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Shi Y, Wang Z, Xu J, Niu W, Wu Y, Guo H, Shi J, Li Z, Fu B, Hong Y, Wang Z, Guo W, Chen D, Li X, Li Q, Wang S, Gao J, Sun A, Xiao Y, Cao J, Fu L, Wu Y, Zhang T, Xia N, Yuan Q. TCR-like bispecific antibodies toward eliminating infected hepatocytes in HBV mouse models. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2387448. [PMID: 39109538 PMCID: PMC11313007 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2387448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutics for eradicating hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are still limited and current nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) and interferon are effective in controlling viral replication and improving liver health, but they cannot completely eradicate the hepatitis B virus and only a very small number of patients are cured of it. The TCR-like antibodies recognizing viral peptides presented on human leukocyte antigens (HLA) provide possible tools for targeting and eliminating HBV-infected hepatocytes. Here, we generated three TCR-like antibodies targeting three different HLA-A2.1-presented peptides derived from HBV core and surface proteins. Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) were developed by fuzing variable fragments of these TCR-like mAbs with an anti-CD3ϵ antibody. Our data demonstrate that the BsAbs could act as T cell engagers, effectively redirecting and activating T cells to target HBV-infected hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. In HBV-persistent mice expressing human HLA-A2.1, two infusions of BsAbs induced marked and sustained suppression in serum HBsAg levels and also reduced the numbers of HBV-positive hepatocytes. These findings highlighted the therapeutic potential of TCR-like BsAbs as a new strategy to cure hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostic, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zihan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostic, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostic, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxia Niu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yubin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostic, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostic, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinmiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostic, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zonglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostic, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baorong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostic, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunda Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostic, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zikang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostic, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostic, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dabing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostic, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostic, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostic, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaojuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostic, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostic, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aling Sun
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaosheng Xiao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiali Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostic, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Fu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangtao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostic, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostic, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostic, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
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Lu C, Zou L, Wang Q, Sun M, Shi T, Xu S, Meng F, Du J. Potent antitumor activity of a bispecific T-cell engager antibody targeting the intracellular antigen KRAS G12V. BIOMOLECULES & BIOMEDICINE 2024; 24:1424-1434. [PMID: 38752985 PMCID: PMC11379025 DOI: 10.17305/bb.2024.10431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Kirsten Rat Sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) is one of the most frequent oncogenes. However, there are limited treatment options due to its intracellular expression. To address this, we developed a novel bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) antibody targeting HLA-A2/KRAS G12V complex and CD3 (HLA-G12V/CD3 BiTE). We examined its specific binding to tumor cells and T cells, as well as its anti-tumor effects in vivo. HLA-G12V/CD3 BiTE was expressed in Escherichia coli and its binding affinities to CD3 and HLA-A2/KRAS G12V were measured by flow cytometry, along with T-cell activation. In a xenograft pancreatic tumor model, the HLA-G12V/CD3 BiTE's anti-tumor effects were assessed through tumor growth, survival time, and safety. Our results demonstrated specific binding of HLA-G12V/CD3 BiTE to tumor cells with an HLA-A2/KRAS G12V mutation and T cells. The HLA-G12V/CD3 BiTE also activated T-cells in the presence of tumor cells in vitro. HLA-G12V/CD3 BiTE in vivo testing showed delayed tumor growth without severe toxicity to major organs and prolonged mouse survival. This study highlights the potential of constructing BiTEs recognizing an HLA-peptide complex and providing a novel therapy for cancer treatment targeting the intracellular tumor antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchang Lu
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Zou
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiaoli Wang
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengna Sun
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyu Shi
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Xu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fanyan Meng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Fattahi AS, Jafari M, Farahavar G, Abolmaali SS, Tamaddon AM. Expanding horizons in cancer therapy by immunoconjugates targeting tumor microenvironments. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 201:104437. [PMID: 38977144 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoconjugates are promising molecules combining antibodies with different agents, such as toxins, drugs, radionuclides, or cytokines that primarily aim to target tumor cells. However, tumor microenvironment (TME), which comprises a complex network of various cells and molecular cues guiding tumor growth and progression, remains a major challenge for effective cancer therapy. Our review underscores the pivotal role of TME in cancer therapy with immunoconjugates, examining the intricate interactions with TME and recent advancements in TME-targeted immunoconjugates. We explore strategies for targeting TME components, utilizing diverse antibodies such as neutralizing, immunomodulatory, immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunostimulatory, and bispecific antibodies. Additionally, we discuss different immunoconjugates, elucidating their mechanisms of action, advantages, limitations, and applications in cancer immunotherapy. Furthermore, we highlight emerging technologies enhancing the safety and efficacy of immunoconjugates, such as antibody engineering, combination therapies, and nanotechnology. Finally, we summarize current advancements, perspectives, and future developments of TME-targeted immunoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Saamaan Fattahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mahboobeh Jafari
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
| | - Ghazal Farahavar
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
| | - Samira Sadat Abolmaali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
| | - Ali Mohammad Tamaddon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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Tang Y, Qu S, Ning Z, Wu H. Immunopeptides: immunomodulatory strategies and prospects for ocular immunity applications. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1406762. [PMID: 39076973 PMCID: PMC11284077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1406762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunopeptides have low toxicity, low immunogenicity and targeting, and broad application prospects in drug delivery and assembly, which are diverse in application strategies and drug combinations. Immunopeptides are particularly important for regulating ocular immune homeostasis, as the eye is an immune-privileged organ. Immunopeptides have advantages in adaptive immunity and innate immunity, treating eye immune-related diseases by regulating T cells, B cells, immune checkpoints, and cytokines. This article summarizes the application strategies of immunopeptides in innate immunity and adaptive immunity, including autoimmunity, infection, vaccine strategies, and tumors. Furthermore, it focuses on the mechanisms of immunopeptides in mediating ocular immunity (autoimmune diseases, inflammatory storms, and tumors). Moreover, it reviews immunopeptides' application strategies and the therapeutic potential of immunopeptides in the eye. We expect the immune peptide to get attention in treating eye diseases and to provide a direction for eye disease immune peptide research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hong Wu
- Eye Center of Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Goebeler ME, Stuhler G, Bargou R. Bispecific and multispecific antibodies in oncology: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2024; 21:539-560. [PMID: 38822215 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-024-00905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Research into bispecific antibodies, which are designed to simultaneously bind two antigens or epitopes, has advanced enormously over the past two decades. Owing to advances in protein engineering technologies and considerable preclinical research efforts, bispecific antibodies are constantly being developed and optimized to improve their efficacy and to mitigate toxicity. To date, >200 of these agents, the majority of which are bispecific immune cell engagers, are in either preclinical or clinical evaluation. In this Review, we discuss the role of bispecific antibodies in patients with cancer, including history and development, as well as innovative targeting strategies, clinical applications, and adverse events. We also discuss novel alternative bispecific antibody constructs, such as those targeting two antigens expressed by tumour cells or cells located in the tumour microenvironment. Finally, we consider future research directions in this rapidly evolving field, including innovative antibody engineering strategies, which might enable more effective delivery, overcome resistance, and thus optimize clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- National Center for Tumour Diseases, NCT WERA, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Gernot Stuhler
- National Center for Tumour Diseases, NCT WERA, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bargou
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- National Center for Tumour Diseases, NCT WERA, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Marrer-Berger E, Nicastri A, Augustin A, Kramar V, Liao H, Hanisch LJ, Carpy A, Weinzierl T, Durr E, Schaub N, Nudischer R, Ortiz-Franyuti D, Breous-Nystrom E, Stucki J, Hobi N, Raggi G, Cabon L, Lezan E, Umaña P, Woodhouse I, Bujotzek A, Klein C, Ternette N. The physiological interactome of TCR-like antibody therapeutics in human tissues. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3271. [PMID: 38627373 PMCID: PMC11021511 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Selective binding of TCR-like antibodies that target a single tumour-specific peptide antigen presented by human leukocyte antigens (HLA) is the absolute prerequisite for their therapeutic suitability and patient safety. To date, selectivity assessment has been limited to peptide library screening and predictive modeling. We developed an experimental platform to de novo identify interactomes of TCR-like antibodies directly in human tissues using mass spectrometry. As proof of concept, we confirm the target epitope of a MAGE-A4-specific TCR-like antibody. We further determine cross-reactive peptide sequences for ESK1, a TCR-like antibody with known off-target activity, in human liver tissue. We confirm off-target-induced T cell activation and ESK1-mediated liver spheroid killing. Off-target sequences feature an amino acid motif that allows a structural groove-coordination mimicking that of the target peptide, therefore allowing the interaction with the engager molecule. We conclude that our strategy offers an accurate, scalable route for evaluating the non-clinical safety profile of TCR-like antibody therapeutics prior to first-in-human clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Marrer-Berger
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annalisa Nicastri
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX37DQ, UK
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX37DQ, UK
| | - Angelique Augustin
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vesna Kramar
- Roche Innovation Center Zürich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Hanqing Liao
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX37DQ, UK
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX37DQ, UK
| | | | - Alejandro Carpy
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Tina Weinzierl
- Roche Innovation Center Zürich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Evelyne Durr
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Schaub
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ramona Nudischer
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Ortiz-Franyuti
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ekaterina Breous-Nystrom
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janick Stucki
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nina Hobi
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Raggi
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lauriane Cabon
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuelle Lezan
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Umaña
- Roche Innovation Center Zürich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Isaac Woodhouse
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX37DQ, UK
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX37DQ, UK
| | - Alexander Bujotzek
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christian Klein
- Roche Innovation Center Zürich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Nicola Ternette
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX37DQ, UK.
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX37DQ, UK.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Li Y, Zhao W, Shen Y, Xu Y, Chen S, Pan L. T Cell Receptor-Directed Bispecific T Cell Engager Targeting MHC-Linked NY-ESO-1 for Tumor Immunotherapy. Biomedicines 2024; 12:776. [PMID: 38672132 PMCID: PMC11048172 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based bispecific T cell engagers (TCEs) that redirect T cells to kill tumor cells have shown a promising therapeutic effect on hematologic malignancies. However, tumor-specific targeting is still a challenge for TCEs, impeding the development of TCEs for solid tumor therapy. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) presents almost all intracellular peptides (including tumor-specific peptides) on the cell surface to be scanned by the TCR on T cells. With the premise of choosing optimal peptides, the final complex peptide-MHC could be the tumor-specific target for TCEs. Here, a novel TCR-directed format of a TCE targeting peptide-MHC was designed named IgG-T-TCE, which was modified from the IgG backbone and prepared in a mammalian cell expression system. The recombinant IgG-T-TCE-NY targeting NY-ESO-1157-165/HLA-A*02:01 could be generated in HEK293 cells with a glycosylated TCR and showed potency in T cell activation and redirecting T cells to specifically kill target tumor cells. We also found that the in vitro activity of IgG-T-TCE-NY could be leveraged by various anti-CD3 antibodies and Fc silencing. The IgG-T-TCE-NY efficiently inhibited tumor growth in a tumor-PBMC co-engrafted mouse model without any obvious toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Li
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Wenbin Zhao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
- Zhejiang University Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Engineering Research Center of Innovative Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
- Zhejiang University Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Engineering Research Center of Innovative Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yingchun Xu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Shuqing Chen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Liqiang Pan
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
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8
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Dao T, Xiong G, Mun SS, Meyerberg J, Korontsvit T, Xiang J, Cui Z, Chang AY, Jarvis C, Cai W, Luo H, Pierson A, Daniyan A, Yoo S, Takao S, Kharas M, Kentsis A, Liu C, Scheinberg DA. A dual-receptor T-cell platform with Ab-TCR and costimulatory receptor achieves specificity and potency against AML. Blood 2024; 143:507-521. [PMID: 38048594 PMCID: PMC10950474 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023021054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR T) therapy has produced remarkable clinical responses in B-cell neoplasms. However, many challenges limit this class of agents for the treatment of other cancer types, in particular the lack of tumor-selective antigens for solid tumors and other hematological malignancies, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which may be addressed without significant risk of severe toxicities while providing sufficient abundance for efficient tumor suppression. One approach to overcome this hurdle is dual targeting by an antibody-T-cell receptor (AbTCR) and a chimeric costimulatory signaling receptor (CSR) to 2 different antigens, in which both antigens are found together on the cancer cells but not together on normal cells. To explore this proof of concept in AML, we engineered a new T-cell format targeting Wilms tumor 1 protein (WT1) and CD33; both are highly expressed on most AML cells. Using an AbTCR comprising a newly developed TCR-mimic monoclonal antibody against the WT1 RMFPNAPYL (RMF) epitope/HLA-A2 complex, ESK2, and a secondary CSR comprising a single-chain variable fragment directed to CD33 linked to a truncated CD28 costimulatory fragment, this unique platform confers specific T-cell cytotoxicity to the AML cells while sparing healthy hematopoietic cells, including CD33+ myelomonocytic normal cells. These data suggest that this new platform, named AbTCR-CSR, through the combination of a AbTCR CAR and CSR could be an effective strategy to reduce toxicity and improve specificity and clinical outcomes in adoptive T-cell therapy in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Dao
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Sung Soo Mun
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jeremy Meyerberg
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Tatyana Korontsvit
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Ziyou Cui
- Eureka Therapeutics Inc, Emeryville, CA
| | - Aaron Y. Chang
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Casey Jarvis
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Winson Cai
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Hanzhi Luo
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Aspen Pierson
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Anthony Daniyan
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Sarah Yoo
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Sumiko Takao
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Michael Kharas
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Alex Kentsis
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Cheng Liu
- Eureka Therapeutics Inc, Emeryville, CA
| | - David A. Scheinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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9
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Robertson IB, Mulvaney R, Dieckmann N, Vantellini A, Canestraro M, Amicarella F, O'Dwyer R, Cole DK, Harper S, Dushek O, Kirk P. Tuning the potency and selectivity of ImmTAC molecules by affinity modulation. Clin Exp Immunol 2024; 215:105-119. [PMID: 37930865 PMCID: PMC10847821 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell-engaging bispecifics have great clinical potential for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. The binding affinity and kinetics of a bispecific molecule for both target and T-cell CD3 have substantial effects on potency and specificity, but the rules governing these relationships are not fully understood. Using immune mobilizing monoclonal TCRs against cancer (ImmTAC) molecules as a model, we explored the impact of altering affinity for target and CD3 on the potency and specificity of the redirected T-cell response. This class of bispecifics binds specific target peptides presented by human leukocyte antigen on the cell surface via an affinity-enhanced T-cell receptor and can redirect T-cell activation with an anti-CD3 effector moiety. The data reveal that combining a strong affinity TCR with an intermediate affinity anti-CD3 results in optimal T-cell activation, while strong affinity of both targeting and effector domains significantly reduces maximum cytokine release. Moreover, by optimizing the affinity of both parts of the molecule, it is possible to improve the selectivity. These results could be effectively modelled based on kinetic proofreading with limited signalling. This model explained the experimental observation that strong binding at both ends of the molecules leads to reduced activity, through very stable target-bispecific-effector complexes leading to CD3 entering a non-signalling dark state. These findings have important implications for the design of anti-CD3-based bispecifics with optimal biophysical parameters for both activity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian B Robertson
- Immunocore Limited, Drug Discovery and Protein Engineering, Abingdon, Oxon, UK
| | - Rachel Mulvaney
- Immunocore Limited, Drug Discovery and Protein Engineering, Abingdon, Oxon, UK
| | - Nele Dieckmann
- Immunocore Limited, Drug Discovery and Protein Engineering, Abingdon, Oxon, UK
| | - Alessio Vantellini
- Immunocore Limited, Drug Discovery and Protein Engineering, Abingdon, Oxon, UK
| | - Martina Canestraro
- Immunocore Limited, Drug Discovery and Protein Engineering, Abingdon, Oxon, UK
| | | | - Ronan O'Dwyer
- Immunocore Limited, Drug Discovery and Protein Engineering, Abingdon, Oxon, UK
| | - David K Cole
- Immunocore Limited, Drug Discovery and Protein Engineering, Abingdon, Oxon, UK
| | - Stephen Harper
- Immunocore Limited, Drug Discovery and Protein Engineering, Abingdon, Oxon, UK
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Kirk
- Immunocore Limited, Drug Discovery and Protein Engineering, Abingdon, Oxon, UK
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10
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Okura Y, Ikawa-Teranishi Y, Mizoroki A, Takahashi N, Tsushima T, Irie M, Harfuddin Z, Miura-Okuda M, Ito S, Nakamura G, Takesue H, Ozono Y, Nishihara M, Yamada K, Gan SW, Hayasaka A, Ishii S, Wakabayashi T, Muraoka M, Nagaya N, Hino H, Nemoto T, Kuramochi T, Torizawa T, Shimada H, Kitazawa T, Okazaki M, Nezu J, Sollid LM, Igawa T. Characterizations of a neutralizing antibody broadly reactive to multiple gluten peptide:HLA-DQ2.5 complexes in the context of celiac disease. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8502. [PMID: 38135691 PMCID: PMC10746718 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In human celiac disease (CeD) HLA-DQ2.5 presents gluten peptides to antigen-specific CD4+ T cells, thereby instigating immune activation and enteropathy. Targeting HLA-DQ2.5 with neutralizing antibody for treating CeD may be plausible, yet using pan-HLA-DQ antibody risks affecting systemic immunity, while targeting selected gluten peptide:HLA-DQ2.5 complex (pHLA-DQ2.5) may be insufficient. Here we generate a TCR-like, neutralizing antibody (DONQ52) that broadly recognizes more than twenty-five distinct gluten pHLA-DQ2.5 through rabbit immunization with multi-epitope gluten pHLA-DQ2.5 and multidimensional optimization. Structural analyses show that the proline-rich and glutamine-rich motif of gluten epitopes critical for pathogenesis is flexibly recognized by multiple tyrosine residues present in the antibody paratope, implicating the mechanisms for the broad reactivity. In HLA-DQ2.5 transgenic mice, DONQ52 demonstrates favorable pharmacokinetics with high subcutaneous bioavailability, and blocks immunity to gluten while not affecting systemic immunity. Our results thus provide a rationale for clinical testing of DONQ52 in CeD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Okura
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Akihiko Mizoroki
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Machiko Irie
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Shunsuke Ito
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Genki Nakamura
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takesue
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yui Ozono
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Kenta Yamada
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Siok Wan Gan
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Akira Hayasaka
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinya Ishii
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Masaru Muraoka
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nishiki Nagaya
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hino
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nemoto
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Taichi Kuramochi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Torizawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Makoto Okazaki
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Junichi Nezu
- R&D Portfolio Management Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomoyuki Igawa
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
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11
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Mo G, Lu X, Wu S, Zhu W. Strategies and rules for tuning TCR-derived therapy. Expert Rev Mol Med 2023; 26:e4. [PMID: 38095091 PMCID: PMC11062142 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2023.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Manipulation of T cells has revolutionized cancer immunotherapy. Notably, the use of T cells carrying engineered T cell receptors (TCR-T) offers a favourable therapeutic pathway, particularly in the treatment of solid tumours. However, major challenges such as limited clinical response efficacy, off-target effects and tumour immunosuppressive microenvironment have hindered the clinical translation of this approach. In this review, we mainly want to guide TCR-T investigators on several major issues they face in the treatment of solid tumours after obtaining specific TCR sequences: (1) whether we have to undergo affinity maturation or not, and what parameter we should use as a criterion for being more effective. (2) What modifications can be added to counteract the tumour inhibitory microenvironment to make our specific T cells to be more effective and what is the safety profile of such modifications? (3) What are the new forms and possibilities for TCR-T cell therapy in the future?
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoheng Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sha Wu
- Department of Immunology/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Klebanoff CA, Chandran SS, Baker BM, Quezada SA, Ribas A. T cell receptor therapeutics: immunological targeting of the intracellular cancer proteome. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:996-1017. [PMID: 37891435 PMCID: PMC10947610 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) complex is a naturally occurring antigen sensor that detects, amplifies and coordinates cellular immune responses to epitopes derived from cell surface and intracellular proteins. Thus, TCRs enable the targeting of proteins selectively expressed by cancer cells, including neoantigens, cancer germline antigens and viral oncoproteins. As such, TCRs have provided the basis for an emerging class of oncology therapeutics. Herein, we review the current cancer treatment landscape using TCRs and TCR-like molecules. This includes adoptive cell transfer of T cells expressing endogenous or engineered TCRs, TCR bispecific engagers and antibodies specific for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-bound peptides (TCR mimics). We discuss the unique complexities associated with the clinical development of these therapeutics, such as HLA restriction, TCR retrieval, potency assessment and the potential for cross-reactivity. In addition, we highlight emerging clinical data that establish the antitumour potential of TCR-based therapies, including tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, for the treatment of diverse human malignancies. Finally, we explore the future of TCR therapeutics, including emerging genome editing methods to safely enhance potency and strategies to streamline patient identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Klebanoff
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Smita S Chandran
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, New York, NY, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian M Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, ID, USA
- The Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, ID, USA
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Achilles Therapeutics, London, UK
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
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13
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Guo X, Wu Y, Xue Y, Xie N, Shen G. Revolutionizing cancer immunotherapy: unleashing the potential of bispecific antibodies for targeted treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1291836. [PMID: 38106416 PMCID: PMC10722299 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1291836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progressions in immunotherapy have transformed cancer treatment, providing a promising strategy that activates the immune system of the patient to find and eliminate cancerous cells. Bispecific antibodies, which engage two separate antigens or one antigen with two distinct epitopes, are of tremendous concern in immunotherapy. The bi-targeting idea enabled by bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) is especially attractive from a medical standpoint since most diseases are complex, involving several receptors, ligands, and signaling pathways. Several research look into the processes in which BsAbs identify different cancer targets such angiogenesis, reproduction, metastasis, and immune regulation. By rerouting cells or altering other pathways, the bispecific proteins perform effector activities in addition to those of natural antibodies. This opens up a wide range of clinical applications and helps patients with resistant tumors respond better to medication. Yet, further study is necessary to identify the best conditions where to use these medications for treating tumor, their appropriate combination partners, and methods to reduce toxicity. In this review, we provide insights into the BsAb format classification based on their composition and symmetry, as well as the delivery mode, focus on the action mechanism of the molecule, and discuss the challenges and future perspectives in BsAb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Guo
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Xue
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Xie
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Guobo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
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14
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Walseng E, Wang B, Yang C, Patel P, Zhao C, Zhang H, Zhao P, Mazor Y. Conformation-selective rather than avidity-based binding to tumor associated antigen derived peptide-MHC enables targeting of WT1-pMHC low expressing cancer cells by anti-WT1-pMHC/CD3 T cell engagers. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1275304. [PMID: 38022650 PMCID: PMC10667733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1275304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell engagers, a category of T cell-retargeting immunotherapy, are rapidly transforming clinical cancer care. However, the lack of tumor-specific targets poses a significant roadblock for broad adaptation of this therapeutic modality in many indications, often resulting in systemic on-target off-tumor toxicity. Though various tumor-derived intracellular mutations provide a massive pool of potential tumor-specific antigens, targeting them is extremely challenging, partly due to the low copy number of tumor associated antigen (TAA)-derived pMHC on tumor cell surface. Further, the interplay of binding geometry and format valency in relation to the capacity of a T cell engager to efficiently target low density cell-surface pMHC is not well understood. Using the Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) oncoprotein as a proof-of-principle TAA, combined with an array of IgG-like T cell engager modalities that differ in their anti-TAA valency and binding geometry, we show that the ability to induce an immunological synapse formation, resulting in potent killing of WT1 positive cancer cell lines is primarily dependent on the distinct geometrical conformations between the Fab arms of anti-WT1-HLA-A*02:01 and anti-CD3. The augmented avidity conferred by the binding of two anti-WT1-HLA-A*02:01 Fab arms has only minimal influence on cell killing potency. These findings demonstrate the need for careful examination of key design parameters for the development of next-generation T cell engagers targeting low density TAA-pMHCs on tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yariv Mazor
- Biologics Engineering, Biopharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
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15
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Boughter CT, Meier-Schellersheim M. An integrated approach to the characterization of immune repertoires using AIMS: An Automated Immune Molecule Separator. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011577. [PMID: 37862356 PMCID: PMC10619816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system employs an array of receptors designed to respond with high specificity to pathogens or molecular aberrations faced by the host organism. Binding of these receptors to molecular fragments-collectively referred to as antigens-initiates immune responses. These antigenic targets are recognized in their native state on the surfaces of pathogens by antibodies, whereas T cell receptors (TCR) recognize processed antigens as short peptides, presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Recent research has led to a wealth of immune repertoire data that are key to interrogating the nature of these molecular interactions. However, existing tools for the analysis of these large datasets typically focus on molecular sets of a single type, forcing researchers to separately analyze strongly coupled sequences of interacting molecules. Here, we introduce a software package for the integrated analysis of immune repertoire data, capable of identifying distinct biophysical differences in isolated TCR, MHC, peptide, antibody, and antigen sequence data. This integrated analytical approach allows for direct comparisons across immune repertoire subsets and provides a starting point for the identification of key interaction hotspots in complementary receptor-antigen pairs. The software (AIMS-Automated Immune Molecule Separator) is freely available as an open access package in GUI or command-line form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Boughter
- Computational Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Martin Meier-Schellersheim
- Computational Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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16
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Chancellor A, Alan Simmons R, Khanolkar RC, Nosi V, Beshirova A, Berloffa G, Colombo R, Karuppiah V, Pentier JM, Tubb V, Ghadbane H, Suckling RJ, Page K, Crean RM, Vacchini A, De Gregorio C, Schaefer V, Constantin D, Gligoris T, Lloyd A, Hock M, Srikannathasan V, Robinson RA, Besra GS, van der Kamp MW, Mori L, Calogero R, Cole DK, De Libero G, Lepore M. Promiscuous recognition of MR1 drives self-reactive mucosal-associated invariant T cell responses. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221939. [PMID: 37382893 PMCID: PMC10309188 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells use canonical semi-invariant T cell receptors (TCR) to recognize microbial riboflavin precursors displayed by the antigen-presenting molecule MR1. The extent of MAIT TCR crossreactivity toward physiological, microbially unrelated antigens remains underexplored. We describe MAIT TCRs endowed with MR1-dependent reactivity to tumor and healthy cells in the absence of microbial metabolites. MAIT cells bearing TCRs crossreactive toward self are rare but commonly found within healthy donors and display T-helper-like functions in vitro. Experiments with MR1-tetramers loaded with distinct ligands revealed significant crossreactivity among MAIT TCRs both ex vivo and upon in vitro expansion. A canonical MAIT TCR was selected on the basis of extremely promiscuous MR1 recognition. Structural and molecular dynamic analyses associated promiscuity to unique TCRβ-chain features that were enriched within self-reactive MAIT cells of healthy individuals. Thus, self-reactive recognition of MR1 represents a functionally relevant indication of MAIT TCR crossreactivity, suggesting a potentially broader role of MAIT cells in immune homeostasis and diseases, beyond microbial immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chancellor
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Vladimir Nosi
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Aisha Beshirova
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giuliano Berloffa
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Colombo
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rory M. Crean
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Doctoral Training Centre in Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Alessandro Vacchini
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Corinne De Gregorio
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Verena Schaefer
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Constantin
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | | | - Lucia Mori
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Calogero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Gennaro De Libero
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Misorin AK, Chernyshova DO, Karbyshev MS. State-of-the-Art Approaches to Heterologous Expression of Bispecific Antibodies Targeting Solid Tumors. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1215-1231. [PMID: 37770390 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923090031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are some of the most promising biotherapeutics due to the versatility provided by their structure and functional features. bsAbs simultaneously bind two antigens or two epitopes on the same antigen. Moreover, they are capable of directing immune effector cells to cancer cells and delivering various compounds (radionuclides, toxins, and immunologic agents) to the target cells, thus offering a broad spectrum of clinical applications. Current review is focused on the technologies used in bsAb engineering, current progress and prospects of these antibodies, and selection of various heterologous expression systems for bsAb production. We also discuss the platforms development of bsAbs for the therapy of solid tumors.
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18
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Kroll KT, Mata MM, Homan KA, Micallef V, Carpy A, Hiratsuka K, Morizane R, Moisan A, Gubler M, Walz AC, Marrer-Berger E, Lewis JA. Immune-infiltrated kidney organoid-on-chip model for assessing T cell bispecific antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305322120. [PMID: 37603766 PMCID: PMC10467620 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305322120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell bispecific antibodies (TCBs) are the focus of intense development for cancer immunotherapy. Recently, peptide-MHC (major histocompatibility complex)-targeted TCBs have emerged as a new class of biotherapeutics with improved specificity. These TCBs simultaneously bind to target peptides presented by the polymorphic, species-specific MHC encoded by the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele present on target cells and to the CD3 coreceptor expressed by human T lymphocytes. Unfortunately, traditional models for assessing their effects on human tissues often lack predictive capability, particularly for "on-target, off-tumor" interactions. Here, we report an immune-infiltrated, kidney organoid-on-chip model in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) along with nontargeting (control) or targeting TCB-based tool compounds are circulated under flow. The target consists of the RMF peptide derived from the intracellular tumor antigen Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) presented on HLA-A2 via a bivalent T cell receptor-like binding domain. Using our model, we measured TCB-mediated CD8+ T cell activation and killing of RMF-HLA-A2-presenting cells in the presence of PBMCs and multiple tool compounds. DP47, a non-pMHC-targeting TCB that only binds to CD3 (negative control), does not promote T cell activation and killing. Conversely, the nonspecific ESK1-like TCB (positive control) promotes CD8+ T cell expansion accompanied by dose-dependent T cell-mediated killing of multiple cell types, while WT1-TCB* recognizing the RMF-HLA-A2 complex with high specificity, leads solely to selective killing of WT1-expressing cells within kidney organoids under flow. Our 3D kidney organoid model offers a platform for preclinical testing of cancer immunotherapies and investigating tissue-immune system interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina T. Kroll
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA02138
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA02115
| | - Mariana M. Mata
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA02138
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA02115
| | - Kimberly A. Homan
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA02138
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA02115
- Complex in vitro Systems, Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA94080
| | - Virginie Micallef
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, BaselCH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Carpy
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, MunichDE-82377, Germany
| | - Ken Hiratsuka
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Ryuji Morizane
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Annie Moisan
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, BaselCH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Gubler
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, BaselCH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Antje-Christine Walz
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, BaselCH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Estelle Marrer-Berger
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, BaselCH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer A. Lewis
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA02138
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA02115
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19
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Wright KM, DiNapoli SR, Miller MS, Aitana Azurmendi P, Zhao X, Yu Z, Chakrabarti M, Shi W, Douglass J, Hwang MS, Hsiue EHC, Mog BJ, Pearlman AH, Paul S, Konig MF, Pardoll DM, Bettegowda C, Papadopoulos N, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Zhou S, Gabelli SB. Hydrophobic interactions dominate the recognition of a KRAS G12V neoantigen. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5063. [PMID: 37604828 PMCID: PMC10442379 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40821-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Specificity remains a major challenge to current therapeutic strategies for cancer. Mutation associated neoantigens (MANAs) are products of genetic alterations, making them highly specific therapeutic targets. MANAs are HLA-presented (pHLA) peptides derived from intracellular mutant proteins that are otherwise inaccessible to antibody-based therapeutics. Here, we describe the cryo-EM structure of an antibody-MANA pHLA complex. Specifically, we determine a TCR mimic (TCRm) antibody bound to its MANA target, the KRASG12V peptide presented by HLA-A*03:01. Hydrophobic residues appear to account for the specificity of the mutant G12V residue. We also determine the structure of the wild-type G12 peptide bound to HLA-A*03:01, using X-ray crystallography. Based on these structures, we perform screens to validate the key residues required for peptide specificity. These experiments led us to a model for discrimination between the mutant and the wild-type peptides presented on HLA-A*03:01 based exclusively on hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine M Wright
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Discovery Chemistry, Protein and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co, Inc, West Point, PA, 19846, USA
| | - Sarah R DiNapoli
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Michelle S Miller
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - P Aitana Azurmendi
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Janelia Research Campus, HHMI,19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA
| | - Zhiheng Yu
- Janelia Research Campus, HHMI,19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA
| | - Mayukh Chakrabarti
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - WuXian Shi
- Energy & Photon Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
- Case Center for Synchrotron Biosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jacqueline Douglass
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Michael S Hwang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Emily Han-Chung Hsiue
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Brian J Mog
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Alexander H Pearlman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Suman Paul
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Maximilian F Konig
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Drew M Pardoll
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Chetan Bettegowda
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Nickolas Papadopoulos
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kenneth W Kinzler
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Bert Vogelstein
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shibin Zhou
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Sandra B Gabelli
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Discovery Chemistry, Protein and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co, Inc, West Point, PA, 19846, USA.
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20
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Saotome K, Dudgeon D, Colotti K, Moore MJ, Jones J, Zhou Y, Rafique A, Yancopoulos GD, Murphy AJ, Lin JC, Olson WC, Franklin MC. Structural analysis of cancer-relevant TCR-CD3 and peptide-MHC complexes by cryoEM. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2401. [PMID: 37100770 PMCID: PMC10132440 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37532-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The recognition of antigenic peptide-MHC (pMHC) molecules by T-cell receptors (TCR) initiates the T-cell mediated immune response. Structural characterization is key for understanding the specificity of TCR-pMHC interactions and informing the development of therapeutics. Despite the rapid rise of single particle cryoelectron microscopy (cryoEM), x-ray crystallography has remained the preferred method for structure determination of TCR-pMHC complexes. Here, we report cryoEM structures of two distinct full-length α/β TCR-CD3 complexes bound to their pMHC ligand, the cancer-testis antigen HLA-A2/MAGEA4 (230-239). We also determined cryoEM structures of pMHCs containing MAGEA4 (230-239) peptide and the closely related MAGEA8 (232-241) peptide in the absence of TCR, which provided a structural explanation for the MAGEA4 preference displayed by the TCRs. These findings provide insights into the TCR recognition of a clinically relevant cancer antigen and demonstrate the utility of cryoEM for high-resolution structural analysis of TCR-pMHC interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Saotome
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA.
| | - Drew Dudgeon
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer Jones
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Yi Zhou
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | | | | | | | - John C Lin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
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21
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Berman DM, Bell JI. Redirecting Polyclonal T Cells against Cancer with Soluble T-Cell Receptors. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:697-704. [PMID: 36255733 PMCID: PMC9932579 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells accumulate genetic mutations in coding proteins that may be presented by HLA as neoantigenic peptides (peptide HLA, pHLA). T cells scan for neoantigenic pHLA by the T-cell receptor (TCR):CD3 complex. This complex has the dual function of binding pHLA, by the TCR, and triggering T-cell activation by CD3. Checkpoint therapy activates exhausted T cells to kill cancer cells and generally work best against tumors with high neoantigen burden and in patients with neoantigenic-reactive T cells. TCR T-cell engagers (TCE) are a novel class of immunotherapy that bypasses these two requirements by redirecting polyclonal T cells, regardless of their native specificity, to kill a cancer cell independent of neoantigen burden. This is accomplished through deconstructing the membrane-bound TCR:CD3 complex into a soluble bispecific protein comprised of a targeting domain (TCR) and activating domain (usually anti-CD3 single-chain variable fragment). The pool of targets for TCR TCE is larger than for antibody therapeutics and includes >90% of human intra- or extracellular proteins. Most tumor-associated antigens for solid tumors are intracellular and accessible only by a TCR therapeutic. Tebentafusp, a TCR TCE directed to a peptide derived from the gp100 melanoma protein presented by HLA*A02:01, demonstrated a survival benefit in metastatic uveal melanoma (mUM). This survival benefit highlights the promise of TCR TCEs because mUM is a solid tumor with a very low neoantigen burden and has poor response to checkpoints and chemotherapy. Other TCR TCE programs are now in clinical studies for a broader range of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John I. Bell
- Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Corresponding Author: John I. Bell, Office of Regius Professor, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7DG, United Kingdom. E-mail:
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22
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Raybould MIJ, Nissley DA, Kumar S, Deane CM. Computationally profiling peptide:MHC recognition by T-cell receptors and T-cell receptor-mimetic antibodies. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1080596. [PMID: 36700202 PMCID: PMC9868621 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1080596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor-mimetic antibodies (TCRms) targeting disease-associated peptides presented by Major Histocompatibility Complexes (pMHCs) are set to become a major new drug modality. However, we lack a general understanding of how TCRms engage pMHC targets, which is crucial for predicting their specificity and safety. Several new structures of TCRm:pMHC complexes have become available in the past year, providing sufficient initial data for a holistic analysis of TCRms as a class of pMHC binding agents. Here, we profile the complete set of TCRm:pMHC complexes against representative TCR:pMHC complexes to quantify the TCR-likeness of their pMHC engagement. We find that intrinsic molecular differences between antibodies and TCRs lead to fundamentally different roles for their heavy/light chains and Complementarity-Determining Region loops during antigen recognition. The idiotypic properties of antibodies may increase the likelihood of TCRms engaging pMHCs with less peptide selectivity than TCRs. However, the pMHC recognition features of some TCRms, including the two TCRms currently in clinical trials, can be remarkably TCR-like. The insights gained from this study will aid in the rational design and optimisation of next-generation TCRms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew I. J. Raybould
- Oxford Protein Informatics Group, Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A. Nissley
- Oxford Protein Informatics Group, Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Charlotte M. Deane
- Oxford Protein Informatics Group, Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Charlotte M. Deane,
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23
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Lefranc MP, Lefranc G. Antibody Sequence and Structure Analyses Using IMGT ®: 30 Years of Immunoinformatics. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2552:3-59. [PMID: 36346584 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2609-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
IMGT®, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system®, http://www.imgt.org , the global reference in immunogenetics and immunoinformatics, was created in 1989 by Marie-Paule Lefranc (Université de Montpellier and CNRS) to manage the huge diversity of the antigen receptors, immunoglobulins (IG) or antibodies, and T cell receptors (TR) of the adaptive immune responses. The founding of IMGT® marked the advent of immunoinformatics, which emerged at the interface between immunogenetics and bioinformatics. IMGT® standardized analysis of the IG, TR, and major histocompatibility (MH) genes and proteins bridges the gap between sequences and three-dimensional (3D) structures, for all jawed vertebrates from fish to humans. This is achieved through the IMGT Scientific chart rules, based on the IMGT-ONTOLOGY axioms, and primarily CLASSIFICATION (IMGT gene and allele nomenclature) and NUMEROTATION (IMGT unique numbering and IMGT Colliers de Perles). IMGT® comprises seven databases (IMGT/LIGM-DB for nucleotide sequences, IMGT/GENE-DB for genes and alleles, etc.), 17 tools (IMGT/V-QUEST, IMGT/JunctionAnalysis, IMGT/HighV-QUEST for NGS, etc.), and more than 20,000 Web resources. In this chapter, the focus is on the tools for amino acid sequences per domain (IMGT/DomainGapAlign and IMGT/Collier-de-Perles), and on the databases for receptors (IMGT/2Dstructure-DB and IMGT/3D-structure-DB) described per receptor, chain, and domain and, for 3D, with contact analysis, paratope, and epitope. The IMGT/mAb-DB is the query interface for monoclonal antibodies (mAb), fusion proteins for immune applications (FPIA), composite proteins for clinical applications (CPCA), and related proteins of interest (RPI) with links to IMGT® 2D and 3D databases and to the World Health Organization (WHO) International Nonproprietary Names (INN) program lists. The chapter includes the human IG allotypes and antibody engineered variants for effector properties used in the description of therapeutical mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT®, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system®, Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, UMR 9002 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Gérard Lefranc
- IMGT®, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system®, Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, UMR 9002 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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24
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Arman I, Haus-Cohen M, Reiter Y. The Intracellular Proteome as a Source for Novel Targets in CAR-T and T-Cell Engagers-Based Immunotherapy. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010027. [PMID: 36611821 PMCID: PMC9818436 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The impressive clinical success of cancer immunotherapy has motivated the continued search for new targets that may serve to guide potent effector functions in an attempt to efficiently kill malignant cells. The intracellular proteome is an interesting source for such new targets, such as neo-antigens and others, with growing interest in their application for cell-based immunotherapies. These intracellular-derived targets are peptides presented by MHC class I molecules on the cell surface of malignant cells. These disease-specific class I HLA-peptide complexes can be targeted by specific TCRs or by antibodies that mimic TCR-specificity, termed TCR-like (TCRL) antibodies. Adoptive cell transfer of TCR engineered T cells and T-cell-receptor-like based CAR-T cells, targeted against a peptide-MHC of interest, are currently tested as cancer therapeutic agents in pre-clinical and clinical trials, along with soluble TCR- and TCRL-based agents, such as immunotoxins and bi-specific T cell engagers. Targeting the intracellular proteome using TCRL- and TCR-based molecules shows promising results in cancer immunotherapy, as exemplified by the success of the anti-gp100/HLA-A2 TCR-based T cell engager, recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic uveal melanoma. This review is focused on the selection and isolation processes of TCR- and TCRL-based targeting moieties, with a spotlight on pre-clinical and clinical studies, examining peptide-MHC targeting agents in cancer immunotherapy.
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25
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Gerber HP, Presta LG. TCR mimic compounds for pHLA targeting with high potency modalities in oncology. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1027548. [PMID: 36338746 PMCID: PMC9635445 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1027548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
pHLA complexes represent the largest class of cell surface markers on cancer cells, making them attractive for targeted cancer therapies. Adoptive cell therapies expressing TCRs that recognize tumor specific pHLAs take advantage of the unique selectivity and avidity of TCR: pHLA interactions. More recently, additional protein binding domains binding to pHLAs, known as TCR mimics (TCRm), were developed for tumor targeting of high potency therapeutic modalities, including bispecifics, ADCs, CAR T and -NK cells. TCRm compounds take advantage of the exquisite tumor specificity of certain pHLA targets, including cell lineage commitment markers and cancer testis antigens (CTAs). To achieve meaningful anti-tumor responses, it is critical that TCRm compounds integrate both, high target binding affinities and a high degree of target specificity. In this review, we describe the most advanced approaches to achieve both criteria, including affinity- and specificity engineering of TCRs, antibodies and alternative protein scaffolds. We also discuss the status of current TCRm based therapeutics developed in the clinic, key challenges, and emerging trends to improve treatment options for cancer patients treated with TCRm based therapeutics in Oncology.
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26
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Poole A, Karuppiah V, Hartt A, Haidar JN, Moureau S, Dobrzycki T, Hayes C, Rowley C, Dias J, Harper S, Barnbrook K, Hock M, Coles C, Yang W, Aleksic M, Lin AB, Robinson R, Dukes JD, Liddy N, Van der Kamp M, Plowman GD, Vuidepot A, Cole DK, Whale AD, Chillakuri C. Therapeutic high affinity T cell receptor targeting a KRAS G12D cancer neoantigen. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5333. [PMID: 36088370 PMCID: PMC9464187 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32811-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoantigens derived from somatic mutations are specific to cancer cells and are ideal targets for cancer immunotherapy. KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene and drives the pathogenesis of several cancers. Here we show the identification and development of an affinity-enhanced T cell receptor (TCR) that recognizes a peptide derived from the most common KRAS mutant, KRASG12D, presented in the context of HLA-A*11:01. The affinity of the engineered TCR is increased by over one million-fold yet fully able to distinguish KRASG12D over KRASWT. While crystal structures reveal few discernible differences in TCR interactions with KRASWT versus KRASG12D, thermodynamic analysis and molecular dynamics simulations reveal that TCR specificity is driven by differences in indirect electrostatic interactions. The affinity enhanced TCR, fused to a humanized anti-CD3 scFv, enables selective killing of cancer cells expressing KRASG12D. Our work thus reveals a molecular mechanism that drives TCR selectivity and describes a soluble bispecific molecule with therapeutic potential against cancers harboring a common shared neoantigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Poole
- Immunocore Ltd., 92 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RY, USA
| | | | - Annabelle Hartt
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, USA
| | - Jaafar N Haidar
- Eli Lilly & Co, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Sylvie Moureau
- Immunocore Ltd., 92 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RY, USA
| | - Tomasz Dobrzycki
- Immunocore Ltd., 92 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RY, USA
| | - Conor Hayes
- Immunocore Ltd., 92 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RY, USA
| | | | - Jorge Dias
- Immunocore Ltd., 92 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RY, USA
| | - Stephen Harper
- Immunocore Ltd., 92 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RY, USA
| | - Keir Barnbrook
- Immunocore Ltd., 92 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RY, USA
| | - Miriam Hock
- Immunocore Ltd., 92 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RY, USA
| | - Charlotte Coles
- Immunocore Ltd., 92 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RY, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Eli Lilly & Co, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Milos Aleksic
- Immunocore Ltd., 92 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RY, USA
| | - Aimee Bence Lin
- Eli Lilly & Co, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Ross Robinson
- Immunocore Ltd., 92 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RY, USA
| | - Joe D Dukes
- Immunocore Ltd., 92 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RY, USA
| | - Nathaniel Liddy
- Immunocore Ltd., 92 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RY, USA
| | - Marc Van der Kamp
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, USA
| | - Gregory D Plowman
- Eli Lilly & Co, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Annelise Vuidepot
- Immunocore Ltd., 92 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RY, USA
| | - David K Cole
- Immunocore Ltd., 92 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RY, USA
| | - Andrew D Whale
- Immunocore Ltd., 92 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RY, USA.
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27
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T. RR, Smith JC. Structural patterns in class 1 major histocompatibility complex‐restricted nonamer peptide binding to T‐cell receptors. Proteins 2022; 90:1645-1654. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.26343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajitha Rajeshwar T.
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee USA
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee USA
| | - Jeremy C. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee USA
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee USA
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28
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Ordóñez-Reyes C, Garcia-Robledo JE, Chamorro DF, Mosquera A, Sussmann L, Ruiz-Patiño A, Arrieta O, Zatarain-Barrón L, Rojas L, Russo A, de Miguel-Perez D, Rolfo C, Cardona AF. Bispecific Antibodies in Cancer Immunotherapy: A Novel Response to an Old Question. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061243. [PMID: 35745815 PMCID: PMC9229626 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has redefined the treatment of cancer patients and it is constantly generating new advances and approaches. Among the multiple options of immunotherapy, bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) represent a novel thoughtful approach. These drugs integrate the action of the immune system in a strategy to redirect the activation of innate and adaptive immunity toward specific antigens and specific tumor locations. Here we discussed some basic aspects of the design and function of bsAbs, their main challenges and the state-of-the-art of these molecules in the treatment of hematological and solid malignancies and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Ordóñez-Reyes
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research—FICMAC, Bogotá 110111, Colombia; (C.O.-R.); (J.E.G.-R.); (D.F.C.); (A.M.); (A.R.-P.); (L.R.)
- Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (Fox-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá 110121, Colombia
| | - Juan Esteban Garcia-Robledo
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research—FICMAC, Bogotá 110111, Colombia; (C.O.-R.); (J.E.G.-R.); (D.F.C.); (A.M.); (A.R.-P.); (L.R.)
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
| | - Diego F. Chamorro
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research—FICMAC, Bogotá 110111, Colombia; (C.O.-R.); (J.E.G.-R.); (D.F.C.); (A.M.); (A.R.-P.); (L.R.)
- Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (Fox-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá 110121, Colombia
| | - Andrés Mosquera
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research—FICMAC, Bogotá 110111, Colombia; (C.O.-R.); (J.E.G.-R.); (D.F.C.); (A.M.); (A.R.-P.); (L.R.)
| | - Liliana Sussmann
- Department of Neurology, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Bogotá 111221, Colombia;
| | - Alejandro Ruiz-Patiño
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research—FICMAC, Bogotá 110111, Colombia; (C.O.-R.); (J.E.G.-R.); (D.F.C.); (A.M.); (A.R.-P.); (L.R.)
- Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (Fox-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá 110121, Colombia
| | - Oscar Arrieta
- Thoracic Oncology Unit and Personalized Oncology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute (INCan), Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (O.A.); (L.Z.-B.)
| | - Lucia Zatarain-Barrón
- Thoracic Oncology Unit and Personalized Oncology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute (INCan), Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (O.A.); (L.Z.-B.)
| | - Leonardo Rojas
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research—FICMAC, Bogotá 110111, Colombia; (C.O.-R.); (J.E.G.-R.); (D.F.C.); (A.M.); (A.R.-P.); (L.R.)
| | | | - Diego de Miguel-Perez
- Center for Thoracic Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (D.d.M.-P.); (C.R.)
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Center for Thoracic Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (D.d.M.-P.); (C.R.)
| | - Andrés F. Cardona
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research—FICMAC, Bogotá 110111, Colombia; (C.O.-R.); (J.E.G.-R.); (D.F.C.); (A.M.); (A.R.-P.); (L.R.)
- Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (Fox-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá 110121, Colombia
- Direction of Research, Science and Education, Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo Cancer Treatment and Research Center (CTIC), Bogotá 110131, Colombia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-(1)-6190052; Fax: +57-(1)-6190053
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29
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Lefranc MP, Lefranc G. IMGT/3Dstructure-DB: T-Cell Receptor TR Paratope and Peptide/Major Histocompatibility pMH Contact Sites and Epitope. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2453:533-570. [PMID: 35622341 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2115-8_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
T-cell receptors (TR), the antigen receptors of T cells, specifically recognize peptides presented by the major histocompatibility (MH) proteins, as peptide/MH (pMH), on the cell surface. The structure characterization of the trimolecular TR/pMH complexes is crucial to the fields of immunology, vaccination, and immunotherapy. IMGT/3Dstructure-DB is the three-dimensional (3-D) structure database of IMGT®, the international ImMunoGenetics information system®. By its creation, IMGT® marks the advent of immunoinformatics, which emerged at the interface between immunogenetics and bioinformatics. The IMGT® immunoglobulin (IG) and TR gene and allele nomenclature (CLASSIFICATION axiom) and the IMGT unique numbering and IMGT/Collier-de-Perles (NUMEROTATION axiom) are the two founding breakthroughs of immunoinformatics. IMGT-ONTOLOGY concepts and IMGT Scientific chart rules generated from these axioms allowed IMGT® bridging genes, structures, and functions. IMGT/3Dstructure-DB contains 3-D structures of IG or antibodies, TR and MH proteins of the adaptive immune responses of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomata), IG or TR complexes with antigens (IG/Ag, TR/pMH), related proteins of the immune system of any species belonging to the IG and MH superfamilies, and fusion proteins for immune applications. The focus of this chapter is on the TR V domains and MH G domains and the contact analysis comparison in TR/pMH interactions. Standardized molecular characterization includes "IMGT pMH contact sites" for peptide and MH groove interactions and "IMGT paratopes and epitopes" for TR/pMH complexes. Data are available in the IMGT/3Dstructure database, at the IMGT Home page http://www.imgt.org .
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT®, the international ImMunoGenetics information system®, Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, UMR 9002, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Gérard Lefranc
- IMGT®, the international ImMunoGenetics information system®, Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, UMR 9002, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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30
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Aghanejad A, Bonab SF, Sepehri M, Haghighi FS, Tarighatnia A, Kreiter C, Nader ND, Tohidkia MR. A review on targeting tumor microenvironment: The main paradigm shift in the mAb-based immunotherapy of solid tumors. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 207:592-610. [PMID: 35296439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as biological macromolecules have been remarked the large and growing pipline of the pharmaceutical market and also the most promising tool in modern medicine for cancer therapy. These therapeutic entities, which consist of whole mAbs, armed mAbs (i.e., antibody-toxin conjugates, antibody-drug conjugates, and antibody-radionuclide conjugates), and antibody fragments, mostly target tumor cells. However, due to intrinsic heterogeneity of cancer diseases, tumor cells targeting mAb have been encountered with difficulties in their unpredictable efficacy as well as variability in remission and durable clinical benefits among cancer patients. To address these pitfalls, the area has undergone two major evolutions with the intent of minimizing anti-drug responses and addressing limitations experienced with tumor cell-targeted therapies. As a novel hallmark of cancer, the tumor microenvironment (TME) is becoming the great importance of attention to develop innovative strategies based on therapeutic mAbs. Here, we underscore innovative strategies targeting TME by mAbs which destroy tumor cells indirectly through targeting vasculature system (e.g., anti-angiogenesis), immune system modulation (i.e., stimulation, suppression, and depletion), the targeting and blocking of stroma-based growth signals (e.g., cancer-associated fibroblasts), and targeting cancer stem cells, as well as, their effector mechanisms, clinical uses, and relevant mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayuob Aghanejad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samad Farashi Bonab
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sepehri
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Haghighi
- Yazd Diabetes Research Center, Shahid Sadoghi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Tarighatnia
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Christopher Kreiter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Nader D Nader
- Department of Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mohammad Reza Tohidkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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31
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Ghaffari S, Upchurch-Ange K, Gimlin S, Tripathi T, Sluijter M, Middelburg J, van Hall T, Weidanz J. A Single-Domain TCR-like Antibody Selective for the Qa-1 b/Qdm Peptide Complex Enhances Tumoricidal Activity of NK Cells via Blocking the NKG2A Immune Checkpoint. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2246-2255. [PMID: 35418467 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The NKG2A/HLA-E axis is an immune checkpoint that suppresses immune effector activity in the tumor microenvironment. In mice, the ligand for the NKG2A/CD94 inhibitory receptor is the nonclassical MHC molecule Qa-1b, the HLA-E ortholog, which presents the peptide AMAPRTLLL, referred to as Qdm (for Qa-1 determinant modifier). This dominant peptide is derived from the leader sequences of murine classical MHC class I encoded by the H-2D and -L loci. To broaden our understanding of Qa-1b/Qdm peptide complex biology and its tumor protective role, we identified a TCR-like Ab from a single domain VHH library using yeast surface display. The TCR-like Ab (EXX-1) binds only to the Qa-1b/Qdm peptide complex and not to Qa-1b alone or Qa-1b loaded with control peptides. Conversely, currently available Abs to Qa-1b bind independent of peptide loaded. Flow cytometric results revealed that EXX-1 selectively bound to Qa-1b/Qdm-positive B16F10, RMA, and TC-1 mouse tumor cells but only after pretreatment with IFN-γ; no binding was observed following genetic knockdown of Qa-1b or Qdm peptide. Furthermore, EXX-1 Ab blockade promoted NK cell-mediated tumor cell lysis in vitro. Our findings show that EXX-1 has exquisite binding specificity for the Qa-1b/Qdm peptide complex, making it a valuable research tool for further investigation of the Qa-1b/Qdm peptide complex expression and regulation in healthy and diseased cells and for evaluation as an immune checkpoint blocking Ab in syngeneic mouse tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Ghaffari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX
| | | | | | | | - Marjolein Sluijter
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; and
| | - Jim Middelburg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; and
| | - Thorbald van Hall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; and
| | - Jon Weidanz
- Abexxa Biologics, Inc., Arlington, TX;
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX
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32
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Barber C, De Souza VA, Paterson RL, Martin‐Urdiroz M, Mulakkal NC, Srikannathasan V, Connolly M, Phillips G, Foong‐Leong T, Pengelly R, Karuppiah V, Grant T, Dembek M, Verma A, Gibbs‐Howe D, Blicher TH, Knox A, Robinson RA, Cole DK, Leonard S. Structure-guided stabilization of pathogen-derived peptide-HLA-E complexes using non-natural amino acids conserves native TCR recognition. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:618-632. [PMID: 35108401 PMCID: PMC9306587 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The nonpolymorphic class Ib molecule, HLA-E, primarily presents peptides from HLA class Ia leader peptides, providing an inhibitory signal to NK cells via CD94/NKG2 interactions. Although peptides of pathogenic origin can also be presented by HLA-E to T cells, the molecular basis underpinning their role in antigen surveillance is largely unknown. Here, we solved a co-complex crystal structure of a TCR with an HLA-E presented peptide (pHLA-E) from bacterial (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) origin, and the first TCR-pHLA-E complex with a noncanonically presented peptide from viral (HIV) origin. The structures provided a molecular foundation to develop a novel method to introduce cysteine traps using non-natural amino acid chemistry that stabilized pHLA-E complexes while maintaining native interface contacts between the TCRs and different pHLA-E complexes. These pHLA-E monomers could be used to isolate pHLA-E-specific T cells, with obvious utility for studying pHLA-E restricted T cells, and for the identification of putative therapeutic TCRs.
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33
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Taylor BC, Balko JM. Mechanisms of MHC-I Downregulation and Role in Immunotherapy Response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:844866. [PMID: 35296095 PMCID: PMC8920040 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.844866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has become a key therapeutic strategy in the treatment of many cancers. As a result, research efforts have been aimed at understanding mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy and how anti-tumor immune response can be therapeutically enhanced. It has been shown that tumor cell recognition by the immune system plays a key role in effective response to T cell targeting therapies in patients. One mechanism by which tumor cells can avoid immunosurveillance is through the downregulation of Major Histocompatibility Complex I (MHC-I). Downregulation of MHC-I has been described as a mechanism of intrinsic and acquired resistance to immunotherapy in patients with cancer. Depending on the mechanism, the downregulation of MHC-I can sometimes be therapeutically restored to aid in anti-tumor immunity. In this article, we will review current research in MHC-I downregulation and its impact on immunotherapy response in patients, as well as possible strategies for therapeutic upregulation of MHC-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandie C. Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Justin M. Balko
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Justin M. Balko,
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34
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Frick R, Høydahl LS, Hodnebrug I, Vik ES, Dalhus B, Sollid LM, Gray JJ, Sandlie I, Løset GÅ. Affinity maturation of TCR-like antibodies using phage display guided by structural modeling. Protein Eng Des Sel 2022; 35:gzac005. [PMID: 35871543 PMCID: PMC9536190 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
TCR-like antibodies represent a unique type of engineered antibodies with specificity toward pHLA, a ligand normally restricted to the sensitive recognition by T cells. Here, we report a phage display-based sequential development path of such antibodies. The strategy goes from initial lead identification through in silico informed CDR engineering in combination with framework engineering for affinity and thermostability optimization, respectively. The strategy allowed the identification of HLA-DQ2.5 gluten peptide-specific TCR-like antibodies with low picomolar affinity. Our method outlines an efficient and general method for development of this promising class of antibodies, which should facilitate their utility including translation to human therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Frick
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Lene S Høydahl
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ina Hodnebrug
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik S Vik
- Nextera AS, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Dalhus
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Department for Microbiology, Clinic for Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jeffrey J Gray
- Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Åge Løset
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
- Nextera AS, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
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35
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Crean RM, Pudney CR, Cole DK, van der Kamp MW. Reliable In Silico Ranking of Engineered Therapeutic TCR Binding Affinities with MMPB/GBSA. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:577-590. [PMID: 35049312 PMCID: PMC9097153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Accurate
and efficient in silico ranking of protein–protein
binding affinities is useful for protein design with applications
in biological therapeutics. One popular approach to rank binding affinities
is to apply the molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann/generalized
Born surface area (MMPB/GBSA) method to molecular dynamics (MD) trajectories.
Here, we identify protocols that enable the reliable evaluation of
T-cell receptor (TCR) variants binding to their target, peptide-human
leukocyte antigens (pHLAs). We suggest different protocols for variant
sets with a few (≤4) or many mutations, with entropy corrections
important for the latter. We demonstrate how potential outliers could
be identified in advance and that just 5–10 replicas of short
(4 ns) MD simulations may be sufficient for the reproducible and accurate
ranking of TCR variants. The protocols developed here can be applied
toward in silico screening during the optimization
of therapeutic TCRs, potentially reducing both the cost and time taken
for biologic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David K. Cole
- Immunocore Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RY, U.K
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, U.K
| | - Marc W. van der Kamp
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
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36
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T Cell Bispecific Antibodies: An Antibody-Based Delivery System for Inducing Antitumor Immunity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111172. [PMID: 34832954 PMCID: PMC8619951 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a breakthrough immunotherapy, T cell bispecific antibodies (T-BsAbs) are a promising antibody therapy for various kinds of cancer. In general, T-BsAbs have dual-binding specificity to a tumor-associated antigen and a CD3 subunit forming a complex with the TCR. This enables T-BsAbs to crosslink tumor cells and T cells, inducing T cell activation and subsequent tumor cell death. Unlike immune checkpoint inhibitors, which release the brake of the immune system, T-BsAbs serve as an accelerator of T cells by stimulating their immune response via CD3 engagement. Therefore, they can actively redirect host immunity toward tumors, including T cell recruitment from the periphery to the tumor site and immunological synapse formation between tumor cells and T cells. Although the low immunogenicity of solid tumors increases the challenge of cancer immunotherapy, T-BsAbs capable of immune redirection can greatly benefit patients with such tumors. To investigate the detailed relationship between T-BsAbs delivery and their T cell redirection activity, it is necessary to determine how T-BsAbs deliver antitumor immunity to the tumor site and bring about tumor cell death. This review article discusses T-BsAb properties, specifically their pharmacokinetics, redirection of anticancer immunity, and local mechanism of action within tumor tissues, and discuss further challenges to expediting T-BsAb development.
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37
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Robinson RA, McMurran C, McCully ML, Cole DK. Engineering soluble T-cell receptors for therapy. FEBS J 2021; 288:6159-6173. [PMID: 33624424 PMCID: PMC8596704 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy approaches that target peptide-human leukocyte antigen (pHLA) complexes are becoming highly attractive because of their potential to access virtually all foreign and cellular proteins. For this reason, there has been considerable interest in the development of the natural ligand for pHLA, the T-cell receptor (TCR), as a soluble drug to target disease-associated pHLA presented at the cell surface. However, native TCR stability is suboptimal for soluble drug development, and natural TCRs generally have weak affinities for pHLAs, limiting their potential to reach efficacious receptor occupancy levels as soluble drugs. To overcome these limitations and make full use of the TCR as a soluble drug platform, several protein engineering solutions have been applied to TCRs to enhance both their stability and affinity, with a focus on retaining target specificity and selectivity. Here, we review these advances and look to the future for the next generation of soluble TCR-based therapies that can target monomorphic HLA-like proteins presenting both peptide and nonpeptide antigens.
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38
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McDaid WJ, Lissin N, Pollheimer E, Greene M, Leach A, Smyth P, Bossi G, Longley D, Cole DK, Scott CJ. Enhanced target-specific delivery of docetaxel-loaded nanoparticles using engineered T cell receptors. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:15010-15020. [PMID: 34533174 PMCID: PMC8447836 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04001d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For effective targeted therapy of cancer with chemotherapy-loaded nanoparticles (NPs), antigens that are selective for cancer cells should be targeted to minimise off-tumour toxicity. Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) are attractive cancer targets as they can present peptides from tumour-selective proteins on the cell surface, which can be recognised by T cells via T cell receptors (TCRs). In this study, docetaxel-loaded polymeric NPs were conjugated to recombinant affinity-enhanced TCRs to target breast cancer cells presenting a tumour-selective peptide-HLA complex. The TCR-conjugated nanoparticles enabled enhanced delivery of docetaxel and induced cell death through tumour-specific peptide-HLA targeting. These in vitro data demonstrate the potential of targeting tumour-restricted peptide-HLA epitopes using high affinity TCR-conjugated nanoparticles, representing a novel treatment strategy to deliver therapeutic drugs specifically to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J McDaid
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK, BT9 7AE.
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Alderley Park, Congleton Rd, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield, UK, SK10 4TG
| | - Nikolai Lissin
- Immunocore Ltd, 101 Park Dr, Milton, Abingdon, United Kingdom OX14 4RY
| | - Ellen Pollheimer
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK, BT9 7AE.
| | - Michelle Greene
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK, BT9 7AE.
| | - Adam Leach
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK, BT9 7AE.
- Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd, Sutton, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Peter Smyth
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK, BT9 7AE.
| | - Giovanna Bossi
- Immunocore Ltd, 101 Park Dr, Milton, Abingdon, United Kingdom OX14 4RY
| | - Daniel Longley
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK, BT9 7AE.
| | - David K Cole
- Immunocore Ltd, 101 Park Dr, Milton, Abingdon, United Kingdom OX14 4RY
| | - Christopher J Scott
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK, BT9 7AE.
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Frick R, Høydahl LS, Petersen J, du Pré MF, Kumari S, Berntsen G, Dewan AE, Jeliazkov JR, Gunnarsen KS, Frigstad T, Vik ES, Llerena C, Lundin KEA, Yaqub S, Jahnsen J, Gray JJ, Rossjohn J, Sollid LM, Sandlie I, Løset GÅ. A high-affinity human TCR-like antibody detects celiac disease gluten peptide-MHC complexes and inhibits T cell activation. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/62/eabg4925. [PMID: 34417258 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abg4925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies specific for peptides bound to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules are valuable tools for studies of antigen presentation and may have therapeutic potential. Here, we generated human T cell receptor (TCR)-like antibodies toward the immunodominant signature gluten epitope DQ2.5-glia-α2 in celiac disease (CeD). Phage display selection combined with secondary targeted engineering was used to obtain highly specific antibodies with picomolar affinity. The crystal structure of a Fab fragment of the lead antibody 3.C11 in complex with HLA-DQ2.5:DQ2.5-glia-α2 revealed a binding geometry and interaction mode highly similar to prototypic TCRs specific for the same complex. Assessment of CeD biopsy material confirmed disease specificity and reinforced the notion that abundant plasma cells present antigen in the inflamed CeD gut. Furthermore, 3.C11 specifically inhibited activation and proliferation of gluten-specific CD4+ T cells in vitro and in HLA-DQ2.5 humanized mice, suggesting a potential for targeted intervention without compromising systemic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Frick
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lene S Høydahl
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Petersen
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Fleur du Pré
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Alisa E Dewan
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Kristin S Gunnarsen
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Carmen Llerena
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Knut E A Lundin
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sheraz Yaqub
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Jahnsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Gastroenterology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Jeffrey J Gray
- Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Åge Løset
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway. .,Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Nextera AS, Oslo, Norway
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40
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Targeting intracellular WT1 in AML with a novel RMF-peptide-MHC specific T-cell bispecific antibody. Blood 2021; 138:2655-2669. [PMID: 34280257 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020010477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based immunotherapy is a promising strategy for targeting chemo-resistant leukemic cells. However, classical antibody-based approaches are restricted to targeting lineage-specific cell-surface antigens. By targeting intracellular antigens, a large number of other leukemia-associated targets would become accessible. In this study, we evaluated a novel T-cell bispecific (TCB) antibody, generated using CrossMab and knob-into-holes technology, containing a bivalent T-cell receptor-like binding domain that recognizes the RMFPNAPYL peptide derived from the intracellular tumor antigen Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) in the context of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) A*02. Binding to CD3ε recruits T cells irrespective of their T-cell receptor specificity. WT1-TCB elicited antibody-mediated T-cell cytotoxicity against AML cell lines in a WT1- and HLA-restricted manner. Specific lysis of primary AML cells was mediated in ex vivo long-term co-cultures utilizing allogenic (mean specific lysis: 67±6% after 13-14 days; ±SEM; n=18) or autologous, patient-derived T cells (mean specific lysis: 54±12% after 11-14 days; ±SEM; n=8). WT1-TCB-treated T cells exhibited higher cytotoxicity against primary AML cells than an HLA-A*02 RMF-specific T-cell clone. Combining WT1-TCB with the immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide further enhanced antibody-mediated T-cell cytotoxicity against primary AML cells (mean specific lysis on day 3-4: 45.4±9.0% vs 70.8±8.3%; p=0.015; ±SEM; n=9-10). In vivo, WT1-TCB-treated humanized mice bearing SKM-1 tumors showed a significant and dose-dependent reduction in tumor growth. In summary, we show that WT1-TCB facilitates potent in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo killing of AML cell lines and primary AML cells; these results led to the initiation of a phase I trial in patients with r/r AML (NCT04580121).
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41
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Zhao WB, Shen Y, Liu WH, Li YM, Jin SJ, Xu YC, Pan LQ, Zhou Z, Chen SQ. Soluble Expression of Fc-Fused T Cell Receptors Allows Yielding Novel Bispecific T Cell Engagers. Biomedicines 2021; 9:790. [PMID: 34356854 PMCID: PMC8301436 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific recognition of T cell receptors (TCR) and peptides presented by human leukocyte antigens (pHLAs) is the core step for T cell triggering to execute anti-tumor activity. However, TCR assembly and soluble expression are challenging, which precludes the broad use of TCR in tumor therapy. Herein, we used heterodimeric Fc to assist in the correct assembly of TCRs to achieve the stable and soluble expression of several TCRs in mammalian cells, and the soluble TCRs enable us to yield novel bispecific T cell engagers (TCR/aCD3) through pairing them with an anti-CD3 antibody. The NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1 targeted TCR/aCD3 (NY-TCR/aCD3) that we generated can redirect naïve T cells to specific lysis antigen-positive tumor cells, but the potency of the NY-TCR/aCD3 was disappointing. Furthermore, we found that the activation of T cells by NY-TCR/aCD3 was mild and unabiding, and the activity of NY-TCR/aCD3 could be significantly improved when we replaced naïve T cells with pre-activated T cells. Therefore, we employed the robust T cell activation ability of staphylococcal enterotoxin C2 (SEC2) to optimize the activity of NY-TCR/aCD3. Moreover, we found that the secretions of SEC2-activated T cells can promote HLA-I expression and thus increase target levels, which may further contribute to improving the activity of NY-TCR/aCD3. Our study described novel strategies for soluble TCR expression, and the optimization of the generation and potency of TCR/aCD3 provided a representative for us to fully exploit TCRs for the precision targeting of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhan Zhou
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (W.-B.Z.); (Y.S.); (W.-H.L.); (Y.-M.L.); (S.-J.J.); (Y.-C.X.); (L.-Q.P.)
| | - Shu-Qing Chen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (W.-B.Z.); (Y.S.); (W.-H.L.); (Y.-M.L.); (S.-J.J.); (Y.-C.X.); (L.-Q.P.)
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42
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Dass SA, Selva Rajan R, Tye GJ, Balakrishnan V. The potential applications of T cell receptor (TCR)-like antibody in cervical cancer immunotherapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2981-2994. [PMID: 33989511 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1913960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is ranked as the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide. Monoclonal antibody has created a new dimension in the immunotherapy of many diseases, including cervical cancer. The antibody's ability to target various aspects of cervical cancer (oncoviruses, oncoproteins, and signaling pathways) delivers a promising future for efficient immunotherapy. Besides, technologies such as hybridoma and phage display provide a fundamental platform for monoclonal antibody generation and create the opportunity to generate novel antibody classes including, T cell receptor (TCR)-like antibody. In this review, the current immunotherapy strategies for cervical cancer are presented. We have also proposed a novel concept of T cell receptor (TCR)-like antibody and its potential applications for enhancing cervical cancer therapeutics. Finally, the possible challenges in TCR-like antibody application for cervical cancer therapeutics have been addressed, and strategies to overcome the challenges have been highlighted to maximize the therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Annabel Dass
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
| | - Rehasri Selva Rajan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
| | - Venugopal Balakrishnan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
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43
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Pearlman AH, Hwang MS, Konig MF, Hsiue EHC, Douglass J, DiNapoli SR, Mog BJ, Bettegowda C, Pardoll DM, Gabelli SB, Papadopoulos N, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Zhou S. Targeting public neoantigens for cancer immunotherapy. NATURE CANCER 2021; 2:487-497. [PMID: 34676374 PMCID: PMC8525885 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00210-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several current immunotherapy approaches target private neoantigens derived from mutations that are unique to individual patients' tumors. However, immunotherapeutic agents can also be developed against public neoantigens derived from recurrent mutations in cancer driver genes. The latter approaches target proteins that are indispensable for tumor growth, and each therapeutic agent can be applied to numerous patients. Here we review the opportunities and challenges involved in the identification of suitable public neoantigen targets and the development of therapeutic agents targeting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Pearlman
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Michael S Hwang
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maximilian F Konig
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily Han-Chung Hsiue
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Jacqueline Douglass
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Sarah R DiNapoli
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Brian J Mog
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chetan Bettegowda
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Drew M Pardoll
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sandra B Gabelli
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Papadopoulos
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth W Kinzler
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bert Vogelstein
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shibin Zhou
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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44
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Shivarov V, Blazhev G. Bringing Together the Power of T Cell Receptor Mimic and Bispecific Antibodies for Cancer Immunotherapy: Still a Long Way to Go. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2021; 40:81-85. [PMID: 33900820 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2021.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized oncology. The first successful therapeutic antibodies relied on eliciting immune-mediated cytotoxicity (rituximab) or modulation of intracellular signaling (trastuzumab). Further attempts to enhance the antitumor effects led to the development of immunoconjugates with radioactive or cytotoxic compounds (tositumomab, brentuximab vedotin). Another line of research led to the bispecific antibodies that can enhance the formation of immunological synapse between cancer and cytotoxic T cells (blinatumomab). Despite the constant advances in design and production, the application of monoclonal antibodies in cancer treatment remains limited by the presence of specific cell surface markers. A rational approach to target intracellular cancer antigens was proposed almost two decades ago by the development of anti-peptide human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex (T cell receptor-like/mimic) antibodies. They could recognize specifically cancer neoantigens expressed in the context of specific HLA molecules theoretically providing unprecedented specificity. Furthermore, they can be developed in a semigeneric format, that is, to target common neoantigens expressed in the context of common HLA molecules. It is rationale to expect that the development of such antibodies in the format of bispecific antibody constructs can bring together the power of specific antibody-based recognition and that of T cell-mediated lysis. There are already some preliminary reports that suggest such constructs would be an achievable goal. In this brief review, we discuss some of the successful preclinical developments in the field and the major challenges that are yet to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velizar Shivarov
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, St. Kliment Ohridski Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria.,Medical Department, PRAHS, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georgi Blazhev
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, St. Kliment Ohridski Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
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45
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TCR Recognition of Peptide-MHC-I: Rule Makers and Breakers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010068. [PMID: 33374673 PMCID: PMC7793522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are a critical part of the adaptive immune system that are able to distinguish between healthy and unhealthy cells. Upon recognition of protein fragments (peptides), activated T cells will contribute to the immune response and help clear infection. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, or human leukocyte antigens (HLA) in humans, bind these peptides to present them to T cells that recognise them with their surface T cell receptors (TCR). This recognition event is the first step that leads to T cell activation, and in turn can dictate disease outcomes. The visualisation of TCR interaction with pMHC using structural biology has been crucial in understanding this key event, unravelling the parameters that drive this interaction and their impact on the immune response. The last five years has been the most productive within the field, wherein half of current unique TCR-pMHC-I structures to date were determined within this time. Here, we review the new insights learned from these recent TCR-pMHC-I structures and their impact on T cell activation.
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46
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Qiu CX, Bai XF, Shen Y, Zhou Z, Pan LQ, Xu YC, Zhao WB, Chen SQ. Specific Inhibition of Tumor Growth by T Cell Receptor-Drug Conjugates Targeting Intracellular Cancer-Testis Antigen NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2767-2778. [PMID: 33237767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the significant therapeutic advances in T-cell immunotherapy, many malignancies remain unresponsive, which might be because of the negative regulation of T cells by the tumor microenvironment (TME). T cells discriminate tumor cells and normal cells through T-cell receptors (TCRs); therefore, we generated a novel type of TCR-drug conjugates (TDCs) by referring antibody-drug conjugations (ADCs) to overcome the effects of the TME on T cells while preserving the specificity of TCR for tumor recognition. We selected HLA-A2/NY-ESO-1157-165 (peptide NY-ESO-1157-165 in complex with human leukocyte antigen serotype HLA-A*02:01) as the antigen and the antigen-specific TCR (1G4113) as the carrier. By sortase A-mediated ligation, we obtained three NY-TCR-vcMMAEs and further studied their properties, antitumor activity, and toxicity in vitro and in vivo. We found that all the NY-TCR-vcMMAEs had high endocytosis efficiency and specifically killed HLA-A2/NY-ESO-1157-165 positive tumor cells. In xenograft models, one of the TDCs, NY-TCR-2M, was effectively and specifically distributed into tumor tissues and inhibited tumor growth without inducing obvious toxicity. Our results demonstrated that TCRs can be carriers of toxic payloads and that the TDCs thus formed can specifically inhibit tumor growth, neglecting the immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Xiao Qiu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis & Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue-Fei Bai
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis & Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis & Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhan Zhou
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis & Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Li-Qiang Pan
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis & Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ying-Chun Xu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis & Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen-Bin Zhao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis & Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shu-Qing Chen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis & Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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47
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Groeneveldt C, Kinderman P, van den Wollenberg DJM, van den Oever RL, Middelburg J, Mustafa DAM, Hoeben RC, van der Burg SH, van Hall T, van Montfoort N. Preconditioning of the tumor microenvironment with oncolytic reovirus converts CD3-bispecific antibody treatment into effective immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001191. [PMID: 33082167 PMCID: PMC7577070 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T-cell-engaging CD3-bispecific antibodies (CD3-bsAbs) are promising modalities for cancer immunotherapy. Although this therapy has reached clinical practice for hematological malignancies, the absence of sufficient infiltrating T cells is a major barrier for efficacy in solid tumors. In this study, we exploited oncolytic reovirus as a strategy to enhance the efficacy of CD3-bsAbs in immune-silent solid tumors. Methods The mutant p53 and K-ras induced murine pancreatic cancer model KPC3 resembles human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas with a desmoplastic tumor microenvironment, low T-cell density and resistance to immunotherapy. Immune-competent KPC3 tumor-bearing mice were intratumorally injected with reovirus type 3 Dearing strain and the reovirus-induced changes in the tumor microenvironment and spleen were analyzed over time by NanoString analysis, quantitative RT-PCR and multicolor flow cytometry. The efficacy of reovirus in combination with systemically injected CD3-bsAbs was evaluated in immune-competent mice with established KPC3 or B16.F10 tumors, and in the close-to-patient human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)+ breast cancer model BT474 engrafted in immunocompromised mice with human T cells as effector cells. Results Replication-competent reovirus induced an early interferon signature, followed by a strong influx of natural killer cells and CD8+ T cells, at the cost of FoxP3+ Tregs. Viral replication declined after 7 days and was associated with a systemic activation of lymphocytes and the emergence of intratumoral reovirus-specific CD8+ T cells. Although tumor-infiltrating T cells were mostly reovirus-specific and not tumor-specific, they served as non-exhausted effector cells for the subsequently systemically administered CD3-bsAbs. Combination treatment of reovirus and CD3-bsAbs led to the regression of large, established KPC3, B16.F10 and BT474 tumors. Reovirus as a preconditioning regimen performed significantly better than simultaneous or early administration of CD3-bsAbs. This combination treatment induced regressions of distant lesions that were not injected with reovirus, and systemic administration of both reovirus and CD3-bsAbs also led to tumor control. This suggests that this therapy might also be effective for metastatic disease. Conclusions Oncolytic reovirus administration represents an effective strategy to induce a local interferon response and strong T-cell influx, thereby sensitizing the tumor microenvironment for subsequent CD3-bsAb therapy. This combination therapy warrants further investigation in patients with non-inflamed solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianne Groeneveldt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Priscilla Kinderman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ruben L van den Oever
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jim Middelburg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dana A M Mustafa
- Department of Pathology, Tumor Immuno-Pathology Laboratory, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob C Hoeben
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thorbald van Hall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nadine van Montfoort
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Crean RM, MacLachlan BJ, Madura F, Whalley T, Rizkallah PJ, Holland CJ, McMurran C, Harper S, Godkin A, Sewell AK, Pudney CR, van der Kamp MW, Cole DK. Molecular Rules Underpinning Enhanced Affinity Binding of Human T Cell Receptors Engineered for Immunotherapy. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2020; 18:443-456. [PMID: 32913893 PMCID: PMC7452143 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immuno-oncology approaches that utilize T cell receptors (TCRs) are becoming highly attractive because of their potential to target virtually all cellular proteins, including cancer-specific epitopes, via the recognition of peptide-human leukocyte antigen (pHLA) complexes presented at the cell surface. However, because natural TCRs generally recognize cancer-derived pHLAs with very weak affinities, efforts have been made to enhance their binding strength, in some cases by several million-fold. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underpinning human TCR affinity enhancement by comparing the crystal structures of engineered enhanced affinity TCRs with those of their wild-type progenitors. Additionally, we performed molecular dynamics simulations to better understand the energetic mechanisms driving the affinity enhancements. These data demonstrate that supra-physiological binding affinities can be achieved without altering native TCR-pHLA binding modes via relatively subtle modifications to the interface contacts, often driven through the addition of buried hydrophobic residues. Individual energetic components of the TCR-pHLA interaction governing affinity enhancements were distinct and highly variable for each TCR, often resulting from additive, or knock-on, effects beyond the mutated residues. This comprehensive analysis of affinity-enhanced TCRs has important implications for the future rational design of engineered TCRs as efficacious and safe drugs for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory M. Crean
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Doctoral Training Centre in Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Florian Madura
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Thomas Whalley
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Godkin
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Christopher R. Pudney
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Marc W. van der Kamp
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David K. Cole
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
- Immunocore, Ltd., Abingdon, OX14 4RY, UK
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49
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Lefranc MP, Lefranc G. Immunoglobulins or Antibodies: IMGT ® Bridging Genes, Structures and Functions. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E319. [PMID: 32878258 PMCID: PMC7555362 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IMGT®, the international ImMunoGeneTics® information system founded in 1989 by Marie-Paule Lefranc (Université de Montpellier and CNRS), marked the advent of immunoinformatics, a new science at the interface between immunogenetics and bioinformatics. For the first time, the immunoglobulin (IG) or antibody and T cell receptor (TR) genes were officially recognized as 'genes' as well as were conventional genes. This major breakthrough has allowed the entry, in genomic databases, of the IG and TR variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) genes and alleles of Homo sapiens and of other jawed vertebrate species, based on the CLASSIFICATION axiom. The second major breakthrough has been the IMGT unique numbering and the IMGT Collier de Perles for the V and constant (C) domains of the IG and TR and other proteins of the IG superfamily (IgSF), based on the NUMEROTATION axiom. IMGT-ONTOLOGY axioms and concepts bridge genes, sequences, structures and functions, between biological and computational spheres in the IMGT® system (Web resources, databases and tools). They provide the IMGT Scientific chart rules to identify, to describe and to analyse the IG complex molecular data, the huge diversity of repertoires, the genetic (alleles, allotypes, CNV) polymorphisms, the IG dual function (paratope/epitope, effector properties), the antibody humanization and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT, The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System, Laboratoire d’ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, Université de Montpellier UM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, UMR 9002 CNRS-UM, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, CEDEX 5, 34396 Montpellier, France
| | - Gérard Lefranc
- IMGT, The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System, Laboratoire d’ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, Université de Montpellier UM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, UMR 9002 CNRS-UM, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, CEDEX 5, 34396 Montpellier, France
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50
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Kurosawa N, Midorikawa A, Ida K, Fudaba YW, Isobe M. Development of a T-cell receptor mimic antibody targeting a novel Wilms tumor 1-derived peptide and analysis of its specificity. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:3516-3526. [PMID: 32770595 PMCID: PMC7540971 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) is an intracellular tumor‐associated antigen that remains inaccessible to antibodies. Recently, T‐cell receptor (TCR) mimic antibodies (TCRm‐Abs), which recognize peptides loaded on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) with higher specificity and affinity than TCR, have been developed as a new antibody class that can target intracellular antigens. To expand the therapeutic targets in tumors with WT1, we developed TCRm‐Abs targeting a novel HLA‐A*02:01‐restricted peptide, WT1C (ALLPAVPSL), and validated their specificity using multiple techniques. Screening of these antibodies by ELISA with a panel of peptide/HLA complexes and by glycine scanning of peptide‐pulsed T2 cells identified one specific clone, #25‐8. Despite the low risk for eliciting broad cross–reactivity of this TCRm‐Ab, analysis of a panel of cell lines, in conjunction with exogenous expression of either or both the HLA‐A*02:01 and WT1 genes in HeLa cells, revealed that #25‐8 reacts with WT1C but also with unknown peptides in the context of HLA‐A*02:01. This potentially dangerous cross–reactivity was confirmed through analysis using chimeric antigen receptor T‐cells carrying the single‐chain variable fragment of #25‐8, which targets WT1‐negative HeLa/A02 cells. To determine the cross–reactive profiles of #25‐8, we applied the PresentER antigen presentation platform with the #25‐8‐recognition motif, which enables the identification of potential off–target peptides expressed in the human proteome. Our results demonstrate the potential of TCRm‐Abs to target a variety of peptides in the context of HLA but also depict the need for systematic validation to identify the cross–reactive peptides for the prediction of off–target toxicity in future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kurosawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Graduate School, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Aki Midorikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Education, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kenta Ida
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Education, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuka Wakata Fudaba
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Graduate School, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Isobe
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Graduate School, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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