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Tavener SK, Jackson MI, Panickar KS. Immune-Modulating Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Foods in Healthy Canines. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:102128. [PMID: 38590952 PMCID: PMC10999821 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Ketogenic foods limit digestible carbohydrates but contain high fat, and have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects as well as improving mitochondrial function. β-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB), 1 of the ketone bodies, reduces the proinflammatory NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasomes, as well as chemokines in cultures. Objectives We assessed the immune-modulating effects of 2 low-carbohydrate (LoCHO) foods varying in protein and fat and compared their effects with a food replete with high-carbohydrate (HiCHO) in healthy canines. Methods Dogs were fed control food [HiCHO; ketogenic ratio (KR: 0.46) followed by LoCHO_PROT (KR: 0.97), then LoCHO_FAT (KR: 1.63) or LoCHO_FAT followed by LoCHO_PROT. Each food was fed for 5 wk, with collections in the 5th wk; 15 wk feeding total. Gene expression for circulating inflammatory cytokines from 10 dogs was assessed using the Canine RT2 Profiler polymerase chain reaction array, and fold changes were calculated using the ΔΔCt method. Results LoCHO_FAT significantly increased circulating β-hydroxybutyrate compared with both HiCHO and LoCHO_PROT. When compared with HiCHO, there was a significant decrease in several proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines in LoCHO_PROT and LoCHO_FAT groups, including chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL)1, CCL8, CCL13, CCL17, CCL24, chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1, chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 1, Interleukin-10 receptor alpha ((IL)-10RA), IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-5, and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (all P < 0.05). Interestingly, a subset of inflammatory proteins that decreased in LoCHO_PROT but not in LoCHO_FAT included IL-33, IL-6 receptor, IL-7, IL-8, Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily member 11B. In contrast, the decrease in inflammatory markers in LoCHO_FAT, but not in LoCHO_PROT, included complement component 5, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor or G-CSF, interferon-γ, IL-3, IL-10RB, IL-17C, Tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF)13, TNFSF13B, and TNFSF14. Decreased concentrations of selected cytokines indicate that both low-carbohydrate foods exert an anti-inflammatory effect and provide a strong rationale for testing their efficacy in dogs with inflammatory conditions. Conclusions Both LoCHO_PROT and LoCHO_FAT foods might be important as part of immune-modulating therapeutic nutritional strategies to reduce inflammation to maintain health in canines. Our study identifies several inflammatory genes that are reduced when fed ketogenic food that were not previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena K. Tavener
- Science and Technology Center, Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS, United States
| | - Matthew I. Jackson
- Science and Technology Center, Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS, United States
| | - Kiran S. Panickar
- Science and Technology Center, Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS, United States
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Roberts K, Osme A, De Salvo C, Zoli E, Herrada J, McCormick TS, Ghannoum M, Cominelli F, Di Martino L. Candida tropicalis Affects Candida albicans Virulence by Limiting Its Capacity to Adhere to the Host Intestinal Surface, Leading to Decreased Susceptibility to Colitis in Mice. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:245. [PMID: 38667916 PMCID: PMC11051055 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida (C.) infections represent a serious health risk for people affected by inflammatory bowel disease. An important fungal virulence factor is the capacity of the fungus to form biofilms on the colonized surface of the host. This research study aimed to determine the effect of a C. tropicalis and C. albicans co-infection on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. The colitis severity was evaluated using histology and a colonoscopy. The mice were mono-inoculated with C. albicans or C. tropicalis or co-challenged with both species. The mice were administered 3% DSS to induce acute colitis. The biofilm activity was assessed using (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl] 2H-tetrazoliumhydroxide (XTT) and dry-weight assays. The abundance of C. albicans in the colon tissues was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The co-challenged mice showed a decreased colitis severity compared to the mono-inoculated mice. The dry-weight assay demonstrated a marked decrease in C. albicans biofilm production in a C. albicans culture incubated with C. tropicalis supernatant. Immunohistochemical staining showed that C. albicans was more abundant in the mucosa of C. albicans mono-inoculated mice compared to the co-inoculated group. These data indicate an antagonistic microbial interaction between the two Candida species, where C. tropicalis may produce molecules capable of limiting the ability of C. albicans to adhere to the host intestinal surface, leading to a reduction in biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Roberts
- Center for Medical Mycology and Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (K.R.); (J.H.); (T.S.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Abdullah Osme
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Carlo De Salvo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (C.D.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Eleonora Zoli
- Case Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Janet Herrada
- Center for Medical Mycology and Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (K.R.); (J.H.); (T.S.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Thomas S. McCormick
- Center for Medical Mycology and Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (K.R.); (J.H.); (T.S.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Mahmoud Ghannoum
- Center for Medical Mycology and Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (K.R.); (J.H.); (T.S.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (C.D.S.); (F.C.)
- Case Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Luca Di Martino
- Case Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Toskas A, Milias S, Papamitsou T, Meditskou S, Kamperidis N, Sioga A. The role of IL-19, IL-24, IL-21 and IL-33 in intestinal mucosa of inflammatory bowel disease: A narrative review. Arab J Gastroenterol 2024:S1687-1979(24)00002-9. [PMID: 38395629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Interleukins are potential therapeutic targets that can alter the prognosis and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The roles of IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, and IL-23 have been extensively studied, setting the stage for the development of novel treatments for patients with IBD. Other cytokines have been less extensively studied. Members of the IL-20 family, mainly IL-19 and IL-24, are involved in the pathogenesis of IBD, but their exact role remains unclear. Similarly, IL-33, a newly identified cytokine, has been shown to control the Th1 effector response and the action of colonic Tregs in animal models of colitis and patients with IBD. IL-21 is involved in the Th1, Th2, and Th17 responses. Data support a promising future use of these interleukins as biomarkers of severe diseases and as potential therapeutic targets for novel monoclonal antibodies. This review aims to summarize the existing studies involving animal models of colitis and patients with IBD to clarify their role in the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Toskas
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; St Marks Hospital, Watford Rd, Harrow, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Stefanos Milias
- Private Histopathology Laboratory, Ploutonos 27, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Theodora Papamitsou
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Soultana Meditskou
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | - Antonia Sioga
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Sun Y, Wang X, Li L, Zhong C, Zhang Y, Yang X, Li M, Yang C. The role of gut microbiota in intestinal disease: from an oxidative stress perspective. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1328324. [PMID: 38419631 PMCID: PMC10899708 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1328324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that gut microbiota-mediated oxidative stress is significantly associated with intestinal diseases such as colorectal cancer, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been reported to increase when the gut microbiota is dysregulated, especially when several gut bacterial metabolites are present. Although healthy gut microbiota plays a vital role in defending against excessive oxidative stress, intestinal disease is significantly influenced by excessive ROS, and this process is controlled by gut microbiota-mediated immunological responses, DNA damage, and intestinal inflammation. In this review, we discuss the relationship between gut microbiota and intestinal disease from an oxidative stress perspective. In addition, we also provide a summary of the most recent therapeutic approaches for preventing or treating intestinal diseases by modifying gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Sun
- Surgery of Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xurui Wang
- Surgery of Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Zhong
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatic, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Chengdu Anorectal Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangdong Yang
- Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Chengdu Anorectal Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Special Needs Outpatient Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Surgery of Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Vebr M, Pomahačová R, Sýkora J, Schwarz J. A Narrative Review of Cytokine Networks: Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Implications for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathogenesis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3229. [PMID: 38137450 PMCID: PMC10740682 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a lifelong inflammatory immune mediated disorder, encompassing Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC); however, the cause and specific pathogenesis of IBD is yet incompletely understood. Multiple cytokines produced by different immune cell types results in complex functional networks that constitute a highly regulated messaging network of signaling pathways. Applying biological mechanisms underlying IBD at the single omic level, technologies and genetic engineering enable the quantification of the pattern of released cytokines and new insights into the cytokine landscape of IBD. We focus on the existing literature dealing with the biology of pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines and interactions that facilitate cell-based modulation of the immune system for IBD inflammation. We summarize the main roles of substantial cytokines in IBD related to homeostatic tissue functions and the remodeling of cytokine networks in IBD, which may be specifically valuable for successful cytokine-targeted therapies via marketed products. Cytokines and their receptors are validated targets for multiple therapeutic areas, we review the current strategies for therapeutic intervention and developing cytokine-targeted therapies. New biologics have shown efficacy in the last few decades for the management of IBD; unfortunately, many patients are nonresponsive or develop therapy resistance over time, creating a need for novel therapeutics. Thus, the treatment options for IBD beyond the immune-modifying anti-TNF agents or combination therapies are expanding rapidly. Further studies are needed to fully understand the immune response, networks of cytokines, and the direct pathogenetic relevance regarding individually tailored, safe and efficient targeted-biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Vebr
- Departments of Pediatrics, Faculty Hospital, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University of Prague, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (J.S.); (J.S.)
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6
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Wan T, Wang Y, He K, Zhu S. Microbial sensing in the intestine. Protein Cell 2023; 14:824-860. [PMID: 37191444 PMCID: PMC10636641 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwad028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a key role in host health and disease, particularly through their interactions with the immune system. Intestinal homeostasis is dependent on the symbiotic relationships between the host and the diverse gut microbiota, which is influenced by the highly co-evolved immune-microbiota interactions. The first step of the interaction between the host and the gut microbiota is the sensing of the gut microbes by the host immune system. In this review, we describe the cells of the host immune system and the proteins that sense the components and metabolites of the gut microbes. We further highlight the essential roles of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and the nuclear receptors expressed in the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the intestine-resident immune cells. We also discuss the mechanisms by which the disruption of microbial sensing because of genetic or environmental factors causes human diseases such as the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wan
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yalong Wang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Kaixin He
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shu Zhu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Department of Digestive Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
- Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230601, China
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7
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Li J, Ji Y, Chen N, Dai L, Deng H. Colitis-associated carcinogenesis: crosstalk between tumors, immune cells and gut microbiota. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:194. [PMID: 37875976 PMCID: PMC10594787 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. One of the main causes of colorectal cancer is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), intestinal mesenchymal cells (IMCs), immune cells, and gut microbiota construct the main body of the colon and maintain colon homeostasis. In the development of colitis and colitis-associated carcinogenesis, the damage, disorder or excessive recruitment of different cells such as IECs, IMCs, immune cells and intestinal microbiota play different roles during these processes. This review aims to discuss the various roles of different cells and the crosstalk of these cells in transforming intestinal inflammation to cancer, which provides new therapeutic methods for chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and microbial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshu Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Ke Yuan Road 4, No. 1 Gao Peng Street, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanhong Ji
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Ke Yuan Road 4, No. 1 Gao Peng Street, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Na Chen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Ke Yuan Road 4, No. 1 Gao Peng Street, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lei Dai
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Ke Yuan Road 4, No. 1 Gao Peng Street, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Hongxin Deng
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Ke Yuan Road 4, No. 1 Gao Peng Street, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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8
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Park JS, Gazzaniga FS, Kasper DL, Sharpe AH. Microbiota-dependent regulation of costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways via innate immune sensors and implications for immunotherapy. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1913-1921. [PMID: 37696895 PMCID: PMC10545783 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Our bodies are inhabited by trillions of microorganisms. The host immune system constantly interacts with the microbiota in barrier organs, including the intestines. Over decades, numerous studies have shown that our mucosal immune system is dynamically shaped by a variety of microbiota-derived signals. Elucidating the mediators of these interactions is an important step for understanding how the microbiota is linked to mucosal immune homeostasis and gut-associated diseases. Interestingly, the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies that manipulate costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways has been correlated with the gut microbiota. Moreover, adverse effects of these therapies in the gut are linked to dysregulation of the intestinal immune system. These findings suggest that costimulatory pathways in the immune system might serve as a bridge between the host immune system and the gut microbiota. Here, we review mechanisms by which commensal microorganisms signal immune cells and their potential impact on costimulation. We highlight how costimulatory pathways modulate the mucosal immune system through not only classical antigen-presenting cells but also innate lymphocytes, which are highly enriched in barrier organs. Finally, we discuss the adverse effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the gut and the possible relationship with the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Seok Park
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Francesca S Gazzaniga
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dennis L Kasper
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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9
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Wang Y, He C, Xin S, Liu X, Zhang S, Qiao B, Shang H, Gao L, Xu J. A Deep View of the Biological Property of Interleukin-33 and Its Dysfunction in the Gut. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13504. [PMID: 37686309 PMCID: PMC10487440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal diseases have always posed a serious threat to human health, with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) being one of them. IBD is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation, including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). The "alarm" cytokine IL-33, which is intimately associated with Th2 immunity, is a highly potent inflammatory factor that is considered to have dual functions-operating as both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and a transcriptional regulator. IL-33 has been shown to play a crucial role in both the onset and development of IBD. Therefore, this review focuses on the pathogenesis of IBD, the major receptor cell types, and the activities of IL-33 in innate and adaptive immunity, as well as its underlying mechanisms and conflicting conclusions in IBD. We have also summarized different medicines targeted to IL-33-associated diseases. Furthermore, we have emphasized the role of IL-33 in gastrointestinal cancer and parasitic infections, giving novel prospective therapeutic utility in the future application of IL-33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (B.Q.)
| | - Chengwei He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (C.H.); (S.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Shuzi Xin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (C.H.); (S.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (C.H.); (S.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Sitian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (B.Q.)
| | - Boya Qiao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (B.Q.)
| | - Hongwei Shang
- Experimental Center for Morphological Research Platform, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China;
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jingdong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (C.H.); (S.X.); (X.L.)
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Hu C, Liao S, Lv L, Li C, Mei Z. Intestinal Immune Imbalance is an Alarm in the Development of IBD. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:1073984. [PMID: 37554552 PMCID: PMC10406561 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1073984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune regulation plays a crucial role in human health and disease. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapse bowel disease with an increasing incidence worldwide. Clinical treatments for IBD are limited and inefficient. However, the pathogenesis of immune-mediated IBD remains unclear. This review describes the activation of innate and adaptive immune functions by intestinal immune cells to regulate intestinal immune balance and maintain intestinal mucosal integrity. Changes in susceptible genes, autophagy, energy metabolism, and other factors interact in a complex manner with the immune system, eventually leading to intestinal immune imbalance and the onset of IBD. These events indicate that intestinal immune imbalance is an alarm for IBD development, further opening new possibilities for the unprecedented development of immunotherapy for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Shengtao Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Lin Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Chuanfei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Zhechuan Mei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
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Secher T, Couturier A, Huot L, Bouscayrol H, Grandjean T, Boulard O, Hot D, Ryffel B, Chamaillard M. A Protective Role of NOD2 on Oxazolone-induced Intestinal Inflammation Through IL-1β-mediated Signalling Pathway. J Crohns Colitis 2023; 17:111-122. [PMID: 35917251 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS NOD2 has emerged as a critical player in the induction of both Th1 and Th2 responses for potentiation and polarisation of antigen-dependent immunity. Loss-of-function mutations in the NOD2-encoding gene and deregulation of its downstream signalling pathway have been linked to Crohn's disease. Although it is well documented that NOD2 is capable of sensing bacterial muramyl dipeptide, it remains counter-intuitive to link development of overt intestinal inflammation to a loss of bacterial-induced inflammatory response. We hypothesised that a T helper bias could also contribute to an autoimmune-like colitis different from inflammation that is fully fledged by Th1 type cells. METHODS An oedematous bowel wall with a mixed Th1/Th2 response was induced in mice by intrarectal instillation of the haptenating agent oxazolone. Survival and clinical scoring were evaluated. At several time points after instillation, colonic damage was assessed by macroscopic and microscopic observations. To evaluate the involvement of NOD2 in immunochemical phenomena, quantitative polymerase chain reaction [PCR] and flow cytometry analysis were performed. Bone marrow chimera experimentation allowed us to evaluate the role of haematopoietic/non-hematopoietic NOD2-expressing cells. RESULTS Herein, we identified a key regulatory circuit whereby NOD2-mediated sensing of a muramyl dipeptide [MDP] by radio-resistant cells improves colitis with a mixed Th1/Th2 response that is induced by oxazolone. Genetic ablation of either Nod2 or Ripk2 precipitated oxazolone colitis that is predominantly linked to a lack of interferon-gamma. Bone marrow chimera experiments revealed that inactivation of Nod2 signalling in non-haematopoietic cells is causing a biased M1-M2 polarisation of macrophages and a decreased frequency of splenic regulatory T cells that correlates with an impaired activation of CD4 + T cells within mesenteric lymph nodes. Mechanistically, mice were protected from oxazolone-induced colitis upon administration of MDP in an interleukin-1- and interleukin-23-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that Nod2 signalling may prevent pathological conversion of T helper cells for maintenance of tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Secher
- INEM, Orléans University, CNRS UMR 7355, F-45071, Orléans, France.,CEPR, Tours University, INSERM U1100, F-37000, Tours, France
| | | | - Ludovic Huot
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Helene Bouscayrol
- Service d'oncologie-radiothérapie, CHR d'Orléans-La Source, Orléans, France
| | - Teddy Grandjean
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Boulard
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Inserm U1003, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - David Hot
- CEPR, Tours University, INSERM U1100, F-37000, Tours, France.,University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41-UAR 2014-PLBS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- INEM, Orléans University, CNRS UMR 7355, F-45071, Orléans, France
| | - Mathias Chamaillard
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Inserm U1003, University of Lille, Lille, France
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12
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Aggeletopoulou I, Tsounis EP, Triantos C. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying IL-33-Mediated Inflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010623. [PMID: 36614065 PMCID: PMC9820409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a cytokine defined by its pleiotropic function, acting either as a typical extracellular cytokine or as a nuclear transcription factor. IL-33 and its receptor, suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2), interact with both innate and adaptive immunity and are considered critical regulators of inflammatory disorders. The IL-33/ST2 axis is involved in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis; on the basis of their role as pro- or anti-inflammatory mediators of first-line innate immunity, their expression is of great importance in regard to mucosal defenses. Mucosal immunity commonly presents an imbalance in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This review summarizes the main cellular and molecular aspects of IL-33 and ST2, mainly focusing on the current evidence of the pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of the IL-33/ST2 axis in the course of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying the association of IL-33/ST2 signaling in IBD pathogenesis. Although IL-33 modulates and impacts the development, course, and recurrence of the inflammatory response, the exact role of this molecule is elusive, and it seems to be associated with the subtype of the disease or the disease stage. Unraveling of IL-33/ST2-mediated mechanisms involved in IBD pathology shows great potential for clinical application as therapeutic targets in IBD treatment.
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13
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The role of NOD2 in intestinal immune response and microbiota modulation: A therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Tsou AM, Yano H, Parkhurst CN, Mahlakõiv T, Chu C, Zhang W, He Z, Jarick KJ, Zhong C, Putzel GG, Hatazaki M, Lorenz IC, Andrew D, Balderes P, Klose CSN, Lira SA, Artis D. Neuropeptide regulation of non-redundant ILC2 responses at barrier surfaces. Nature 2022; 611:787-793. [PMID: 36323781 PMCID: PMC10225046 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Emerging studies indicate that cooperation between neurons and immune cells regulates antimicrobial immunity, inflammation and tissue homeostasis. For example, a neuronal rheostat provides excitatory or inhibitory signals that control the functions of tissue-resident group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) at mucosal barrier surfaces1-4. ILC2s express NMUR1, a receptor for neuromedin U (NMU), which is a prominent cholinergic neuropeptide that promotes ILC2 responses5-7. However, many functions of ILC2s are shared with adaptive lymphocytes, including the production of type 2 cytokines8,9 and the release of tissue-protective amphiregulin (AREG)10-12. Consequently, there is controversy regarding whether innate lymphoid cells and adaptive lymphocytes perform redundant or non-redundant functions13-15. Here we generate a new genetic tool to target ILC2s for depletion or gene deletion in the presence of an intact adaptive immune system. Transgenic expression of iCre recombinase under the control of the mouse Nmur1 promoter enabled ILC2-specific deletion of AREG. This revealed that ILC2-derived AREG promotes non-redundant functions in the context of antiparasite immunity and tissue protection following intestinal damage and inflammation. Notably, NMU expression levels increased in inflamed intestinal tissues from both mice and humans, and NMU induced AREG production in mouse and human ILC2s. These results indicate that neuropeptide-mediated regulation of non-redundant functions of ILC2s is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that integrates immunity and tissue protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Tsou
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hiroshi Yano
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher N Parkhurst
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tanel Mahlakõiv
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Coco Chu
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhengxiang He
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katja J Jarick
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Connie Zhong
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory G Putzel
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mai Hatazaki
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ivo C Lorenz
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Andrew
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Balderes
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christoph S N Klose
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergio A Lira
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Artis
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
- Friedman Center for Nutrition and Inflammation, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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Peng H, Wu S, Wang S, Yang Q, Wang L, Zhang S, Huang M, Li Y, Xiong P, Zhang Z, Cai Y, Li L, Deng Y, Deng Y. Sex differences exist in adult heart group 2 innate lymphoid cells. BMC Immunol 2022; 23:52. [PMCID: PMC9620621 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-022-00525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are the most dominant ILCs in heart tissue, and sex-related differences exist in mouse lung ILC2 phenotypes and functions; however, it is still unclear whether there are sex differences in heart ILC2s.
Results Compared with age-matched wild-type (WT) male mice, 8-week-old but not 3-week-old WT female mice harbored an obviously greater percentage and number of heart ILC2s in homeostasis. However, the percentage of killer-cell lectin-like receptor G1 (Klrg1)− ILC2s was higher, but the Klrg1+ ILC2s were lower in female mice than in male mice in both heart tissues of 3- and 8-week-old mice. Eight-week-old Rag2−/− mice also showed sex differences similar to those of age-matched WT mice. Regarding surface marker expression, compared to age-matched male mice, WT female mice showed higher expression of CD90.2 and Ki67 and lower expression of Klrg1 and Sca-1 in heart total ILC2s. There was no sex difference in IL-4 and IL-5 secretion by male and female mouse heart ILC2s. Increased IL-33 mRNA levels within the heart tissues were also found in female mice compared with male mice. By reanalyzing published single-cell RNA sequencing data, we found 2 differentially expressed genes between female and male mouse heart ILC2s. Gene set variation analysis revealed that the glycine, serine and threonine metabolism pathway was upregulated in female heart ILC2s. Subcluster analysis revealed that one cluster of heart ILC2s with relatively lower expression of Semaphorin 4a and thioredoxin interacting protein but higher expression of hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated. Conclusions These results revealed greater numbers of ILC2s, higher expression of CD90.2, reduced Klrg1 and Sca-1 expression in the hearts of female mice than in male mice and no sex difference in IL-4 and IL-5 production in male and female mouse heart ILC2s. These sex differences in heart ILC2s might be due to the heterogeneity of IL-33 within the heart tissue. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12865-022-00525-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Peng
- grid.440223.30000 0004 1772 5147Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, 410007 China ,grid.440223.30000 0004 1772 5147Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children’s Emergency Medicine, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, 410007 China
| | - Shuting Wu
- grid.440223.30000 0004 1772 5147Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, 410007 China ,grid.440223.30000 0004 1772 5147Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children’s Emergency Medicine, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, 410007 China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinglan Yang
- grid.440223.30000 0004 1772 5147Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, 410007 China ,grid.440223.30000 0004 1772 5147Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children’s Emergency Medicine, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, 410007 China
| | - Lili Wang
- grid.440223.30000 0004 1772 5147Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, 410007 China ,grid.440223.30000 0004 1772 5147Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children’s Emergency Medicine, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, 410007 China
| | - Shuju Zhang
- grid.440223.30000 0004 1772 5147Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, 410007 China ,grid.440223.30000 0004 1772 5147Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children’s Emergency Medicine, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, 410007 China
| | - Minghui Huang
- grid.440223.30000 0004 1772 5147Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, 410007 China ,grid.440223.30000 0004 1772 5147Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children’s Emergency Medicine, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, 410007 China
| | - Yana Li
- grid.440223.30000 0004 1772 5147Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, 410007 China ,grid.440223.30000 0004 1772 5147Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children’s Emergency Medicine, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, 410007 China
| | - Peiwen Xiong
- grid.440223.30000 0004 1772 5147Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, 410007 China ,grid.440223.30000 0004 1772 5147Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children’s Emergency Medicine, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, 410007 China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine Science, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Yue Cai
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Liping Li
- grid.440223.30000 0004 1772 5147Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, 410007 China ,grid.440223.30000 0004 1772 5147Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children’s Emergency Medicine, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, 410007 China
| | - Youcai Deng
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine Science, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038 China ,grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Hematology, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Yafei Deng
- grid.440223.30000 0004 1772 5147Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, 410007 China ,grid.440223.30000 0004 1772 5147Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children’s Emergency Medicine, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, 410007 China
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16
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Guo H, Bossila EA, Ma X, Zhao C, Zhao Y. Dual Immune Regulatory Roles of Interleukin-33 in Pathological Conditions. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203237. [PMID: 36291105 PMCID: PMC9600220 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a member of the IL-1 cytokine family and a multifunctional cytokine, plays critical roles in maintaining host homeostasis and in pathological conditions, such as allergy, infectious diseases, and cancer, by acting on multiple types of immune cells and promoting type 1 and 2 immune responses. IL-33 is rapidly released by immune and non-immune cells upon stimulation by stress, acting as an “alarmin” by binding to its receptor, suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2), to trigger downstream signaling pathways and activate inflammatory and immune responses. It has been recognized that IL-33 displays dual-functioning immune regulatory effects in many diseases and has both pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects, likely depending on its primary target cells, IL-33/sST2 expression levels, cellular context, and the cytokine microenvironment. Herein, we summarize our current understanding of the biological functions of IL-33 and its roles in the pathogenesis of various conditions, including inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, infections, cancers, and cases of organ transplantation. We emphasize the nature of context-dependent dual immune regulatory functions of IL-33 in many cells and diseases and review systemic studies to understand the distinct roles of IL-33 in different cells, which is essential to the development of more effective diagnoses and therapeutic approaches for IL-33-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101499, China
| | - Elhusseny A. Bossila
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101499, China
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11311, Egypt
| | - Xinran Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101499, China
| | - Chenxu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101499, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101499, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Beijing 100101, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-64807302; Fax: +86-10-64807313
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17
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Ghilas S, O’Keefe R, Mielke LA, Raghu D, Buchert M, Ernst M. Crosstalk between epithelium, myeloid and innate lymphoid cells during gut homeostasis and disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:944982. [PMID: 36189323 PMCID: PMC9524271 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.944982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut epithelium not only provides a physical barrier to separate a noxious outside from a sterile inside but also allows for highly regulated interactions between bacteria and their products, and components of the immune system. Homeostatic maintenance of an intact epithelial barrier is paramount to health, requiring an intricately regulated and highly adaptive response of various cells of the immune system. Prolonged homeostatic imbalance can result in chronic inflammation, tumorigenesis and inefficient antitumor immune control. Here we provide an update on the role of innate lymphoid cells, macrophages and dendritic cells, which collectively play a critical role in epithelial barrier maintenance and provide an important linkage between the classical innate and adaptive arm of the immune system. These interactions modify the capacity of the gut epithelium to undergo continuous renewal, safeguard against tumor formation and provide feedback to the gut microbiome, which acts as a seminal contributor to cellular homeostasis of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ghilas
- Mucosal Immunity Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and La Trobe University - School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Ryan O’Keefe
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and La Trobe University - School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa Anna Mielke
- Mucosal Immunity Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and La Trobe University - School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Dinesh Raghu
- Mucosal Immunity Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and La Trobe University - School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Buchert
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and La Trobe University - School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Michael Buchert, ; Matthias Ernst,
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and La Trobe University - School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Michael Buchert, ; Matthias Ernst,
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18
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review of Pre-Clinical Murine Models of Human Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169344. [PMID: 36012618 PMCID: PMC9409205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are both highly inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, collectively known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although the cause of IBD is still unclear, several experimental IBD murine models have enabled researchers to make great inroads into understanding human IBD pathology. Here, we discuss the current pre-clinical experimental murine models for human IBD, including the chemical-induced trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) model, oxazolone and dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) models, the gene-deficient I-kappa-B kinase gamma (Iκκ-γ) and interleukin(IL)-10 models, and the CD4+ T-cell transfer model. We offer a comprehensive review of how these models have been used to dissect the etiopathogenesis of disease, alongside their limitations. Furthermore, the way in which this knowledge has led to the translation of experimental findings into novel clinical therapeutics is also discussed.
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19
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Jiang M, Wan S, Dai X, Ye Y, Hua W, Ma G, Pang X, Wang H, Shi B. Protective effect of ghrelin on intestinal I/R injury in rats. Open Med (Wars) 2022; 17:1308-1317. [PMID: 35937002 PMCID: PMC9307145 DOI: 10.1515/med-2022-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether ghrelin affected the autophagy and inflammatory response of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) by regulating the NOD2/Beclin-1 pathway in an intestinal ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury model. Twenty hours after implementing the intestinal I/R injury rat model, the small intestine and both lungs were collected for histological analysis. The morphological changes in the intestinal mucosa epithelium and lung tissues were evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin staining. The activity of autophagic vacuoles and organ injury were evaluated using electron microscopy. The cytokine levels (IL-10 and TNF-α) in IEL cells and lung tissue were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RT-qPCR and western blot assays were conducted to check the NOD2, Beclin-1, and ATG16 levels. Ghrelin relieved the I/R-induced destruction of the intestinal mucosa epithelium and lung tissues. Moreover, ghrelin enhanced autophagy in the intestinal epithelium and lungs of I/R rats. In addition, the levels of autophagy-associated proteins (Beclin-1, ATG16, and NOD2) were higher in the ghrelin treatment group than in rats with I/R. Ghrelin reduced significantly the IL-10 and TNF-α levels. However, these changes were reversed by the NOD2 antagonist. In conclusion, ghrelin may relieve I/R-induced acute intestinal mucosal damage, autophagy disorder, and inflammatory response in IELs by regulating the NOD2/Beclin-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jiang
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University , Shanghai 200090 , China
| | - Shengxia Wan
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212000 , China
| | - Xiaoyong Dai
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University , Shanghai 200090 , China
| | - Youwen Ye
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University , Shanghai 200090 , China
| | - Wei Hua
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University , Shanghai 200090 , China
| | - Guoguang Ma
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Xiufeng Pang
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University , Shanghai 200090 , China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University , Shanghai 200090 , China
| | - Bin Shi
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University , Shanghai 200090 , China
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20
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Sunaga S, Tsunoda J, Teratani T, Mikami Y, Kanai T. Heterogeneity of ILC2s in the Intestine; Homeostasis and Pathology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867351. [PMID: 35707544 PMCID: PMC9190760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were identified in 2010 as a novel lymphocyte subset lacking antigen receptors, such as T-cell or B-cell receptors. ILC2s induce local immune responses characterized by producing type 2 cytokines and play essential roles for maintaining tissue homeostasis. ILC2s are distributed across various organs, including the intestine where immune cells are continuously exposed to external antigens. Followed by luminal antigen stimulation, intestinal epithelial cells produce alarmins, such as IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and activate ILC2s to expand and produce cytokines. In the context of parasite infection, the tuft cell lining in the epithelium has been revealed as a dominant source of intestinal IL-25 and possesses the capability to regulate ILC2 homeostasis. Neuronal systems also regulate ILC2s through neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, and interact with ILC2s bidirectionally, a process termed “neuro-immune crosstalk”. Activated ILC2s produce type 2 cytokines, which contribute to epithelial barrier function, clearance of luminal antigens and tissue repair, while ILC2s are also involved in chronic inflammation and tissue fibrosis. Recent studies have shed light on the contribution of ILC2s to inflammatory bowel diseases, mainly comprising ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, as defined by chronic immune activation and inflammation. Modern single-cell analysis techniques provide a tissue-specific picture of ILC2s and their roles in regulating homeostasis in each organ. Particularly, single-cell analysis helps our understanding of the uniqueness and commonness of ILC2s across tissues and opens the novel research area of ILC2 heterogeneity. ILC2s are classified into different phenotypes depending on tissue and phase of inflammation, mainly inflammatory and natural ILC2 cells. ILC2s can also switch phenotype to ILC1- or ILC3-like subsets. Hence, recent studies have revealed the heterogeneity and plasticity of ILC2, which indicate dynamicity of inflammation and the immune system. In this review, we describe the regulatory mechanisms, function, and pathological roles of ILC2s in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Sunaga
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junya Tsunoda
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Teratani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Mikami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yohei Mikami, ; Takanori Kanai,
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yohei Mikami, ; Takanori Kanai,
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Peng V, Jaeger N, Colonna M. Innate Lymphoid Cells and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1365:97-112. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8387-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Zhang M, Duffen JL, Nocka KH, Kasaian MT. IL-13 Controls IL-33 Activity through Modulation of ST2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:3070-3080. [PMID: 34789557 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IL-33 is a multifunctional cytokine that mediates local inflammation upon tissue damage. IL-33 is known to act on multiple cell types including group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), Th2 cells, and mast cells to drive production of Th2 cytokines including IL-5 and IL-13. IL-33 signaling activity through transmembrane ST2L can be inhibited by soluble ST2 (sST2), which acts as a decoy receptor. Previous findings suggested that modulation of IL-13 levels in mice lacking decoy IL-13Rα2, or mice lacking IL-13, impacted responsiveness to IL-33. In this study, we used Il13 -/- mice to investigate whether IL-13 regulates IL-33 activity by modulating the transmembrane and soluble forms of ST2. In Il13 -/- mice, the effects of IL-33 administration were exacerbated relative to wild type (WT). Il13 -/- mice administered IL-33 i.p. had heightened splenomegaly, more immune cells in the peritoneum including an expanded ST2L+ ILC2 population, increased eosinophilia in the spleen and peritoneum, and reduced sST2 in the circulation and peritoneum. In the spleen, lung, and liver of mice given IL-33, gene expression of both isoforms of ST2 was increased in Il13 -/- mice relative to WT. We confirmed fibroblasts to be an IL-13-responsive cell type that can regulate IL-33 activity through production of sST2. This study elucidates the important regulatory activity that IL-13 exerts on IL-33 through induction of IL-33 decoy receptor sST2 and through modulation of ST2L+ ILC2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Zhang
- Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Jennifer L Duffen
- Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Karl H Nocka
- Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Marion T Kasaian
- Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
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Kurimoto M, Watanabe T, Kamata K, Minaga K, Kudo M. IL-33 as a Critical Cytokine for Inflammation and Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Pancreatitis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:781012. [PMID: 34759844 PMCID: PMC8573230 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.781012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-33 is a pleiotropic cytokine that promotes inflammation and fibrosis. IL-33 is produced by a broad range of cells, including antigen-presenting cells (APCs), epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. IL-33 produced by the innate immune cells has been shown to activate pro-inflammatory T helper type 1 (Th1) and T helper type 2 (Th2) responses. The intestinal barrier and tolerogenic immune responses against commensal microbiota contribute to the maintenance of gut immune homeostasis. Breakdown of tolerogenic responses against commensal microbiota as a result of intestinal barrier dysfunction underlies the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and pancreatitis. Recent studies have provided evidence that IL-33 is an innate immune cytokine that bridges adaptive Th1 and Th2 responses associated with IBD and pancreatitis. In this Mini Review, we discuss the pathogenic roles played by IL-33 in the development of IBD and pancreatitis and consider the potential of this cytokine to be a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kurimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Ken Kamata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
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Type 2 immunity in intestinal homeostasis and inflammatory bowel disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2371-2380. [PMID: 34581755 PMCID: PMC8589436 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 immune responses commonly emerge during allergic reactions or infections with helminth parasites. Most of the cytokines associated with type 2 immune responses are IL-4, IL-5, and IL13, which are mainly produced by T helper 2 cells (TH2), eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). Over the course of evolution, humans have developed type 2 immune responses to fight infections and to protect tissues from the potential collateral damage caused by inflammation. For example, worm parasites induce potent type 2 immune responses, which are needed to simultaneously clear the pathogen and to promote tissue repair following injury. Due to the strong type 2 immune responses induced by helminths, which can promote tissue repair in the damaged epithelium, their use has been suggested as a possible treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, the role of type 2 immune responses in the initiation and progression of IBD is not fully understood. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate type 2 immune responses during intestinal homeostasis, and we briefly discuss the scarce evidence linking type 2 immune responses with the aetiology of IBD.
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Noto CN, Hoft SG, Bockerstett KA, Jackson NM, Ford EL, Vest LS, DiPaolo RJ. IL13 Acts Directly on Gastric Epithelial Cells to Promote Metaplasia Development During Chronic Gastritis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:623-642. [PMID: 34587523 PMCID: PMC8715193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS It is well established that chronic inflammation promotes gastric cancer-associated metaplasia, but little is known regarding the mechanisms by which immune cells and cytokines regulate metaplastic cellular changes. The goals of this study were to identify interleukin 13 (IL13)-producing immune cells, determine the gastric epithelial cell response(s) to IL13, and establish the role(s) of IL13 in metaplasia development. METHODS Experiments used an established mouse model of autoimmune gastritis (TxA23), TxA23×Il4ra-/- mice, which develop gastritis but do not express the IL4/IL13-receptor subunit IL4Rα, and TxA23×Il13-Yfp mice, which express yellow fluorescent protein in IL13-producing cells. Flow cytometry was used to measure IL13 secretion and identify IL13-producing immune cells. Mouse and human gastric organoids were cultured with IL13 to determine epithelial cell response(s) to IL13. Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on gastric epithelial cells from healthy and inflamed mouse stomachs. Mice with gastritis were administered IL13-neutralizing antibodies and stomachs were analyzed by histopathology and immunofluorescence. RESULTS We identified 6 unique subsets of IL13-producing immune cells in the inflamed stomach. Organoid cultures showed that IL13 acts directly on gastric epithelium to induce a metaplastic phenotype. IL4Rα-deficient mice did not progress to metaplasia. Single-cell RNA sequencing determined that gastric epithelial cells from IL4Rα-deficient mice up-regulated inflammatory genes but failed to up-regulate metaplasia-associated transcripts. Neutralization of IL13 significantly reduced and reversed metaplasia development in mice with gastritis. CONCLUSIONS IL13 is made by a variety of immune cell subsets during chronic gastritis and promotes gastric cancer-associated metaplastic epithelial cell changes. Neutralization of IL13 reduces metaplasia severity during chronic gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine N Noto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Stella G Hoft
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kevin A Bockerstett
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nicholas M Jackson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Eric L Ford
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Luke S Vest
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Richard J DiPaolo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
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Saez A, Gomez-Bris R, Herrero-Fernandez B, Mingorance C, Rius C, Gonzalez-Granado JM. Innate Lymphoid Cells in Intestinal Homeostasis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147618. [PMID: 34299236 PMCID: PMC8307624 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a heterogeneous state of chronic intestinal inflammation of unknown cause encompassing Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). IBD has been linked to genetic and environmental factors, microbiota dysbiosis, exacerbated innate and adaptive immunity and epithelial intestinal barrier dysfunction. IBD is classically associated with gut accumulation of proinflammatory Th1 and Th17 cells accompanied by insufficient Treg numbers and Tr1 immune suppression. Inflammatory T cells guide innate cells to perpetuate a constant hypersensitivity to microbial antigens, tissue injury and chronic intestinal inflammation. Recent studies of intestinal mucosal homeostasis and IBD suggest involvement of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). These lymphoid-origin cells are innate counterparts of T cells but lack the antigen receptors expressed on B and T cells. ILCs play important roles in the first line of antimicrobial defense and contribute to organ development, tissue protection and regeneration, and mucosal homeostasis by maintaining the balance between antipathogen immunity and commensal tolerance. Intestinal homeostasis requires strict regulation of the quantity and activity of local ILC subpopulations. Recent studies demonstrated that changes to ILCs during IBD contribute to disease development. A better understanding of ILC behavior in gastrointestinal homeostasis and inflammation will provide valuable insights into new approaches to IBD treatment. This review summarizes recent research into ILCs in intestinal homeostasis and the latest advances in the understanding of the role of ILCs in IBD, with particular emphasis on the interaction between microbiota and ILC populations and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Saez
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (R.G.-B.); (B.H.-F.); (C.M.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Gomez-Bris
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (R.G.-B.); (B.H.-F.); (C.M.)
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Herrero-Fernandez
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (R.G.-B.); (B.H.-F.); (C.M.)
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Mingorance
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (R.G.-B.); (B.H.-F.); (C.M.)
| | - Cristina Rius
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid (UEM), Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M. Gonzalez-Granado
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (R.G.-B.); (B.H.-F.); (C.M.)
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-913908766
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Li L, Wu J, Abdi R, Jewell CM, Bromberg JS. Lymph node fibroblastic reticular cells steer immune responses. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:723-734. [PMID: 34256989 PMCID: PMC8324561 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs), where immune responses are initiated, are organized into distinctive compartments by fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs). FRCs imprint immune responses by supporting LN architecture, recruiting immune cells, coordinating immune cell crosstalk, and presenting antigens. Recent high-resolution transcriptional and histological analyses have enriched our knowledge of LN FRC genetic and spatial heterogeneities. Here, we summarize updated anatomic, phenotypic, and functional identities of FRC subsets, delve into topological and transcriptional remodeling of FRCs in inflammation, and illustrate the crosstalk between FRCs and immune cells. Discussing FRC functions in immunity and tolerance, we highlight state-of-the-art FRC-based therapeutic approaches for maintaining physiological homeostasis, steering protective immunity, inducing transplantation tolerance, and treating diverse immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lushen Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jonathan S Bromberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Hardman CS, Chen YL, Salimi M, Nahler J, Corridoni D, Jagielowicz M, Fonseka CL, Johnson D, Repapi E, Cousins DJ, Barlow JL, McKenzie ANJ, Simmons A, Ogg G. IL-6 effector function of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) is NOD2 dependent. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabe5084. [PMID: 34021026 PMCID: PMC7611333 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe5084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are spatially and epigenetically poised to respond to barrier compromise and associated immunological threats. ILC2, lacking rearranged antigen-specific receptors, are primarily activated by damage-associated cytokines and respond with type 2 cytokine production. To investigate ILC2 potential for direct sensing of skin pathogens and allergens, we performed RNA sequencing of ILC2 derived from in vivo challenged human skin or blood. We detected expression of NOD2 and TLR2 by skin and blood ILC2. Stimulation of ILC2 with TLR2 agonist alone not only induced interleukin-5 (IL-5) and IL-13 expression but also elicited IL-6 expression in combination with Staphylococcus aureus muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Heat-killed skin-resident bacteria provoked an IL-6 profile in ILC2 in vitro that was notably impaired in ILC2 derived from patients with nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) mutations. In addition, we show that NOD2 signaling can stimulate autophagy in ILC2, which was also impaired in patients with NOD2 mutations. Here, we have identified a role for ILC2 NOD2 signaling in the differential regulation of ILC2-derived IL-6 and have reported a previously unrecognized pathway of direct ILC2 bacterial sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare S Hardman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maryam Salimi
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Janina Nahler
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniele Corridoni
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marta Jagielowicz
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chathuranga L Fonseka
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Emmanouela Repapi
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - David J Cousins
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, NIHR Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Alison Simmons
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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