1
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Jin X, Jin W, Tong L, Zhao J, Zhang L, Lin N. Therapeutic strategies of targeting non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) with small-molecule compounds in cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2815-2853. [PMID: 39027232 PMCID: PMC11252466 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) is a controlled form of cell death orchestrated by one or more cascading signaling pathways, making it amenable to pharmacological intervention. RCD subroutines can be categorized as apoptotic or non-apoptotic and play essential roles in maintaining homeostasis, facilitating development, and modulating immunity. Accumulating evidence has recently revealed that RCD evasion is frequently the primary cause of tumor survival. Several non-apoptotic RCD subroutines have garnered attention as promising cancer therapies due to their ability to induce tumor regression and prevent relapse, comparable to apoptosis. Moreover, they offer potential solutions for overcoming the acquired resistance of tumors toward apoptotic drugs. With an increasing understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing these non-apoptotic RCD subroutines, a growing number of small-molecule compounds targeting single or multiple pathways have been discovered, providing novel strategies for current cancer therapy. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the current regulatory mechanisms of the emerging non-apoptotic RCD subroutines, mainly including autophagy-dependent cell death, ferroptosis, cuproptosis, disulfidptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, alkaliptosis, oxeiptosis, parthanatos, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, entotic cell death, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, and immunogenic cell death (ICD). Furthermore, we focused on discussing the pharmacological regulatory mechanisms of related small-molecule compounds. In brief, these insightful findings may provide valuable guidance for investigating individual or collaborative targeting approaches towards different RCD subroutines, ultimately driving the discovery of novel small-molecule compounds that target RCD and significantly enhance future cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Ultrasound, Department of Medical Oncology and Department of Hematology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Wenke Jin
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Linlin Tong
- Department of Ultrasound, Department of Medical Oncology and Department of Hematology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Department of Ultrasound, Department of Medical Oncology and Department of Hematology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Na Lin
- Department of Ultrasound, Department of Medical Oncology and Department of Hematology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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2
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You Q, Lan XB, Liu N, Du J, Ma L, Yang JM, Niu JG, Peng XD, Jin GL, Yu JQ. Neuroprotective strategies for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage: Current status and challenges. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 957:176003. [PMID: 37640219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is a prominent contributor to both immediate mortality and long-term impairment in newborns. The elusive nature of the underlying mechanisms responsible for neonatal HIBD presents a significant obstacle in the effective clinical application of numerous pharmaceutical interventions. This comprehensive review aims to concentrate on the potential neuroprotective agents that have demonstrated efficacy in addressing various pathogenic factors associated with neonatal HIBD, encompassing oxidative stress, calcium overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis. In this review, we conducted an analysis of the precise molecular pathways by which these drugs elicit neuroprotective effects in animal models of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBD). Our objective was to provide a comprehensive overview of potential neuroprotective agents for the treatment of neonatal HIBD in animal experiments, with the ultimate goal of enhancing the feasibility of clinical translation and establishing a solid theoretical foundation for the clinical management of neonatal HIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing You
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Xiao-Bing Lan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China; Ningxia Special Traditional Medicine Modern Engineering Research Center and Collaborative Innovation Center, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Jia-Mei Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Jian-Guo Niu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Gui-Lin Jin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China; Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China.
| | - Jian-Qiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China; Ningxia Special Traditional Medicine Modern Engineering Research Center and Collaborative Innovation Center, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
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3
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Bennett R, Chan H, Henderson R, Merriman E, Hanna M, Elinder-Camburn A, Simpson D. The addition of lopinavir-ritonavir to carfilzomib-based triplets can induce meaningful clinical response in carfilzomib-refractory myeloma patients: a single-center experience. Leuk Lymphoma 2022; 63:1738-1741. [PMID: 35147474 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2038374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rory Bennett
- Department of Haematology, Waitemata District Health Board, Takapuna, New Zealand
| | - Henry Chan
- Department of Haematology, Waitemata District Health Board, Takapuna, New Zealand.,Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Ross Henderson
- Department of Haematology, Waitemata District Health Board, Takapuna, New Zealand
| | - Eileen Merriman
- Department of Haematology, Waitemata District Health Board, Takapuna, New Zealand.,Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Merit Hanna
- Department of Haematology, Waitemata District Health Board, Takapuna, New Zealand
| | - Anna Elinder-Camburn
- Department of Haematology, Waitemata District Health Board, Takapuna, New Zealand
| | - David Simpson
- Department of Haematology, Waitemata District Health Board, Takapuna, New Zealand
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4
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Besse L, Besse A, Stolze SC, Sobh A, Zaal EA, van der Ham AJ, Ruiz M, Phuyal S, Büchler L, Sathianathan M, Florea BI, Borén J, Ståhlman M, Huber J, Bolomsky A, Ludwig H, Hannich JT, Loguinov A, Everts B, Berkers CR, Pilon M, Farhan H, Vulpe CD, Overkleeft HS, Driessen C. Treatment with HIV-Protease Inhibitor Nelfinavir Identifies Membrane Lipid Composition and Fluidity as a Therapeutic Target in Advanced Multiple Myeloma. Cancer Res 2021; 81:4581-4593. [PMID: 34158378 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-protease inhibitor nelfinavir has shown broad anticancer activity in various preclinical and clinical contexts. In patients with advanced, proteasome inhibitor (PI)-refractory multiple myeloma, nelfinavir-based therapy resulted in 65% partial response or better, suggesting that this may be a highly active chemotherapeutic option in this setting. The broad anticancer mechanism of action of nelfinavir implies that it interferes with fundamental aspects of cancer cell biology. We combined proteome-wide affinity-purification of nelfinavir-interacting proteins with genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9-based screening to identify protein partners that interact with nelfinavir in an activity-dependent manner alongside candidate genetic contributors affecting nelfinavir cytotoxicity. Nelfinavir had multiple activity-specific binding partners embedded in lipid bilayers of mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Nelfinavir affected the fluidity and composition of lipid-rich membranes, disrupted mitochondrial respiration, blocked vesicular transport, and affected the function of membrane-embedded drug efflux transporter ABCB1, triggering the integrated stress response. Sensitivity to nelfinavir was dependent on ADIPOR2, which maintains membrane fluidity by promoting fatty acid desaturation and incorporation into phospholipids. Supplementation with fatty acids prevented the nelfinavir-induced effect on mitochondrial metabolism, drug-efflux transporters, and stress-response activation. Conversely, depletion of fatty acids/cholesterol pools by the FDA-approved drug ezetimibe showed a synergistic anticancer activity with nelfinavir in vitro. These results identify the modification of lipid-rich membranes by nelfinavir as a novel mechanism of action to achieve broad anticancer activity, which may be suitable for the treatment of PI-refractory multiple myeloma. SIGNIFICANCE: Nelfinavir induces lipid bilayer stress in cellular organelles that disrupts mitochondrial respiration and transmembrane protein transport, resulting in broad anticancer activity via metabolic rewiring and activation of the unfolded protein response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Besse
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Clinic for Medical Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Andrej Besse
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Clinic for Medical Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Sara C Stolze
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amin Sobh
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Esther A Zaal
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alwin J van der Ham
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Santosh Phuyal
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lorina Büchler
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Clinic for Medical Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Marc Sathianathan
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Clinic for Medical Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Bogdan I Florea
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Julia Huber
- Department of Medicine I, Wilhelminen Cancer Research Institute, Klinik Ottakring, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arnold Bolomsky
- Department of Medicine I, Wilhelminen Cancer Research Institute, Klinik Ottakring, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Ludwig
- Department of Medicine I, Wilhelminen Cancer Research Institute, Klinik Ottakring, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Thomas Hannich
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alex Loguinov
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Bart Everts
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Celia R Berkers
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Pilon
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hesso Farhan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christopher D Vulpe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Christoph Driessen
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Clinic for Medical Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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5
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Madzime M, Rossouw TM, Theron AJ, Anderson R, Steel HC. Interactions of HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy With Neutrophils and Platelets. Front Immunol 2021; 12:634386. [PMID: 33777022 PMCID: PMC7994251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are important components of the innate immune system that mediate pathogen defense by multiple processes including phagocytosis, release of proteolytic enzymes, production of reactive oxygen species, and neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Abnormalities of neutrophil count and function have been described in the setting of HIV infection, with the majority of antiretroviral agents (ARVs), excluding zidovudine, having been reported to correct neutropenia. Questions still remain, however, about their impact on neutrophil function, particularly the possibility of persistent neutrophil activation, which could predispose people living with HIV to chronic inflammatory disorders, even in the presence of virally-suppressive treatment. In this context, the effects of protease inhibitors and integrase strand transfer inhibitors, in particular, on neutrophil function remain poorly understood and deserve further study. Besides mediating hemostatic functions, platelets are increasingly recognized as critical role players in the immune response against infection. In the setting of HIV, these cells have been found to harbor the virus, even in the presence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) potentially promoting viral dissemination. While HIV-infected individuals often present with thrombocytopenia, they have also been reported to have increased platelet activation, as measured by an upregulation of expression of CD62P (P-selectin), CD40 ligand, glycoprotein IV, and RANTES. Despite ART-mediated viral suppression, HIV-infected individuals reportedly have sustained platelet activation and dysfunction. This, in turn, contributes to persistent immune activation and an inflammatory vascular environment, seemingly involving neutrophil-platelet-endothelium interactions that increase the risk for development of comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) that has become the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals on treatment, clearly underscoring the importance of unraveling the possible etiologic roles of ARVs. In this context, abacavir and ritonavir-boosted lopinavir and darunavir have all been linked to an increased risk of CVD. This narrative review is therefore focused primarily on the role of neutrophils and platelets in HIV transmission and disease, as well as on the effect of HIV and the most common ARVs on the numbers and functions of these cells, including neutrophil-platelet-endothelial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Madzime
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Theresa M Rossouw
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Annette J Theron
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ronald Anderson
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Helen C Steel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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6
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Gruevska A, Moragrega ÁB, Cossarizza A, Esplugues JV, Blas-García A, Apostolova N. Apoptosis of Hepatocytes: Relevance for HIV-Infected Patients under Treatment. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020410. [PMID: 33669403 PMCID: PMC7920460 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to medical advances over the past few decades, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, once a devastatingly mortal pandemic, has become a manageable chronic condition. However, available antiretroviral treatments (cART) cannot fully restore immune health and, consequently, a number of inflammation-associated and/or immunodeficiency complications have manifested themselves in treated HIV-infected patients. Among these chronic, non-AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)-related conditions, liver disease is one of the deadliest, proving to be fatal for 15–17% of these individuals. Aside from the presence of liver-related comorbidities, including metabolic disturbances and co-infections, HIV itself and the adverse effects of cART are the main factors that contribute to hepatic cell injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Among the molecular mechanisms that are activated in the liver during HIV infection, apoptotic cell death of hepatocytes stands out as a key pathogenic player. In this review, we will discuss the evidence and potential mechanisms involved in the apoptosis of hepatocytes induced by HIV, HIV-encoded proteins, or cART. Some antiretroviral drugs, especially the older generation, can induce apoptosis of hepatic cells, which occurs through a variety of mechanisms, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR), all of which ultimately lead to caspase activation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gruevska
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Ángela B. Moragrega
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy;
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Juan V. Esplugues
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-396-4167; Fax: +34-96-398-3879
| | - Ana Blas-García
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
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7
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Tong Y, Yu Z, Chen Z, Zhang R, Ding X, Yang X, Niu X, Li M, Zhang L, Billiar TR, Pitt BR, Li Q. The HIV protease inhibitor Saquinavir attenuates sepsis-induced acute lung injury and promotes M2 macrophage polarization via targeting matrix metalloproteinase-9. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:67. [PMID: 33431821 PMCID: PMC7798387 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Imbalance of macrophage polarization plays an indispensable role in acute lung injury (ALI), which is considered as a promising target. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is expressed in the macrophage, and has a pivotal role in secreting inflammatory cytokines. We reported that saquinavir (SQV), a first-generation human immunodeficiency virus-protease inhibitor, restricted exaggerated inflammatory response. However, whether MMP-9 could regulate macrophage polarization and inhibit by SQV is still unknown. We focused on the important role of macrophage polarization in CLP (cecal ligation puncture)-mediated ALI and determined the ability of SQV to maintain M2 over M1 phenotype partially through the inhibition of MMP-9. We also performed a limited clinical study to determine if MMP-9 is a biomarker of sepsis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased MMP-9 expression and recombinant MMP-9 (rMMP-9) exacerbated LPS-mediated M1 switching. Small interfering RNA to MMP-9 inhibited LPS-mediated M1 phenotype and SQV inhibition of this switching was reversed with rMMP-9, suggesting an important role for MMP-9 in mediating LPS-induced M1 phenotype. MMP-9 messenger RNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of these 14 patients correlated with their clinical assessment. There was a significant dose-dependent decrease in mortality and ALI after CLP with SQV. SQV significantly inhibited LPS-mediated M1 phenotype and increased M2 phenotype in cultured RAW 264.7 and primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages as well as lung macrophages from CLP-treated mice. This study supports an important role for MMP-9 in macrophage phenotypic switching and suggests that SQV-mediated inhibition of MMP-9 may be involved in suppressing ALI during systemic sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 518116, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200000, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuang Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixia Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 518116, Shenzhen, China
| | - Renlingzi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Xibing Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohu Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyin Niu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200072, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengzhu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200072, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200072, Shanghai, China
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Bruce R Pitt
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Quan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 518116, Shenzhen, China.
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8
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Zhao L, Tang M, Bode AM, Liao W, Cao Y. ANTs and cancer: Emerging pathogenesis, mechanisms, and perspectives. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188485. [PMID: 33309965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adenine nucleotide translocases (ANTs) are a class of transporters located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that not only couple processes of cellular productivity and energy expenditure, but are also involved in the composition of the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore (mPTP). The function of ANTs has been found to be most closely related to their own conformational changes. Notably, as multifunctional proteins, ANTs play a key role in oncogenesis, which provides building blocks for tumor anabolism, control oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis homeostasis, and govern cell death. Thus, ANTs constitute promising targets for the development of novel anticancer agents. Here, we review the recent findings regarding ANTs and their important mechanisms in cancer, with a focus on the therapeutic potential of targeting ANTs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Weihua Liao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha 410078, China; Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Research Center for Technologies of Nucleic Acid-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics Hunan Province, Changsha 410078, China; National Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Changsha 410078, China.
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9
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Mortalin/HSPA9 targeting selectively induces KRAS tumor cell death by perturbing mitochondrial membrane permeability. Oncogene 2020; 39:4257-4270. [PMID: 32291414 PMCID: PMC7244387 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1285-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial HSP70 chaperone mortalin (HSPA9/GRP75) is often upregulated and mislocalized in MEK/ERK-deregulated tumors. Here, we show that mortalin depletion can selectively induce death of immortalized normal fibroblasts IMR90E1A when combined with K-RasG12V expression, but not with wild type K-Ras expression, and that K-RasG12V-driven MEK/ERK activity is necessary for this lethality. This cell death was attenuated by knockdown or inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT), cyclophilin D (CypD), or mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU), which implicates a mitochondria-originated death mechanism. Indeed, mortalin depletion increased mitochondrial membrane permeability and induced cell death in KRAS-mutated human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and colon cancer lines, which were attenuated by knockdown or inhibition of ANT, CypD, or MCU, and occurred independently of TP53 and p21CIP1. Intriguingly, JG-98, an advanced MKT-077 derivative, phenocopied the lethal effects of mortalin depletion in K-RasG12V-expressing IMR90E1A and KRAS-mutated tumor cell lines in vitro. Moreover, JG-231, a JG-98 analog with improved microsomal stability effectively suppressed the xenograft of MIA PaCa-2, a K-RasG12C-expressing human PDAC line, in athymic nude mice. These data demonstrate that oncogenic KRAS activity sensitizes cells to the effects of mortalin depletion, suggesting that mortalin has potential as a selective therapeutic target for KRAS-mutated tumors.
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Wu PK, Hong SK, Chen W, Becker AE, Gundry RL, Lin CW, Shao H, Gestwicki JE, Park JI. Mortalin (HSPA9) facilitates BRAF-mutant tumor cell survival by suppressing ANT3-mediated mitochondrial membrane permeability. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/622/eaay1478. [PMID: 32156782 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aay1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mortalin [also known as heat shock protein family A (HSP70) member 9 (HSPA9) or glucose-regulated protein 75 (GRP75)] is a mitochondrial molecular chaperone that is often up-regulated and mislocalized in tumors with abnormal activation of the kinases MEK and ERK. Here, we found that mortalin depletion was selectively lethal to tumor and immortalized normal cells expressing the mutant kinase B-RafV600E or the chimeric protein ΔRaf-1:ER and that MEK-ERK-sensitive regulation of the peptide-binding domain in mortalin was critical to cell survival or death. Proteomics screening identified adenine nucleotide translocase 3 (ANT3) as a previously unknown mortalin substrate and cell survival/death effector. Mechanistically, increased MEK-ERK signaling activity and mortalin function converged opposingly on the regulation of mitochondrial permeability. Specifically, whereas MEK-ERK activity increased mitochondrial permeability by promoting the interaction between ANT3 and the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase cyclophilin D (CypD), mortalin decreased mitochondrial permeability by inhibiting this interaction. Hence, mortalin depletion increased mitochondrial permeability in MEK-ERK-deregulated cells to an extent that triggered cell death. HSP70 inhibitor derivatives that effectively inhibited mortalin suppressed the proliferation of B-RafV600E tumor cells in culture and in vivo, including their B-Raf inhibitor-resistant progenies. These findings suggest that targeting mortalin has potential as a selective therapeutic strategy in B-Raf-mutant or MEK-ERK-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Kei Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Seung-Keun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Wenjing Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Andrew E Becker
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Rebekah L Gundry
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Chien-Wei Lin
- Division of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Hao Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jong-In Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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11
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Chen Y, Zhang ZX, Zheng LP, Wang L, Liu YF, Yin WY, Chen YY, Wang XS, Hou ST, Chen JF, Zheng RY. The adenosine A 2A receptor antagonist SCH58261 reduces macrophage/microglia activation and protects against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104490. [PMID: 31226280 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting more than 2.5 million individuals worldwide. In the present study, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice were treated with adenosine receptor A2A antagonist SCH58261 at different periods of EAE development. The administration of SCH58261 at 11-28 days post-immunization (d.p.i.) with MOG improved the neurological deficits. This time window corresponds to the therapeutic time window for MS treatment. SCH58261 significantly reduced the CNS neuroinflammation including reduced local infiltration of inflammatory cells, demyelination, and the numbers of macrophage/microglia in the spinal cord. Importantly, SCH58261 ameliorated the EAE-induced neurobehavioral deficits. By contrast, the SCH58261 treatment was ineffective when administered at the beginning of the onset of EAE (i.e., 1-10 d.p.i). The identification of the effective therapeutic window of A2A receptor antagonist provide insight into the role of A2A receptor signaling in EAE, and support SCH58261 as a candidate for the treatment of MS in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheng-Xue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Liu-Pu Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yin-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei-Yong Yin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan-Yan Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin-Shi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sheng-Tao Hou
- Brain Research Center and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Jiang-Fan Chen
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Rong-Yuan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Girardot T, Rimmelé T, Venet F, Monneret G. Apoptosis-induced lymphopenia in sepsis and other severe injuries. Apoptosis 2018; 22:295-305. [PMID: 27812767 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis and other acute injuries such as severe trauma, extensive burns, or major surgeries, are usually followed by a period of marked immunosuppression. In particular, while lymphocytes play a pivotal role in immune response, their functions and numbers are profoundly altered after severe injuries. Apoptosis plays a central role in this process by affecting immune response at various levels. Indeed, apoptosis-induced lymphopenia duration and depth have been associated with higher risk of infection and mortality in various clinical settings. Therapies modulating apoptosis represent an interesting approach to restore immune competence after acute injury, although their use in clinical practice still presents several limitations. After briefly describing the apoptosis process in physiology and during severe injuries, we will explore the immunological consequences of injury-induced lymphocyte apoptosis, and describe associations with clinically relevant outcomes in patients. Therapeutic perspectives targeting apoptosis will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Girardot
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.,EA 7426 Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux), Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Rimmelé
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.,EA 7426 Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux), Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Fabienne Venet
- Immunology Laboratory, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Pavillon E, 5, place d'Arsonval, 69437 Cedex 03, Lyon, France.,EA 7426 Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux), Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Monneret
- Immunology Laboratory, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Pavillon E, 5, place d'Arsonval, 69437 Cedex 03, Lyon, France. .,EA 7426 Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux), Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.
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13
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Abt D, Besse A, Sedlarikova L, Kraus M, Bader J, Silzle T, Vodinska M, Slaby O, Schmid HP, Engeler DS, Driessen C, Besse L. Improving the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma by combination with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-protease inhibitors lopinavir or nelfinavir. BJU Int 2017; 121:600-609. [PMID: 29161753 DOI: 10.1111/bju.14083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the potential of second-generation proteasome inhibition by carfilzomib and its combination with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (HIV-PIs) lopinavir and nelfinavir in vitro for improved treatment of clear cell renal cell cancer (ccRCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and unfolded protein response (UPR) activation of proteasome inhibitors, HIV-PIs, and their combination were assessed in three cell lines and primary cells derived from three ccRCC tumours by MTS assay, flow cytometry, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and western blot, respectively. Proteasome activity was determined by activity based probes. Flow cytometry was used to assess apoptosis by annexin V/propidium iodide assay and ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1) activity by MitoTracker™ Green FM efflux assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA). RESULTS Lopinavir and nelfinavir significantly increased the cytotoxic effect of carfilzomib in all cell lines and primary cells. ABCB1 efflux pump inhibition, induction of ROS production, and UPR pre-activation by lopinavir were identified as underlying mechanisms of this strong synergistic effect. Combined treatment led to unresolved protein stress, increased activation of pro-apoptotic UPR pathway, and a significant increase in apoptosis. CONCLUSION The combination of the proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib and the HIV-PIs lopinavir and nelfinavir has a strong synergistic cytotoxic activity against ccRCCin vitro at therapeutically relevant drug concentrations. This effect is most likely explained by synergistic UPR triggering and ABCB1-modulation caused by HIV-PIs. Our findings suggest that combined treatment of second-generation proteasome inhibitors and HIV-PIs should be investigated in patients with metastatic RCC within a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Abt
- Department of Urology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Andrej Besse
- Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lenka Sedlarikova
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Babak Myeloma Group, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marianne Kraus
- Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Juergen Bader
- Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Silzle
- Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Martina Vodinska
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Slaby
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hans-Peter Schmid
- Department of Urology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Christoph Driessen
- Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lenka Besse
- Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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14
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Besse A, Stolze SC, Rasche L, Weinhold N, Morgan GJ, Kraus M, Bader J, Overkleeft HS, Besse L, Driessen C. Carfilzomib resistance due to ABCB1/MDR1 overexpression is overcome by nelfinavir and lopinavir in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2017; 32:391-401. [PMID: 28676669 PMCID: PMC5808083 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitor (PI) carfilzomib (CFZ) has activity superior to bortezomib (BTZ) and is increasingly incorporated in multiple myeloma (MM) frontline therapy and relapsed settings. Most MM patients ultimately experience PI-refractory disease, an unmet medical need with poorly understood biology and dismal outcome. Pharmacologic targeting of ABCB1 improved patient outcomes, including MM, but suffered from adverse drug effects and insufficient plasma concentrations. Proteomics analysis identified ABCB1 overexpression as the most significant change in CFZ-resistant MM cells. We addressed the functional role of ABCB1 overexpression in MM and observed significantly upregulated ABCB1 in peripheral blood malignant plasma cells (PCs) vs untreated patients' bone marrow PC. ABCB1 overexpression reduces the proteasome-inhibiting activity of CFZ due to drug efflux, in contrast to BTZ. Likewise, the cytotoxicity of established anti-MM drugs was significantly reduced in ABCB1-expressing MM cells. In search for potential drugs targeting ABCB1 in clinical trials, we identified the HIV protease inhibitors nelfinavir (NFV) and lopinavir (LPV) as potent functional modulators of ABCB1-mediated drug export, most likely via modulation of mitochondria permeability transition pore. NFV and LPV restored CFZ activity at therapeutically relevant drug levels and thus represent ready-to-use drugs to be tested in clinical trials to target ABCB1 and to re-sensitize PC to established myeloma drugs, in particular CFZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Besse
- Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - S C Stolze
- Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - L Rasche
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - N Weinhold
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - G J Morgan
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - M Kraus
- Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - J Bader
- Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - H S Overkleeft
- Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - L Besse
- Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - C Driessen
- Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
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15
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Saxena D, Spino M, Tricta F, Connelly J, Cracchiolo BM, Hanauske AR, D’Alliessi Gandolfi D, Mathews MB, Karn J, Holland B, Park MH, Pe’ery T, Palumbo PE, Hanauske-Abel HM. Drug-Based Lead Discovery: The Novel Ablative Antiretroviral Profile of Deferiprone in HIV-1-Infected Cells and in HIV-Infected Treatment-Naive Subjects of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Exploratory Trial. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154842. [PMID: 27191165 PMCID: PMC4871512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Antiretrovirals suppress HIV-1 production yet spare the sites of HIV-1 production, the HIV-1 DNA-harboring cells that evade immune detection and enable viral resistance on-drug and viral rebound off-drug. Therapeutic ablation of pathogenic cells markedly improves the outcome of many diseases. We extend this strategy to HIV-1 infection. Using drug-based lead discovery, we report the concentration threshold-dependent antiretroviral action of the medicinal chelator deferiprone and validate preclinical findings by a proof-of-concept double-blind trial. In isolate-infected primary cultures, supra-threshold concentrations during deferiprone monotherapy caused decline of HIV-1 RNA and HIV-1 DNA; did not allow viral breakthrough for up to 35 days on-drug, indicating resiliency against viral resistance; and prevented, for at least 87 days off-drug, viral rebound. Displaying a steep dose-effect curve, deferiprone produced infection-independent deficiency of hydroxylated hypusyl-eIF5A. However, unhydroxylated deoxyhypusyl-eIF5A accumulated particularly in HIV-infected cells; they preferentially underwent apoptotic DNA fragmentation. Since the threshold, ascertained at about 150 μM, is achievable in deferiprone-treated patients, we proceeded from cell culture directly to an exploratory trial. HIV-1 RNA was measured after 7 days on-drug and after 28 and 56 days off-drug. Subjects who attained supra-threshold concentrations in serum and completed the protocol of 17 oral doses, experienced a zidovudine-like decline of HIV-1 RNA on-drug that was maintained off-drug without statistically significant rebound for 8 weeks, over 670 times the drug's half-life and thus clearance from circulation. The uniform deferiprone threshold is in agreement with mapping of, and crystallographic 3D-data on, the active site of deoxyhypusyl hydroxylase (DOHH), the eIF5A-hydroxylating enzyme. We propose that deficiency of hypusine-containing eIF5A impedes the translation of mRNAs encoding proline cluster ('polyproline')-containing proteins, exemplified by Gag/p24, and facilitated by the excess of deoxyhypusine-containing eIF5A, releases the innate apoptotic defense of HIV-infected cells from viral blockade, thus depleting the cellular reservoir of HIV-1 DNA that drives breakthrough and rebound. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrial.gov NCT02191657.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Saxena
- Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michael Spino
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- ApoPharma Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Bernadette M. Cracchiolo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Axel-Rainer Hanauske
- Oncology Center and Medical Clinic III, Asklepios Klinik St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Michael B. Mathews
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Bart Holland
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Myung Hee Park
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tsafi Pe’ery
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Paul E. Palumbo
- Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PEP); (HMHA)
| | - Hartmut M. Hanauske-Abel
- Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PEP); (HMHA)
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16
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Izzo V, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Sica V, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Mitochondrial Permeability Transition: New Findings and Persisting Uncertainties. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:655-667. [PMID: 27161573 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several insults cause the inner mitochondrial membrane to abruptly lose osmotic homeostasis, hence initiating a regulated variant of cell death known as 'mitochondrial permeability transition' (MPT)-driven necrosis. MPT provides an etiological contribution to several human disorders characterized by the acute loss of post-mitotic cells, including cardiac and cerebral ischemia. Nevertheless, the precise molecular determinants of MPT remain elusive, which considerably hampers the development of clinically implementable cardio- or neuroprotective strategies targeting this process. We summarize recent findings shedding new light on the supramolecular entity that mediates MPT, the so-called 'permeability transition pore complex' (PTPC). Moreover, we discuss hitherto unresolved controversies on MPT and analyze the major obstacles that still preclude the complete understanding and therapeutic targeting of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Izzo
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 1138, 75006 Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France
| | - José Manuel Bravo-San Pedro
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 1138, 75006 Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Valentina Sica
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 1138, 75006 Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France; Faculté de Medicine, Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 1138, 75006 Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France.
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17
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Shum AMY, Fung DCY, Corley SM, McGill MC, Bentley NL, Tan TC, Wilkins MR, Polly P. Cardiac and skeletal muscles show molecularly distinct responses to cancer cachexia. Physiol Genomics 2015; 47:588-99. [PMID: 26395599 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00128.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a systemic, paraneoplastic syndrome seen in patients with advanced cancer. There is growing interest in the altered muscle pathophysiology experienced by cachectic patients. This study reports the microarray analysis of gene expression in cardiac and skeletal muscle in the colon 26 (C26) carcinoma mouse model of cancer cachexia. A total of 268 genes were found to be differentially expressed in cardiac muscle tissue, compared with nontumor-bearing controls. This was fewer than the 1,533 genes that changed in cachectic skeletal muscle. In addition to different numbers of genes changing, different cellular functions were seen to change in each tissue. The cachectic heart showed signs of inflammation, similar to cachectic skeletal muscle, but did not show the upregulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic processes or downregulation of genes involved in cellular energetics and muscle regeneration that characterizes skeletal muscle cachexia. Quantitative PCR was used to investigate a subset of inflammatory genes in the cardiac and skeletal muscle of independent cachectic samples; this revealed that B4galt1, C1s, Serpina3n, and Vsig4 were significantly upregulated in cardiac tissue, whereas C1s and Serpina3n were significantly upregulated in skeletal tissue. Our skeletal muscle microarray results were also compared with those from three published microarray studies and found to be consistent in terms of the genes differentially expressed and the functional processes affected. Our study highlights that skeletal and cardiac muscles are affected differently in the C26 mouse model of cachexia and that therapeutic strategies cannot assume that both muscle types will show a similar response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie M Y Shum
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, University of New South Wales Australia, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David C Y Fung
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales Australia, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan M Corley
- New South Wales Systems Biology Initiative, University of New South Wales Australia, New South Wales, Australia; School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales Australia, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Max C McGill
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, University of New South Wales Australia, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas L Bentley
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, University of New South Wales Australia, New South Wales, Australia; Mitochondrial Bioenergetics Group, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy C Tan
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, University of New South Wales Australia, New South Wales, Australia; Blacktown Clinical School and Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia; and Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marc R Wilkins
- New South Wales Systems Biology Initiative, University of New South Wales Australia, New South Wales, Australia; School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales Australia, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patsie Polly
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, University of New South Wales Australia, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, New South Wales, Australia;
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Yu T, Chen C, Sun Y, Sun H, Li TH, Meng J, Shi X. ABT-737 sensitizes curcumin-induced anti-melanoma cell activity through facilitating mPTP death pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:286-91. [PMID: 26116776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we studied the potential role of ABT-737, a novel Bcl-2 inhibitor, on curcumin-induced anti-melanoma cell activity in vitro. The associated mechanisms were also investigated. We demonstrated that ABT-737 significantly sensitized curcumin-induced activity against melanoma cells (WM-115 and B16 lines), resulting in substantial cell death and apoptosis with co-administration. At the molecular level, curcumin and ABT-737 synergistically induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening in melanoma cells, the latter was evidenced by mitochondrial membrane potential (MPP) reduction and mitochondrial complexation between cyclophilin-D (CyPD) and adenine nucleotide translocator 1 (ANT-1). Significantly, mPTP blockers, including cyclosporin A and sanglifehrin A, remarkably inhibited curcumin and ABT-737 co-administration-induced cytotoxicity against melanoma cells. Meanwhile, siRNA-mediated knockdown of CyPD or ANT-1, the two key components of mPTP, alleviated WM-116 cell death by the co-treatment. Collectively, we show that ABT-737 sensitizes curcumin-induced anti-melanoma cell activity probably through facilitating mPTP death pathway. ABT-737 could be further investigated as a potential curcumin adjuvant in melanoma and other cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong Ji-ning No.1 People's Hospital, Ji-ning City, Shandong Province, 272011, PR China.
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Ji-ning No.1 People's Hospital, Ji-ning City, Shandong Province, 272011, PR China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Ji-ning No.1 People's Hospital, Ji-ning City, Shandong Province, 272011, PR China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shandong Ji-ning No.1 People's Hospital, Ji-ning City, Shandong Province, 272011, PR China
| | - Tian-Hang Li
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong Ji-ning No.1 People's Hospital, Ji-ning City, Shandong Province, 272011, PR China
| | - Jin Meng
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong Ji-ning No.1 People's Hospital, Ji-ning City, Shandong Province, 272011, PR China
| | - Xianhua Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong Ji-ning No.1 People's Hospital, Ji-ning City, Shandong Province, 272011, PR China
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Pitrak DL, Novak RM, Estes R, Tschampa J, Abaya CD, Martinson J, Bradley K, Tenorio AR, Landay AL. Short communication: Apoptosis pathways in HIV-1-infected patients before and after highly active antiretroviral therapy: relevance to immune recovery. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:208-16. [PMID: 25386736 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations into apoptotic pathways, intrinsic and extrinsic, and the effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on T cell death via those pathways may provide insight into the mechanisms of and barriers to immune recovery. HIV-1-infected patients were enrolled into a randomized, controlled study of the immune effects of a lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)-based versus an efavirenz (EFV)-based HAART regimen in antiretroviral-naive subjects with CD4(+) counts <350 cells/mm(3). Patients were randomized to receive TDF/FTC/EFZ or TDF/FTC plus LPV/r. Fourteen patients were enrolled and 10 patients completed 6 months of therapy as per the protocol. CD4(+) counts were measured before and during HAART therapy. We isolated T cell subsets to measure ex vivo apoptosis by propidium iodide staining. We also assessed caspase activation for the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis, as well as effector caspase activation. We also measured mitochondrial membrane potential. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. All patients had increased activation of caspase 8 (extrinsic pathway), caspase 9 (intrinsic pathway), effector caspases 3/7, and low mitochondrial membrane potential at baseline compared to controls. By 4 weeks, there was a decrease in activation of all caspases, but little further decrease by week 24. T cell mitochondrial membrane potential did not increase until week 12, but continued to increase until week 24. The only predictor of CD4(+) count increase was the increase in mitochondrial membrane potential of naive cells at 6 months (r=0.66, p=0.038). This suggests that positive selection of naive CD4(+) T cells in the thymus is the major determinant of CD4(+) recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Pitrak
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard M. Novak
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Randee Estes
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Martinson
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kirsten Bradley
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Allan R. Tenorio
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
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Abstract
The field of mitochondrial ion channels has recently seen substantial progress, including the molecular identification of some of the channels. An integrative approach using genetics, electrophysiology, pharmacology, and cell biology to clarify the roles of these channels has thus become possible. It is by now clear that many of these channels are important for energy supply by the mitochondria and have a major impact on the fate of the entire cell as well. The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of the electrophysiological properties, molecular identity, and pathophysiological functions of the mitochondrial ion channels studied so far and to highlight possible therapeutic perspectives based on current information.
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Cummins NW, Sainski AM, Natesampillai S, Bren GD, Badley AD. Choice of antiretroviral therapy differentially impacts survival of HIV-infected CD4 T cells. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:1. [PMID: 26057236 PMCID: PMC4448955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV eradication strategies are now being evaluated in vitro and in vivo. A cornerstone of such approaches is maximal suppression of viral replication with combination antiretroviral therapy (ART). Since many antiretroviral agents have off target effects, and different classes target different components of the viral life cycle, we questioned whether different classes of ART might differentially affect the survival and persistence of productively HIV-infected CD4 T cells. METHODS In vitro infections of primary CD4 T cells using clinical isolates of HIV-1 that were either protease inhibitor susceptible (HIV PI-S), or resistant (HIV PI-R) were treated with nothing, lopinavir, efavirenz or raltegravir. Cell viability, apoptosis, and the proportion of surviving cells that were P24 positive was assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS In HIV PI-S infected primary cultures, all three antiretroviral agents decreased viral replication, and reduced the total number of cells that were undergoing apoptosis (P < 0.01) similarly. Similarly, in the HIV PI-R infected cultures, both efavirenz and raltegravir reduced viral replication and reduced apoptosis compared to untreated control (P < 0.01), while lopinavir did not, suggesting that HIV replication drives T cell apoptosis, which was confirmed by association by linear regression (P < 0.0001) . However since HIV protease has been suggested to directly induce apoptosis of infected CD4 T cells, and HIV PI are intrinsically antiapoptotic, we evaluated apoptosis in productively infected (HIV P24+) cells. More HIV p24 positive cells were apoptotic in the Efavirenz or raltegravir treated cultures than the lopinavir treated cultures (P = 0.0008 for HIV PI-R and P = 0.06 for the HIV PI-S), indicating that drug class impacts survival of productively infected CD4 T cells. CONCLUSIONS Inhibiting HIV replication with a PI, NNRTI or INSTI reduces total HIV-induced T cell apoptosis. However, blocking HIV replication with PI but not with NNRTI or INSTI promotes survival of productively HIV-infected cells. Thus, selection of antiretroviral agents may impact the success of HIV eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W Cummins
- />Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Amy M Sainski
- />Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN USA
| | | | - Gary D Bren
- />Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Andrew D Badley
- />Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN USA
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Cummins NW, Sainski AM, Natesampillai S, Bren GD, Badley AD. Choice of antiretroviral therapy differentially impacts survival of HIV-infected CD4 T cells. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:1. [PMID: 26057236 PMCID: PMC4448955 DOI: 10.1186/2052-8426-2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background HIV eradication strategies are now being evaluated in vitro and in vivo. A cornerstone of such approaches is maximal suppression of viral replication with combination antiretroviral therapy (ART). Since many antiretroviral agents have off target effects, and different classes target different components of the viral life cycle, we questioned whether different classes of ART might differentially affect the survival and persistence of productively HIV-infected CD4 T cells. Methods In vitro infections of primary CD4 T cells using clinical isolates of HIV-1 that were either protease inhibitor susceptible (HIV PI-S), or resistant (HIV PI-R) were treated with nothing, lopinavir, efavirenz or raltegravir. Cell viability, apoptosis, and the proportion of surviving cells that were P24 positive was assessed by flow cytometry. Results In HIV PI-S infected primary cultures, all three antiretroviral agents decreased viral replication, and reduced the total number of cells that were undergoing apoptosis (P < 0.01) similarly. Similarly, in the HIV PI-R infected cultures, both efavirenz and raltegravir reduced viral replication and reduced apoptosis compared to untreated control (P < 0.01), while lopinavir did not, suggesting that HIV replication drives T cell apoptosis, which was confirmed by association by linear regression (P < 0.0001) . However since HIV protease has been suggested to directly induce apoptosis of infected CD4 T cells, and HIV PI are intrinsically antiapoptotic, we evaluated apoptosis in productively infected (HIV P24+) cells. More HIV p24 positive cells were apoptotic in the Efavirenz or raltegravir treated cultures than the lopinavir treated cultures (P = 0.0008 for HIV PI-R and P = 0.06 for the HIV PI-S), indicating that drug class impacts survival of productively infected CD4 T cells. Conclusions Inhibiting HIV replication with a PI, NNRTI or INSTI reduces total HIV-induced T cell apoptosis. However, blocking HIV replication with PI but not with NNRTI or INSTI promotes survival of productively HIV-infected cells. Thus, selection of antiretroviral agents may impact the success of HIV eradication strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2052-8426-2-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Amy M Sainski
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN USA
| | | | - Gary D Bren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Andrew D Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN USA
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Murakami Y, Notomi S, Hisatomi T, Nakazawa T, Ishibashi T, Miller JW, Vavvas DG. Photoreceptor cell death and rescue in retinal detachment and degenerations. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 37:114-40. [PMID: 23994436 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoreceptor cell death is the ultimate cause of vision loss in various retinal disorders, including retinal detachment (RD). Photoreceptor cell death has been thought to occur mainly through apoptosis, which is the most characterized form of programmed cell death. The caspase family of cysteine proteases plays a central role for inducing apoptosis, and in experimental models of RD, dying photoreceptor cells exhibit caspase activation; however, there is a paradox that caspase inhibition alone does not provide a sufficient protection against photoreceptor cell loss, suggesting that other mechanisms of cell death are involved. Recent accumulating evidence demonstrates that non-apoptotic forms of cell death, such as autophagy and necrosis, are also regulated by specific molecular machinery, such as those mediated by autophagy-related proteins and receptor-interacting protein kinases, respectively. Here we summarize the current knowledge of cell death signaling and its roles in photoreceptor cell death after RD and other retinal degenerative diseases. A body of studies indicate that not only apoptotic but also autophagic and necrotic signaling are involved in photoreceptor cell death, and that combined targeting of these pathways may be an effective neuroprotective strategy for retinal diseases associated with photoreceptor cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Murakami
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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24
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Harjai M, Bogra J, Kohli M, Pant AB. Is suppression of apoptosis a new therapeutic target in sepsis? Anaesth Intensive Care 2013; 41:175-83. [PMID: 23530784 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1304100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis remains as a leading cause of death in critically ill patients. Unfortunately, there have been very few successful specific therapeutic agents that can significantly reduce the attributable mortality and morbidity of sepsis. Developing novel therapeutic strategies to improve outcomes of sepsis remains an important focus of ongoing research in the field of critical care medicine. Apoptosis has recently been identified as an important mechanism of cell death and evidence suggests that prevention of cell apoptosis can improve survival in animal models of sepsis and endotoxaemia. In this review article, we summarise the critical role of apoptosis of the immune cells in the pathophysiology of sepsis and propose that blocking cell-signaling pathways leading to apoptosis may present a promising specific therapy for sepsis. Various methods to inhibit apoptosis including the cell surface Fas receptor pathway inhibitors, caspase inhibitors, over-expression of anti-apoptotic genes and small interfering ribonucleic acid therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harjai
- Department of Anesthesilogy, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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25
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Utkina-Sosunova IV, Niatsetskaya ZV, Sosunov SA, Ratner VI, Matsiukevich D, Ten VS. Nelfinavir inhibits intra-mitochondrial calcium influx and protects brain against hypoxic-ischemic injury in neonatal mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62448. [PMID: 23614049 PMCID: PMC3632564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nelfinavir (NLF), an antiretroviral agent, preserves mitochondrial membranes integrity and protects mature brain against ischemic injury in rodents. Our study demonstrates that in neonatal mice NLF significantly limits mitochondrial calcium influx, the event associated with protection of the brain against hypoxic-ischemic insult (HI). Compared to the vehicle-treated mice, cerebral mitochondria from NLF-treated mice exhibited a significantly greater tolerance to the Ca2+-induced membrane permeabilization, greater ADP-phosphorylating activity and reduced cytochrome C release during reperfusion. Pre-treatment with NLF or Ruthenium red (RuR) significantly improved viability of murine hippocampal HT-22 cells, reduced Ca2+ content and preserved membrane potential (Ψm) in mitochondria following oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Following histamine-stimulated Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum, in contrast to the vehicle-treated cells, the cells treated with NLF or RuR also demonstrated reduced Ca2+ content in their mitochondria, the event associated with preserved Ψm. Because RuR inhibits mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter, we tested whether the NLF acts via the mechanism similar to the RuR. However, in contrast to the RuR, in the experiment with direct interaction of these agents with mitochondria isolated from naïve mice, the NLF did not alter mitochondrial Ca2+ influx, and did not prevent Ca2+ induced collapse of the Ψm. These data strongly argues against interaction of NLF and mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter. Although the exact mechanism remains unclear, our study is the first to show that NLF inhibits intramitochondrial Ca2+ flux and protects developing brain against HI-reperfusion injury. This novel action of NLF has important clinical implication, because it targets a fundamental mechanism of post-ischemic cell death: intramitochondrial Ca2+ overload → mitochondrial membrane permeabilization → secondary energy failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoya V. Niatsetskaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sergey A. Sosunov
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Veniamin I. Ratner
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dzmitry Matsiukevich
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Vadim S. Ten
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Katayama M, Jiamsripong P, Bukatina AE, Lombari TR, Mcmahon EM, Gades NM, Belohlavek M. Optimized administration regimen of lopinavir for a myocardial ischaemia reperfusion study in Sprague–Dawley rats. Lab Anim 2013; 47:122-6. [DOI: 10.1177/0023677213476864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics of drugs may differ between small and large mammals (including humans); therefore, drug testing in animal models must be carefully designed. Sprague–Dawley rats were used in cardiac experiments, during which the lopinavir concentration in serum had to match human therapeutic levels (4–10 μg/mL). Lopinavir was administered as a co-formulated drug of lopinavir and ritonavir. It was found that after a single administration of a standard human peroral dose (lopinavir 13.3 mg/kg of body weight), the serum concentration of lopinavir was only one-tenth of the target level. It remained below the minimum target level even after 10-fold the standard dose was administered. After initial pilot tests, a dose escalation study was conducted with oral doses 10- and 15-fold the standard clinical dose of lopinavir (i.e. 133 and 200 mg/kg, respectively). A second administration 2 h later effectively increased and maintained higher concentrations during the experimental ischaemia and reperfusion periods. A dose-dependent increase in serum concentration of the drug was observed. Thus, the target therapeutic serum level of lopinavir in the rats was achieved by administrating 10- to 15-fold the standard human dose twice, separated by a 2 h interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Katayama
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 13400 E Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - P Jiamsripong
- Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - A E Bukatina
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 13400 E Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - T R Lombari
- Department of Animal Care and Technologies, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - E M Mcmahon
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 13400 E Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - N M Gades
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - M Belohlavek
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 13400 E Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
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Cheng G, Kong RH, Zhang LM, Zhang JN. Mitochondria in traumatic brain injury and mitochondrial-targeted multipotential therapeutic strategies. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:699-719. [PMID: 23003569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health and socioeconomic problem throughout the world. It is a complicated pathological process that consists of primary insults and a secondary insult characterized by a set of biochemical cascades. The imbalance between a higher energy demand for repair of cell damage and decreased energy production led by mitochondrial dysfunction aggravates cell damage. At the cellular level, the main cause of the secondary deleterious cascades is cell damage that is centred in the mitochondria. Excitotoxicity, Ca(2+) overload, reactive oxygen species (ROS), Bcl-2 family, caspases and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) are the main participants in mitochondria-centred cell damage following TBI. Some preclinical and clinical results of mitochondria-targeted therapy show promise. Mitochondria- targeted multipotential therapeutic strategies offer new hope for the successful treatment of TBI and other acute brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Cheng
- Neurosurgical Department, PLA Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
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28
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Jiang SX, Slinn J, Aylsworth A, Hou ST. Vimentin participates in microglia activation and neurotoxicity in cerebral ischemia. J Neurochem 2012; 122:764-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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29
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Jung N, Lehmann C, Knispel M, Meuer EK, Fischer J, Fätkenheuer G, Hartmann P, Taubert D. Long-term beneficial effect of protease inhibitors on the intrinsic apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in HIV-infected patients. HIV Med 2012; 13:469-78. [PMID: 22414163 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.00999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral suppression by antiretroviral therapy (ART) inhibits HIV-induced apoptosis and CD4 T-cell loss. It has been suggested that protease inhibitors (PIs) have nonviral antiapoptotic effects by maintaining mitochondrial integrity. Long-term clinical effects of PI-based ART on mitochondrial toxicity and lymphocyte apoptosis beyond viral suppression have not been exploited to date. METHODS We conducted a 7-year study on HIV-1-infected patients from the Cologne HIV cohort with sufficient viral suppression under either a PI-based or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimen. Eight patients on PI and eight on NNRTI were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. The primary outcome measure was defined as a change in the mitochondrial-to-nuclear DNA ratio in PBMCs. Further key molecules involved in extrinsic [tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), Fas ligand (FasL) and caspase 8], intrinsic [B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), caspase 9 and lactate-to-pyruvate ratio] and overall apoptosis [Annexin+/7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD)- and caspase 3/7] and viral activity [negative regulatory factor (Nef), interferon-α (IFN-α) and myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA)] were measured. RESULTS Demographic and baseline clinical parameters were similar in the two groups, except that patients in the PI group had a higher mean age. After 7 years of treatment, CD4 T-cell count increased and the expression of genes encoding the proapoptotic viral protein Nef and HIV-induced cytokine IFN-α and its downstream effector MxA decreased in both groups. Focusing on the different pathways of apoptosis, only in the PI group intrinsic apoptosis decreased significant and in the inter-group comparison the decrease was significantly higher than in the NNRTI group. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence that long-term therapy with a PI-based regimen may be superior to that with a NNRTI-based regimen with regard to its intrinsic antiapoptotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jung
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Hospital of the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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30
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Murakami Y, Miller JW, Vavvas DG. RIP kinase-mediated necrosis as an alternative mechanisms of photoreceptor death. Oncotarget 2011; 2:497-509. [PMID: 21670490 PMCID: PMC3248194 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptor cell death is the terminal event in a variety of retinal disorders including age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and retinal detachment. Apoptosis has been thought to be the major form of cell death in these diseases, however accumulating evidence suggests that another pathway, programmed necrosis is also important. Recent studies have shown that, when caspase pathways are blocked, receptor interacting protein (RIP) kinases promote necrosis and overcome apoptosis inhibition. Therefore, targeting of both caspase and RIP kinase pathways are required for effective photoreceptor protection. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of RIP kinase-mediated necrotic signaling and its contribution to photoreceptor death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Murakami
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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31
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Pitrak D, Estes R, Novak R, Linnares-Diaz M, Tschampa J. Beneficial effects of a switch to a Lopinavir/ritonavir-containing regimen for patients with partial or no immune reconstitution with highly active antiretroviral therapy despite complete viral suppression. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:659-67. [PMID: 21054216 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if switching to an Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)-containing regimen resulted in greater immune reconstitution in patients with immunologic failure despite complete viral suppression with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Twenty patients with partial or no immune response to HAART despite viral suppression were enrolled. Ten were randomized to stay on their current regimen and 10 were randomized to LPV/r plus their current NRTI backbone. T cell subsets, ex vivo apoptosis, and the percent of circulating cells with detectable intracellular HIV-1 RNA were measured. The mean increase in CD4(+) count at 6 months was 116/mm(3) (172-288) for the LPV/r-containing arm versus 32/mm(3) (264-296) for continuation regimens (p = 0.03). The number of patients with an increase ≥50 cells/mm(3) was also greater in the LPV/r arm (7/9 versus 2/10, p = 0.01). This paralleled a decrease in ex vivo apoptosis of naive CD4(+) T cells at 6 months (21.7-11.0% for the LPV/r arm versus 17.3-18.9% for the continuation arm, p = 0.04) and memory cells (21.1-14.1% for LPV/r versus 20.2-17.9% for continuation arm, NSS). Switching patients to an LPV/r-containing regimen improved CD4(+) counts in patients with prior immunologic failure, and this may be due to an effect of LPV/r on apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Estes
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - R.M. Novak
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Brenner C, Subramaniam K, Pertuiset C, Pervaiz S. Adenine nucleotide translocase family: four isoforms for apoptosis modulation in cancer. Oncogene 2010; 30:883-95. [PMID: 21076465 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria have important functions in mammalian cells as the energy powerhouse and integrators of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. The adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) is a family of proteins involved in cell death pathways that perform distinctly opposite functions to regulate cell fate decisions. On the one hand, ANT catalyzes the adenosine triphosphate export from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space with the concomitant import of ADP from the intermembrane space to the matrix. On the other hand, during periods of stress, ANT could function as a lethal pore and trigger the process of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, which leads irreversibly to cell death. In human, ANT is encoded by four homologous genes, whose expression is not only tissue specific, but also varies according to the pathophysiological state of the cell. Recent evidence revealed a differential role of the ANT isoforms in apoptosis and a deregulation of their expression in cancer. In this review, we introduce the current knowledge of ANT in apoptosis and cancer cells and propose a novel classification of ANT isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brenner
- Univ Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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33
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Guillermo LVC, Pereira WF, De Meis J, Ribeiro-Gomes FL, Silva EM, Kroll-Palhares K, Takiya CM, Lopes MF. Targeting caspases in intracellular protozoan infections. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 31:159-73. [PMID: 18785049 DOI: 10.1080/08923970802332164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Caspases are cysteine aspartases acting either as initiators (caspases 8, 9, and 10) or executioners (caspases 3, 6, and 7) to induce programmed cell death by apoptosis. Parasite infections by certain intracellular protozoans increase host cell life span by targeting caspase activation. Conversely, caspase activation, followed by apoptosis of lymphocytes and other cells, prevents effective immune responses to chronic parasite infection. Here we discuss how pharmacological inhibition of caspases might affect the immunity to protozoan infections, by either blocking or delaying apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landi V C Guillermo
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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He K, Aizenman E. ERK signaling leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in extracellular zinc-induced neurotoxicity. J Neurochem 2010; 114:452-61. [PMID: 20412391 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A zinc-induced signaling pathway leading to extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation and subsequent neuronal death has been investigated. We find that an extracellular zinc application stimulates biphasic phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK in rat cultured neurons. The activation of ERK1/2, but not p38, is responsible for zinc neurotoxicity as only U0126, a MEK inhibitor that blocks ERK1/2 phosphorylation, significantly protects cortical neurons from zinc exposure. Over-expression of a dominant negative Ras mutant blocks zinc-induced Elk1-dependent gene expression in neurons, indicating the involvement of Ras activation in the zinc pathway leading to ERK phosphorylation and Elk1 signaling. We also find that zinc treatment results in neuronal mitochondrial hyperpolarization. Importantly, both U0126 and bongkrekic acid, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase, effectively reduce zinc-triggered mitochondrial changes. As bongkrekic acid also prevents zinc-triggered neuronal death but not ERK1/2 phosphorylation, activation of MAPK signaling precedes and is required for mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. These results provide new insight on the mechanism of extracellular zinc-induced toxicity in which the regulation of mitochondrial function by the Ras/MEK/ERK pathway is closely associated with neuronal viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai He
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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35
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Life with or without AIF. Trends Biochem Sci 2010; 35:278-87. [PMID: 20138767 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 12/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) was initially discovered as a caspase-independent death effector. AIF fulfills its lethal function after its release from mitochondria and its translocation to the nucleus of the dying cell. The contribution of AIF to programmed cell death is dependent upon the cell type and apoptotic insult. Recent in vivo data indicate that, in addition to its lethal activity, AIF plays a vital mitochondrial role in healthy cells. A segment of AIF which is dispensable for its apoptotic function carries an NADH-oxidase domain that regulates the respiratory chain complex I and is required for cell survival, proliferation and mitochondrial integrity. Mice that express reduced levels of AIF constitute a reliable model of complex I deficiency. Here we discuss recent reports on the survival-related function(s) of AIF.
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Jiang SX, Whitehead S, Aylsworth A, Slinn J, Zurakowski B, Chan K, Li J, Hou ST. Neuropilin 1 directly interacts with Fer kinase to mediate semaphorin 3A-induced death of cortical neurons. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:9908-9918. [PMID: 20133938 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.080689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropilins (NRPs) are receptors for the major chemorepulsive axonal guidance cue semaphorins (Sema). The interaction of Sema3A/NRP1 during development leads to the collapse of growth cones. Here we show that Sema3A also induces death of cultured cortical neurons through NRP1. A specific NRP1 inhibitory peptide ameliorated Sema3A-evoked cortical axonal retraction and neuronal death. Moreover, Sema3A was also involved in cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal death. Expression levels of Sema3A and NRP1, but not NRP2, were significantly increased early during brain reperfusion following transient focal cerebral ischemia. NRP1 inhibitory peptide delivered to the ischemic brain was potently neuroprotective and prevented the loss of motor functions in mice. The integrity of the injected NRP1 inhibitory peptide into the brain remained unchanged, and the intact peptide permeated the ischemic hemisphere of the brain as determined using MALDI-MS-based imaging. Mechanistically, NRP1-mediated axonal collapse and neuronal death is through direct and selective interaction with the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase Fer. Fer RNA interference effectively attenuated Sema3A-induced neurite retraction and neuronal death in cortical neurons. More importantly, down-regulation of Fer expression using Fer-specific RNA interference attenuated cerebral ischemia-induced brain damage. Together, these studies revealed a previously unknown function of NRP1 in signaling Sema3A-evoked neuronal death through Fer in cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan X Jiang
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Shawn Whitehead
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Amy Aylsworth
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Slinn
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Bogdan Zurakowski
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Kenneth Chan
- Mass Spectrometry Glycoanalysis Laboratory, National Research Council (NRC) Institute for Biological Sciences, NRC Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Jianjun Li
- Mass Spectrometry Glycoanalysis Laboratory, National Research Council (NRC) Institute for Biological Sciences, NRC Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Sheng T Hou
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.
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Brüning A, Rahmeh M, Gingelmaier A, Friese K. The mitochondria-independent cytotoxic effect of nelfinavir on leukemia cells can be enhanced by sorafenib-mediated mcl-1 downregulation and mitochondrial membrane destabilization. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:19. [PMID: 20105315 PMCID: PMC2836985 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nelfinavir is an HIV protease inhibitor that has been used for a long period of time to treat HIV-infected individuals. It has recently emerged that nelfinavir could represent a prospective new anti-cancer drug, prompting us to test the effect of nelfinavir on leukemia cells. Methods By combining in vitro and ex vivo studies, the effect of nelfinavir on leukemia cells and non-malignant, bone marrow-derived tissue cells was analyzed. Results At a concentration of 9 μg/ml, nelfinavir induced death of 90% of HL60, IM9, and Jurkat cells. At the same concentration and treatment conditions, less than 10% of aspirated human bone marrow cells showed nelfinavir-induced cell damage. Nelfinavir-induced death of leukemia cells was accompanied by activation of caspases 3, 7, and 8. Despite caspase activation, the upregulation of the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 family member protein mcl-1 that resulted from nelfinavir treatment stabilized the mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in primarily mitochondria-independent cell death. Pharmacological downregulation of mcl-1 expression by treatment with sorafenib (2 μg/ml) significantly enhanced nelfinavir-induced apoptosis even at lower nelfinavir concentrations (5 μg/ml), but did not have additional detrimental effects on non-malignant bone marrow cells. Conclusions The ability of nelfinavir to induce apoptosis in leukemia cells as a single agent in a mitochondria-independent manner might suggest it could be used as a second or third line of treatment for leukemia patients for whom standard mitochondria-directed treatment strategies have failed. Combination treatment with nelfinavir and sorafenib might further enhance the efficacy of nelfinavir even on chemo-resistant leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar Brüning
- Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Department of Obstetrics/Gynaecology, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Munich, Germany.
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38
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Hou ST, Jiang SX, Slinn J, O'Hare M, Karchewski L. Neuropilin 2 deficiency does not affect cortical neuronal viability in response to oxygen-glucose-deprivation and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurosci Res 2009; 66:396-401. [PMID: 20036291 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Neuropilin 2 (NRP2) is a type I transmembrane protein that binds to distinct members of the class III secreted Semaphorin subfamily. NRP2 plays important roles in repulsive axon guidance, angiogenesis and vasculogenesis through partnering with co-receptors such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) during development. Emerging evidence also suggests that NRP2 contributes to injury response and environment changes in adult brains. In this study, we examined the contribution of NRP2 gene to cerebral ischemia-induced brain injury using NRP2 deficient mouse. To our surprise, the lack of NRP2 expression does not affect the outcome of brain injury induced by transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) in mouse. The cerebral vasculature in terms of the middle cerebral artery anatomy and microvessel density in the cerebral cortex of NRP2 deficient homozygous (NRP2(-/-)) mice are normal and almost identical to those of the heterozygous (NRP2(+/-)) and wild type (NRP2(+/+)) littermates. MCAO (1h) and 24h reperfusion caused a brain infarction of 23% (compared to the contralateral side) in NRP2(-/-) mice, which is not different from those in NRP2(+/- and +/+) mice at 22 and 21%, respectively (n=19, p>0.05). Correspondingly, NRP2(-/-) mouse also showed a similar level of deterioration of neurological functions after stroke compared with their NRP2(+/- and +/+) littermates. Oxygen-glucose-deprivation (OGD) caused a significant neuronal death in NRP2(-/-) cortical neurons, at the level similar to that in NRP(+/+) cortical neurons (72% death in NRP(-/-) neurons vs. 75% death in NRP2(+/+) neurons; n=4; p>0.05). Together, these loss-of-function studies demonstrated that despite of its critical role in neuronal guidance and vascular formation during development, NRP2 expression dose not affect adult brain response to cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng T Hou
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, NRC Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Bldg M-54, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6.
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Chandra S, Murthy SN, Mondal D, Agrawal KC. Therapeutic effects of Nigella sativa on chronic HAART-induced hyperinsulinemia in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 87:300-9. [PMID: 19370083 DOI: 10.1139/y09-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is associated with insulin resistance in HIV-1-positive patients. Small animal models that recapitulate the long-term effects of HAART may facilitate the identification of therapeutic agents to suppress these side effects. We investigated the protective effects of black seed oil (BSO) from Nigella sativa in Sprague-Dawley rats treated with a daily HAART regimen for 7 months. The antiretroviral drugs, consisting of nelfinavir (200 mg/kg), zidovudine (50 mg/kg), and efavirenz (20 mg/kg), were mixed with diet with or without BSO (400 microL/kg) supplementation. Significant increases in insulin and C-peptide levels were observed in HAART-treated groups, and concomitant BSO treatment reduced this hyperinsulinemia. Interestingly, HAART-treated rats showed reduced size of pancreatic islets that was not seen in BSO-exposed rats. In vitro studies showed that nelfinavir, alone and in combination with HAART, induced oxidative stress and decreased glucose-induced insulin production in INS-1 cells. Suppressed insulin production was restored in cells coexposed to either BSO or thymoquinone. Our findings demonstrated that chronic HAART may increase serum insulin levels by dysregulating both insulin production by beta cells and insulin action at the periphery. These deleterious effects may be prevented by dietary supplementation with BSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-83, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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40
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41
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Targeting post-mitochondrial effectors of apoptosis for neuroprotection. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1787:402-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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42
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Singh VP, Bren GD, Algeciras-Schimnich A, Schnepple D, Navina S, Rizza SA, Dawra RK, Saluja AK, Chari ST, Vege SS, Badley AD. Nelfinavir/ritonavir reduces acinar injury but not inflammation during mouse caerulein pancreatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G1040-6. [PMID: 19282375 PMCID: PMC2696210 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90642.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
There is no clinical treatment that reduces acinar injury during pancreatitis. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PI), including nelfinavir (NFV) and ritonavir (RTV), may reduce the rate of pancreatitis in HIV-infected patients. Since permeability transition pore (PTPC)-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction occurs during pancreatitis, and we have shown that PI prevents PTPC opening, we studied its effects in a model of pancreatitis. The effect of NFV plus RTV (NFV/RTV) or vehicle on caerulein-induced pancreatitis in mice was compared by measuring changes in mitochondrial membrane potential in vitro and cytochrome c leakage in vivo. Histological and inflammatory makers were also compared. NFV/RTV improved DiOC6 retention in acini exposed to caerulein in vitro. In vivo NFV prevented cytosolic leakage of cytochrome c and reduced pancreatic acinar injury, active caspase-3 staining, TUNEL-positive acinar cells, and serum amylase (P < 0.05). Conversely, trypsin activity, serum cytokine levels, and pancreatic and lung inflammation were unaffected. NFV/RTV reduces pancreatic injury and acinar cell death in experimental mouse caerulein-induced pancreatitis but does not impact inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay P Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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43
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Hisatomi T, Ishibashi T, Miller JW, Kroemer G. Pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization for neuroprotection. Exp Neurol 2009; 218:347-52. [PMID: 19303007 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent data have provided important clues about the molecular mechanisms underlying certain neurodegenerative diseases. Most cell death in vertebrates proceeds via the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Mitochondria contain proapoptotic factors such as cytochrome c and AIF in their intermembrane space. Furthermore, mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) is a critical event during apoptosis, representing the "point of no return" of the lethal process. Modern medicine is developing an increasing number of drugs for neurodegenerative disease, but no neuroprotective treatment has yet been established. While current treatments temporarily alleviate symptoms, they do not halt disease progression. This paper briefly reviews the pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Hisatomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Abstract
Mechanisms of HIV-mediated CD4+ T cell loss leading to immunodeficiency are amongst the most extensively studied yet unanswered questions in HIV biology. The level of CD4+ T cell depletion in HIV infected patients far exceeds the number of infected T cells, suggesting an indirect mechanism of HIV pathogenesis termed bystander cell death. Evidence is accumulating that the HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) is a major determinant of HIV pathogenesis and plays a critical role in bystander cell death. The complex structure and function of HIV Env makes the determination of the mechanism of Env mediated apoptosis more complex than previously thought. This review will examine the complex relationship between HIV Env phenotype, coreceptor expression and immune activation in determining HIV pathogenesis. We review data here corresponding to the role of HIV Env hemifusion activity in HIV pathogenesis and how it interplays with other AIDS associated factors such as chemokine receptor expression and immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Garg
- Membrane Structure and Function Section, Center for Cancer Research, Nanobiology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box B, Building 469, Room 152, Miller Drive, Frederick, MD 21702-1201 USA
| | - R. Blumenthal
- Membrane Structure and Function Section, Center for Cancer Research, Nanobiology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box B, Building 469, Room 152, Miller Drive, Frederick, MD 21702-1201 USA
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Hisatomi T, Nakazawa T, Noda K, Almulki L, Miyahara S, Nakao S, Ito Y, She H, Kohno R, Michaud N, Ishibashi T, Hafezi-Moghadam A, Badley AD, Kroemer G, Miller JW. HIV protease inhibitors provide neuroprotection through inhibition of mitochondrial apoptosis in mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:2025-38. [PMID: 18497877 DOI: 10.1172/jci34267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroprotection can be achieved by preventing apoptotic death of postmitotic cells. Apoptotic death can occur by either a caspase-dependent mechanism, involving cytochrome c, apoptosis protease-activating factor-1 (Apaf-1), and caspase-9, or a caspase-independent mechanism, involving apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) avert apoptosis in part by preventing mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), but the precise mechanism by which they work is not known. Here, we evaluated the impact of the PIs in a mouse model of retinal detachment (RD) in vivo and in murine primary retinal cell cultures in vitro. Oral administration of the PIs nelfinavir and ritonavir significantly inhibited photoreceptor apoptosis, while preventing the translocation of AIF from mitochondria to the nucleus as well as the activation of caspase-9. RD-induced photoreceptor apoptosis was similarly inhibited in mice carrying hypomorphic mutations of the genes encoding AIF or Apaf-1. Nelfinavir attenuated apoptosis as well as mitochondrial release of AIF and cytochrome c, and subsequent activation of caspase-9 in vitro, in photoreceptor cultures exposed to starvation or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-stimulated (MCP-1-stimulated) macrophages. Our results suggest that the MOMP inhibition by PIs involved interruption of both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptosis pathways and that PIs may be clinically useful for the treatment of diseases caused by excessive apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Hisatomi
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Postconditioning with isoflurane reduced ischemia-induced brain injury in rats. Anesthesiology 2008; 108:1055-62. [PMID: 18497606 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0b013e3181730257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preexposure of brain to isoflurane, a commonly used anesthetic, induces ischemic tolerance. This phenomenon is called isoflurane preconditioning. However, it is not known whether isoflurane application after ischemia provides neuroprotection. METHODS Corticostriatal slices (400 microm) freshly prepared from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a 15-min oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD; to simulate ischemia in vitro). Isoflurane was applied after OGD. Brain slices were harvested 2 h after OGD for measuring 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) conversion to quantify cell injury. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were also subjected to middle cerebral arterial occlusion for 90 min and then treated with or without 2% isoflurane for 60 min started at the onset of reperfusion. The infarct volumes, neurologic deficit scores, and performance on rotarod were evaluated at 24 h after the onset of reperfusion. RESULTS Isoflurane applied immediately after the 15-min OGD for 30 min dose-dependently reversed the OGD-induced decrease of TTC conversion. The TTC conversion was 34 +/- 16% and 58 +/- 28% of the control, respectively, for OGD alone and OGD plus 2% isoflurane (P < 0.05, n = 12). Application of 2% isoflurane for 30 min started at 10 min after the OGD also reduced the OGD-decreased TTC conversion. The presence of 0.3 microm glibenclamide, a general adenosine 5'-triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel blocker, or 500 microm 5-hydroxydecanoic acid, a mitochondrial adenosine 5'-triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel blocker, during the application of 2% isoflurane abolished the isoflurane preservation of TTC conversion. Application of isoflurane during reperfusion also improved neurologic outcome after brain ischemia. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that isoflurane administrated after OGD or brain ischemia provides neuroprotection. Mitochondrial adenosine 5'-triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels may be involved in this protection.
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Abstract
HIV protease inhibitors are the backbone of HIV therapy. In addition to blocking intracellular HIV protease and dramatically decreasing viral burden, the protease inhibitors also regulate apoptosis. A growing body of data has confirmed the immunomodulatory effects of HIV protease inhibitors which block CD4+ and CD8+ T cell death in models of HIV infection. The mechanism of this apoptosis inhibition is still under active investigation and supported by several proposed hypothesis for how they alter the fate of the cell. More recently, the anti-apoptotic effects of the HIV protease inhibitors has been extended to the non-HIV, non-immune cell, whereby protease inhibitors prevent apoptosis, and disease, in animal models of sepsis, hepatitis and stroke. Interestingly, when HIV protease inhibitors are used at supra-therapeutic concentrations, they exert pro-apoptotic effects. This has been demonstrated in a number of tumor models. Although it is unclear how HIV protease inhibitors can induce apoptosis at increased concentrations, future research will define the targets of the immunomodulation and reveal the full clinical potential of this intriguing class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A Rizza
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Sustained up-regulation of Semaphorin 3A, Neuropilin1, and Doublecortin expression in ischemic mouse brain during long-term recovery. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 367:109-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.12.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Algeciras-Schimnich A, Belzacq-Casagrande AS, Bren GD, Nie Z, Taylor JA, Rizza SA, Brenner C, Badley AD. Analysis of HIV Protease Killing Through Caspase 8 Reveals a Novel Interaction Between Caspase 8 and Mitochondria. Open Virol J 2007; 1:39-46. [PMID: 18818773 PMCID: PMC2548302 DOI: 10.2174/1874357900701010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) protease initiates apoptosis of HIV-infected cells by proteolytic cleavage of procaspase 8, creating a novel peptide termed casp8p41. Expression of casp8p41 alone is sufficient to initiate caspase-dependent cell death associated with mitochondrial depolarization. Since casp8p41 does not contain the catalytic cysteine at position 360, the mechanism by which casp8p41 initiates apoptosis is unclear. We demonstrate that casp8p41 directly causes mitochondrial depolarization and release of cytochrome c with downstream caspase 9 activation. Moreover, death induced by casp8p41 requires the presence of mitochondria, and in intact cells, casp8p41 colocalizes with mitochondria. These results illuminate a novel mechanism of cell death induced by a caspase 8 cleavage fragment whereby mitochondrial interaction leads to depolarization and cytochrome c release.
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50
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Buenz EJ. Aloin induces apoptosis in Jurkat cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 22:422-9. [PMID: 18068945 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aloe is widely used as a dietary supplement. However, there are continuing concerns over the toxicity and the purity of aloe-based products. The primary class of compounds responsible for aloe-induced toxicity are anthraquinones. One of these, aloe-emodin, has been extensively investigated for apoptosis inducing effects. Conversely, the precursor to aloe-emodin, aloin, has been subjected to only minimal investigation of any cytotoxic effects. Jurkat T cells, an established model for the study of compound toxicity, were used to evaluate the effect of aloin on cell viability. Cells were analyzed using flow cytometry and microscopy for cell size and granularity, cell membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cell cycle profile. Treatment with aloin resulted in a reduction in cell size, compromised membrane integrity, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, treatment with aloin resulted in alteration of the cell cycle, specifically a block at G2/M phase. Importantly, the loss of cell membrane integrity was preceded by a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, suggesting a mitochondrial-dependent pathway for aloin-induced apoptosis. These observations provide insight into the potential mechanisms of aloin-induced toxicity and thus, perhaps, aloe preparation-induced toxicity. Furthermore, because of the concern over the safety of aloe-based supplements, this work suggests that aloe supplements not containing aloin may be safer than aloe supplements containing aloin, and that aloin should be considered in addition to concentrations of aloe-emodin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Buenz
- BioSciential, LLC, PO Box 634, Rochester, MN 55903, USA.
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