation-related proteins, whereas decreased CHOP expression remarkably suppressed endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced upregulation of these proteins. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the well-known signaling for apoptosis induction, CHOP may play important roles in augmenting potentially pathological biological stress responses. This noncanonical role of CHOP, especially that expressed in vascular cells, may contribute to the progression of vascular remodeling and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Gao
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Center for Metabolic Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Assessment of age modulated vascular inflammation in ApoE-/- mice by USPIO-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Invest Radiol 2011; 45:702-7. [PMID: 20829703 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e3181f16e5a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation within atherosclerotic lesions increases the risk for plaque rupture and thrombosis. A functional approach to plaque analysis is the intravenous administration of ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIO) that enables visualization of macrophages residing in the plaques. In this study, we sought to characterize the age-related inflammatory status associated with atherosclerosis lesion progression in ApoE mice using USPIO-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 24 ApoE mice were divided in 4 groups (N = 6) and were given a high cholesterol diet from 6 weeks of age to the end of the protocol. One group per MR time point was investigated at 10, 16, 24, and 34 weeks of age. Each MR examination was performed on a 4.7 T scanner and consisted of baseline and 48 hours post-USPIO administration imaging sessions. P904, a USPIO contrast agent (Guerbet, Paris, France) with a potential for plaque macrophage targeting, was used.Vessel wall area measurements were performed on high resolution spin echo transverse images. Multi-echo gradient-echo images acquired with the same geometry were used to calculate T2* maps of the vessel wall using a pixel-by-pixel monoexponential fit. A one-way analysis of variance was performed to characterize the temporal variation of vessel wall area, susceptibility artifact area, baseline, and post-USPIO T2* values. MR measurements were correlated with the histologic findings. RESULTS A significant increase was found in the aortic wall area from 1.4 ± 0.2 at 10 weeks to 2.0 ± 0.3 mm at 34 weeks of age (P < 0.05). Concerning the post-USPIO MRI, signal loss regions, with patterns spanning from focal to the complete disappearance of the vessel wall, were observed on all postcontrast images. A significant increase in the size of the susceptibility artifact was observed from 0.5 ± 0.2 to 2.4 ± 1.0 at 24 weeks (P < 0.05) and to 2.0 ± 0.9 mm at 34 weeks (P < 0.05).The T2* values calculated on the 48 hours post-USPIO images were shorter compared with baseline. The decrease was 34% ± 16% at 10 weeks, 57% ± 11% at 16 weeks, 57% ± 16% at 24 weeks, and 48% ± 13% at 34 weeks.The Pearson's correlation test between measurement of aortic wall area performed on both MR images and histologic analysis showed a statistically significant correlation (r = 0.695 and P < 0.05). A correlation was also obtained between the signal loss area and the macrophages covered area (r = 0.68 and P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the feasibility of USPIO-enhanced MRI in assessing the inflammatory status related to the temporal progression of the atherosclerosis plaque in ApoE transgenic mice model of atherosclerosis. In our experimental conditions, the vascular inflammation peak, for the ApoE mice feeding high-fat/high-cholesterol diet is measured between 16 and 24 weeks of age.
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Dietary cholesterol and its effect on tau protein: a study in apolipoprotein E-deficient and P301L human tau mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2011; 70:292-301. [PMID: 21412171 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e318212f185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is the major cholesterol transporter in the brain. There is epidemiological and experimental evidence for involvement of cholesterol metabolism in the development and progression of Alzheimer disease. A dietary effect on tau phosphorylation or aggregation, or a role of apoE in tau metabolism, has been studied experimentally, but the data are ambiguous. To elucidate the relationship between cholesterol and tau, we studied mice expressing P301L mutant human tau but not apoE (htau-ApoE) and P301L mice with wild-type ApoE (htau- ApoE); both genotypes develop neuron cytoskeletal changes similar to those found in Alzheimer disease. Mice were kept on a cholesterol-enriched diet or control diet for 15 weeks. The numbers of neurons with hyperphosphorylated and conformationally changed tau in the cerebral cortex were assessed by immunohistochemistry, and sterol levels were determined. Highly elevated dietary serum cholesterol levels enhanced ongoing tau pathology in htau-ApoE mice; this effect correlated with elevated brain cholesterol metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol levels. Apolipoprotein E deficiency promoted significant increases of tau phosphorylation and conformational changes in mice on a control diet. In htau-ApoE mice on the high cholesterol regimen, brain oxysterol levels were less than in htau-ApoE mice, and the numbers of neurons with pathologically altered tau were similar to those in htau-ApoE mice on the high-cholesterol diet.
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