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Muñoz F, Fex M, Moritz T, Mulder H, Cataldo LR. Unique features of β-cell metabolism are lost in type 2 diabetes. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14148. [PMID: 38656044 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic β cells play an essential role in the control of systemic glucose homeostasis as they sense blood glucose levels and respond by secreting insulin. Upon stimulating glucose uptake in insulin-sensitive tissues post-prandially, this anabolic hormone restores blood glucose levels to pre-prandial levels. Maintaining physiological glucose levels thus relies on proper β-cell function. To fulfill this highly specialized nutrient sensor role, β cells have evolved a unique genetic program that shapes its distinct cellular metabolism. In this review, the unique genetic and metabolic features of β cells will be outlined, including their alterations in type 2 diabetes (T2D). β cells selectively express a set of genes in a cell type-specific manner; for instance, the glucose activating hexokinase IV enzyme or Glucokinase (GCK), whereas other genes are selectively "disallowed", including lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1). This selective gene program equips β cells with a unique metabolic apparatus to ensure that nutrient metabolism is coupled to appropriate insulin secretion, thereby avoiding hyperglycemia, as well as life-threatening hypoglycemia. Unlike most cell types, β cells exhibit specialized bioenergetic features, including supply-driven rather than demand-driven metabolism and a high basal mitochondrial proton leak respiration. The understanding of these unique genetically programmed metabolic features and their alterations that lead to β-cell dysfunction is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of T2D pathophysiology and the development of innovative therapeutic approaches for T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Muñoz
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Fex
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hindrik Mulder
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund, Sweden
| | - Luis Rodrigo Cataldo
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Becattini B, Molinaro A, Henricsson M, Borén J, Solinas G. Adipocyte PI3K links adipostasis with baseline insulin secretion at fasting through an adipoincretin effect. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114132. [PMID: 38656871 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Insulin-PI3K signaling controls insulin secretion. Understanding this feedback mechanism is crucial for comprehending how insulin functions. However, the role of adipocyte insulin-PI3K signaling in controlling insulin secretion in vivo remains unclear. Using adipocyte-specific PI3Kα knockout mice (PI3KαAdQ) and a panel of isoform-selective PI3K inhibitors, we show that PI3Kα and PI3Kβ activities are functionally redundant in adipocyte insulin signaling. PI3Kβ-selective inhibitors have no effect on adipocyte AKT phosphorylation in control mice but blunt it in adipocytes of PI3KαAdQ mice, demonstrating adipocyte-selective pharmacological PI3K inhibition in the latter. Acute adipocyte-selective PI3K inhibition increases serum free fatty acid (FFA) and potently induces insulin secretion. We name this phenomenon the adipoincretin effect. The adipoincretin effect operates in fasted mice with increasing FFA and decreasing glycemia, indicating that it is not primarily a control system for blood glucose. This feedback control system defines the rates of adipose tissue lipolysis and chiefly controls basal insulin secretion during fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Becattini
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Angela Molinaro
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Henricsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Solinas
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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3
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Plaitakis A, Sidiropoulou K, Kotzamani D, Litso I, Zaganas I, Spanaki C. Evolution of Glutamate Metabolism via GLUD2 Enhances Lactate-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity and Complex Cognition. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5297. [PMID: 38791334 PMCID: PMC11120665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Human evolution is characterized by rapid brain enlargement and the emergence of unique cognitive abilities. Besides its distinctive cytoarchitectural organization and extensive inter-neuronal connectivity, the human brain is also defined by high rates of synaptic, mainly glutamatergic, transmission, and energy utilization. While these adaptations' origins remain elusive, evolutionary changes occurred in synaptic glutamate metabolism in the common ancestor of humans and apes via the emergence of GLUD2, a gene encoding the human glutamate dehydrogenase 2 (hGDH2) isoenzyme. Driven by positive selection, hGDH2 became adapted to function upon intense excitatory firing, a process central to the long-term strengthening of synaptic connections. It also gained expression in brain astrocytes and cortical pyramidal neurons, including the CA1-CA3 hippocampal cells, neurons crucial to cognition. In mice transgenic for GLUD2, theta-burst-evoked long-term potentiation (LTP) is markedly enhanced in hippocampal CA3-CA1 synapses, with patch-clamp recordings from CA1 pyramidal neurons revealing increased sNMDA receptor currents. D-lactate blocked LTP enhancement, implying that glutamate metabolism via hGDH2 potentiates L-lactate-dependent glia-neuron interaction, a process essential to memory consolidation. The transgenic (Tg) mice exhibited increased dendritic spine density/synaptogenesis in the hippocampus and improved complex cognitive functions. Hence, enhancement of neuron-glia communication, via GLUD2 evolution, likely contributed to human cognitive advancement by potentiating synaptic plasticity and inter-neuronal connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Plaitakis
- Department of Neurology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (D.K.); (I.L.); (I.Z.)
| | - Kyriaki Sidiropoulou
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dimitra Kotzamani
- Department of Neurology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (D.K.); (I.L.); (I.Z.)
| | - Ionela Litso
- Department of Neurology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (D.K.); (I.L.); (I.Z.)
| | - Ioannis Zaganas
- Department of Neurology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (D.K.); (I.L.); (I.Z.)
- Neurology Department, PaGNI University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Cleanthe Spanaki
- Department of Neurology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (D.K.); (I.L.); (I.Z.)
- Neurology Department, PaGNI University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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4
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Gowda VK, Reddy VS, Krishnanada V, Srinivasan VM. Drug Resistant Epilepsy (DRE) Secondary to 3-Hydroxy Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (HADH) in Siblings. Indian J Pediatr 2024; 91:523. [PMID: 38085414 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-023-04978-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Vykuntaraju K Gowda
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Near NIMHANS, Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India.
| | - Viveka-Santhosh Reddy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Near NIMHANS, Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Vikas Krishnanada
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Near NIMHANS, Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Varunvenkat M Srinivasan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Near NIMHANS, Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
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Luigi-Sierra MG, Martínez A, Macri M, Delgado JV, Castelló A, Alvarez JF, Such X, Jordana J, Amills M. Single and longitudinal genome-wide association studies for dairy traits available in goats with three recorded lactations. Anim Genet 2024; 55:257-264. [PMID: 38131417 DOI: 10.1111/age.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Milk yield and composition phenotypes are systematically recorded across several lactations in goats, but the majority of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) performed so far have rather ignored the longitudinal nature of such data. Here, we have used two different GWAS approaches to analyse data from three lactations recorded in Murciano-Granadina goats. In Analysis 1, independent GWAS have been carried out for each trait and lactation, while a single longitudinal GWAS, jointly considering all data, has been performed in Analysis 2. In both analyses, genome-wide significant QTL for lactose percentage on chromosome 2 (129.77-131.01 Mb) and for milk protein percentage on the chromosome 6 (74.8-94.6 Mb) casein gene cluster region were detected. In Analysis 1, several QTL were not replicated in all three lactations, possibly due to the existence of lactation-specific genetic determinants. In Analysis 2, we identified several genome-wide significant QTL related to milk yield and protein content that were not uncovered in Analysis 1. The increased number of QTL identified in Analysis 2 suggests that the longitudinal GWAS is particularly well suited for the genetic analysis of dairy traits. Moreover, our data confirm that variability within or close to the casein complex is the main genetic determinant of milk protein percentage in Murciano-Granadina goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gracia Luigi-Sierra
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Amparo Martínez
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Martina Macri
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Anna Castelló
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández Alvarez
- Asociación Nacional de Criadores de Caprino de Raza Murciano-Granadina (CAPRIGRAN), Granada, Spain
| | - Xavier Such
- Group of Research in Ruminants (G2R), Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordi Jordana
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marcel Amills
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Gao K, Han S, Li Z, Luo Z, Lv S, Choe HM, Paek HJ, Quan B, Kang J, Yin X. Analysis of metabolome and transcriptome of longissimus thoracis and subcutaneous adipose tissues reveals the regulatory mechanism of meat quality in MSTN mutant castrated male finishing pigs. Meat Sci 2024; 207:109370. [PMID: 37864922 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
The underlying mechanism of myostatin (MSTN) gene mutation impact on porcine carcass and meat quality has not yet been fully understood. The meat quality trait testing of the second filial generation wild-type (WT) and homozygous MSTN mutant (MSTN-/-) castrated male finishing pigs, and RNA-seq and metabolomics on the longissimus thoracis (LT) and subcutaneous adipose tissues (SAT) were performed. Compared with WT pigs, MSTN-/- pigs had higher carcass lean percentage and lower backfat thickness (all P < 0.01), and also had lower shear force (P < 0.01) and meat redness (P < 0.05). The gene and metabolite expression profiles were different between two groups. Metabolites and genes related to purine metabolism (such as xanthine metabolite (P < 0.05), AMPD3 and XDH genes (all padj < 0.01)), PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway (such as Phe-Phe and Glu-Glu metabolites (all P < 0.05), WNT4 and AKT2 genes (all padj < 0.01)), antioxidant related pathway (such as GPX2, GPX3, and GPX7 genes (all padj < 0.01)), and extracellular matrix related pathway (such as COL1A1 and COL3A1 genes (all padj < 0.01)) were significantly altered in LT. While metabolites and genes associated to lipid metabolism (such as trans-elaidic acid and PE(18:1(9Z)/0:0) metabolites (all P < 0.05), ACOX1, ACAT1 and HADH genes (all padj < 0.01)) were significantly changed in SAT. This study revealed the biological mechanisms of homozygous MSTN mutation regulated porcine carcass and meat quality, such as lean meat percentage, fat deposition and tenderness, which provides reference for the utilization of MSTN-/- pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Gao
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Shengzhong Han
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Zhouyan Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Zhaobo Luo
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Sitong Lv
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Hak Myong Choe
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Hyo Jin Paek
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Biaohu Quan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Jindan Kang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Xijun Yin
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.
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St-Louis JL, El Jellas K, Velasco K, Slipp BA, Hu J, Helgeland G, Steine SJ, De Jesus DF, Kulkarni RN, Molven A. Deficiency of the metabolic enzyme SCHAD in pancreatic β-cells promotes amino acid-sensitive hypoglycemia. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104986. [PMID: 37392854 PMCID: PMC10407745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital hyperinsulinism of infancy (CHI) can be caused by a deficiency of the ubiquitously expressed enzyme short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCHAD). To test the hypothesis that SCHAD-CHI arises from a specific defect in pancreatic β-cells, we created genetically engineered β-cell-specific (β-SKO) or hepatocyte-specific (L-SKO) SCHAD knockout mice. While L-SKO mice were normoglycemic, plasma glucose in β-SKO animals was significantly reduced in the random-fed state, after overnight fasting, and following refeeding. The hypoglycemic phenotype was exacerbated when the mice were fed a diet enriched in leucine, glutamine, and alanine. Intraperitoneal injection of these three amino acids led to a rapid elevation in insulin levels in β-SKO mice compared to controls. Consistently, treating isolated β-SKO islets with the amino acid mixture potently enhanced insulin secretion compared to controls in a low-glucose environment. RNA sequencing of β-SKO islets revealed reduced transcription of β-cell identity genes and upregulation of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, protein metabolism, and Ca2+ handling. The β-SKO mouse offers a useful model to interrogate the intra-islet heterogeneity of amino acid sensing given the very variable expression levels of SCHAD within different hormonal cells, with high levels in β- and δ-cells and virtually absent α-cell expression. We conclude that the lack of SCHAD protein in β-cells results in a hypoglycemic phenotype characterized by increased sensitivity to amino acid-stimulated insulin secretion and loss of β-cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna L St-Louis
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Clinical Medicine, Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Khadija El Jellas
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Clinical Medicine, Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kelly Velasco
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Brittany A Slipp
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Jiang Hu
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Geir Helgeland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Solrun J Steine
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dario F De Jesus
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Anders Molven
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Section for Cancer Genomics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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Bakr S, Brennan K, Mukherjee P, Argemi J, Hernaez M, Gevaert O. Identifying key multifunctional components shared by critical cancer and normal liver pathways via SparseGMM. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100392. [PMID: 36814838 PMCID: PMC9939431 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the abundance of multimodal data, suitable statistical models that can improve our understanding of diseases with genetic underpinnings are challenging to develop. Here, we present SparseGMM, a statistical approach for gene regulatory network discovery. SparseGMM uses latent variable modeling with sparsity constraints to learn Gaussian mixtures from multiomic data. By combining coexpression patterns with a Bayesian framework, SparseGMM quantitatively measures confidence in regulators and uncertainty in target gene assignment by computing gene entropy. We apply SparseGMM to liver cancer and normal liver tissue data and evaluate discovered gene modules in an independent single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) dataset. SparseGMM identifies PROCR as a regulator of angiogenesis and PDCD1LG2 and HNF4A as regulators of immune response and blood coagulation in cancer. Furthermore, we show that more genes have significantly higher entropy in cancer compared with normal liver. Among high-entropy genes are key multifunctional components shared by critical pathways, including p53 and estrogen signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa Bakr
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin Brennan
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pritam Mukherjee
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Josepmaria Argemi
- Liver Unit, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Mikel Hernaez
- Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Olivier Gevaert
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Assessment of reference intervals of acylcarnitines in newborns in Siberia. ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2022. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2022-7.5-1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The incidence of diseases associated with impaired transport and oxidation of fatty acids is from 1:5,000 to 1:9,000 newborns. High morbidity, risk of death in the absence of timely correction, non-specificity of clinical manifestations define the importance of their timely laboratory diagnosis based on the determination of free carnitine and acylcarnitines in the blood. Reference values for free carnitine and acylcarnitines vary in different populations. The aim. To determine the reference intervals of free carnitine and acylcarnitines in newborns of the Irkutsk region and to compare them with similar reference intervals in newborns in other countries. Methods. The analysis of 229 samples of drу blood spots of healthy newborn children of the Irkutsk region aged from 0 to 7 days was carried out. Analysis of acylcarnitine concentrations was performed using high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Results. 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles (µmol/l) were calculateed for 13 acylcarnitines: C0 – [8.78; 38.08]; C2 – [3.55; 19.09]; C3 – [0.33; 1.96]; C4 – [0.08; 0.51]; C5 – [0.06; 0.44]; C5DC – [0.03; 0.17]; C6 – [0.01; 0.07]; C8 – [0.01; 0.07]; C10 – [0.02; 0.07]; C12 – [0.04; 0.51]; C14 – [0.07; 0.24]; C16 – [0.58; 3.25]; C18 – [0.35; 1.16]. Conclusion. Differences in acylcarnitine reference intervals were found: compared with other countries, the concentrations of reference intervals for C0, C2, C3, C5DC, C8, C10, C14, C16 and C18 were lower in our study, reference intervals for C5 and C12 were higher in our country.
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Dambrova M, Makrecka-Kuka M, Kuka J, Vilskersts R, Nordberg D, Attwood MM, Smesny S, Sen ZD, Guo AC, Oler E, Tian S, Zheng J, Wishart DS, Liepinsh E, Schiöth HB. Acylcarnitines: Nomenclature, Biomarkers, Therapeutic Potential, Drug Targets, and Clinical Trials. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:506-551. [PMID: 35710135 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acylcarnitines are fatty acid metabolites that play important roles in many cellular energy metabolism pathways. They have historically been used as important diagnostic markers for inborn errors of fatty acid oxidation and are being intensively studied as markers of energy metabolism, deficits in mitochondrial and peroxisomal β -oxidation activity, insulin resistance, and physical activity. Acylcarnitines are increasingly being identified as important indicators in metabolic studies of many diseases, including metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, depression, neurologic disorders, and certain cancers. The US Food and Drug Administration-approved drug L-carnitine, along with short-chain acylcarnitines (acetylcarnitine and propionylcarnitine), is now widely used as a dietary supplement. In light of their growing importance, we have undertaken an extensive review of acylcarnitines and provided a detailed description of their identity, nomenclature, classification, biochemistry, pathophysiology, supplementary use, potential drug targets, and clinical trials. We also summarize these updates in the Human Metabolome Database, which now includes information on the structures, chemical formulae, chemical/spectral properties, descriptions, and pathways for 1240 acylcarnitines. This work lays a solid foundation for identifying, characterizing, and understanding acylcarnitines in human biosamples. We also discuss the emerging opportunities for using acylcarnitines as biomarkers and as dietary interventions or supplements for many wide-ranging indications. The opportunity to identify new drug targets involved in controlling acylcarnitine levels is also discussed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review provides a comprehensive overview of acylcarnitines, including their nomenclature, structure and biochemistry, and use as disease biomarkers and pharmaceutical agents. We present updated information contained in the Human Metabolome Database website as well as substantial mapping of the known biochemical pathways associated with acylcarnitines, thereby providing a strong foundation for further clarification of their physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Dambrova
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Marina Makrecka-Kuka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Janis Kuka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Reinis Vilskersts
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Didi Nordberg
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Misty M Attwood
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Stefan Smesny
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Zumrut Duygu Sen
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - An Chi Guo
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Eponine Oler
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Siyang Tian
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Jiamin Zheng
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - David S Wishart
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Edgars Liepinsh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
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11
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Giri D, Hawton K, Senniappan S. Congenital hyperinsulinism: recent updates on molecular mechanisms, diagnosis and management. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2022; 35:279-296. [PMID: 34547194 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2021-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a rare disease characterized by an unregulated insulin release, leading to hypoglycaemia. It is the most frequent cause of persistent and severe hypoglycaemia in the neonatal period and early childhood. Mutations in 16 different key genes (ABCC8, KCNJ11, GLUD1, GCK, HADH, SLC16A1, UCP2, HNF4A, HNF1A, HK1, KCNQ1, CACNA1D, FOXA2, EIF2S3, PGM1 and PMM2) that are involved in regulating the insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells have been described to be responsible for the underlying molecular mechanisms of CHI. CHI can also be associated with specific syndromes and can be secondary to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), maternal diabetes, birth asphyxia, etc. It is important to diagnose and promptly initiate appropriate management as untreated hypoglycaemia can be associated with significant neurodisability. CHI can be histopathologically classified into diffuse, focal and atypical forms. Advances in molecular genetics, imaging techniques (18F-fluoro-l-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography/computed tomography scanning), novel medical therapies and surgical advances (laparoscopic pancreatectomy) have changed the management and improved the outcome of patients with CHI. This review article provides an overview of the background, clinical presentation, diagnosis, molecular genetics and therapy for children with different forms of CHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Giri
- Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK.,University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Katherine Hawton
- Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
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12
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Hyperinsulinism. ENDOCRINES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines3010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital or monogenic hyperinsulinism (HI) is a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by dysregulated insulin secretion and is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in children. Knowledge of normal glucose homeostasis allows for a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, facilitating timely diagnosis and management. The goal of management is to prevent cerebral insults secondary to hypoglycemia, which can result in poor neurologic outcomes and intellectual disability. Responsiveness to diazoxide, the first-line pharmacologic therapy for persistent hypoglycemia, is also the first step to distinguishing the different genotypic causes of monogenic hyperinsulinism. Early genetic testing becomes necessary when monogenic HI is strongly considered. Knowledge of specific gene mutations allows the determination of a clinical prognosis and definite therapeutic options, such as identifying those with focal forms of hyperinsulinism, who may attain a complete cure through surgical removal of specific affected parts of the pancreas. However, the lack of identifiable cause in a considerable number of patients identified with HI suggests there may be other genetic loci that are yet to be discovered. Furthermore, continued research is needed to explore new forms of therapy, particularly in severe, diazoxide-nonresponsive cases.
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13
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Vázquez-Mosquera ME, González-Vioque E, Barbosa-Gouveia S, Bellido-Guerrero D, Tejera-Pérez C, Martinez-Olmos MA, Fernández-Pombo A, Castaño-González LA, Chans-Gerpe R, Couce ML. Transcriptomic analysis of patients with clinical suspicion of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) with a negative genetic diagnosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:105. [PMID: 35246208 PMCID: PMC8896342 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diagnosis of mature-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), a non-autoimmune monogenic form of diabetes mellitus, is confirmed by genetic testing. However, a positive genetic diagnosis is achieved in only around 50% of patients with clinical characteristics of this disease. Results We evaluated the diagnostic utility of transcriptomic analysis in patients with clinical suspicion of MODY but a negative genetic diagnosis. Using Nanostring nCounter technology, we conducted transcriptomic analysis of 19 MODY-associated genes in peripheral blood samples from 19 patients and 8 healthy controls. Normalized gene expression was compared between patients and controls and correlated with each patient’s biochemical and clinical variables. Z-scores were calculated to identify significant changes in gene expression in patients versus controls. Only 7 of the genes analyzed were detected in peripheral blood. HADH expression was significantly lower in patients versus controls. Among patients with suspected MODY, GLIS3 expression was higher in obese versus normal-weight patients, and in patients aged < 25 versus > 25 years at diabetes onset. Significant alteration with respect to controls of any gene was observed in 57.9% of patients. Conclusions Although blood does not seem to be a suitable sample for transcriptomic analysis of patients with suspected MODY, in our study, we detected expression alterations in some of the genes studied in almost 58% of patients. That opens the door for future studies that can clarify the molecular cause of the clinic of these patients and thus be able to maintain a more specific follow-up and treatment in each case. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-022-02263-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Vázquez-Mosquera
- Unit of Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,European Reference Network for Hereditary Metabolic Disorders (MetabERN), Padova, Italy
| | - Emiliano González-Vioque
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofía Barbosa-Gouveia
- Unit of Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,European Reference Network for Hereditary Metabolic Disorders (MetabERN), Padova, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Tejera-Pérez
- Division of Endocrinology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol, Ferrol, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martinez-Olmos
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Division of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antía Fernández-Pombo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Division of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis A Castaño-González
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria BioCruces, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Roi Chans-Gerpe
- Unit of Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,European Reference Network for Hereditary Metabolic Disorders (MetabERN), Padova, Italy
| | - María L Couce
- Unit of Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain. .,Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,European Reference Network for Hereditary Metabolic Disorders (MetabERN), Padova, Italy.
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14
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Razzaghy-Azar M, Saeedi S, Dayani SB, Enayati S, Abbasi F, Hashemian S, Eshraghi P, Karimdadi S, Tajdini P, Vakili R, Amoli MM, Yaghootkar H. Investigating Genetic Mutations in a Large Cohort of Iranian Patients with Congenital Hyperinsulinism. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2022; 14:87-95. [PMID: 34927408 PMCID: PMC8900073 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2021.2021.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is the most frequent cause of severe and persistent hypoglycaemia from birth. Understanding the pathophysiology and genetic defects behind hyperinsulinism and its complications provides clues to timely diagnosis and management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the underlying genetic aetiology of a specific Iranian pediatric cohort with CHI. METHODS A total of 44 unrelated children, 20 girls and 24 boys, with an initial diagnosis or history of CHI from all regions of Iran were recruited between 2016 and 2019. Targeted next generation sequencing (tNGS) was performed for the genes found in about half of CHI patients. RESULTS Mutations were identified in 24 cases (55%). Patients with a confirmed genetic cause were mainly diagnosed below age of one year old (p=0.01), had fewer other syndromic features, excluding seizure, (p=0.03), were less diazoxide responsive (p=0.04) and were more diazoxide unresponsive leading to pancreatectomy (p=0.007) compared to those with no identified mutations. Among 24 patients with identified genetic mutations, 17 (71%) had a mutation in ABCC8, 3 (12%) in KCNJ11, 3 (12%) in HADH, and 1 patient had a mutation in KMT2D. These included five novel mutations in ABCC8, KCNJ11, and KMT2D. CONCLUSION This is the biggest genetic study of CHI in Iran. A high frequency of recessive forms of CHI, especially HADH mutations, in our study could be due to a high rate of consanguineous marriage. We recommend tNGS to screen for all the CHI genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Razzaghy-Azar
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Metabolic Disorders Research Centre, Tehran, Iran,Iran University of Medical Sciences, H. Aliasghar Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Saeedi
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Metabolic Disorders Research Centre, Tehran, Iran,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Borhan Dayani
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Metabolic Disorders Research Centre, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Enayati
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Metabolic Disorders Research Centre, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Abbasi
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Growth and Development Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayyeh Hashemian
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Akbar Hospital, Department of Pediatric Diseases, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Peyman Eshraghi
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Akbar Hospital, Department of Pediatric Diseases, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Siroos Karimdadi
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Akbar Hospital, Department of Pediatric Diseases, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parisa Tajdini
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Growth and Development Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahim Vakili
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Akbar Hospital, Department of Pediatric Diseases, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahsa M. Amoli
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Metabolic Disorders Research Centre, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- University of Exeter, College of Medicine and Health, Genetics of Complex Traits, London; University of Westminster, School of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Optimal Health, London, England; Luleå University of Technology, Department of Health Sciences, Division of Medical Sciences, Luleå, Sweden,* Address for Correspondence: University of Exeter, College of Medicine and Health, Genetics of Complex Traits, London, England E-mail:
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15
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Hewat TI, Johnson MB, Flanagan SE. Congenital Hyperinsulinism: Current Laboratory-Based Approaches to the Genetic Diagnosis of a Heterogeneous Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:873254. [PMID: 35872984 PMCID: PMC9302115 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.873254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hyperinsulinism is characterised by the inappropriate release of insulin during hypoglycaemia. This potentially life-threatening disorder can occur in isolation, or present as a feature of syndromic disease. Establishing the underlying aetiology of the hyperinsulinism is critical for guiding medical management of this condition especially in children with diazoxide-unresponsive hyperinsulinism where the underlying genetics determines whether focal or diffuse pancreatic disease is present. Disease-causing single nucleotide variants affecting over 30 genes are known to cause persistent hyperinsulinism with mutations in the KATP channel genes (ABCC8 and KCNJ11) most commonly identified in children with severe persistent disease. Defects in methylation, changes in chromosome number, and large deletions and duplications disrupting multiple genes are also well described in congenital hyperinsulinism, further highlighting the genetic heterogeneity of this condition. Next-generation sequencing has revolutionised the approach to genetic testing for congenital hyperinsulinism with targeted gene panels, exome, and genome sequencing being highly sensitive methods for the analysis of multiple disease genes in a single reaction. It should though be recognised that limitations remain with next-generation sequencing with no single application able to detect all reported forms of genetic variation. This is an important consideration for hyperinsulinism genetic testing as comprehensive screening may require multiple investigations.
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16
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Genotyping of ABCC8, KCNJ11, and HADH in Iranian Infants with Congenital Hyperinsulinism. Case Rep Endocrinol 2021; 2021:8826174. [PMID: 34055426 PMCID: PMC8137283 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8826174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a heterogeneous disease with various underlying genetic causes. Among different genes considered effective in the development of CHI, ABCC8, KCNJ11, and HADH genes are among the important genes, especially in a population with a considerable rate of consanguineous marriage. Mutational analysis of these genes guides clinicians to better treatment and prediction of prognosis for this rare disease. The present study aimed to evaluate genetic variants in ABCC8, KCNJ11, and HADH genes as causative genes for CHI in the Iranian population. Methods The present case series took place in Mashhad, Iran, within 11 years. Every child who had a clinical phenotype and confirmatory biochemical tests of CHI enrolled in this study. Variants in ABCC8, KCNJ11, and HADH genes were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction and sequencing in our patients. Results Among 20 pediatric patients, 16 of them had variants in ABCC8, KCNJ11, and HADH genes. The mean age of genetic diagnosis was 18.6 days. A homozygous missense (c.2041-21G > A) mutation in the ABCC8 gene was seen in three infants. Other common variants were frameshift variants (c.3438dup) in the ABCC8 gene and a missense variant (c.287-288delinsTG) in the KCNJ11 gene. Most of the variants in our population were still categorized as variants of unknown significance and only 7 pathogenic variants were present. Conclusion Most variants were located in the ABCC8 gene in our population. Because most of the variants in our population are not previously reported, performing further functional studies is warranted.
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17
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Velasco K, St-Louis JL, Hovland HN, Thompson N, Ottesen Å, Choi MH, Pedersen L, Njølstad PR, Arnesen T, Fjeld K, Aukrust I, Myklebust LM, Molven A. Functional evaluation of 16 SCHAD missense variants: Only amino acid substitutions causing congenital hyperinsulinism of infancy lead to loss-of-function phenotypes in vitro. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:240-252. [PMID: 32876354 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCHAD), encoded by the HADH gene, is a ubiquitously expressed mitochondrial enzyme involved in fatty acid oxidation. This protein also plays a role in insulin secretion as recessive HADH mutations cause congenital hyperinsulinism of infancy (CHI) via loss of an inhibitory interaction with glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Here, we present a functional evaluation of 16 SCHAD missense variants identified either in CHI patients or by high-throughput sequencing projects in various populations. To avoid interactions with endogenously produced SCHAD protein, we assessed protein stability, subcellular localization, and GDH interaction in a SCHAD knockout HEK293 cell line constructed by CRISPR-Cas9 methodology. We also established methods for efficient SCHAD expression and purification in E. coli, and tested enzymatic activity of the variants. Our analyses showed that rare variants of unknown significance identified in populations generally had similar properties as normal SCHAD. However, the CHI-associated variants p.Gly34Arg, p.Ile184Phe, p.Pro258Leu, and p.Gly303Ser were unstable with low protein levels detectable when expressed in HEK293 cells. Moreover, CHI variants p.Lys136Glu, p.His170Arg, and p.Met188Val presented normal protein levels but displayed clearly impaired enzymatic activity in vitro, and their interaction with GDH appeared reduced. Our results suggest that pathogenic missense variants of SCHAD either make the protein target of a post-translational quality control system or can impair the function of SCHAD without influencing its steady-state protein level. We did not find any evidence that rare SCHAD missense variants observed only in the general population and not in CHI patients are functionally affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Velasco
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Johanna L St-Louis
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Henrikke N Hovland
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nels Thompson
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Åsta Ottesen
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Man Hung Choi
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Line Pedersen
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas Arnesen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karianne Fjeld
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingvild Aukrust
- Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Line M Myklebust
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Molven
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Alhaidan Y, Christesen HT, Lundberg E, Balwi MAA, Brusgaard K. CRISPR/Cas9 ADCY7 Knockout Stimulates the Insulin Secretion Pathway Leading to Excessive Insulin Secretion. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:657873. [PMID: 34177802 PMCID: PMC8231291 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.657873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Despite the enormous efforts to understand Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI), up to 50% of the patients are genetically unexplained. We aimed to functionally characterize a novel candidate gene in CHI. PATIENT A 4-month-old boy presented severe hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. A routine CHI genetic panel was negative. METHODS A trio-based whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed. Gene knockout in the RIN-m cell line was established by CRISPR/Cas9. Gene expression was performed using real-time PCR. RESULTS Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia with diffuse beta-cell involvement was demonstrated in the patient, who was diazoxide-responsive. By WES, compound heterozygous variants were identified in the adenylyl cyclase 7, ADCY7 gene p.(Asp439Glu) and p.(Gly1045Arg). ADCY7 is calcium-sensitive, expressed in beta-cells and converts ATP to cAMP. The variants located in the cytoplasmic domains C1 and C2 in a highly conserved and functional amino acid region. RIN-m(-/-Adcy7) cells showed a significant increase in insulin secretion reaching 54% at low, and 49% at high glucose concentrations, compared to wild-type. In genetic expression analysis Adcy7 loss of function led to a 34.1-fold to 362.8-fold increase in mRNA levels of the insulin regulator genes Ins1 and Ins2 (p ≤ 0.0002), as well as increased glucose uptake and sensing indicated by higher mRNA levels of Scl2a2 and Gck via upregulation of Pdx1, and Foxa2 leading to the activation of the glucose stimulated-insulin secretion (GSIS) pathway. CONCLUSION This study identified a novel candidate gene, ADCY7, to cause CHI via activation of the GSIS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazeid Alhaidan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Medical Genomics Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Yazeid Alhaidan,
| | - Henrik Thybo Christesen
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Odense Pancreas Center, Odense, Denmark
| | - Elena Lundberg
- Institute of Clinical Science, Pediatrics, Umea University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mohammed A. Al Balwi
- Department of Medical Genomics Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, NGHA, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Klaus Brusgaard
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
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19
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Gϋemes M, Rahman SA, Kapoor RR, Flanagan S, Houghton JAL, Misra S, Oliver N, Dattani MT, Shah P. Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in children and adolescents: Recent advances in understanding of pathophysiology and management. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2020; 21:577-597. [PMID: 32185602 PMCID: PMC7560934 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HH) is characterized by unregulated insulin release, leading to persistently low blood glucose concentrations with lack of alternative fuels, which increases the risk of neurological damage in these patients. It is the most common cause of persistent and recurrent hypoglycemia in the neonatal period. HH may be primary, Congenital HH (CHH), when it is associated with variants in a number of genes implicated in pancreatic development and function. Alterations in fifteen genes have been recognized to date, being some of the most recently identified mutations in genes HK1, PGM1, PMM2, CACNA1D, FOXA2 and EIF2S3. Alternatively, HH can be secondary when associated with syndromes, intra-uterine growth restriction, maternal diabetes, birth asphyxia, following gastrointestinal surgery, amongst other causes. CHH can be histologically characterized into three groups: diffuse, focal or atypical. Diffuse and focal forms can be determined by scanning using fluorine-18 dihydroxyphenylalanine-positron emission tomography. Newer and improved isotopes are currently in development to provide increased diagnostic accuracy in identifying lesions and performing successful surgical resection with the ultimate aim of curing the condition. Rapid diagnostics and innovative methods of management, including a wider range of treatment options, have resulted in a reduction in co-morbidities associated with HH with improved quality of life and long-term outcomes. Potential future developments in the management of this condition as well as pathways to transition of the care of these highly vulnerable children into adulthood will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gϋemes
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
- Endocrinology Service, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofia Asim Rahman
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Ritika R Kapoor
- Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, King's College Hospital NHS Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Sarah Flanagan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Jayne A L Houghton
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
- Royal Devon and Exeter Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Shivani Misra
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Nick Oliver
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Mehul Tulsidas Dattani
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Pratik Shah
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
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20
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Benlebna M, Balas L, Bonafos B, Pessemesse L, Vigor C, Grober J, Bernex F, Fouret G, Paluchova V, Gaillet S, Landrier JF, Kuda O, Durand T, Coudray C, Casas F, Feillet-Coudray C. Long-term high intake of 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA increases basal metabolism and insulin sensitivity but disrupts liver homeostasis in healthy mice. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 79:108361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Li LJ, Wang YB, Qu PF, Ma L, Liu K, Yang L, Nie SJ, Xi YM, Jia PL, Tang X, Sun ZC, Huang WL, Li YH, Dong Y, Lei PP. Genetic analysis of Yunnan sudden unexplained death by whole genome sequencing in Southwest of China. J Forensic Leg Med 2020; 70:101896. [PMID: 32090967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2020.101896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Jiang Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Yue-Bing Wang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Peng-Fei Qu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Lin Ma
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Sheng-Jie Nie
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Yan-Mei Xi
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Peng-Lin Jia
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Xue Tang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Zhong-Chun Sun
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Wen-Li Huang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Yu-Hua Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Yi Dong
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Pu-Ping Lei
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, China.
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22
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Prentki M, Corkey BE, Madiraju SRM. Lipid-associated metabolic signalling networks in pancreatic beta cell function. Diabetologia 2020; 63:10-20. [PMID: 31423551 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-04976-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in deciphering the mechanisms underlying fuel-stimulated insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells. The contribution of the triggering/ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP)-dependent Ca2+ signalling and KATP-independent amplification pathways, that include anaplerosis and lipid signalling of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), are well established. A proposed model included a key role for a metabolic partitioning 'switch', the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)/malonyl-CoA/carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) axis, in beta cell glucose and fatty acid signalling for insulin secretion. This model has gained overwhelming support from a number of studies in recent years and is now refined through its link to the glycerolipid/NEFA cycle that provides lipid signals through its lipolysis arm. Furthermore, acetyl-CoA carboxylase may also control beta cell growth. Here we review the evidence supporting a role for the ACC/malonyl-CoA/CPT-1 axis in the control of GSIS and its particular importance under conditions of elevated fatty acids (e.g. fasting, excess nutrients, hyperlipidaemia and diabetes). We also document how it is linked to a more global lipid signalling system that includes the glycerolipid/NEFA cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Prentki
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Viger Tour, 900 rue Saint Denis, Room R08-412, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Barbara E Corkey
- Evans Department of Medicine, Obesity Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S R Murthy Madiraju
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Viger Tour, 900 rue Saint Denis, Room R08-412, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
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23
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Peterson BS, Campbell JE, Ilkayeva O, Grimsrud PA, Hirschey MD, Newgard CB. Remodeling of the Acetylproteome by SIRT3 Manipulation Fails to Affect Insulin Secretion or β Cell Metabolism in the Absence of Overnutrition. Cell Rep 2019; 24:209-223.e6. [PMID: 29972782 PMCID: PMC6093627 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SIRT3 is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)- dependent mitochondrial protein deacetylase purported to influence metabolism through post-translational modification of metabolic enzymes. Fuel-stimulated insulin secretion, which involves mitochondrial metabolism, could be susceptible to SIRT3-mediated effects. We used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to manipulate SIRT3 expression in β cells, resulting in widespread SIRT3-dependent changes in acetylation of key metabolic enzymes but no appreciable changes in glucose- or pyruvate-stimulated insulin secretion or metabolomic profile during glucose stimulation. Moreover, these broad changes in the SIRT3-targeted acetylproteome did not affect responses to nutritional or ER stress. We also studied mice with global SIRT3 knockout fed either standard chow (STD) or high-fat and high-sucrose (HFHS) diets. Only when chronically fed HFHS diet do SIRT3 KO animals exhibit a modest reduction in insulin secretion. We conclude that broad changes in mitochondrial protein acetylation in response to manipulation of SIRT3 are not sufficient to cause changes in islet function or metabolism. Peterson et al. report that ablation of SIRT3 in 832/13 β cells dramatically alters the mitochondrial acetylproteome but does not affect insulin secretion, metabolomic profile, or β cell survival. Moreover, SIRT3 knockout causes a modest reduction in insulin secretion in mice fed a high-fat and high-sucrose but not a standard chow diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett S Peterson
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Paul A Grimsrud
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Matthew D Hirschey
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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24
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Boodhansingh KE, Kandasamy B, Mitteer L, Givler S, De Leon DD, Shyng S, Ganguly A, Stanley CA. Novel dominant K ATP channel mutations in infants with congenital hyperinsulinism: Validation by in vitro expression studies and in vivo carrier phenotyping. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:2214-2227. [PMID: 31464105 PMCID: PMC6852436 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inactivating mutations in the genes encoding the two subunits of the pancreatic beta-cell KATP channel, ABCC8 and KCNJ11, are the most common finding in children with congenital hyperinsulinism (HI). Interpreting novel missense variants in these genes is problematic, because they can be either dominant or recessive mutations, benign polymorphisms, or diabetes mutations. This report describes six novel missense variants in ABCC8 and KCNJ11 that were identified in 11 probands with congenital HI. One of the three ABCC8 mutations (p.Ala1458Thr) and all three KCNJ11 mutations were associated with responsiveness to diazoxide. Sixteen family members carried the ABCC8 or KCNJ11 mutations; only two had hypoglycemia detected at birth and four others reported symptoms of hypoglycemia. Phenotype testing of seven adult mutation carriers revealed abnormal protein-induced hypoglycemia in all; fasting hypoketotic hypoglycemia was demonstrated in four of the seven. All of six mutations were confirmed to cause dominant pathogenic defects based on in vitro expression studies in COSm6 cells demonstrating normal trafficking, but reduced responses to MgADP and diazoxide. These results indicate a combination of in vitro and in vivo phenotype tests can be used to differentiate dominant from recessive KATP channel HI mutations and personalize management of children with congenital HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara E. Boodhansingh
- Division of Endocrinology and DiabetesThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Balamurugan Kandasamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregon
| | - Lauren Mitteer
- Division of Endocrinology and DiabetesThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Stephanie Givler
- Division of Endocrinology and DiabetesThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Diva D. De Leon
- Division of Endocrinology and DiabetesThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
- Department of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Show‐Ling Shyng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregon
| | - Arupa Ganguly
- Department of GeneticsThe Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Charles A. Stanley
- Division of Endocrinology and DiabetesThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
- Department of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
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25
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Rosenfeld E, Ganguly A, De Leon DD. Congenital hyperinsulinism disorders: Genetic and clinical characteristics. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 181:682-692. [PMID: 31414570 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hyperinsulinism (HI) is the most frequent cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infants and children. Delays in diagnosis and initiation of appropriate treatment contribute to a high risk of neurocognitive impairment. HI represents a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by dysregulated insulin secretion by the pancreatic beta cells, which in utero, may result in somatic overgrowth. There are at least nine known monogenic forms of HI as well as several syndromic forms. Molecular diagnosis allows for prediction of responsiveness to medical treatment and likelihood of surgically-curable focal hyperinsulinism. Timely genetic mutation analysis has thus become standard of care. However, despite significant advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of this disorder, the number of patients without an identified genetic diagnosis remains high, suggesting that there are likely additional genetic loci that have yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Rosenfeld
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Arupa Ganguly
- Department of Genetics, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Diva D De Leon
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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26
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Vidé J, Bonafos B, Fouret G, Casas F, Jover B, Jouy N, Feillet-Coudray C, Gaillet S, Coudray C. Effect of spirulina and silicon-enriched spirulina on metabolic syndrome features, oxidative stress and mitochondrial activity in Zucker fatty rats. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12979. [PMID: 31489676 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of Spirulina platensis (Sp) as a functional food was suggested decades ago. Biological incorporation of Silicon (Si) into Sp increases its bioavailability for potential food supplement applications. This work aimed at determining the effects of Sp and Si-enriched Sp (Sp+Si) on metabolic syndrome features in Zucker fatty rats. Thirty Zucker fatty rats were divided into three groups and supplemented with placebo or Sp or Sp+Si croquettes for 12 weeks. Food consumption, glucose intolerance, hepatic steatosis, and mitochondrial and oxidative stress were determined. Zucker fatty rats exhibited several hepatic metabolic alterations as well as mitochondrial and oxidative stress perturbations. The intake of Sp increased plasma TG levels and decreased the hepatic NADPH oxidase activity and ameliorated transitorily the glucose intolerance. However, Si-spirulina does not appear to have more beneficial effects than spirulina alone. Other experiments with different species of rats/mice, different diets, or durations of diet intake should be undertaken to confirm or infirm these results. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Glucose intolerance and hepatic steatosis, two major components of metabolic syndrome, are increasing and becomes a major public health issue. Use of Spirulina platensis (Sp) as a functional food was suggested as a protein-dense food source. Bioavailable silicon (Si) may be an essential nutrient for higher animals, including humans. Sp but not Sp+Si decreased liver NADPH oxidase activity and improved transitorily glucose tolerance. This is the first study where Sp and Sp+Si effect on glucose intolerance is reported in Zucker rat. Other experiments should be undertaken to confirm or infirm invalidate the beneficial effects of Sp+Si supplement in the metabolic syndrome features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Vidé
- DMEM, INRA, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Gilles Fouret
- DMEM, INRA, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - François Casas
- DMEM, INRA, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Jover
- PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Sylvie Gaillet
- DMEM, INRA, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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27
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Vidé J, Bonafos B, Fouret G, Benlebna M, Poupon J, Jover B, Casas F, Jouy N, Feillet-Coudray C, Gaillet S, Coudray C. Spirulina platensis and silicon-enriched spirulina equally improve glucose tolerance and decrease the enzymatic activity of hepatic NADPH oxidase in obesogenic diet-fed rats. Food Funct 2019; 9:6165-6178. [PMID: 30431036 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02037j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome components, such as obesity, glucose intolerance and hepatic steatosis, is rapidly increasing and becoming a major issue of public health. The present work was designed to determine the effects of Spirulina platensis (Sp) algae and silicon-enriched Sp on major metabolic syndrome components in obesogenic diet-fed rats. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups. Ten rats were fed a control diet and 30 rats were fed a high fat (HF) diet. The HF groups were divided into three groups and supplemented with placebo or Sp or Si-enriched Sp for 12 weeks. Dietary intake and body weight were recorded. Oral glucose tolerance test and surrogate metabolic syndrome (insulin, leptin, adiponectin and lipids), mitochondrial function (enzymatic activity of respiratory chain complexes and β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase), NADPH oxidase activity and several long-established oxidative stress markers were measured in the blood and liver. The HF diet induced obesity, glucose intolerance, hepatic steatosis and huge metabolic alterations, associated with higher NADPH oxidase activity and lower hepatic sulfhydryl group and glutathione contents. Otherwise, the Sp and Sp + Si supplements showed some interesting effects on rat characteristics and particularly on blood and hepatic metabolic parameters. Indeed, the intake of Sp or Sp + Si mainly improved glucose tolerance and decreased the enzymatic activity of hepatic NADPH oxidase. Overall, Si supplementation of spirulina does not appear to have more beneficial effects than spirulina alone. Other experiments with different species of rats/mice, different diets or different durations of diet intake should be undertaken to confirm or invalidate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Vidé
- DMEM, INRA, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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28
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20-Week follow-up of hepatic steatosis installation and liver mitochondrial structure and activity and their interrelation in rats fed a high-fat-high-fructose diet. Br J Nutr 2019; 119:368-380. [PMID: 29498345 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517003713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of obesity and its metabolic complications are rapidly increasing and become a major public health issue. This trend is associated with an increase in the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), insulin resistance and diabetes. The sequence of events leading to NAFLD progression and mitochondrial dysfunction and their interrelation remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to explore the installation and progression of NAFLD and its association with the liver mitochondrial structure and activity changes in rats fed an obesogenic diet up to 20 weeks. Male Wistar rats were fed either a standard or high-fat-high-fructose (HFHFR) diet and killed on 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks of diet intake. Rats fed the HFHFR diet developed mildly overweight, associated with increased adipose tissue weight, hepatic steatosis, hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia after 8 weeks of HFHFR diet. Hepatic steatosis and many biochemical modifications plateaued at 8-12 weeks of HFHFR diet with slight amelioration afterwards. Interestingly, several biochemical and physiological parameters of mitochondrial function, as well as its phospholipid composition, in particular cardiolipin content, were tightly related to hepatic steatosis installation. These results showed once again the interrelation between hepatic steatosis development and mitochondrial activity alterations without being able to say whether the mitochondrial alterations preceded or followed the installation/progression of hepatic steatosis. Because both hepatic steatosis and mitochondrial alterations occurred as early as 4 weeks of diet, future studies should consider these four 1st weeks to reveal the exact interconnection between these major consequences of obesogenic diet intake.
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29
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Melin A, Brossard C, Castanet M, Bekri S, Tebani A. Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia in a Neonate. Clin Chem 2019; 65:351-353. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2018.292326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anais Melin
- Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Charles Brossard
- Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Mireille Castanet
- Department of Pediatrics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, CHU Rouen, INSERM U982, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Soumeya Bekri
- Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, CHU Rouen, INSERM U1245, Rouen, France
| | - Abdellah Tebani
- Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, CHU Rouen, INSERM U1245, Rouen, France
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Galcheva S, Demirbilek H, Al-Khawaga S, Hussain K. The Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms of Congenital Hyperinsulinism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:111. [PMID: 30873120 PMCID: PMC6401612 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a heterogenous and complex disorder in which the unregulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells leads to hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia. The severity of hypoglycaemia varies depending on the underlying molecular mechanism and genetic defects. The genetic and molecular causes of CHI include defects in pivotal pathways regulating the secretion of insulin from the beta-cell. Broadly these genetic defects leading to unregulated insulin secretion can be grouped into four main categories. The first group consists of defects in the pancreatic KATP channel genes (ABCC8 and KCNJ11). The second and third categories of conditions are enzymatic defects (such as GDH, GCK, HADH) and defects in transcription factors (for example HNF1α, HNF4α) leading to changes in nutrient flux into metabolic pathways which converge on insulin secretion. Lastly, a large number of genetic syndromes are now linked to hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia. As the molecular and genetic basis of CHI has expanded over the last few years, this review aims to provide an up-to-date knowledge on the genetic causes of CHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Galcheva
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital St. Marina, Varna Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Hüseyin Demirbilek
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sara Al-Khawaga
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Paediatric Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Paediatric Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Khalid Hussain
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Long-term follow-up of muscle lipid accumulation, mitochondrial activity and oxidative stress and their relationship with impaired glucose homeostasis in high fat high fructose diet-fed rats. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 64:182-197. [PMID: 30530258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome components, including obesity, dyslipidemia and impaired glucose homeostasis, become a major public health issue. Muscles play a predominant role in insulin-mediated glucose uptake, and high fat diets may negatively affect muscle function and homeostasis. This work aimed to study the time-course of muscle lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction and their association to impaired glucose homeostasis in rats fed an obesogenic diet. Male Wistar rats were fed with a standard or a high fat/high fructose (HFHFr) diet and sacrificed on 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 weeks. Rats fed the HFHFr diet developed mild overweight, increased liver and adipose tissue weights and glucose intolerance. The impaired glucose homeostasis increased gradually with the HFHFr diet to become significant on the 12th and 16th weeks of diet. In parallel, the muscle lipid composition showed an increase in the saturated fatty acids and the monounsaturated fatty acids with a marked decrease in the polyunsaturated fatty acids. The HFHFr diet also increased muscle contents of both diacylglycerols and Ceramides. Surprisingly, HFHFr diet did not induce major muscle mitochondrial dysfunction or oxidative stress. These results indicate that muscle lipid alterations, as well as impaired glucose homeostasis occur as early as the 8th week of HFHFr diet, increase to reach a plateau around the 12th-16th weeks of diet, and then attenuate towards the end of study. At these diet treatment durations, muscle mitochondrial activity and oxidative stress remained unchanged and do not seem to have a major role in the observed impaired glucose homeostasis.
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Shrinet J, Srivastava P, Kumar A, Dubey SK, Sirisena PDNN, Srivastava P, Sunil S. Differential Proteome Analysis of Chikungunya Virus and Dengue Virus Coinfection in Aedes Mosquitoes. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:3348-3359. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Shrinet
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 110067 New Delhi, India
| | - Priyanshu Srivastava
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 110067 New Delhi, India
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 110067 New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 110067 New Delhi, India
| | | | - Pratibha Srivastava
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 110067 New Delhi, India
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 110067 New Delhi, India
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Abstract
Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (HH) is a heterogeneous condition with dysregulated insulin secretion which persists in the presence of low blood glucose levels. It is the most common cause of severe and persistent hypoglycaemia in neonates and children. Recent advances in genetics have linked congenital HH to mutations in 14 different genes that play a key role in regulating insulin secretion (ABCC8, KCNJ11, GLUD1, GCK, HADH, SLC16A1, UCP2, HNF4A, HNF1A, HK1, PGM1, PPM2, CACNA1D, FOXA2). Histologically, congenital HH can be divided into 3 types: diffuse, focal and atypical. Due to the biochemical basis of this condition, it is essential to diagnose and treat HH promptly in order to avoid the irreversible hypoglycaemic brain damage. Recent advances in the field of HH include new rapid molecular genetic testing, novel imaging methods (18F-DOPA PET/CT), novel medical therapy (long-acting octreotide formulations, mTOR inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor antagonists) and surgical approach (laparoscopic surgery). The review article summarizes the current diagnostic methods and management strategies for HH in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Galcheva
- Dept. of Paediatrics, Varna Medical University/University Hospital "St. Marina", Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Sara Al-Khawaga
- Dept. of Paediatric Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Sidra Medical & Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Dept. of Paediatric Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Sidra Medical & Research Center, Doha, Qatar.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Congenital hyperinsulinism is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infants and children. Early and appropriate recognition and treatment of hypoglycemia is vital to minimize neurocognitive impairment. RECENT FINDINGS There are at least 11 known monogenic forms of hyperinsulinism and several associated syndromes. Molecular diagnosis allows for prediction of the effectiveness of diazoxide and the likelihood of focal hyperinsulinism. Inactivating mutations in the genes encoding the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP hyperinsulinism) account for 60% of all identifiable mutations, including 85% of diazoxide-unresponsive cases. Syndromes or disorders associated with hyperinsulinism include Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Kabuki syndrome, Turner syndrome, and congenital disorders of glycosylation. Although focal hyperinsulinism can be cured by resection of the lesion, therapeutic options for nonfocal hyperinsulinism remain limited and include diazoxide, octreotide, long-acting somatostatin analogs, and near-total pancreatectomy. Although sirolimus has been reported to improve glycemic control in infants with diazoxide-unresponsive hyperinsulinism, the extent of improvement has been limited, and significant adverse events have been reported. SUMMARY Identification of the cause of congenital hyperinsulinism helps guide management decisions. Use of therapies with limited benefit and significant potential risks should be avoided.
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Giri D, Vignola ML, Gualtieri A, Scagliotti V, McNamara P, Peak M, Didi M, Gaston-Massuet C, Senniappan S. Novel FOXA2 mutation causes Hyperinsulinism, Hypopituitarism with Craniofacial and Endoderm-derived organ abnormalities. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:4315-4326. [PMID: 28973288 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypopituitarism (CH) is characterized by the deficiency of one or more pituitary hormones and can present alone or in association with complex disorders. Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a disorder of unregulated insulin secretion despite hypoglycaemia that can occur in isolation or as part of a wider syndrome. Molecular diagnosis is unknown in many cases of CH and CHI. The underlying genetic etiology causing the complex phenotype of CH and CHI is unknown. In this study, we identified a de novo heterozygous mutation in the developmental transcription factor, forkhead box A2, FOXA2 (c.505T>C, p.S169P) in a child with CHI and CH with craniofacial dysmorphic features, choroidal coloboma and endoderm-derived organ malformations in liver, lung and gastrointestinal tract by whole exome sequencing. The mutation is at a highly conserved residue within the DNA binding domain. We demonstrated strong expression of Foxa2 mRNA in the developing hypothalamus, pituitary, pancreas, lungs and oesophagus of mouse embryos using in situ hybridization. Expression profiling on human embryos by immunohistochemistry showed strong expression of hFOXA2 in the neural tube, third ventricle, diencephalon and pancreas. Transient transfection of HEK293T cells with Wt (Wild type) hFOXA2 or mutant hFOXA2 showed an impairment in transcriptional reporter activity by the mutant hFOXA2. Further analyses using western blot assays showed that the FOXA2 p.(S169P) variant is pathogenic resulting in lower expression levels when compared with Wt hFOXA2. Our results show, for the first time, the causative role of FOXA2 in a complex congenital syndrome with hypopituitarism, hyperinsulinism and endoderm-derived organ abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Giri
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Women and Children's Health, Institute in the Park, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L12 2AP, UK
| | - Maria Lillina Vignola
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Angelica Gualtieri
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Valeria Scagliotti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Paul McNamara
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Institute in the Park, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L12?2AP, UK
| | - Matthew Peak
- NIHR Alder Hey Clinical Research Facility for Experimental Medicine, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK
| | - Mohammed Didi
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Carles Gaston-Massuet
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Senthil Senniappan
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Women and Children's Health, Institute in the Park, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L12 2AP, UK
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Mitochondrial β-oxidation of saturated fatty acids in humans. Mitochondrion 2018; 46:73-90. [PMID: 29551309 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids generates acetyl-coA, NADH and FADH2. Acyl-coA synthetases catalyze the binding of fatty acids to coenzyme A to form fatty acyl-coA thioesters, the first step in the intracellular metabolism of fatty acids. l-carnitine system facilitates the transport of fatty acyl-coA esters across the mitochondrial membrane. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 transfers acyl groups from coenzyme A to l-carnitine, forming acyl-carnitine esters at the outer mitochondrial membrane. Carnitine acyl-carnitine translocase exchanges acyl-carnitine esters that enter the mitochondria, by free l-carnitine. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-2 converts acyl-carnitine esters back to acyl-coA esters at the inner mitochondrial membrane. The β-oxidation pathway of fatty acyl-coA esters includes four reactions. Fatty acyl-coA dehydrogenases catalyze the introduction of a double bond at the C2 position, producing 2-enoyl-coA esters and reducing equivalents that are transferred to the respiratory chain via electron transferring flavoprotein. Enoyl-coA hydratase catalyzes the hydration of the double bond to generate a 3-l-hydroxyacyl-coA derivative. 3-l-hydroxyacyl-coA dehydrogenase catalyzes the formation of a 3-ketoacyl-coA intermediate. Finally, 3-ketoacyl-coA thiolase catalyzes the cleavage of the chain, generating acetyl-coA and a fatty acyl-coA ester two carbons shorter. Mitochondrial trifunctional protein catalyzes the three last steps in the β-oxidation of long-chain and medium-chain fatty acyl-coA esters while individual enzymes catalyze the β-oxidation of short-chain fatty acyl-coA esters. Clinical phenotype of fatty acid oxidation disorders usually includes hypoketotic hypoglycemia triggered by fasting or infections, skeletal muscle weakness, cardiomyopathy, hepatopathy, and neurological manifestations. Accumulation of non-oxidized fatty acids promotes their conjugation with glycine and l-carnitine and alternate ways of oxidation, such as ω-oxidation.
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Marković-Jovanović S, Jovanović A, Odalović D, Mitić J, Nikčević V, Vladan P. Hiperinsulinemia and ketotic hypoglycemia as the most common forms of hypoglycemic states in childhood. PRAXIS MEDICA 2018. [DOI: 10.5937/pramed1802067m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Lu M, Li C. Nutrient sensing in pancreatic islets: lessons from congenital hyperinsulinism and monogenic diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1411:65-82. [PMID: 29044608 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta cells sense changes in nutrients during the cycles of fasting and feeding and release insulin accordingly to maintain glucose homeostasis. Abnormal beta cell nutrient sensing resulting from gene mutations leads to hypoglycemia or diabetes. Glucokinase (GCK) plays a key role in beta cell glucose sensing. As one form of congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI), activating mutations of GCK result in a decreased threshold for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and hypoglycemia. In contrast, inactivating mutations of GCK result in diabetes, including a mild form (MODY2) and a severe form (permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM)). Mutations of beta cell ion channels involved in insulin secretion regulation also alter glucose sensing. Activating or inactivating mutations of ATP-dependent potassium (KATP ) channel genes result in severe but completely opposite clinical phenotypes, including PNDM and CHI. Mutations of the other ion channels, including voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv 7.1) and voltage-gated calcium channels, also lead to abnormal glucose sensing and CHI. Furthermore, amino acids can stimulate insulin secretion in a glucose-independent manner in some forms of CHI, including activating mutations of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene, HDAH deficiency, and inactivating mutations of KATP channel genes. These genetic defects have provided insight into a better understanding of the complicated nature of beta cell fuel-sensing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lu
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics & Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Changhong Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics & Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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39
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Shah P, Rahman SA, Demirbilek H, Güemes M, Hussain K. Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia in children and adults. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017; 5:729-742. [PMID: 27915035 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β cells are functionally programmed to release insulin in response to changes in plasma glucose concentration. Insulin secretion is precisely regulated so that, under normal physiological conditions, fasting plasma glucose concentrations are kept within a narrow range of 3·5-5·5 mmol/L. In hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia, insulin secretion becomes dysregulated (ie, uncoupled from glucose metabolism) so that insulin secretion persists in the presence of low plasma glucose concentrations. Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia is the most common cause of severe and persistent hypoglycaemia in neonates and children. At a molecular level, mutations in nine different genes can lead to the dysregulation of insulin secretion and cause this disorder. In adults, hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia accounts for 0·5-5·0% of cases of hypoglycaemia and can be due either to β-cell tumours (insulinomas) or β-cell hyperplasia. Rapid diagnosis and prompt management of hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia is essential to avoid hypoglycaemic brain injury, especially in the vulnerable neonatal and childhood periods. Advances in the field of hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia include use of rapid molecular genetic testing for the disease, application of novel imaging techniques (6-[fluoride-18]fluoro-levodopa [18F-DOPA] PET-CT and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor imaging), and development of novel medical treatments (eg, long-acting octreotide formulations, mTOR inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor antagonists) and surgical therapies (eg, laparoscopic surgery).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Shah
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Endocrinology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sofia A Rahman
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Huseyin Demirbilek
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Maria Güemes
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Endocrinology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Sidra Medical & Research Center, Outpatient Clinic, Doha, Qatar.
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Demirbilek H, Rahman SA, Buyukyilmaz GG, Hussain K. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia and its implications for paediatric endocrinology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY 2017; 2017:9. [PMID: 28855921 PMCID: PMC5575922 DOI: 10.1186/s13633-017-0048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis requires appropriate and synchronous coordination of metabolic events and hormonal activities to keep plasma glucose concentrations in a narrow range of 3.5–5.5 mmol/L. Insulin, the only glucose lowering hormone secreted from pancreatic β-cells, plays the key role in glucose homeostasis. Insulin release from pancreatic β-cells is mainly regulated by intracellular ATP-generating metabolic pathways. Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (HH), the most common cause of severe and persistent hypoglycaemia in neonates and children, is the inappropriate secretion of insulin which occurs despite low plasma glucose levels leading to severe and persistent hypoketotic hypoglycaemia. Mutations in 12 different key genes (ABCC8, KCNJ11, GLUD1, GCK, HADH, SLC16A1, UCP2, HNF4A, HNF1A, HK1, PGM1 and PMM2) constitute the underlying molecular mechanisms of congenital HH. Since insulin supressess ketogenesis, the alternative energy source to the brain, a prompt diagnosis and immediate management of HH is essential to avoid irreversible hypoglycaemic brain damage in children. Advances in molecular genetics, imaging methods (18F–DOPA PET-CT), medical therapy and surgical approach (laparoscopic and open pancreatectomy) have changed the management and improved the outcome of patients with HH. This up to date review article provides a background to the diagnosis, molecular genetics, recent advances and therapeutic options in the field of HH in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Demirbilek
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sofia A Rahman
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Gonul Gulal Buyukyilmaz
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Department of Paediatric Medicine Sidra Medical & Research Center, OPC, C6-337, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
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Ravera S, Cossu V, Tappino B, Nicchia E, Dufour C, Cavani S, Sciutto A, Bolognesi C, Columbaro M, Degan P, Cappelli E. Concentration-dependent metabolic effects of metformin in healthy and Fanconi anemia lymphoblast cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:1736-1751. [PMID: 28681917 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metformin (MET) is the drug of choice for patients with type 2 diabetes and has been proposed for use in cancer therapy and for treating other metabolic diseases. More than 14,000 studies have been published addressing the cellular mechanisms affected by MET. However, several in vitro studies have used concentrations of the drug 10-100-fold higher than the plasmatic concentration measured in patients. Here, we evaluated the biochemical, metabolic, and morphologic effects of various concentrations of MET. Moreover, we tested the effect of MET on Fanconi Anemia (FA) cells, a DNA repair genetic disease with defects in energetic and glucose metabolism, as well as on human promyelocytic leukemia (HL60) cell lines. We found that the response of wild-type cells to MET is concentration dependent. Low concentrations (15 and 150 µM) increase both oxidative phosphorylation and the oxidative stress response, acting on the AMPK/Sirt1 pathway, while the high concentration (1.5 mM) inhibits the respiratory chain, alters cell morphology, becoming toxic to the cells. In FA cells, MET was unable to correct the energetic/respiratory defect and did not improve the response to oxidative stress and DNA damage. By contrast, HL60 cells appear sensitive also at 150 μM. Our findings underline the importance of the MET concentration in evaluating the effect of this drug on cell metabolism and demonstrate that data obtained from in vitro experiments, that have used high concentrations of MET, cannot be readily translated into improving our understanding of the cellular effects of metformin when used in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ravera
- Department of Pharmacy, Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Vanessa Cossu
- Department of Pharmacy, Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Barbara Tappino
- Centro di Diagnostica Genetica e Biochimica Delle Malattie Metaboliche, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Elena Nicchia
- Department of Medical Sciences University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Carlo Dufour
- Hematology Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Simona Cavani
- Laboratorio di Genetica Umana, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Sciutto
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Claudia Bolognesi
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Marta Columbaro
- SC Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Degan
- U.O. Mutagenesi e Prevenzione Oncologica, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST (Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro), Genova, Italy
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Successful treatment of a newborn with congenital hyperinsulinism having a novel heterozygous mutation in the ABCC8 gene using subtotal pancreatectomy. Tzu Chi Med J 2017; 28:162-165. [PMID: 28757749 PMCID: PMC5442909 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcmj.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in newborns and infants. CHI is characterized by unregulated secretion of insulin from pancreatic β: cells. Here, we reported the case of a large-for-gestational-age, full-term newborn that suffered from CHI and developed severe and persistent hypoglycemia at an early stage of life. The infant was nearly unresponsive to medical treatment, which included continuous intravenous glucagon infusion, oral diazoxide, and nifedipine. After medical treatment had failed, an 18-fluoro L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography scan of the patient showed a focal lesion at the neck of the pancreas. The patient received subtotal pancreatectomy, and shortly after the procedure, the patient's blood sugar returned to the normal range. The patient was confirmed to have a novel heterozygous mutation at position c.2475+1G>A of the ABCC8 gene. This is the first report of a focal form of CHI in a patient in Taiwan, which had preoperatively been confirmed using 18-fluoro L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography.
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Abstract
Pancreatic islet β cells secrete insulin in response to nutrient secretagogues, like glucose, dependent on calcium influx and nutrient metabolism. One of the most intriguing qualities of β cells is their ability to use metabolism to amplify the amount of secreted insulin independent of further alterations in intracellular calcium. Many years studying this amplifying process have shaped our current understanding of β cell stimulus-secretion coupling; yet, the exact mechanisms of amplification have been elusive. Recent studies utilizing metabolomics, computational modeling, and animal models have progressed our understanding of the metabolic amplifying pathway of insulin secretion from the β cell. New approaches will be discussed which offer in-roads to a more complete model of β cell function. The development of β cell therapeutics may be aided by such a model, facilitating the targeting of aspects of the metabolic amplifying pathway which are unique to the β cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kalwat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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44
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Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy due to novel HADH mutation in two siblings. Indian Pediatr 2016; 53:912-913. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-016-0958-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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45
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Sargsyan E, Artemenko K, Manukyan L, Bergquist J, Bergsten P. Oleate protects beta-cells from the toxic effect of palmitate by activating pro-survival pathways of the ER stress response. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1151-1160. [PMID: 27344025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Long-term exposure of beta cells to saturated fatty acids impairs insulin secretion and increases apoptosis. In contrast, unsaturated fatty acids protect beta-cells from the long-term negative effects of saturated fatty acids. We aimed to identify the mechanisms underlying this protective action of unsaturated fatty acids. To address the aim, insulin-secreting MIN6 cells were exposed to palmitate in the absence or presence of oleate and analyzed by using nano-LC MS/MS based proteomic approach. Important findings were validated by using alternative approaches. Proteomic analysis identified 34 proteins differentially expressed in the presence of palmitate compared to control samples. These proteins play a role in insulin processing, mitochondrial function, metabolism of biomolecules, calcium homeostasis, exocytosis, receptor signaling, ER protein folding, antioxidant activity and anti-apoptotic function. When oleate was also present during culture, expression of 15 proteins was different from the expression in the presence of palmitate alone. Most of the proteins affected by oleate are targets of the ER stress response and play a pro-survival role in beta cells such as protein folding and antioxidative defence. We conclude that restoration of pro-survival pathways of the ER stress response is a major mechanism underlying the protective effect of unsaturated fatty acids in beta-cells treated with saturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Sargsyan
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Box 571, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Levon Manukyan
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Box 571, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergsten
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Box 571, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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Molven A, Hollister-Lock J, Hu J, Martinez R, Njølstad PR, Liew CW, Weir G, Kulkarni RN. The Hypoglycemic Phenotype Is Islet Cell-Autonomous in Short-Chain Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase-Deficient Mice. Diabetes 2016; 65:1672-8. [PMID: 26953163 PMCID: PMC4878426 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hyperinsulinism of infancy (CHI) can be caused by inactivating mutations in the gene encoding short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCHAD), a ubiquitously expressed enzyme involved in fatty acid oxidation. The hypersecretion of insulin may be explained by a loss of interaction between SCHAD and glutamate dehydrogenase in the pancreatic β-cells. However, there is also a general accumulation of metabolites specific for the enzymatic defect in affected individuals. It remains to be explored whether hypoglycemia in SCHAD CHI can be uncoupled from the systemic effect on fatty acid oxidation. We therefore transplanted islets from global SCHAD knockout (SCHADKO) mice into mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. After transplantation, SCHADKO islet recipients exhibited significantly lower random and fasting blood glucose compared with mice transplanted with normal islets or nondiabetic, nontransplanted controls. Furthermore, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance was improved in animals receiving SCHADKO islets compared with those receiving normal islets. Graft β-cell proliferation and apoptosis rates were similar in the two transplantation groups. We conclude that hypoglycemia in SCHAD-CHI is islet cell-autonomous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Molven
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jennifer Hollister-Lock
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jiang Hu
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rachael Martinez
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Chong Wee Liew
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Gordon Weir
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA
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A mitochondrial-targeted ubiquinone modulates muscle lipid profile and improves mitochondrial respiration in obesogenic diet-fed rats. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:1155-66. [PMID: 26856891 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515005528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome components including abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance is increasing in both developed and developing countries. It is generally accepted that the development of these features is preceded by, or accompanied with, impaired mitochondrial function. The present study was designed to analyse the effects of a mitochondrial-targeted lipophilic ubiquinone (MitoQ) on muscle lipid profile modulation and mitochondrial function in obesogenic diet-fed rats. For this purpose, twenty-four young male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups and fed one of the following diets: (1) control, (2) high fat (HF) and (3) HF+MitoQ. After 8 weeks, mitochondrial function markers and lipid metabolism/profile modifications in skeletal muscle were measured. The HF diet was effective at inducing the major features of the metabolic syndrome--namely, obesity, hepatic enlargement and glucose intolerance. MitoQ intake prevented the increase in rat body weight, attenuated the increase in adipose tissue and liver weights and partially reversed glucose intolerance. At the muscle level, the HF diet induced moderate TAG accumulation associated with important modifications in the muscle phospholipid classes and in the fatty acid composition of total muscle lipid. These lipid modifications were accompanied with decrease in mitochondrial respiration. MitoQ intake corrected the lipid alterations and restored mitochondrial respiration. These results indicate that MitoQ protected obesogenic diet-fed rats from some features of the metabolic syndrome through its effects on muscle lipid metabolism and mitochondrial activity. These findings suggest that MitoQ is a promising candidate for future human trials in the metabolic syndrome prevention.
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Nessa A, Rahman SA, Hussain K. Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia - The Molecular Mechanisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:29. [PMID: 27065949 PMCID: PMC4815176 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Under normal physiological conditions, pancreatic β-cells secrete insulin to maintain fasting blood glucose levels in the range 3.5-5.5 mmol/L. In hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HH), this precise regulation of insulin secretion is perturbed so that insulin continues to be secreted in the presence of hypoglycemia. HH may be due to genetic causes (congenital) or secondary to certain risk factors. The molecular mechanisms leading to HH involve defects in the key genes regulating insulin secretion from the β-cells. At this moment, in time genetic abnormalities in nine genes (ABCC8, KCNJ11, GCK, SCHAD, GLUD1, SLC16A1, HNF1A, HNF4A, and UCP2) have been described that lead to the congenital forms of HH. Perinatal stress, intrauterine growth retardation, maternal diabetes mellitus, and a large number of developmental syndromes are also associated with HH in the neonatal period. In older children and adult's insulinoma, non-insulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycemia syndrome and post bariatric surgery are recognized causes of HH. This review article will focus mainly on describing the molecular mechanisms that lead to unregulated insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizun Nessa
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, UCL Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS, London, UK
| | - Sofia A. Rahman
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, UCL Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS, London, UK
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, UCL Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS, London, UK
- *Correspondence: Khalid Hussain,
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Senniappan S, Sadeghizadeh A, Flanagan SE, Ellard S, Hashemipour M, Hosseinzadeh M, Salehi M, Hussain K. Genotype and phenotype correlations in Iranian patients with hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:350. [PMID: 26268944 PMCID: PMC4535259 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1319-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (HH) is a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders characterized by unregulated insulin secretion. Abnormalities in nine different genes (ABCC8, KCNJ11, GLUD1, GCK, HADH, SLC16A1, HNF4A, UCP2 and HNF1A) have been reported in HH, the most common being ABCC8 and KCNJ11. We describe the genetic aetiology and phenotype of Iranian patients with HH. Methods Retrospective clinical, biochemical and genetic information was collected on 23 patients with biochemically confirmed HH. Mutation analysis was carried out for the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel genes (ABCC8 and KCNJ11), GLUD1, GCK, HADH and HNF4A. Results 78 % of the patients were identified to have a genetic cause for HH. 48 % of patients had mutation in HADH, whilst ABCC8/KCNJ11 mutations were identified in 30 % of patients. Among the diazoxide-responsive patients (18/23), mutations were identified in 72 %. These include two novel homozygous ABCC8 mutations. Of the five patients with diazoxide-unresponsive HH, three had homozygous ABCC8 mutation, one had heterozygous ABCC8 mutation inherited from an unaffected father and one had homozygous KCNJ11 mutation. 52 % of children in our cohort were born to consanguineous parents. Patients with ABCC8/KCNJ11 mutations were noted to be significantly heavier than those with HADH mutation (p = 0.002). Our results revealed neurodevelopmental deficits in 30 % and epilepsy in 52 % of all patients. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind in Iran. We found disease-causing mutations in 78 % of HH patients. The predominance of HADH mutation might be due to a high incidence of consanguineous marriage in this population. Further research involving a larger cohort of HH patients is required in Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atefeh Sadeghizadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Sarah E Flanagan
- Institute Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK.
| | - Sian Ellard
- Institute Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK.
| | - Mahin Hashemipour
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Majid Hosseinzadeh
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Alzahra University Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mansour Salehi
- Pediatric Inherited Disease Research Center (PIDRC), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK. .,Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
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50
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Abstract
In hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HH) there is dysregulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. Insulin secretion becomes inappropriate for the level of blood glucose leading to severe hypoglycemia. HH is associated with a high risk of brain injury because insulin inhibits lipolysis and ketogenesis thus preventing the generation of alternative brain substrates (such as ketone bodies). Hence HH must be diagnosed as soon as possible and the management instituted appropriately to prevent brain damage. This article reviews the mechanisms of glucose physiology in the newborn, the mechanisms of insulin secretion, the etiologic types of HH, and its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Güemes
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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